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El ciclo de los sonetos de William Shakespeare fue traducido al lituano en diferentes períodos por cuatro poetas traductores: en la emigración (EE. UU.) por Alfonsas Šešplaukis-Tyruolis (1964), en la Lituania soviética por Aleksys Churginas (1965) y después de la restauración de la Independencia en Lituania, las traducciones realizadas por Sigitas Geda (2009) y Tautvyda Marcinkevičiūtė (2011) se agotaron. Este artículo se centra en las traducciones de sonetos realizadas por el poeta más famoso Geda (se ofrece un análisis en profundidad de los Sonetos 18, 72 y 116) y se concentra en los temas fundamentales de Shakespeare, las imágenes culturales populares y en la selección, transferencia, transformación y representación de elementos poéticos típicos. En sus traducciones de soneto, Geda generalmente conservaba su estructura, su núcleo sintáctico y semántico, principalmente mediante metáforas y antítesis extendidas; aunque se perciben algunos fallos en la representación de la poética del original y, en consecuencia, la consiguiente pérdida de significado. Sus traducciones demuestran una transmisión bastante improvisada e inconsistente de los signos culturales históricos. Puede ser que Geda no se sintiera obligado a conservar la imagen digna de los tiempos de Shakespeare y la era del Renacimiento en general, y obviamente favoreció su propia cultura. Al representar el contexto histórico de los sonetos, los hizo un tanto arcaicos, usando un lenguaje singular; haciendo que los sonetos suenen más locales y dándoles características folklóricas, enfatizando el registro inferior de su estilo contrastivo. De esta manera, no intentó competir con las traducciones hechas por Churginas que dominaron en la época soviética y aún siguen siendo populares en la actualidad, sino que más bien trató de cerrar la brecha entre la cultura 'alta' del Renacimiento Inglés y el 'baja' cultura lituana. The whole cycle of William Shakespeare’s sonnets was translated into Lithuanian at different periods by four poet-translators: in emigration (USA) by Alfonsas Šešplaukis-Tyruolis (1964), in Soviet Lithuania by Aleksys Churginas (1965), and after the restoration of Independence in Lithuania, translations done by Sigitas Geda (2009) and Tautvyda Marcinkevičiūtė (2011) came out of print. This article focuses on the sonnet translations done by the most famous poet Geda (an in-depth analysis of Sonnets 18, 72 and 116 is offered) and it concentrates on the issues of Shakespearean realia, popular cultural images as well as on the selection, transfer, transformation and representation of typical poetic elements. In his sonnet translations, Geda generally retained their structure, their syntactic and semantic nucleus – mainly, by means of extended metaphor and antithesis; although some failure in rendering the poetics of the original and, consequently, loss of meaning are noticeable. His translations demonstrate a rather improvised and inconsistent conveyance of historic cultural signs. It might be the case that Geda did not feel obliged to retain the dignified image of Shakespearean times and the Renaissance era at large, and he obviously favoured his own culture. When rendering the historic context of sonnets, he made them somewhat archaic-like by using down-to-earth language; thus making the sonnets sound more local and giving them folk-like characteristics, by emphasizing the lower register of their contrastive style. In this way, he did not attempt at competing with the translations done by Churginas that were dominant in Soviet times and still remain popular in the present day but he rather tried to bridge the gap between the ‘high’ culture of English Renaissance and the ‘low’ Lithuanian culture.

This paper presents a contrastive analysis of English syntactic structures consisting of two nouns and their equivalents in the Croatian language. Although in theory a distinction must be drawn between noun phrases consisting of two nouns and nominal compounds also consisting of two nouns, this paper focuses on how English [n+n] structures in general contrast with their Croatian translation equivalents. A selection of authentic English corpus data was translated into Croatian and the Croatian translation equivalents were grouped into two major categories based on the formal nature of the translation equivalents: (a) Croatian translation equivalents also consisting of noun + noun structures (whereby the modifying noun in Croatian must be inflected), (b) Croatian translation equivalents which are structurally non-equivalent in taking a premodifying adjective phrase or even lengthier postmodifiers like relative clauses.

