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The rapid development of electronics and materials science has driven the progress of various electronic devices, and the new generation of electronic devices, represented by wearable smart products, has introduced transparent new demands on the devices. The ability of biological synapses to enhance or inhibit information when it is transmitted is thought to be the biological mechanism of artificial synaptic devices. The advantage of the human brain over conventional computers is the ability to perform efficient parallel operations when dealing with unstructured and complex problems. Inspired by biologically powerful neural networks, it is important to simulate biological synaptic functions on a single electronic device, and organic artificial synaptic transistors are artificially intelligent and very suitable artificial synaptic devices. Therefore, this paper proposes an organic artificial synaptic transistor with transparency (≥75%), provides a new solution for transparent top-gate synapses, and shows their promise for the next generation of organic electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating responsive photonic crystals (RPCs) and quantum dots (QDs) effectively to realize multimode dynamic color regulation is of great significance for promoting advances in color display science. Herein, a new type of flexible dynamic color display with multimode reversible switching between transparent and colorful states based on the combination of RPCs and CdTe QDs is designed. This unique system is fabricated by encapsulating a thin layer of ordered arrays of SiO2@CdTe@SiO2 (SQS) colloids with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), which generates an elastic film with sandwiched structure of PDMS/SQS/PDMS. Owing to the similarity in the optical properties of PDMS and SQS, the display is highly transparent in the normal state. Moreover, the resultant flexible display exhibits obvious change in color by mechanical stimuli or UV exposure. Finally, the ability to display joints motion amplitudes of human body as well as the applications in advanced security is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a single-layer checkerboard metasurface with simultaneous wideband radar cross-section (RCS) reduction characteristics and low infrared (IR) emissivity. The metasurface consists of an indium tin oxide (ITO)-patterned film, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and an ITO backplane from the top downwards, with a total ultra-thin thickness of 1.6 mm. This design also allows the metasurface to have good optical transparency and flexibility. Based on phase cancellation and absorption, the metasurface can achieve a wideband RCS reduction of 10 dB from 10.6 to 19.4 GHz under normal incidence. When the metasurface is slightly cylindrically curved, an RCS reduction of approximately 10 dB can still be achieved from 11 to 19 GHz. The polarization and angular stability of the metasurface have also been verified. The filling rate of the top ITO-patterned film is 0.81, which makes the metasurface have a low theoretical IR emissivity of 0.24. Both simulation and experimental results have verified the excellent characteristics of the proposed checkerboard metasurface, demonstrating its great potential application in radar–IR bi-stealth.

Antimicrobial coatings can inhibit the transmission of infectious diseases when they provide a quick kill that is achieved long after the coating application. Here, we describe the fabrication and testing of a glass coating containing Ag2O microparticles that was prepared from sodium silicate at room temperature. The half-lives of both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on this coating are only 2–4 min. The half-life of Clostridioides difficile spores is about 9–12 min, which is extremely short for a spore. Additional tests on MRSA demonstrate that the coating retains its antimicrobial activity after abrasion and that an increased loading of Ag2O leads to a shorter half-life. This coating combines the properties of optical transparency, robustness, fast kill, and room temperature preparation that are highly desirable for an antimicrobial coating.

Passive icephobic surfaces have been extensively studied by researchers due to their advantages of delaying icing time and reducing ice adhesion strength. However, icephobic materials with petroleum‐based resources and toxic fluorine‐containing chemicals, as one of the excellent icephobic materials, are very unfavorable for resource conservation and environmental protection. In this study, we report fluorine‐free, highly transparent, chemically durable and low ice adhesion icephobic coatings prepared by glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE) derived from natural glycerin and bis(3‐aminopropyl) terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via one‐pot method. On the one hand, PDMS with multiple methyl groups and two amine groups acts as a hydrophobic modifier to modulate the surface energy of the coatings, and also acts as a structure modifier to modulate the mechanical properties of the coatings, which allow us to design and synthesis the coating with excellent deicing performance (ice adhesion strength can reach about 16 kPa). On the other hand, GTE with multiple epoxy groups works as cross‐linker to endow the coatings with good cross‐linked networks, so that the coatings showed good durability after being subjected to different temperature treatment and different solution treatments. In additional, the transmittance of the coating is above 91.4%, which is expected to be applied to windows and sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, the visualization experiment technology for transparent geotechnical materials has developed into a method of observing deformation, fluid flow and other internal changes of rock and soil. This paper reviews the emergence and development of transparent rock-soil experiment technology, the preparation for different kinds of transparent geotechnical materials, the experiment equipment, the optical observation method, and the engineering application of this technology. In the traditional physical similarity experiment, the deformation law and the diffusion process of fluid flow cannot be observed directly because of the opaque medium. Therefore, a large number of scholars combined with optical measurement means and digital image processing technology to study the deformation and fluid flow in the rock and soil. Compared with the physical similarity experiment, this technique not only can realize the