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To evaluate the anatomical and functional success rates of palisade cartilage tympanoplasty in chronic otitis media. Thirty patients with chronic otitis media with subtotal perforation underwent palisade cartilage tympanoplasty and were assessed prospectively. The outcomes evaluated were graft uptake and hearing gain. Overall graft uptake was 90% with failure in 3 cases. The preoperative mean air conduction threshold was 22.087 ± 6.120 dB which was improved to 13.387 ± 5.253 dB postoperatively at 12 weeks which was statistically significant. The mean postoperative ABG closure was 8.700 dB with a p value of 0.001 which was statistically significant. Palisade cartilage tympanoplasty demonstrates that subtotal perforations, which are at high risk for graft failure, can be treated efficiently and a durable and resistant reconstruction of the tympanic membrane with reasonable hearing can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otoacariasis is a rare condition characterized by ticks and mites in the ear canal. Human otoacariasis remains underrepresented in literature as otoacariasis is more common in animals. Systemic diseases being transmitted by these arachnids pave the way for potential complications. This case series sheds light on this uncommon condition by highlighting the diverse symptomatology and difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Three different presentations highlight the diversity of this condition. A 40-year-old male exhibited itching and tinnitus, revealing a mite on the tympanic membrane on otoscopy. A 35-year-old female with persistent itching and tinnitus showed multiple whitish mites on examination. A 50-year-old female complained of ear pain and was found to have a tick attached to the external auditory canal. The relevance and rarity of human otoacariasis are highlighted in this study, thereby encouraging caution in situations of earache. We aim to increase clinician awareness about this condition and the necessary interventions required by conducting a thorough literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the eustachian tube function by impedance audiometry (Toynbee's test) in patients of mucosal type of chronic otitis media (inactive stage) and to assess the correlation of eustachian tube function with the results—i.e., success or failure of tympanoplasty in these patients in terms of graft uptake. This was a prospective observational study carried out over one and half years in Department of E.N.T. & Head and Neck Surgery, a tertiary care hospital. The study group comprised of eighty-seven patients who were diagnosed with chronic otitis media mucosal type- inactive stage and were planned for tympanoplasty or tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy. Written informed consent was taken from all patients. The eustachian tube function was assessed preoperatively by impedance audiometry (Toynbee's test). The surgical outcome was tested by looking at the status of the tympanic membrane postoperatively. The surgical outcome in terms of whether a defect was present in the tympanic membrane was compared with the preoperative eustachian tube function. 98.6% of patients with successful surgical outcome had normal eustachian tube function preoperatively while the neo-tympanic membrane was intact in 63.63% and 33.33% of patients with pre-operative partially impaired and grossly impaired eustachian tube function respectively. From our study, we concluded there was a strong association between functioning eustachian tube and graft uptake in tympanoplasty. So eustachian tube plays important role in successful outcome of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to compare the results of various autogenous tissues: temporalis fascia, sliced tragal cartilage and fascia lata as graft materials for type I tympanoplasty in terms of hearing improvement in safe type of chronic suppurative otitis media. A total of 75 cases with central perforation were considered in the study. Of the 75 cases, temporalis fascia graft was used in 25 cases (Group-A), fascia lata graft in 25 cases (Group-B), and sliced tragal cartilage graft in 25 cases (Group-C). The results were evaluated in the form of hearing improvement with respect to the graft materials. A significant association was observed between the groups, that is, temporalis fascia (Group-A), fascia lata (Group-B), and sliced tragal cartilage (Group-C) in terms of improvement in AB gap (P = 0.047). Improvement in AB gap was statistically significant between groups B and A, but not between the other groups. In the present study, fascia lata showed better graft uptake as compared to temporalis fascia and sliced tragal cartilage. The hearing assessment at post-operative 3rd month showed statistically significant hearing improvement with fascia lata when compared to temporalis fascia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the combination of chalkboard lectures and cadaveric models, the ear remains a complex anatomical structure that is difficult for medical students to grasp. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of a 3D-printed ear model for educating undergraduate medical students by comparing it with a conventional cadaveric model. Methods: Models of the ear comprising the outer ear, tympanic membrane, ossicles and inner ear were modeled and then 3D-printed at 6:1 and 10:1 scales based on cadaveric dissection and CT, cone-beam CT and micro/nano CT scans. Cadaveric models included two partially dissected dry temporal bones and ossicles. Twenty-four 3rd year medical students were given separate access to cadaveric models (n = 12) or 3D-printed models (n = 12). A pre-test and two post-tests were carried out to assess knowledge (n = 24). A satisfaction questionnaire focusing solely on the 3D-printed model, comprising 17 items assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, was completed by all study participants. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire comprising four items (realism, color, quality and satisfaction with the 3D-printed ear model) was given to three expert anatomy Professors. Results: The test scores on the first post-test were higher for the students who had used the 3D-printed models (p < 0.05). Overall satisfaction among the students and the experts was very high, averaging 4.7 on a 5-point Likert-type satisfaction scale. Conclusion: This study highlights the overall pedagogical value of a 3D-printed model for learning ear anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical applications of optical technology have increased tremendously in recent decades. Label-free techniques have the unique advantage of investigating biological samples in vivo without introducing exogenous agents. This is especially beneficial for a rapid clinical translation as it reduces the need for toxicity studies and regulatory approval for exogenous labels. Emerging applications have utilized label-free optical technology for screening, diagnosis, and surgical guidance. Advancements in detection technology and rapid improvements in artificial intelligence have expedited the clinical implementation of some optical technologies. Among numerous biomedical application areas, middle-ear disease is a unique space where label-free technology has great potential. The middle ear has a unique anatomical location that can be accessed through a dark channel, the external auditory canal; it can be sampled through a tympanic membrane of approximately 100 microns in thickness. The tympanic membrane is the only membrane in the body that is surrounded by air on both sides, under normal conditions. Despite these favorable characteristics, current examination modalities for middle-ear space utilize century-old technology such as white-light otoscopy. This paper reviews existing label-free imaging technologies and their current progress in visualizing middle-ear diseases. We discuss potential opportunities, barriers, and practical considerations when transitioning label-free technology to clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study of a 54-year-old woman who initially presented with right facial weakness and right-sided hearing loss. Upon examination, a mass was found in the middle ear, which was initially suspected to be a jugular paraganglioma. However, further testing and biopsy revealed that the mass was actually a facial nerve schwannoma. The patient opted for surgical resection, and post-surgery, her facial function was stable. The article highlights the diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations in such cases. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common issue among children, often requiring antibiotic treatment. It is crucial to explore methods for the rational use of antibiotics. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the watchful waiting approach in treating children aged 6 months to 18 years with mild to moderate AOM. Methods: This prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted on 100 children with mild to moderate AOM. All patients, except those in severe or critical conditions, were placed on the watchful waiting strategy. A follow-up was conducted after 48 - 72 hours. If symptoms had improved, the watchful waiting approach continued. If medication was necessary for various reasons, these reasons were documented. Subsequently, childrenwhocompleted the watchful waiting strategy were compared to thosewho received antibiotics. The collected data were analyzed using chi-square and t-tests in SPSS Statistics for Windows (version 16.0). Results: In this study, 59 patients (59%) were treated with the watchful waiting approach; nevertheless, 41 patients (41%) received antibiotics. The presence or absence of postnasal discharge showed a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding fever (P = 0.066), enlarged tonsils (P = 0.740), snoring (P = 0.252), and bilateral involvement of the tympanic membrane (P = 0.313). Conclusions: Based on the results, the watchful waiting strategy is a cost-effective method for children aged over 6 months with mild to moderate symptoms, provided that parents cooperate fully. Clinicians should be cautious and consider alternative treatments if postnasal discharge is present, as it might indicate a higher likelihood of treatment failure with the watchful waiting approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic otitis media(COM) is an inflammatory process of the middle ear space that results in long term or more often, permanent changes in the tympanic membrane (TM) which includes atelectasis, dimer formation, perforation, tympanosclerosis, retraction pocket formation or cholesteatoma formation. With the advent of antibiotics, modern anaesthetic techniques and modern instruments, the aim is to produce a dry ear and it has changed the outcomes of the surgery drastically. Aim: To conduct a retrospective comparative analysis to evaluate the long-term postoperative results of tragal perichondrium and temporalis fascia grafts by analyzing the anatomic-auditory outcomes. Methods and Material: A retrospective study was performed in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology on patients diagnosed with COM and underlay type 1 tympanoplasty was done from September 19, 2022 to September 19, 2023. A detailed history and clinical examination of the patients of chronic otitis media was done and case selection was done randomly after satisfaction of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The cases were subjected to microscopic examination and pre-operative audiological test (pure tone audiometry) was performed in each case. Underlay Type 1 tympanoplasty was done using tragal perichondrium and temporalis fascia graft and postoperative follow up was done Results: Majority of the selected patients showed mild to moderate hearing loss preoperatively. At 3 months postoperative 90% and 85% operated with temporalis fascia and tragal cartilage perichondrium respectively as a graft showed improvement in hearing. Graft uptake was seen in 85% and 80% of patients who underwent surgery with tragal cartilage perichondrium and temporalis fascia as graft respectively at the end of 3 months. Graft failure was seen in 15% and 20% of cases who underwent surgery with tragal cartilage perichondrium and temporalis fascia respectively at the end of 3 months. Conclusion: Temporalis fascia and Tragal cartilage perichondrium both are excellent graft material to repair the tympanic membrane. Graft uptake rate and hearing improvement were comparable in both grafts but hearing improvement was slightly better in case of temporalis fascia graft and graft uptake rate was slightly better in case of Tragal cartilage perichondrium graft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous classification systems of pars tensa retractions have not consistently incorporated ossicular erosion or the presence of cholesteatoma. Objective: This study aimed to illustrate our classification of pars tensa retractions, which is more precise than previous systems, with aided use of the endoscope. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 200 ears of 170 patients whose pars tensa retractions had been documented at a tertiary otological referral centre. Results: A classification system was developed. Pars tensa retractions were divided into the following subcategories: grade 0, grade 1, grade 2a, grade 2b, grade 3a, grade 3b, grade 3c, grade 4a, grade 4b, grade 4c, grade 5a, grade 5b and grade 5c. Conclusion: This classification system was able to accommodate all pars tensa retractions. The distribution of grades of pars tensa retractions was based on ossicular status and the presence or absence of cholesteatoma. It is therefore a more applicable, and functionally based system than previous alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research compares the efficacy of subcutaneous soft tissue and temporalis fascia in tympanic membrane grafting for large tympanic membrane perforations. Methods: A retrospective cohort study compared tympanic membrane graft success rate and hearing outcomes in 248 patients who underwent tympanoplasty using subcutaneous soft tissue (n = 118) or temporalis fascia (n = 130) via the post-auricular approach. Results: Comparable results were observed in both groups. Tympanic membrane graft success rate was 98.3 per cent (116 ears) in the subcutaneous soft tissue group and 98.5 per cent (128 ears) in the temporalis fascia group. The rate of air–bone gap closure within 20 dB was 54.2 per cent (64 ears) and 60.0 per cent (78 ears) in the soft tissue and temporalis fascia groups, respectively (p = 0.360). Conclusion: Subcutaneous soft tissue is a reliable and readily available tympanic membrane graft material in both revision and primary tympanoplasty for large tympanic membrane perforations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 19th century, Politzer devised a method to measure passage of the Eustachian tube (ET) by pressurizing the nasopharyngeal cavity, which marked the beginning of the ET function test. Since then, various examination methods have been developed. While ET function testing is important, recent advancements in diagnostic imaging and treatments have renewed interest on its importance. In Japan, the main objective methods used for examining ET function include tubotympanoaero-dynamic graphy (TTAG), sonotubometry, and the inflation-deflation test. The Japan Otological Society (JOS) Eustachian Tube Committee has proposed a manual of ET function tests, which presents typical patterns of the normal ear and typical diseases and suggests the ET function test of choice for each disease. However, the diagnosis of each disease should be made based on a comprehensive history and various examination findings, with ET function tests playing a supplemental role in the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the potential of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HHA) as an intratympanic (IT) drug delivery vehicle for dexamethasone (D) in treating acute hearing loss. We compared the efficacy, safety, and residence time of HHA to the standard-of-care IT drug delivery method. Methods: Endoscopic examinations were used to track tympanic membrane (TM) healing post-IT injection. Micro-computed tomography (CT) was used to gauge drug/vehicle persistence in the bulla air space. Histological analyses covered the middle ear, TM, and hair cell counts. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were used to measure hearing thresholds, while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to quantify cochlear perilymph dexamethasone concentrations. Results: The HHA + D group had a notably prolonged drug/vehicle residence time in the bulla (41 ± 27 days) compared to the saline + D group (1.1 ± 0.3 days). Complete TM healing occurred without adverse effects. Histology revealed no significant intergroup differences or adverse outcomes. Hearing recovery trends favored the HHA + D group, with 85.0% of ears showing clinically meaningful improvement. D concentrations in cochlear perilymph were roughly double in the HHA group. Conclusion: HHA is a promising vehicle for IT drug delivery in treating acute hearing loss. It ensures extended residence time, augmented drug concentrations in targeted tissues, and safety. These results highlight the potential for HHA + D to excel beyond existing standard-of-care treatments for acute hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the degree of high jugular bulb (HJB) and mastoid pneumatization using highresolution computed tomography (HRCT). Methods: Between April 2019 and June 2022, HRCT of the temporal bone was retrospectively analyzed in 1,025 patients. By excluding the other coexistent pathologies, 113 patients with HJBs were recruited for the study. The degree of the HJBs were defined as follows: Grade I, JB situated between inferior annulus of tympanic membrane and cochlear basal turn (CBT). Grade II, JB situated between CBT and lateral semicircular canal (LSC). Grade III, JB situated above LSC. The volume of mastoid pneumatization was based on HRCT images using a 3D reconstruction. Results: There were 32 male and 81 female subjects (mean age, 41.2 ± 14.0 years; age range, 18-80 years). The male group included 16 Grade I, 28 Grade II and 6 Group III HJB subjects. The female group included 38 Grade I, 62 Grade II and 31 Group III HJB cases. In the different groups of HJB, the mastoid cell volume differences were also not statistically significant (p = 0.165). In the classification, Grade II was most common (90/181, 49.7%). Conclusion: This study found no correlation between mastoid air cell volume and HJB, suggesting that HJB may not affect the mastoid air cell development and disease occurrence. These data must be considered exploratory, requiring more extensive cross-sectional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern otology faces challenges in treating tympanic membrane (TM) perforations. Instead of surgical intervention, alternative treatments using biomaterials are emerging. Recently, we developed a robust collagen membrane using semipermeable barrier-assisted electrophoretic deposition (SBA-EPD). In this study, a collagen graft shaped like a sponge through SBA-EPD was used to treat acute and chronic TM perforations in a chinchilla model. A total of 24 ears from 12 adult male chinchillas were used in the study. They were organized into four groups. The first two groups had acute TM perforations and the last two had chronic TM perforations. We used the first and third groups as controls, meaning they did not receive the implant treatment. The second and fourth groups, however, were treated with the collagen graft implant. Otoscopic assessments were conducted on days 14 and 35, with histological evaluations and TM vibrational studies performed on day 35. The groups treated with the collagen graft showed fewer inflammatory changes, improved structural recovery, and nearly normal TM vibrational properties compared to the controls. The porous collagen scaffold successfully enhanced TM regeneration, showing high biocompatibility and biodegradation potential. These findings could pave the way for clinical trials and present a new approach for treating TM perforations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hearing loss with a normal tympanic membrane is a common reason for otolaryngology consultation, with otospongiosis being the most frequent cause and House syndrome being extremely rare, requiring systematic investigation. We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with conductive hearing loss with a normal tympanic membrane. A temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed a House-Goodhill syndrome due to fixation of the malleus head. Surgical intervention was considered to remove the attic bone synostosis with the malleus head, resulting in a significant clinical improvement. The Goodhill syndrome is a rare condition that causes hearing loss with a normal eardrum. The surgery can highly improve the hearing function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occlusion effect (OE) denotes the increased low-frequency perception of bone-conducted sounds when the ear canal (EC) is occluded. Circuit and finite element (FE) models are commonly used to investigate the OE and improve its prediction, often applying acoustic impedances at the EC entrance and tympanic membrane (TM). This study investigates the sound generation caused by the structural motion of the EC. In addition to the EC wall vibration, it accounts for the motions of the EC entrance and TM, resulting from nondeforming motion of the surrounding structures. A model extension including these motions with the impedances is proposed. Related mechanisms are illustrated based on a circuit model. Implications are discussed by using an EC motion extracted from a FE model of a human head. The results demonstrate that the motions of the EC entrance and TM, addressed by the proposed extension, affects the TM sound pressure and may lead to a reduction of the OE at lower frequencies compared to solely considering the EC wall vibration. Accordingly, this phenomenon potentially reconciles differences between experimental data and OE simulations at frequencies below about 250 Hz, highlighting the importance to discern between multiple contributing mechanisms to the TM sound pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the complications and risk factors associated with foreign bodies (FBs) in the external auditory canal (EAC). The study analyzed 455 cases over an 8-year period and found that younger age, longer duration of impaction, nongraspable and animate FBs, and FBs touching the tympanic membrane (TM) were independent risk factors for complications. The authors recommend prompt removal of FBs and direct referral to an otolaryngologist for patients with these risk factors. The findings can be used to inform triage and treatment decisions for patients with FBs in the EAC. [Extracted from the article]