The purpose of this study is to obtain an overall view of translation of passive clause from English to Bahasa Indonesia. This study used a qualitative approach using a content analysis method. The data used in this study is passive clause, including translation equivalence, translation accuracy, translation strategies and translation error. The data source in this study is The Fault in our Stars novel by John Green in English as the source text, and the translation in Bahasa Indonesia as the target text translated by Ingrid Dwijani Nimpoeno. The findings of this study show the following: First, the passive clauses found are as many as 149 data, and as many as 118 data are formal equivalence and 22 data are textual equivalence. Second, the translation accuracy found are 140 data accurate and 9 data inaccurate. Third, there are 10 strategies found and used by translators: literal translation 86 data, transposition 24 data, modulation 21 data, naturalization 8 data, cuplet 4 data, transference 2 data, translation by a more general word 1 data, translation by a more specific word 1 data, paraphrasing 1 data, and descriptive 1 data. Fourth, the translation error found are deviation of meaning 4 data and modification of meaning 5 data.

The present research investigated the comparability of two commonly used Japanese translationsof the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES). Study 1 revealed that participants evaluated themselvesmore negatively on one version that the other. Study 2 however showed that participants did notevaluate a target person who was depicted endorsing the RSES items significantly differentlyregardless which version was used.

Оскільки переклад є особливим видом діяльності, він полягає у повній заміні тексту оригіналу відповідним текстом перекладу. Але повна відповідність неможлива у зв’язку зі стилістичними особливостями, відмінністю у граматичних будовах мов та іншими девіаціями окремих елементів змісту в мовах оригіналу й перекладу. Саме тому для позначення відношень між текстом оригіналу і текстом перекладу прийнято вживати термін «еквівалентність».

Настоящая работа содержит результаты исследования особенностей лексических переводческих трансформаций в произведениях Джорджа Рэймонда Ричарда Мартина и Джо Аберкромби. Исследование проводится с точки зрения адекватности перевода. Случаи применения лексических переводческих трансформаций анализируются при помощи общенаучных методов. Рассматриваются наиболее частотные случаи применения лексических переводческих трансформаций в произведениях Джорджа Рэймонда Ричарда Мартина и Джо Аберкромби и их особенности. Полученные данные позволяют выявить наиболее популярные виды лексических трансформаций, использованные при переводе произведений художественной литературы. В работе использовались последние достижения отечественного и зарубежного переводоведения. Все вышеперечисленное представляет собой особый лингвистический интерес и открывает возможность для последующих исследований., The given work contains the results of our study of lexical transformations in translation and their peculiarities in the novels written by George Raymond Richard Martin and Joe Abercrombie. The given study has been carried out with the reference of the adequacy of translation. The different examples of lexical transformation usage had been analyzed by means of different scientific methods. The most common types of lexical transformations used in the novels written by George Raymond Richard Martin and Joe Abercrombie have been considered. The obtained data allow revealing the most popular types of lexical transformations in the translation of the fiction. The latest achievements of domestic and foreign translation science had been used. All the above mentioned presents a special linguistic interest and provides an opportunity for further research.

Проблема еквівалентності є актуальною серед лінгвістичних проблем і має потребу у детальному вивченні, ураховуючи специфіку досліджуваного явища в окремих розділах мовознавства.

This article tries to articulate the “gap” between the serious implementation of the phenomenon of interculturality in (literary) translational practice and its naive comprehension in the formal theory. The formal theory does widely deal with cultural differences, yet it estimates them linearly, as factors standing outside translation equivalence, i.e. as its equivalence undermines correctives only. I try to prove in my article which is based upon 11 examples taken from my translation practice that the inventive use of so‑called “cultural equivalents” may primarily increase so‑called “translation equivalence” and not the opposite. Translation equivalence is namely to be understood as a trichotomy complex of semantics, aesthetics and pragmatics. The three categories dynamically oscillate in that the decrease of one of them in the quality translation should be suitably compensated by an increase of one (or two) of the other two. Their “sum total” however should permanently result in a high equivalence level.