visual observation of geotechnical engineering change process, but also has the advantages of involvement of simple device, easy operation and low cost. It is also pointed out that it is in urgent need of establishing technical standards for the preparation of transparent rock-soil samples and the determination of engineering property indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic layer deposited (ALD) transparent thermoelectric materials enable the introduction of energy harvesting and sensing devices onto surfaces of various shapes and sizes in imperceptible manner. Amongst these materials, ZnO has shown promising results in terms of both thermoelectric and optical characteristics. The thermoelectric performance of ZnO can be further optimized by introducing extrinsic doping, to the realization of which ALD provides excellent control. Here, we explore the effects of sandwiching of ZrO2 layers with ZnO on glass substrates. The room-temperature thermoelectric power factor is maximised at 116ÎĽW mâˆ'1 Kâˆ'2 with samples containing a 2% nominal percentage of ZrO2. The addition of ZrO2 layers is further shown to reduce the thermal conductivity, resulting in a 20.2% decrease from the undoped ZnO at 2% doping. Our results contribute to increasing the understanding of the effects of Zr inclusion in structural properties and growth of ALD ZnO, as well as the thermal and thermoelectric properties of Zr-doped ZnO films in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

See‐through double‐side‐emitting electroluminescent quantum‐dot light‐emitting‐diodes (QLEDs) with highly transparent tri‐layer MoO3/Ag:Cu/MoO3 electrode is demonstrated in this study. The tri‐layer MoO3/Ag: Cu/MoO3 electrode is prepared by a thermal co‐evaporation process, in which MoO3 is utilized as both a seed layer and a capping layer. This tri‐layer structure improves the transmittance as high as ≈88% and ≈86% for pure Ag and Ag:Cu at 550 nm, respectively. It is also found that minor Cu doping significantly improves the thermal stability and sheet resistance of Ag film. With the see‐through tri‐layer film as a device cathode, transparent double‐side‐emitting green QLED exhibits remarkable high brightness of 225, 500 cd m−2, the current efficiency of 58.68 cd A−1, the external quantum yield of 16.70%, and transmittance of 77% at 550 nm without any additional anti‐reflection coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoped and metal doped nanocrystalline TiO 2 transparent thin films were synthesized on glass substrates via sol-gel/dip-coating method. TiO 2 thin film coatings can be applied to the surfaces of solar panels to impart self-cleaning properties to them. The structural and optical properties of few nanometer-thick films were characterized by XRD, SEM, CA, AFM, XPS, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry techniques. The stoichiometric TiO 2 films crystallized in anatase phase, with a particle size of ∼100 nm, which were uniformly distributed on the surface. The prepared films with a roughness of ∼1–5 nm, increased the hydrophilicity of the glass surface. Reducing the amount of Ti precursor (X) favored the improvement of film quality. To improve the photocatalytic activity of the TiO 2 thin film, it was doped with Ni, Cd, Mo, Bi and Sr metal ions. The effect of metal doping on the photocatalytic activity of the films was investigated using the degradation process of methylene blue (MB) dye as the model contaminant. Among the prepared coatings, the Sr–TiO 2 film showed the highest efficiency for MB degradation. It increased the dye degradation efficiency of the films under both UV and Vis lights. The kinetic investigations also showed that the degradation of MB by TiO 2 and M − TiO 2 films obeyed the pseudo-first order kinetics. [Display omitted] • TiO 2 and metal-doped TiO 2 thin films were prepared via sol-gel/dip coating method. • Conditions for obtaining highly transparent superhydrophilic films were decided. • Photocatalytic activity of the films was proved in the MB dye degradation process. • Sr doping (Sr–TiO 2) improved the photocatalytic activity of the prepared coatings. • The films can be applied on solar panel covers as self-cleaning coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India’s economic and social growth Segments are agriculture, industry and service. Transparent economic and social policies of the govt. made the country achieve rapid progress in economic and social spheres. Though all the segments are participating the nation’s economic development the automobile industry in particular took its chief role in sharing 7.5 percent in the total GDP rate. The raise in standard of living, growth in young population, consumer demand, high domestic savings and cheap credit availability keep the industry growing in leaps and bounds in last decade. It is forecasted that the automobile industry will become world leader by the year 2020.This is because of the major part taken by the commercial vehicle industry in automobile segment. This can be vouched by the fact that the segment contributes more than 50 percent of the total share of 7.5 percent of automobile industry. Hence it is important to investigate the managerial efficiency of funds in commercial vehicle manufacturing firms. The managerial efficiency of funds indicates the well being of working capital of the firm. The Working capital management is one of primary factor that made impact on the profitability of firm. Keeping this conjecture in mind, the researcher is interested to undertake this study to analyze the cash management, inventory cycle, liquidity and Return on Assets (ROA) to identify the impact on profitability of the firm. The Ratio analysis and Motaal’s comprehensive rank test are important statistical tools were used by the researcher to analyze ten years spanning from the year 2009-10 to 2018- 2019 of annual reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, we propose a novel transparent wideband reflective metasurface based on indium tin oxide (ITO) material. The unit consists of four C‐shaped structures of different sizes. ITO material was plated on the surface of soda‐calcium glass by magnetron sputtering. Floquet port and master‐slave boundary conditions were set up in ANSYS HFSS for simulation. Simulation results show that the polarization conversion ratio reaches 90% in the range of 10.9–20.5 GHz, with little change in the 30° incident angle range. Experimental results are consistent with the simulation ones. The proposed transparent cross‐polarization converter may be used in the devices integrated with solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the fundamental role played by natural light and its treatment inside churches of all periods and styles, with special attention being paid to the Late Baroque Santa María del Coro Church in San Sebastián. The study charts the discovery of the fact that, during its early years, Santa María Church had a lighting device known as a 'transparent', designed to enhance the chapel of its patron saint. The device was presumably discarded some time during the 19th century, although enough overlooked and half-disassembled vestiges still remain today to enable an attempt at its reconstruction. The paper describes how this device was restored during the latest restoration project carried out in the church between 2005 and 2009. The Santa María 'transparent' is currently restored and fully functional. Its incorporation into the architectural structure of the church is not due to its technological contribution (which while notable has been rendered anachronistic by the concurrent development of artificial lighting), but rather to the desire of the competent authorities and technical experts to highlight the presence of this singular device, the only one of its kind in San Sebastián, and to make visitors aware of its mechanisms, lighting effects, function and subtle beauty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-hardness and transparent PMMA-based composites play a significant role in modern optical devices. However, a well-known paradox is that conventional PMMA-based composites with high loadings of nanoparticles usually possess high surface hardness at the cost of poor transparency and toughness due to the aggregation of nanoparticles. In this work, ideal optical materials (SiO2/PMMA composites) with high transparency and high surface hardness are successfully fabricated through the introduction of the flow modifier Si-DPF by conventional melt blending. Si-DPF with low surface energy and high transparency, which is located at the SiO2/PMMA interface, and nano-SiO2 particles are homogeneously dispersed in the PMMA matrix. As an example, the sample SiO2/PMMA/Si-DPF (30/65/5) shows outstanding transparency (>87.2% transmittance), high surface hardness (462.2 MPa), and notched impact strength (1.18 kJ/m2). Moreover, SiO2/PMMA/Si-DPF (30/65/5) also presents a low torque value of composite melt (21.7 N⋅m). This work paves a new possibility for the industrial preparation of polymer-based composites with excellent transparency, surface hardness, processability, and toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating flame retardancy and high transparency of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) possesses a significant demand in construction field. In this work, the potential flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects as well as the transparency of plasticized PVC films with different environmentally friendly plasticized systems were investigated. When incorporating six kinds of plasticized systems at 50 phr into PVC resin separately, notably, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) endowed plasticized PVC film outstanding fire resistance with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value over 35% and a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. With the same plasticizer content, PVC containing poly(1,2-propylene glycol adipate) (PPA) attained a LOI value of 28.1% and a satisfactory UL-94 V-0 grade. Simultaneously, PPA plasticizer exhibited the best efficiency in smoke suppression on PVC, the values of smoke density rating and maximum smoke density were 65.6% and 80.8%, respectively. When TCPP and PPA were used in combination, the flame resistance of PVC film was greatly enhanced with a LOI value over 30% and UL-94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, all PVC films displayed good elasticity with glass transition temperatures below room temperature and high transparency with transmittance values up to 91% which would make PVC materials more popular in interior decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we introduce a novel slippery lubricant-infused porous surface (SLIPS) based on chitin nanofibers (ChNF) coating. The ChNF porous coating layers are simply formed using a common spray-coating method, into which a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oil is infused as the lubricant. The ChNF-based SLIPS is optically transparent and exhibits an excellent omniphobic liquid repellency towards both high-/low-surface-tension fluids. In addition, taking advantage of the simple material-processing combination, we also demonstrate a large-scale fabrication of the ChNF-based SLIPS on a non-flat surface and test common real-life complex fluids (e.g., Ketchup) to verify its practical applicability. In addition, the ChNF-based SLIPS possess an outstanding ice-phobicity with a low ice adhesion strength as well as excellent anti-bacterial property. A multi-functional SLIPS (slippery liquid-infused porous surface) based on a spray-coatable chitin nanofiber (ChNF) coating as the porous surface is introduced. The ChNF-based SLIPS shows excellent omniphobic liquid repellency against both high-/low-surface-tension liquids with a low sliding angle (SA) of less than 5 degree. In addition, the ChNF-based SLIPS also shows an anti-bacterial property and a low ice adhesion strength verifying its ice-phobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a fully transparent and flexible high-performance pH sensor based on an amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) transducer with a coplanar dual-gate structure on polyimide substrates. The proposed pH sensor system features a transducer unit consisting of a floating gate (FG), sensing gate (SG), and control gate (CG) on a polyimide (PI), and an extended gate (EG) sensing unit on a separate glass substrate. We designed a capacitive coupling between (SG) and (CG) through the FG of an a-IGZO TFT transducer to contribute to sensitivity amplification. The capacitance ratio (CSG/CCG) increases linearly with the area ratio; therefore, the amplification ratio of the pH sensitivity was easily controlled using the area ratio of SG/CG. The proposed sensor system improved the pH sensitivity by up to 359.28 mV/pH (CSG/CCG = 6.16) at room temperature (300 K), which is significantly larger than the Nernstian limit of 59.14 mV/pH. In addition, the non-ideal behavior, including hysteresis and drift effects, was evaluated to ensure stability and reliability. The amplification of sensitivity based on capacitive coupling was much higher than the increase in the hysteresis voltage and