Key clinical message: Oto‐tricho is associated with the symptoms of gag reflex and non‐neuropathic tinnitus, which can be treated by removing the hair and its follicle. Oto‐tricho refers to a disorder of hair growth in the tympanic membrane (TM). In its early stages, it can manifest as symptoms such as tinnitus, chronic pain, cough, and nausea. If left untreated, it can potentially lead to tympanosclerosis, TM micro‐perforation, and hearing loss. In this report, we present a case study of a 33‐year‐old male with hair and follicle growth observed on the left TM. Over the course of the past year, the patient experienced various symptoms including tinnitus, dry cough, and chronic pain. An examination with an otoscope revealed the presence of oto‐tricho‐tussia/tinnitus. To address the issue, the hair and hair follicles were surgically removed using direct visual guidance. Subsequent follow‐up was conducted over a period of 5 months, during which no pain or infection was observed at the site of the TM. The patient's previous symptoms were successfully resolved. Furthermore, further observation of the TM revealed no evidence of hair follicles or hair regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a common problem affecting middle ear and it’s commonly presented with chronic ear discharge and decreased hearing. Hearing problem in CSOM is primarily caused perforated tympanic membrane and in some cases by the presence of erosion of the ossicular chain. The study aimed to show the rate and site of ossicular chain erosion in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media underwent tympanomastoid surgery. Patient and methods: a cross sectional study conducted on 87 patients performed tympanomastoid surgery for chronic middle ear infection where their ossicular status has been assessed intraoperatively. Results: our study shows that 40% of the operated ears has at least a single bone erosion and the Incus bone was the most affected ossicle while the Malleus was the least one 54% and 14% respectively. No statistically significant difference was seen between bone erosion and gender as well as the side of operation. Conclusion: ossicular erosion is a common problem affecting patient with chronic suppurative otitis media and the surgeons should be aware about this pathology and they should have the proper skill to correct such problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Otosclerosis is a progressive disease of the otic capsule which presents with conductive hearing loss with an intact tympanic membrane. The description of the disease was first given by Valsalva in 1704. Since then, several techniques are described for otosclerosis. All these procedures have traditionally been performed with microscope. New modifications of surgical techniques have been introduced time to time. The concept of minimally invasive surgical techniques has sprung up lately. Recent advances in optics such as high-definition endoscopes have revolutionized the surgeries in otology. Aim: The study aimed to study the feasibility of primary endoscopic stapedotomy. Objectives: (1) The objectives of the study were to evaluate Air-bone gap (ABG) closure in primary endoscopic stapedotomy and (2) to study intra- and post-operative complications in primary endoscopic stapedotomy. Methodology: Thirty patients with otosclerosis underwent stapedotomy using the standard 0.4 mm 18 cm endoscope and high-definition camera system. Results: Of the 30 cases, 17 were males and 13 were females, with a mean age of 39.84 years. A minimal removal of posterosuperior bony canal wall was required in 21 (70%) cases. The average operative time was 65 min. Among intraoperative complications, chorda tympani injury was seen in 2 (6%) cases, and incus subluxation and stapes footplate subluxation in 1 (3%) case each. Pure-tone audiograms done at an interval of 4 months demonstrated improvement across the three speech frequencies (500-2000 Hz) (50.2 dB vs. 23.7 dB). The average postoperative ABG was within 10 dB in twenty (66%) ears and between 10 and 25 dB in the rest ten (33%) ears. Conclusion: Endoscopic stapedotomy is a good alternative tool to conventional operating microscope. It offers better visualization, less trauma while elevating tympanomeatal flap flap, lesser bone curettage, and provides equivalent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A retrospective study done on all otosclerotic patients who underwent stapes surgery between January 2019 and June 2022 in the department of otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Material and Methods: Fifty four patients were enrolled in the study. The inclusion criteria of the study included patients in the age group of 18-55 years with conductive hearing loss and an intact tympanic membrane and an air-bone gap (ABG) of more than 30 dB. Diagnosis of otosclerosis is based on clinical history of progressive hearing loss and audiometric evaluation. Pure Tone Average shows typical conductive hearing loss pattern. Aim and Objective: Preoperative and 6 months postoperative audiological evaluation was conducted to understand the difference in hearing. The same surgical technique was used in all the cases, except that the dimension of the foot plate removed was different. Results: The mean age of patients in years who underwent stapes surgery was 31.6 ± 6.4 years. Out of the 54 patients, 24 (44.44%) were male and 30 (55.56%) were female. The number of patients who underwent large fenestra stapedectomy was 30 (55.56%) and who underwent small fenestra stapedotomy was 24 (44.44%). There was a significant improvement in the hearing parameters (PTA and ABG) in both the groups after surgery, but there was no significant difference between the small fenestra and large fenestra groups in terms of improvement in PTA and ABG. Conclusion: In conclusion, both small fenestra stapedotomy and large fenestra stapedectomy are safe and effective procedures for improving conductive hearing loss in otosclerosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previously a techniques variety have been described and are currently utilized in tympanoplasty type 1, involving sandwich, underlay, overlay, plugging, rosette and pegging. The operative material and technique choice for tympanoplasty persists controversial. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the wheel-shaped cartilage-perichondrium composite graft and functional and anatomical outcomes of ring in endoscopic tympanoplasty type I for repairing of large and subtotal perforation. Methods: This prospective comparative study was carried out on fifty chronic suppurative otitis media patients tubotympaic type with large and subtotal tympanic membrane (TM) perforation. The participants were assigned randomly into two groups: Group A included 25 patients who were subjected to endoscopic tympanoplasty type 1 ringshaped composite cartilage perichondrium graft. Group B contained 25 patients who were subjected to endoscopic tympanoplasty wheel-shaped composite cartilage-perichondrium graft. Results: Post-operative pure tone audiometry (PTA) test in ring-shaped graft group was 20.2 ± 2.5, while in wheelshaped graft group was 19.36 ± 2.53 with no statistically significant difference (p= 0.244) between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study found that while both ring and wheel-shaped cartilage-perichondrium composite grafts can achieve successful graft acceptance, the wheel-shaped graft showed a significantly greater postoperative improvement in hearing outcomes, a higher rate of TM regeneration, and comparable graft success rates. Additionally, the choice of graft shape played a pivotal role in optimizing surgical outcomes, particularly in cases with significant perforation size. Our study highlighted the potential advantages of wheel-shaped grafts in enhancing hearing improvement and TM regeneration for patients with CSOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) in elementary school students in Kerman, Iran, during 2018-2019. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1369 elementary school students in Kerman. These students were selected by cluster sampling from different areas of Kerman and then screened using the Buffalo Model Questionnaire (BMQ). Based on the data obtained from the questionnaire, normal children were excluded from the study. Then, children with suspected central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) underwent ear exams and were excluded from the study in case of abnormal results in the tympanic membrane examination (rapture- effusion). The remaining subjects underwent peripheral audiometry evaluation, and children with abnormal audiometry were excluded from the study. Finally, the remaining children with suspicious screening results, a normal examination, and normal audiometry underwent a specific test to detect Central auditory processing disorder. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software. Results One thousand three hundred sixty-nine primary school students with a mean age of 9.15 ±2.63 years enrolled in this study. 52%% of students were male. 8.03% of them had CAPD. A statistically significant relationship was found between the prevalence of CAPD and gender (P<0.001), place of residence (P<0.001), history of middle ear inflammation (P<0.001) and history of head injury. Conclusion The quality of life of these students with CAPD can be improved via timely recognition of CAPD and the provision of appropriate preventive and therapeutic facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM) is a common condition that often requires a scaffold as a support for surgery. However, because of the external environment of the auditory canal, the scaffold could become bacterially infected and prevent the TM from healing. As a result, the perfect scaffold should have both antibacterial and biomimetic qualities. In this study, the biodegradable biomaterial poly(1,4-butylene carbonate) (PBC) films containing levofloxacin (LEV) was successfully prepared for the first time. The results showed that the hydrophilicity of the LEV/PBC film was improved after the addition of LEV, and the tensile strength was also complied with the requirements of the standard. The created antibacterial film demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties. In vitro hemolysis experiments revealed no risk of hemolysis for the new material, and the cytotoxicity study further confirmed its non-cytotoxic nature. Overall, LEV was a good component of PBC/LEV film, which is expected to be used for TM repair in the future.

Abstract Objective We compared the histological changes and hearing restoration during the healing of acute total tympanic membrane (TM) perforations between Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats with and without excision of the mallear handle. Materials and methods Bilateral, acute, and total TM perforations were created in 36 male SD rats. The mallear handle was preserved in the left ear (handle‐preserved ear [HPE]) and excised from the right ear (handle‐excised ear [HEE]). Endoscopical examination, auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds, histopathological, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis were performed. Results Endoscopic photographs showed that all perforations in the 18 SD rats were closed. The mean closure times were 6.83 ± 0.85 and 8.50 ± 0.71 days in the HPE and HEE groups, respectively (p

Abstract Background The tympanic membrane (TM) forms the partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear. Perforations occur as a result of acute otitis media or traumatic causes which undergoes healing spontaneously over 3 to 4 weeks. Non-surgical methods are successful in the closure of small to medium-sized perforations. Chemicals used for the cauterization of the margins of perforation are trichloroacetic acid and silver nitrate. This study was performed in a total of 90 patients. External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, site and size of perforation, and middle ear mucosa status were assessed followed by pure tone audiometry. One group constituting 45 subjects underwent TCA cauterization under sterile precautions. Another group of 45 subjects underwent the same procedure with TCA cautery and gel foam application for perforation closure. The procedure was repeated once a week for about 6 weeks. The effectiveness of these two procedures was compared between the two groups after a waiting period of 2 weeks. Results The mean age of the study population is 41.84 ± 16.71. Of the 90 study participants, 54.4% (N = 49) were less than 40 years of age, gender, cause, and laterality of perforation were not associated with the outcome whereas the size of the perforation was significantly associated with the closure of TM perforation with chi-square value of 7.028 and P value of 0.008 (

Background: This study aims to assess the consistency of the newly developed Outdoor Environmental Heat Index (OEHI) with existing environmental and physiological heat indices in low thermal stressconditions. This comparison is necessary due to potential variations in the performance of a heat stress index when applied in conditions different from those for which it was developed.Methods: Two current and valid outdoor heat indices, including Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and Humidex (HD), were used in a descriptive-analytical study to compare the results obtained by OEHI and other indices in evaluating the same condition. Furthermore, the authors considered tympanic temperature as a physiological response to heat and assessed the work environment of 63 outdoor workers at three-hour intervals during the workday.Results: The highest coefficient of determination was assigned to OEHI and Humidex index (R2>0.99, P

While noninvasive brain stimulation is convenient and cost effective, its utility is limited by the substantial distance between scalp electrodes and their intended neural targets in the head. The tympanic membrane, or eardrum, is a thin flap of skin deep in an orifice of the head that may serve as a port for improved efficiency of noninvasive stimulation. Here we chose the cochlea as a target because it resides in the densest bone of the skull and is adjacent to many deep-brain-stimulation structures. We also tested the hypothesis that noninvasive electric stimulation of the cochlea may restore neural activities that are missing in acoustic stimulation. We placed an electrode in the ear canal or on the tympanic membrane in 25 human adults (10 females) and compared their stimulation efficiency by characterizing the electrically-evoked auditory sensation. Relative to ear canal stimulation, tympanic membrane stimulation was four times more likely to produce an auditory percept, required eight times lower electric current to reach the threshold and produced two-to-four times more linear suprathreshold responses. We further measured tinnitus suppression in 14 of the 25 subjects who had chronic tinnitus. Compared with ear canal stimulation, tympanic membrane stimulation doubled both the probability (22% vs. 55%) and the amount (-15% vs. -34%) of tinnitus suppression. These findings extended previous work comparing evoked perception and tinnitus suppression between electrodes placed in the ear canal and on the scalp. Together, the previous and present results suggest that the efficiency of conventional scalp-based noninvasive electric stimulation can be improved by at least one order of magnitude via tympanic membrane stimulation. This increased efficiency is most likely due to the shortened distance between the electrode placed on the tympanic membrane and the targeted cochlea. The present findings have implications for the management of tinnitus by offering a potential alternative to interventions using invasive electrical stimulation such as cochlear implantation, or other non-invasive transcranial electrical stimulation methods.