With the advent of the so-called affective revolution, the words that label emotional experiences in natural languages have become a burgeoning field of enquiry. This chapter deals with one of the pertinent issues in this area—namely, that of translatability of emotion words across languages and cultures. Do translation equivalents—such as, for instance, English happy, German glucklich, or French heureux—mean the same thing? To what extent are cross-lingual correlates suggested to us by dictionaries equivalent in meaning, and what are the available approaches to measure their (dis)similarity?

The aim of this Bachelor Thesis is to compare Czech and Spanish phraseology, focusing on the key word "food". The theoretical part deals with general characteristics of phraseology units, as well as ways of their classification and problems of translation. In the practical part, there is analyzed the sample of these units in the formal and semantic aspect. To each Spanish unit is matched an equivalent in Czech (when existing) and is determined the degree of translation equivalence. In the case that the meaning of the same unit is different in target language, the context of the occurrence of this unit is given as an example.

Based on specific examples from two translated texts from the field of marketing, this paper illustrates the use of translation techniques (modulation, pre-modification, substitution, paraphrase, definition, transposition, extension and omission). Some of the encountered translation problems are dealt with, some possible solutions are analysed and the final choice is justified. It is shown how understanding of translation equivalence and the translator’s analysis of the specific context of translation determines the choice of translation strategy., U ovom se radu na temelju prijevoda dva teksta iz područja marketinga na konkretnim primjerima prikazuje upotreba prevoditeljskih tehnika (modulacija, premodifikacija, supstitucija, preformulacija (parafraza), definicija, transpozicija, proširivanje i izostavljanje). Obrađuju se neki od problema koji se javljaju u prevedenim tekstovima te se analiziraju moguća prijevodna rješenja i obrazlaže konačni izbor. Prikazuje se na koji način shvaćanje prijevodne ekvivalencije i prevoditeljeva analiza konkretne prijevodne situacije utječe na izbor prijevodne strategije.

Based on an electronic dictionary of more than 15,000 Spanish adjectives, that we elaborated in the frame of the research laboratory fLexSem (Phonetics, Lexicology and Semantics, UAB), this paper describes all the cases where a multilexical unit in French is given as a translation equivalent for an unilexical adjective in Spanish. The aim of this description is, on the one hand, to establish the notion of polylexical adjective as a necessary category in translation equivalence for bilingual dictionaries. On the other hand, we have also as goal to provide a full formal typology of these translation equivalents. A partir de un diccionario electrónico de más de 15.000 adjetivos de la lengua española, que elaboramos en el marco del laboratorio fLexSem (Fonética, Lexicología y Semántica, UAB), describimos en este artículo todos los casos en que se requiere una unidad poliléxica del francés para traducir un adjetivo uniléxico del español. El objetivo de esta descripción es, por una parte, fundamentar la noción de adjetivo poliléxico como una categoría necesaria para el establecimiento de equivalencias de traducción en el diccionario bilingüe. Por otra parte, ofrecemos también una tipología formal completa de este tipo de equivalentes de traducción. À partir d’un dictionnaire électronique de plus de 15 000 adjectifs en langue espagnole, que nous avons élaboré dans le cadre du laboratoire fLexSem (Phonétique, Lexicologie et Sémantique, UAB), nous décrivons dans cet article tous les cas où un adjectif unilexical espagnol doit être mis en correspondance avec un équivalent de traduction polylexical en français. L’objectif de cette description est double : d’une part, il s’agit de préciser la notion d’adjectif polylexical en tant que catégorie nécessaire pour établir des équivalences de traduction dans le dictionnaire bilingue. D’autre part, il s’agit aussi d’offrir une typologie formelle complète de ce type d’équivalents de traduction.