drift rate. Furthermore, we verified the flexibility of the a-IGZO coplanar dual-gate TFT transducer through a bending test, and the electrical properties were maintained without mechanical damage, even after repeated bending. Therefore, the proposed fully transparent and highly sensitive a-IGZO coplanar dual-gate TFT-based pH sensor could be a promising wearable and portable high-performance chemical sensor platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing the coating conditions for a doctor blading system is important when seeking to improve the performance of Ag nanowire electrodes. In this study, the effect of the blading height and speed on the optical and electrical properties of Ag nanowire electrodes was investigated. Ag nanowires were first spread on a PET substrate using a doctor blade with differing heights at a fixed blading speed. An increase in the blading height resulted in the degradation of the optical transmittance and stronger haze due to the higher probability of Ag nanowire agglomeration arising from the greater wet thickness. When the blading speed was varied, the optical transmittance and haze were unaffected up until 20 mm/s, followed by minor degradation of the optical properties at blading speeds over 25 mm/s. The higher speeds hindered the spread of the Ag nanowire solution, which also increased the probability of Ag nanowire agglomeration. However, this degradation was less serious compared to that observed with a change in the blading height. Therefore, optimizing the blading height was confirmed to be the priority for the production of high-performance transparent Ag nanowire electrodes. Our study thus provides practical guidance for the fabrication of Ag nanowire electrodes using doctor blading systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional methods of green-body formation of powder compacts, along with temperature/pressure processing methods, were optimized to sinter and post-HIP Lu 2 O 3 compacts to optical transparency (99.1 % of theoretical transparency at 1100 nm). Fissures between remnants of spray-dried granules, yielding opaque spheroids around them, were eliminated by lower temperature heat treatment schedules which minimized fissure coarsening via preferential intragranular densification. A key development was the use of LiF vapor produced adjacent to the compact in the furnace environment, which physisorbed onto particle surfaces of the pre-sintered compact. This acted as a grain growth inhibitor and hence sintering aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) transparent nanocomposite films, which heal easily with the inclusion of a low amount of silver nanowire (AgNw), were produced. For this purpose, first AgNw was homogeneously dispersed in the polymer solution and then, nanocomposite films were produced from the solutions by casting method. The thermal, mechanical and optical properties of the produced films were characterized. Self-healing properties of nanocomposite films were confirmed by optical microscopy and mechanical tests. Optical microscope results showed that the optimum recovery temperature was 130°C and the addition of a small amount (5% w/w) of AgNw reduced the recovery time of the scratch on EVA film reducing the healing time by 66.66% (from 15 minutes to 5 minutes). In addition, tensile test results supported the optical microscope results. DSC results showed that the regular crystal regions were formed in composite films due to the high thermal conductivity and nucleating agent effect of AgNw. On the other hand, DSC curves proved that the healing process was occurred via re-entanglement of the polymer chains by heat effect, while silver nanowire addition did not affect the mechanical strength and transparency of the films, significantly. AgNw-loaded-EVA-based self-healing transparent films can be used for applications such as tempered glass laminates, electrical cables, coatings, packages, especially to protect the product and reduce the cost of repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the fabrication of ZnO thin films using a lab-made DC sputtering process. The ZnO films were prepared at several applied sputter voltages at fixed deposition times. The properties of the deposited films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy. The ZnO thin films exhibited a polycrystalline phase in the dominant (100) plane, with film thicknesses in the order of approximately 50–80 nm. In addition, a transparent memory device based on the ZnO film was successfully fabricated with a device structure of ITO/ZnO/EVA/ITO. The fabricated device exhibited high optical transparency of approximately 70% in the visible light region. The fabricated memory device demonstrated memory properties with a maximum ON/OFF current ratio of 4.66 × 103 and showed good retention properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dette er en studie av sensurveiledning på bachelornivå i et stort utdanningsvitenskapelig emne. De sju sensorene ble intervjuet i etterkant av sensuren om sin bruk av veiledningsteksten. Artikkelen dokumenterer i hvilken grad sensurveiledningen ble benyttet, og om det var godt samsvar mellom veiledningsteksten og oppgavene. Veiledningen hadde ingen referanser til læringsutbyttebeskrivelsen, og de generiske karakterbeskrivelsene ble forklart på måter som bidro til uklarhet blant sensorene. Sensurveiledningen ble benyttet i ulik grad og på ulik måte, men felles for alle sensorene var et ønske om kollegialt samarbeid. Studien diskuterer også utfordringer som oppstår når sensurveiledning med et positivistisk utgangspunkt blir benyttet i et emne fra et tolkningsbasert kunnskapsdomene.

Village fund is managed by the village government based on the principles of transparecy, accountability, and participation. However, the funds allocation is still used in innapropriate way. This study aims to know the community’s knowledge and involvement on the village funding program and to know the transparency of the village funding management during 2016 until 2019. This study uses quantitative methodology with 125 respondents from three villages in Jayapura city – Tobati, Enggros, and Nafri village. The data were collected by observing, interviewing and giving questionnaire to the respondents. The results showed that the community’s knowledge and involvement in the process of making and managing the village funds are very small. While the transparency level for the village funding is not yet worked in a proper way. Therefore, the management of village funds transparency in three villages in Jayapura city still needed a further optimalization.