ObjectivesTo develop a multiclass-classifier deep learning model and website for distinguishing tympanic membrane (TM) pathologies based on otoscopic images.MethodsAn otoscopic image database developed by utilizing publicly available online images and open databases was assessed by convolutional neural network (CNN) models including ResNet-50, Inception-V3, Inception-Resnet-V2, and MobileNetV2. Training and testing were conducted with a 75:25 breakdown. Area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were used to compare different CNN models' performances in classifying TM images.ResultsOur database included 400 images, organized into normal (n = 196) and abnormal classes (n = 204), including acute otitis media (n = 116), otitis externa (n = 44), chronic suppurative otitis media (n = 23), and cerumen impaction (n = 21). For binary classification between normal versus abnormal TM, the best performing model had average AUC-ROC of 0.902 (MobileNetV2), followed by 0.745 (Inception-Resnet-V2), 0.731 (ResNet-50), and 0.636 (Inception-V3). Accuracy ranged between 0.73-0.77, sensitivity 0.72-0.88, specificity 0.58-0.84, PPV 0.68-0.81, and NPV 0.73-0.83. Macro-AUC-ROC for MobileNetV2 based multiclass-classifier was 0.91, with accuracy of 66%. Binary and multiclass-classifier models based on MobileNetV2 were loaded onto a publicly accessible and user-friendly website (https://headneckml.com/tympanic). This allows the readership to upload TM images for real-time predictions using the developed algorithms.ConclusionsNovel CNN algorithms were developed with high AUC-ROCs for differentiating between various TM pathologies. This was further deployed as a proof-of-concept publicly accessible website for real-time predictions.

BackgroundRetraction pocket (RP) of the tympanic membrane (TM) is a common pathology in children that can cause ossicular chain erosion, cholesteatoma formation, and potentially life-threatening complications of cholesteatoma. This study assessed the functional and anatomical results of cartilage grafting in children with severe RP of the TM.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of 212 children from a tertiary referral center.ResultsWe identified significant differences in hearing results, indication criteria, and location of TM fixation between stages II and III of RP (according to Charachon). We observed a significantly higher incidence of RP in boys than in girls.ConclusionsCartilage tympanoplasty for retraction pocket of the tympanic membrane in children is a safe procedure with good anatomical and hearing results.

Key Clinical Message Color changes of the tympanic membranes without an inflammatory component or perforation are rarely described. They may result from hemorrhage after barotrauma or spontaneously. Other explanatory models include discoloration due to otomycosis. Abstract This is a case of a 61‐year‐old patient with an unexplained incidental of black dots located almost symmetrically on the antero‐inferior quadrant of both tympanic membranes. This harmless anatomical rarity has not been published before. Underlying pathologies should be excluded in the case of discoloration of the tympanic membranes.

Key clinical message Oto‐tricho is associated with the symptoms of gag reflex and non‐neuropathic tinnitus, which can be treated by removing the hair and its follicle. Abstract Oto‐tricho refers to a disorder of hair growth in the tympanic membrane (TM). In its early stages, it can manifest as symptoms such as tinnitus, chronic pain, cough, and nausea. If left untreated, it can potentially lead to tympanosclerosis, TM micro‐perforation, and hearing loss. In this report, we present a case study of a 33‐year‐old male with hair and follicle growth observed on the left TM. Over the course of the past year, the patient experienced various symptoms including tinnitus, dry cough, and chronic pain. An examination with an otoscope revealed the presence of oto‐tricho‐tussia/tinnitus. To address the issue, the hair and hair follicles were surgically removed using direct visual guidance. Subsequent follow‐up was conducted over a period of 5 months, during which no pain or infection was observed at the site of the TM. The patient's previous symptoms were successfully resolved. Furthermore, further observation of the TM revealed no evidence of hair follicles or hair regrowth.

Background: Perforations of tympanic membrane is a commonly encountered problem presented to the otorhinolaryngologist. Surgical repair (tympanoplasty) of the perforated tympanic membrane (TM) is indicated to restore hearing ability as well as to prevent recurrent otorrhea. Owing to its stiffness, cartilage is resistant to resorption and retraction. It is less likely to cause an inflammatory reaction or an infection postoperatively. Material and methods: Total 112 cases of tympanoplasty with cartilaginous graft were studied in one year time duration. Patients with Tubotympanic disease were included having perforation but non involvement of middle year ossicles. Preoperative and post operative Air Bone Gap is studied and compared to access the efficacy of cartilaginous graft. Observation & Result:-Of 112 cases mean age of patients came out as 28.1 years, of them 93% had unilateral disease. Males constitute 62.5% and female were 37.5%. Success rate of tympanoplasty was 92%. Post operative ABG came out 15dB.Conclusion: Tympanoplasty is an effective procedure that can lead to improvement in hearing function of patients and prevention of recurrent ear discharge. As cartilage has better structural and tensile quality as compared to other graft also due to its mesodermal origin, tympanoplasty with cartilage graft show lesser incidence of cholesteatoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tympanic membrane (TM) forms the partition between the external auditory canal and the middle ear. Perforations occur as a result of acute otitis media or traumatic causes which undergoes healing spontaneously over 3 to 4 weeks. Non-surgical methods are successful in the closure of small to medium-sized perforations. Chemicals used for the cauterization of the margins of perforation are trichloroacetic acid and silver nitrate. This study was performed in a total of 90 patients. External auditory canal, tympanic membrane, site and size of perforation, and middle ear mucosa status were assessed followed by pure tone audiometry. One group constituting 45 subjects underwent TCA cauterization under sterile precautions. Another group of 45 subjects underwent the same procedure with TCA cautery and gel foam application for perforation closure. The procedure was repeated once a week for about 6 weeks. The effectiveness of these two procedures was compared between the two groups after a waiting period of 2 weeks. Results: The mean age of the study population is 41.84 ± 16.71. Of the 90 study participants, 54.4% (N = 49) were less than 40 years of age, gender, cause, and laterality of perforation were not associated with the outcome whereas the size of the perforation was significantly associated with the closure of TM perforation with chi-square value of 7.028 and P value of 0.008 (< 0.05). Overall, TM closure was achieved in 3.56 applications in TCA with gel foam patching whereas in 6.02 applications with TCA alone. Conclusion: TCA cauterization with or without gel foam patching can be performed as a first-line treatment in adults with small to medium-sized