Treball Final de Grau en Traducció i Interpretació. Codi: TI0983. Curs acadèmic 2013-2014 Enfoques contemporáneos de la traducción: los estudios de corpus Este estudio pretende mostrar la metodología que debe llevarse a cabo para realizar una investigación basada en corpus de documentos especializados con la finalidad de encontrar equivalentes dinámicos a través de extracciones terminológicas, teniendo como referente el proyecto del grupo GENTT. Antes de comenzar la investigación, es importante conocer el contexto histórico de la traducción y sus enfoques más representativos. Por otro lado, el concepto de género es esencial para la distinción de documentos especializados y la clasificación de los mismos en el corpus. Estos documentos, una vez clasificados en supragénero, género y subgénero, facilitarán al traductor la búsqueda de equivalentes. Por otro lado, he querido aportar en cada caso una perspectiva desde la traducción jurídica, ya que es la especialidad que estoy cursando. This study aims to describe the methodology that should be undertaken to conduct research based on corpus of specialised documents with the purpose of finding dynamic equivalents through terminology extraction, taking as reference the GENTT team project. Before starting the research, it is important to know the historical context of Translation Studies and its most representative approaches. On the other hand, the concept of gender is essential for the distinction of specific documents and their classification in the corpus. These documents, once ranked in supragenre, genre and subgenre, will help the translator in the research for equivalents. On the other hand, I wanted to bring a perspective from legal translation because it is the specialty that I am studying.

Šiame studijinio pobūdžio straipsnyje analizuojami poeto Sigito Gedos atlikti Williamo Shakespeare’o sonetų vertimai į lietuvių kalbą (Vilnius: Žara, 2009). Atskleidžiama vertimų ir sekimų svarba formuojantis itališkajai bei angliškajai sonetų struktūrai; pateikiama trumpa Shakespeare’o sonetų vertimų į lietuvių kalbą ir jų tyrimų apžvalga; supažindinama su šiuolaikinėmis teorinėmis poetinio vertimo nuostatomis, liečiančiomis vertimo adekvatumo, ekvivalentiškumo, kultūrinių realijų perteikimo klausimus (James S. Holmes, Francis R. Jones, Raymond van den Broeck, Theodore Horace Savory); aptariamos bendrosios kalbinės, kultūrinės Shakespeare’o sonetų vertimo į lietuvių kalbą problemos. Taikant lyginamąjį ir atidžiojo skaitymo metodus, detaliai analizuojami šeši Gedos išversti sonetai, didesnį dėmesį skiriant originalo poetinės sintaksės ir semantikos figūrų perkėlimui (18, 73, 116 sonetai), prasmės atskleidimui ir jos transformacijoms vertimuose (27, 66, 13 sonetai). Naudojamasi moksliniu angliškuoju sonetų leidimu (redaktorė Katherine Duncan-Jones, 2012), užsienio autorių atliktais Shakespeare’o sonetų ir jų vertimų tyrimais (Manfred Pfister, Niveen Aziz Muhammed Tinah, Douglas Trevor, Lukas Erne, Catherine Belsey, Paul Edmondson, Stanley Wells, Zacharij Plavskin, Michail Morozov, Aleksandr Anikst). Epizodiniam lyginimui pasitelkiami Samuilo Maršako vertimai, turėję nemenkos įtakos Gedos vertimams, taip pat ir kiti rusiškieji bei lietuviškieji (Aleksio Churgino, Alfonso Tyruolio-Šešplaukio, Tautvydos Marcinkevičiūtės, Antano Danieliaus) vertimai. Daroma išvada, kad Gedos versti sonetai išlaiko originalaus teksto struktūrą, sintaksinį ir semantinį branduolį – išplėstinę metaforą ir antitezę, tačiau patiria nemenkų poetikos bei prasmės nuostolių ir nepasiekia vertėjo poetinio talento lygmens. The article examines the translation of William Shakespeare’s sonnets into Lithuanian by the poet Sigitas Geda (Vilnius: Žara, 2009). The authors discuss the importance of translations and interpreting via a third language for the formation of Italian and English sonnet structure; provide a short overview on Lithuanian translations of Shakespeare’s sonnets and their research; present some modern theoretical principles of poetry translation including translation adequacy, equivalence and cultural transfers (James S. Holmes, Francis R. Jones, Raymond van den Broeck, Theodore Horace Savory); examine general linguistic and cultural issues of Lithuanian translations of Shakespeare’s sonnets. A detailed analysis of the translation of six sonnets by Geda is done applying comparative and close reading methods. The article focuses on the transfer of figures of speech (sonnets 18, 73 and 116) and the deciphering and transformation of meaning (sonnets 27, 66 and 13). The resources include the edition of Shakespeare’s sonnets with commentaries (ed. Katherine Duncan Jones), the research of sonnets and their translations carried out by foreign authors (Manfred Pfister, Niveen Aziz Muhammed Tinah, Douglas Trevor, Lukas Erne, Catherine Belsey, Paul Edmondson, Stanley Wells, Zacharij Plavskin, Michail Morozov, Aleksandr Anikst). Occasionally, comparisons are made with translation by Samuil Marshak that had a greatly influence on Geda and with other variant translations of Russian and Lithuanian authors (Aleksys Churginas, Alfonsas Tyruolis-Šešplaukis, Tautvyda Marcinkevičiūtė, Antanas Danielius). In conclusion, sonnets translation by Geda preserves the text structure of the original, its syntactic and semantic nexus – extended metaphor and antithesis; however, it results in a great loss of poetic and semantic features and does not reveal the poetic talent of the translator.