The preparation of flame-retardant high-performance polylactic acid (PLA) composites by adding green flame retardants have always been a challenge. In this work, an intumescent flame-retardant PCR based on phytic acid, chitosan, and resveratrol was successfully designed. Adding 4 wt% of PCR, the PLA-PCR composite was classified as UL-94 V-0 grade, with a LOI value increasing from 19.7 % (pure PLA) to 26.0 %, a peak heat release rate decreasing from 433 to 344 kW/m2. Owing to excellent compatibility of PCR, the mechanical strength and toughness of PLA-PCR composites have been improved, as reflected by a ~ 16 % increase in tensile strength, a ~ 73 % increase in impact strength and a ~ 57 % increase in toughness. In addition, PCR also presented plasticization effect on PLA, making it easier to process. This work provided a highly efficient and environmental-friendly modification approach for the development of multifunctional polymers. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of electronic applications, there is a pronounced interest in developing high-performance metal oxides via solution processes. Traditional sol-gel techniques, however, are constrained by their reliance on high thermal processing conditions. This study presents a novel approach for fabricating ZrAlO x hybrid dielectric thin films at low temperature utilizing a solution self-combustion process, which involves the coordination of Zr and Al salts with oxidizer and fuel ligands. Thermal analysis of the ZrAlO x precursors indicated that self-combustion occurs at approximately 180 °C, supplying the necessary internal energy to facilitate the formation of metal oxides. This internal energy enables both the conversion of precursors and the elimination of organic impurities with reduced external energy demand, significantly lowering the required annealing temperature. Additionally, the impact of composition ratio of oxidizer (zirconium nitrate) to fuel (aluminum acetylacetonate) was investigated. Results demonstrated that an equivalent ratio of oxidizer to fuel produced the most vigorous self-combustion reaction, thus generating the maximal internal energy needed to compensate for the formation energies of the M-O-M structure. At a low annealing temperature of 180 °C, the resultant amorphous ZrAlO x thin films, synthesized under the stoichiometric condition, displayed the dense, smooth, and pore-free morphology with an ultra-thin thickness of only 11.6 nm. MIM device incorporating this as the dielectric layer exhibited electrical properties comparable to that achieved with expensive vacuum deposition techniques, including low leakage current density of 2.81×10−8 A/cm2 at 1 MV/cm, high capacitance density of 1133 nF/cm2 at 1 kHz, and substantial relative dielectric constant of 14.71. Finally, the high-performance TFT utilizing ZrAlO x dielectric was achieved, demonstrating high mobility of 33.05 cm²/Vs, I on /I off of 5.10×105, and low-voltage operational characteristics with V th of only 0.21 V. Therefore, the solution self-combustion synthesis method delineated in this study offers promising potential for utilization in the burgeoning fields of flexible and stretchable electronics. [Display omitted] ● The pioneering low-temperature solution self-combustion technique for the synthesis of metal oxide films was developed. ● The combination of zirconium nitrate (oxidizer) and aluminum acetylacetonate (fuel) can release significant internal energy. ● The optimal stoichiometric ratio of oxidizer to fuel in self-combustive systems has been demonstrated to be 1:1. ● The prepared ZrAlO x exhibit exceptionally superior film properties, enabling the development of high-performance IGZO TFTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If not protected, underwater solar cells are encrusted with biological organisms, such as algae and barnacles, which lower the electrical or operational efficiency and are expensive to remove. We engineered a self-sustaining antifouling coating using ultra-low concentrations of nano-sized, seawater-soluble pigments, specifically cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) and zinc oxide (ZnO), combined with an organic booster biocide and a fast-polishing binder material. This coating maintained high levels of visible light transmission for three months in tropical seawater without requiring human intervention, such as mechanical cleaning. Field tests demonstrated the coating's effectiveness in preventing biofouling, while preserving transparency. We anticipate that these self-sustaining antifouling coatings can be applied to thin, transparent, and interchangeable substrates for continual replacement on solar-powered autonomous underwater vehicles or solar cell platforms, thereby ensuring long-term operational efficiency. • Coating employs nano-sized Cu 2 O and ZnO pigments with an organic booster biocide. • Preserved visible light transmission for three months in tropical seawater conditions • Prevented biofouling without requiring mechanical cleaning intervention • For use on solar-powered autonomous underwater vehicles and solar cell platforms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone coatings with anti-smudge, anti-fingerprint, abrasion resistance, and ultraviolet (UV) resistance properties are increasingly demanded for touch screens as the development of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction interfaces. Herein, a transparent, robust, and self-cleaning silicone coating was developed by incorporating cage-like structures and long carbon chains into a 3D cross-linked network via the rational combination of polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS), PSS-Octavinyl substituted (VPOSS), lauryl acrylate (LA), and 1,2-epoxy-4-vinylcyclohexane (EVCH) through hydrosilylation reaction with the presence of Karstedt catalysts. After introducing sealed diphenyliodonium phosphate (I-200), the silicone coating (PVLE-I-200) demonstrated excellent pencil hardness, anti-smudge, and abrasion resistance, and its average transmittance of visible light reached about 92 %. Owing to the low surface energy carbon chains, the coating showed amphiphobic properties and excellent anti-fingerprint property. The binding between cyclohexyl epoxy and glass substrate contributed to the high adhesion of the coating, which remained nearly intact and slightly reduced surface wettability after 500 friction cycles of sandpaper. In addition, the PVLE-I-200 coating demonstrated UV resistance which could withstand 200 h of UV irradiation attributed to the cage-like structure of VPOSS. The functional silicone coating provides insights into the development of environmentally friendly coatings for touch screens with high transparency, abrasion resistance, anti-smudge, and anti-fingerprint properties. [Display omitted] • A silicone coating containing long carbon chains and VPOSS is developed. • The 3D cross-linked network enabled high transparency and robustness. • The curing agent I-200 gives the coating