perforations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Systemic administration of glucocorticoid steroids is the most common initial treatment for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL); however, due to the prevalence of coronavirus disease, the indications for this treatment must be carefully determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of intratympanic steroid therapy as an initial treatment for idiopathic SSNHL. Methods: Sixty-eight patients with idiopathic ISSNHL who were treated with intravenous or intratympanic steroids were included in this study. Patients were retrospectively evaluated regarding preoperative grade, type of additional treatment, outcome of treatment, and side effects of each treatment. Results: In 46 cases, patients received intravenous steroid therapy as the initial treatment, while 22 patients received intratympanic steroid therapy; 10 patients underwent salvage treatment due to inadequate improvement of symptoms. Regarding additional treatment, intravenous steroid monotherapy was used in 37 patients. The outcomes were similar after both treatments; 16 (43%) and 11 (52%) patients treated exclusively with intravenous and intratympanic steroids, respectively, were completely cured. There were no significant differences in the effects between the 2 treatments, indicating that they were almost equally effective. The side effects observed in patients treated with intravenous steroid therapy were increased blood pressure, acute gastric mucosal disorder, and insomnia. None of these side effects were observed in any of the patients treated with intratympanic steroids; however, 1 case of perforation of the tympanic membrane occurred due to the procedure. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in posttreatment outcomes between patients treated with either intratympanic or intravenous steroids. The therapeutic effects were comparable, and no severe side effects were observed; therefore, intratympanic steroid therapy may be considered useful as an initial treatment for ISSNHL in the context of widespread coronavirus disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common ENT diseases in children. In the antibiotic/post-antibiotic era, facial paralysis is a very rare complication of AOM (0.004–0.005%). Despite the rarity of this complication, it should be known by all physicians for proper therapeutic management to avoid serious sequelae. The aim of this review is to provide a management guide based on the current literature. Materials and Methods: Fifteen studies published between 2000 and 2022 were selected, including 120 patients (62 M/58 F) with an average age of 4.96 years old (range = 4 months–16 years; SD: 4.2). The paralysis frequently has a sudden onset and is of a severe grade (medium House–Brackmann (HB) score at onset: 4.68; SD: 0.5); however, it tends to have an almost complete recovery in most patients (88.49% HB 1 at follow-up). Results: Its first-line treatment must be based on the use of antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics as penicillins or cephalosporins). Corticosteroids should be used concomitantly for their anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions; however, there is no unanimity between authors about their application. Myringotomy, with or without ventilation tube insertion, is indicated in cases where the tympanic membrane is intact. Other kinds of surgery should be performed only in patients who have a worsening of their AOM symptoms or a worsening in HB score even with clinical treatment. Conclusions: The obtained data show that a conservative treatment can be sufficient for complete recovery in most patients, and it is preferred as the first-line therapy. Mastoidectomy should be performed only in patients with acute mastoiditis and without symptom improvement after a conservative approach. There are insufficient data in the current literature to provide clear selection criteria for patients who need to undergo mastoidectomy with facial nerve decompression. The choice of this treatment is based on an individual center expertise. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of corticosteroids and the role of facial nerve decompression in this clinical scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objectives of this study were to record graft uptake, hearing status and any complication(s) after total annular excision (TAE) tympanoplasty and to compare them with previously operated underlay tympanoplasty patients. Design: Prospective study. Methods: Patients with chronic otitis media mucosal type aged between 15-45 years attending our outpatient department were assessed and eligible patients who gave consent for the study were included. Result: Patients of chronic otitis media mucosal type who underwent TAE tympanoplasty had 80% graft uptake. Post TAE tympanoplasty patients had good hearing assessed by tuning fork test and pure tone audiometry. Maximum improvement in hearing was seen at 500Hz frequency by pure tone audiometry in TAE tympanoplasty group. Histopathological examination of remnant tympanic membrane showed mucosalization. Conclusion: TAE tympanoplasty can effectively prevent development of granular myringitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carcinoid tumours are neuroendocrine tumours associated with gastrointestinal tract, lungs and rarely seen in middle ear. A 29 year old male presented with nonspecific symptoms of blocking sensation, reduced hearing and tinnitus in the right ear. Otoscopy showed congestion of right tympanic membrane with bulge in anterior quadrant with no blanching on siegalization. Audiometry showing conductive hearing loss. CT scan showing mildly enhancing mass in the right middle ear cavity. Complete excision was done and Histopathological studied showed features favouring adenoma and immunohistochemistry showed positive staining of Pan Cytokeratin, Synaptophysis and Chromogranin A, with Ki-67 01% suggestive of carcinoid tumour. Patient underwent PET Scaning post operatively to rule out carcinoid tumour elsewhere in the body. Patient is on follow-up every month to look for any recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a condition in which a person experiences a rapid loss of hearing, often in one ear. The cause of SSNHL is not always clear, but it is thought to be related to issues with the inner ear, auditory nerve, or other parts of the hearing pathway. Intratympanic injection is a treatment method for SSNHL in which a medication (corticosteroids) is injected directly into the middle ear space through the tympanic membrane. This randomized clinical trial was conducted in two hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Patients with SSNHL were randomized (using the 4-block method) and included in this study. 