superior hardness and wear resistance. • Reduced surface energy result in anti-smudge and anti-fingerprint properties. • The 3D cage-like structure of VPOSS contribute to high UV resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition achieves omniphobic liquid-like surface. • Sequential plasma polymerization of siloxanes creates transparent nanogradient coating. • Nanogradient structure enables coating excellent liquid repellency and mechanical robustness. • The achieved liquid-like surface endures extensive abrasion, heat, and UV irradiation. • Coating can be applied on various substrates to confer abundant surface functionalities. Omniphobic liquid-like surface (LLS) offers excellent dynamic liquid repellency owing to the highly mobile polymer chains mediating at the solid–liquid interface. These polymer chains, often achieved by surface grafting, are not durable against abrasion or oxidation, which seriously hinders their practical application. Here we report a new vapor-based approach to create transparent nanogradient coating for LLSs with unprecedented mechanical strength and durability. The nanogradient coating is composed of a sandwich structure with an ultrathin primer, a rigid bulk, and a nanocomposite surface with abundant polydimethylsiloxane-like chains, all of which achieved via sequential plasma polymerization of a linear and a cyclic siloxane. The plasma-polymerized cyclic siloxane enables coating good mechanical strength while the plasma-polymerized linear siloxane confers coating sub-nanometer roughness and excellent dynamic liquid repellency. The resultant coating exhibits contact angle hysteresis < 5° towards many low-surface-energy liquids, as well as good mechanical strength with the hardness exceeding 1 GPa and superior durability enduring 100,000 cycles of abrasion. The coating also survived industrial standard thermal and accelerated UV-aging tests without losing its liquid repellency and transparency. The reported method is facile, scalable, and substrate-independent, offering exciting new opportunities towards industrial fabrication and real-world application of LLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose-based film, as a novel new type of film mainly made of nanosized cellulose, has demonstrated an ideal combination of renewability and enhanced or novel properties. Considerable efforts have been made to enhance its intrinsic properties or create new functions to expand its applications, such as in food packaging, water treatment or flexible electronics. In this paper, two different types of deep eutectic solvents (guanidine sulfamate-glycerol and guanidine sulfamate-choline chloride) were formulated and applied to prepare cellulose nanocrystals with dialdehyde cellulose (DAC). The effects of reaction conditions including time, temperature and cellulose-DES ratio on the grafting degree and yield were studied. After ultrasonication, two types of CNCs, with an average diameter of 3–5 nm and an average length of 140.7–204.2 nm, were obtained. The synthesized CNCs displayed an enhanced thermal stability compared to pristine cellulose. Moreover, highly transparent (light transmittance higher than 90 %) and water stable nanocellulose based films (a wet tensile strength of higher than 30 MPa after immersing in water for 24 h) were fabricated. Besides, the obtained films exhibited low oxygen transmission rate, showing a good potential application in food packaging. • The modified CNCs and films were prepared by two reactive deep eutectic solvents. • The films showed excellent transparency and water resistance. • The films exhibited good gas barrier and strength. • The films have a good potential application in food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is an inexhaustible carbon-free source, and solar cells are invaluable enablers for achieving carbon neutrality; however, the surface contamination on the glass of solar cells poses a formidable obstacle to maintaining a high power conversion efficiency. Existing self-cleaning coatings for combating surface contamination generally lack the highly comprehensive properties required for applications in real-world conditions. Herein, eco-friendly, highly transparent, waterborne omniphobic Si 2.5 WPA/AmZnO@SiO 2 coatings were developed by the ingenious design of polydimethylsiloxane-grafted waterborne polyacrylate (Si x WPA) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-modified-SiO 2 encapsulated ZnO quantum dots (AmZnO@SiO 2). The enriched PDMS flexible chains on the coating surface overcame the energy barriers for moving liquids, and the AmZnO@SiO 2 inside absorbed and scattered UV rays, which synergistically endowed the coating with self-cleaning and UV-shielding properties. Importantly, after the self-cleaning procedure, the light transmission of dust-contaminated glass and short-circuit current density of corresponding solar cells could be restored to 99.78 % and 97.77 % of initial metrics, respectively. Furthermore, the commonly ignored self-cleaning mechanism was investigated and proposed: the coating weakened the adhesion of dust particles and utilized the drag force generated during liquid slip to achieve self-cleaning. The coating also showed good UV/humidity/thermal stability and mechanical strength, providing a design blueprint for outdoor optical device protection. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent ZnMn2O4 thin films on indium tin oxide (ITO) were prepared through spray pyrolysis and implemented as electrodes in symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs). A specific capacitance value of 752 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a 70% retention over 3000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles were reached with a 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolyte in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. Analysis of the cycled electrodes with 1.0 M Na2SO4 revealed a local loss of electrode material; this loss increases when electrodes are used in SCCs. To avoid this drawback, solid polyvinylpyrrolidone-LiClO4 (PVP-LiClO4) and quasi-solid polyvinylpyrrolidone-ionic liquid (PVP-ionic liquid) electrolytes were tested in SSCs as substitutes for aqueous Na2SO4. An improvement in capacitance retention without a loss of electrode material was observed for the PVP-ionic liquid and PVP-LiClO4 electrolytes. With these non-aqueous electrolytes, the tetragonal structure of the ZnMn2O4 spinel was maintained throughout the cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles, although changes occurred in the stoichiometry from ZnMn2O4 to Mn-rich Zn1−xMn3−xO4. In the case of the electrolyte 1.0 M Na2SO4, the loss of Zn2+ led to the formation of MnO2 via Zn1-xM3-xO4. The location of the three SCCs in the Ragone plot shows supercapacitor behavior. The electrochemical results prove that the pseudocapacitance is the major contributor to the electrode capacitance, and the SCCs can therefore be considered as pseudocapacitors.

Abstract Silver nanowire (Ag NW) has been considered as the promising building block for the fabrication of transparent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films. However, the practical application of Ag NW-based EMI shielding films has been restricted due to the unsatisfactory stability of Ag NW. Herein, we proposed a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated Ag NW film, which realizes a seamless integration of optical transparency, highly efficient EMI shielding, reliable durability and stability. The Ag NW constructs a highly transparent and conductive network, and the rGO provides additional conductive path, showing a superior EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 33.62 dB at transmittance of 81.9%. In addition, the top rGO layer enables the hybrid film with reliable durability and chemical stability, which can maintain 96% and 90% EMI SE after 1000 times bending cycles at radius of 2 mm and exposure in air for 80 days. Furthermore, the rGO/Ag NW films also possess fast thermal response and heating stability, making them highly applicable in wearable devices. The synergy of Ag NW and rGO grants the hybrid EMI shielding film multiple desired functions and meanwhile overcomes the shortcomings of Ag NW. This work provides a reference for preparing multifunctional integrated transparent EMI shielding film.

In this article, we report the first ever antenna array with >90% transparency that is intended for 5G networks for smart cities. This level of transparency is achieved by using Gallium-doped Zinc Oxides. The array designed and tested is for sub-6GHz 5G and operates at 5.8GHz. This seamless design allows such arrays to be integrated into windows of buildings within the smart city to provide consistent network coverage. The phased array has good gain and scanning characteristics as presented below. We have also included a discussion regarding gain and beam steering capabilities in comparison to similar arrays made of conventional copper and RF substrates. This study presents the comparison of two antenna arrays, one constructed from copper antenna elements (Simulated operational band from 5.67 GHz to 6.62 GHz, 7.6% bandwidth, and gain of 2.18 dBi) and one constructed from GZO antenna elements (Simulated operational band from 2.8 GHz to 10 GHz, 112.5% bandwidth, approximately 8% efficiency, and a gain of −10.87 dBi). Both element designs have a 1.5cm by 1.5cm footprint. The results show that a 4x1 array of GZO elements will increase the gain to 0.34 dBi from a gain of −10.87 dBi of a thin film, GZO antenna element. In addition, over 90% transparency allows window integration without obstructing the view. The techniques described in this article also can be used to integrate such arrays in glasses and other transparent materials for various IoT applications.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the problems of the National Police in managing the principles of good governance through the principles of Clean, Transparent, Accountable, and Humanist in the recruitment of Polri members in 2015-2019. As well as to analyze aspects of the obstacles and challenges of the National Police in the application of the principles of Clean, Transparent, Accountable, and Humanist (CTAH) in the recruitment of members of the Police. And formulate or produce an ideal Polri member recruitment model in accordance with the principles of good governance. This study uses a qualitative method. Data was collected by means of a literature study, a document study, and in-depth interviews before data analysis was carried out. The results showed that the recruitment system used was a decentralized system with an indication of the powers granted to the regions. In its implementation it is transparent and objective so that healthy competence is achieved in order to prevent deviations or abuse of authority by paying attention to the principles of Clean, Transparent, Accountable and Humanist First there must be fixed the culture of the bearer of the function of human resource development itself and improve the quality of Polri personnel. It also requires a moral commitment between each party related to the development of Polri's human resources to be able and willing to carry out the process of developing human resources in a transparent, integrity, accountable, and professional manner.