0.5 cc of dexamethasone or triamcinolone was injected via a 25-gauge spinal needle into the cone of light of tympanic membrane. This procedure was repeated six times. In the present study, the rate of response to treatment was compared in the two groups of triamcinolone and dexamethasone, which showed that in the group where intratympanic injection of dexamethasone was performed, 70.9% of patients responded to treatment (48.4% had a complete response and 22.5% had a partial response), and in the group receiving intratympanic triamcinolone, 72.5% responded to the treatment and improved, 50% showed a complete response and 22.5% showed a partial response, and no significant difference was found in the statistical analysis of the two groups. Also, the comparison of audiometric parameters (SDS and SRT) did not show any significant difference before and after the treatment based on the treatment group, and the treatment response was found in the same group. No significant differences were noted in terms of outcome. Intratympanic dexamethasone injection was associated with a 70.9% response and triamcinolone injection with a 72.5% response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic suppurative Otitis Media is a common ear infection in India. Canaloplasty done with tympanoplasty helps to remove bony overhangs and provide complete visibility of fibrous annulus of tympanic membrane. Aim: 1. To determine the hearing outcome in chronic otitis media (mucosal type) patients undergoing type 1 tympanoplasty with canaloplasty. 2. To determine the hearing outcome in chronic otitis media (mucosal type) patients undergoing type 1 tympanoplasty without canaloplasty. 3. To compare the hearing outcome in the above mentioned 2 groups of patients. Materials and Methods: 56 patients of 15–60 years of age with mucosal type of Chronic otitis media, with central dry perforation and intact ossicles were included in our study. They were divided into group 1 (type 1 tympanoplasty + canaloplasty) and group 2 (type 1 tympanoplasty without canaloplasty), on alternate basis. AC, BC, Air bone gap avg was assessed via pure tone audiometry at 4 frequencies preoperatively and postoperatively at 3rd and 6th month, % closure of ABG average was calculated. Results: Type 1 tympanoplasty along with canaloplasty has better hearing improvement in pure tone audiometry compared to type 1 tympanoplasty alone, as % closure of ABG at postoperative 3rd and 6th month holds significant. Conclusion: The canaloplasty provides better surgical exposure via removing bony overhangs, aids in excellent functional outcome in the form of % closure of ABG. Hence canaloplasty is added as an adjunct to routinely performed aural surgeries to enhance hearing outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) refers to middle ear infections lasting more than three months that lead to perforated tympanic membrane. Low socioeconomic strata of the society are more likely to have the disease in developing countries. There have been many studies focusing on the bacterial flora of CSOM, but little is known about the mycological aspects, which have become increasingly important over the last few decades. The present study was aimed to speculate the presence of fungal flora responsible for the cases of CSOM among patients who attended the Ear, Nose, and Throat Department of our hospital a tertiary care center. This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care centre after taking the approval of the protocol review committee and institutional ethics committee. Total 100 Patients of chronic otitis media were included with no history using ear drops for last one week and using two sterile swab without touching the external auditory canal, discharge was taken from middle ear and placed in sterile container and sent for potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount and observed. The age ranged from 18 months to 87 years and the mean age was 37.27+/- 12.59 years. The study population of male is 42 (41.6%) and female is 59 (58.4%). Distribution of KOH positivity observed for 33 (32.7%) and KOH negative for the study population of 68 (67.3%). When antibacterial treatment does not seem to relieve persistent otorrhea, otologists should suspect mycotic otitis media probable cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ossicular reconstruction with autologous materials has been practised for a long time, but the procedure may lead to stiffness of joints and bony ankyloses thus hampering the sound conduction mechanism. This paper describes a novel technique of creating joint capsule around the reconstructed joints with temporalis fascia strips hoping a firm and movable union with full functional restoration. Materials & Methods: This study is a prospective study of 35 patients requiring tympanomastoid surgery with ossicular reconstruction and were studied over a period of 2 years. The newly reconstructed ossicular joints were wrapped with temporalis fascia strips. Post-operatively air-bone gap closure were studied and statistically analysed. Results: A significant air-bone gap closure was achieved in 23 patients, while moderate improvement was seen in remaining cases. Only 1 patient had tympanic membrane graft failure and rest all had well healed tympanic membrane. Conclusion: Fascial arthroplastic ossiculoplasty is a simple and safe procedure and the results are reproducible and more predictable. It provides an ossicular assembly which is near to normal in its physiological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Temperature monitoring intraoperatively is standard of care for almost all surgical cases and is necessary due to the important role that temperature plays in maintaining body homeostasis, anaesthetic drug metabolism, and recovery. However, invasive and user-unfriendly methods like measuring temperature in the oesophagus, tympanic membrane, or rectum have limitations. An alternative site for measuring core body temperature could be the nasopharynx, as its mucosa is supplied by branches of the internal carotid artery. Aim: To determine the accuracy of the nasopharyngeal probe in comparison to oesophageal temperature probe and to identify appropriate insertion depths for measuring core body temperature. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery under general anaesthesia lasting 60 minutes or more. A nasopharyngeal probe was inserted past the nares to a depth of 20 cm, and an oesophageal temperature probe was inserted to a depth of 40 cm past the incisors. The nasopharyngeal probe was gradually pulled out after induction, and temperatures at various depths were recorded at regular intervals. The observed depths of the nasopharyngeal probe that correlated with the oesophageal temperature were considered as the endpoints. Data was entered into Microsoft Excel and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Results: The study population consisted of 60 patients, with 31 males and 29 females, a mean age of 50 years, mean body mass index of 26 kg/m², American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) (physical status) of 1 (n=27) and 2 (n=33). The insertion depths of 10 to 20 cm for the nasopharyngeal probe showed a mean temperature difference of ±0.3°C compared to the reference oesophageal temperature. This difference fell within the clinically acceptable accuracy range of 0 to 0.3°C (temperature mean difference ±1.96 SD) for both probes. Conclusion: The nasopharyngeal probe offers a minimally invasive method for measuring body temperature and is easily accessible for probe placement. However, the optimal depth of insertion past the nares has not been well established. Based on the results, which showed that the mean temperature difference between the two probes fell within the specified accuracy range when the nasopharyngeal probe was inserted to a depth range of 10 to 20 cm from the nares, it is advisable to use this depth range for core body temperature measurement in non cardiac surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]