We demonstrated the temporal photo‐response of transparent and flexible carbon nanotube thin‐film transistors. Fabricated carbon nanotube thin film transistors showed exponential degradation with light illumination and linear recovery after light off. The result indicates that the principal mechanism of photo‐response in carbon nanotube transistors is photo‐desorption of oxygen molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent YIG (Y 3 Fe 5 O 12) ceramics are successfully synthesized by reactive sintering at normal pressure using γ-Fe 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 as starting materials. The grain size of the sintered YIG ceramics is ca. 10–15 µm. Residual pores are not observed on the surface of sample, but numerous residual pores are observed by infrared transmission microscopy. In-line transmittance of a commercially available high-quality YIG single crystal (thickness 1 mm) fabricated by the floating zone method is 75 % in the near to mid-infrared region, whereas the sample produced in this study shows an in-line transmittance of 71 % in the wavelength range above 1.5 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to superior properties, i.e. high hardness, high wear resistance, and weight reduction of transparent ceramics (TCs) over glasses, TCs have shown promising tribological potential for applications such as face shields, explosive ordnance visors, windows for aircraft, spacecraft and, re-entry vehicles, electromagnetic windows, laser igniter windows, screens for smartphones and more. Researchers globally have been attracted to explore more about TCs, considering the tremendously increasing demand over different other transparent materials. The optical quality of TCs is mostly characterized by the in-line transmittance, and the effect of various processing parameters on transmittance has already been studied by various researchers. In this review, the current research progress regarding tribological performance of TCs is compiled. TCs with potential in tribological applications include MgAl 2 O 4, Al 2 O 3 , AlON, Lu 2 O 3 , c-BN, Y 2 O 3 , Si 3 N 4 , and SiAlON. The relevant strategies to improve the tribological properties, including microstructures and mechanical properties are comprehensively discussed. In addition, the mechanisms of material removal of different transparent ceramics are also presented. It is well observed that surface fracture comprising three stages is found as one of the dominant wear mechanisms during wear. This review aims to provide some meaningful guidelines for development of transparent ceramics with enhanced wear resistance, while identifying the wear mechanisms in particular wear conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitivity of existing fingerprint sensors (FPSs) can decrease considerably owing to environmental factors and parasitic capacitance. In order to overcome this limitation, this paper proposes a highly-sensitive 300 dpi mutual-capacitive transparent fingerprint sensor (FPS) with uniquely designed reference lines for device security. Specifically, the reference lines of the FPS induce capacitance cancellation. Images of fingertips under dry, wet, and oily surface conditions were obtained in the presence and absence of the reference lines. The results showed that the fingerprints were significantly distorted in anomalous surface environments when the reference lines were not used. However, when the reference lines were used, the sensitivity improved irrespective of the environmental conditions. With the edge-detection processing, the proposed FPS exhibited 9.25 %, 61.49 %, and 8.60 % increase in the ridge sensing improvement (RSI) of dry, oil, and wet condition, respectively, thus significantly enhancing the sensing capability. Therefore, we believe the proposed FPS can increase device security owing to its excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays everyone uses smart phones and the Internet. With that, they are taking some precautions to keep theirmobile safe. For example, Everyone uses mobile casesto prevent their mobile phone frombeing damaged. But weare using plastic or transparent mobile cases, these plastic mobile cases are harmful to the environment and cause Global Warming, due to high temperatures mobile case color will be changed, and sometimes the mobile generates too much heat due to that mobile cases will be burned. Based on the current trend, design, and wallpaper of the mobile case we are changing from the old mobile case to the new mobile case. So that we want to design a digital mobile case to prevent the mobile case from the damages also people can change the background wallpaper by their choice because we are introducing digital mobile case and also these digital mobile cases are not causing any Global Warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a Cu/ZnO/ITO resistive random access memory (RRAM) structure in which ZnO films are irradiated with neutral oxygen beams was employed to investigate the effect of neutral oxygen beams as a surface treatment. It was confirmed that the treatment reduced the defect concentration in the sputtered-ZnO film and improved the resistance change characteristics of the device. These results indicate the great potential of neutral oxygen beams in the development of RRAM devices using ZnO films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the authors report the design, fabrication, and measurement of an optically transparent microwave absorber with tunable absorption frequency based on a patterned graphene-indium tin oxide (ITO) hybrid structure. This transparent tunable absorber consists of periodically patterned graphene sandwich structure (GSS), patterned ITO layer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate, and ITO ground plane from top to bottom. The frequency of absorption peak can be dynamically controlled from 13.1 to 10.9 GHz by regulating the bias voltage between the graphene sheets from 0 to 30 V, in which the peak absorption rates remain above 99.7%. An inhomogeneous doping model for graphene patterns is introduced to interpret the usage of relatively large tuning voltage. The engineered absorber also exhibits polarization-insensitive characteristics attributed to the symmetrical design of the hybrid structure. This tunable device with optical transparency achieved by integrating different transparent materials has broad prospects in the application of multispectral and smart stealth technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a copolyimide (Co-PI) film with high transparency was prepared by the copolymerization of hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), 2,2′-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) and adamantane-1,3-diamine (DAA). The effects of DAA monomers on the optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the co-PIs were discussed in detail. We found that the preparation of polyimide (PI) based on the combination of two dianhydrides and two diamines could obtain the co-PI film with excellent comprehensive performance due to the synergy between the -CF3 group, the aliphatic ring and the aromatic structure. Through the structure and composition optimization, the co-PI film with 1.30% DAA (Q3) has a T g of 374oC, T 5 higher than 530oC, T 430 of 82% and the tensile strength higher than 145 MPa. These results indicate that the Co-PI films can be successfully utilized in the development of novel heat-resistant plastic substrates for the optoelectronic engineering applications. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Silica aerogel has many attractive properties, but poor mechanical properties severely limit its practical applications. Many reinforcement strategies have been implemented, however, most of which usually impair other properties of aerogel. Herein, we report a hybrid silica aerogel with excellent comprehensive performance using methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and multi-alkoxy polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) with a "rigid-flexible" combined structure as co-precursors by ambient pressure drying. The resulting hybrid aerogel has high strength (compressive strength of 16.25 MPa), low density (0.23 g·cm−3), uniform mesopores (10–30 nm), high specific surface area (815 m2·g−1), low thermal conductivity(28.6 mW·m−1·k−1), good thermal stability (>470 °C), high transparency (>80%) and superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of 152°) with excellent oil/water separation capability and self-cleaning properties. Moreover, the hybrid aerogel shows superb compressive resilience (up to 70% strain) and exceptional fatigue resistance (at the strain of 40% for 30 times). Benefiting from outstanding mechanical properties, the hybrid aerogel is machinable and can be cut into various shapes with a knife. The multifunctional hybrid aerogel holds great promise for the practical applications of transparent energy-saving building, thermal insulation, and oil/water separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]