Стаття присвячена розгляду фразеологічних синонімів англійської мови та їх перекладацької відповідності шляхом розкриття їх сутності та класифікації. В роботі аналізується стан дослідження феномену фразеологічної синонімії на сучасному етапі; класифіковано фразеологічні одиниці та фразеологічні синоніми зокрема; розглядаються загальні прийоми перекладу фразеологічних синонімів, відповідно до різних рівнів еквівалентності. Об'єктом дослідження є фразеологічні синоніми англійської та української мов, предметом – особливості перекладу даних синонімів з англійської мови українською. Наукова актуальність роботи полягає в класифікації фразеологічних синонімів, а також у систематизації способів їх перекладу. This article is devoted to phraseological English synonyms, interchangeability and translation equivalence. This paper examines the state of the phenomenon of synonymy in phraseology at present, classifies phraseological units and phraseological synonyms in particular, common translation techniques of idiomatic synonyms, according to different levels of equivalence. The scientific relevance of the work is a synthesis of the linguistic nature of phraseological synonyms, as well as organizing methods of translation. The object of the research, thus, is English and Ukrainian phraseological synonyms. Its subject comprises peculiarities of translation of those synonyms from English into Ukrainian. Phraseological synonyms are those units whose values are close, but thanks to the stylistic and semantic nuances they can be distinguished. Phraseological synonyms are those, with similar meanings, and as a rule, they correlate with the same part of speech, which have partially similar or identical lexical-phraseological compatibility, but are different in meaning, stylistic nuance. This article summarizes different ways of translation of phraseological synonyms from English to Ukrainian, namely phraseological (full phraseological equivalent, partial equivalent and individual equivalent) non-phraseological (lexical translation, calquing, descriptive translation, contextual or selective translation). The purpose of using idiomatic translation is to reproduce the full equivalent in target language Статья посвящена изучению фразеологических синонимов английского языка и их переводческой эквивалентности, раскрывая их суть и классификацию. В работе анализируется состояние исследования феномена фразеологической синонимии на современном этапе; классифицированы фразеологические единицы и фразеологические синонимы; рассматриваются общие приемы перевода фразеологических синонимов, согласно различным уровням эквивалентности. Объектом исследования являются фразеологические синонимы английского и украинского языков, предметом – особенности перевода данных синонимов с английского языка на украинский. Научная актуальность работы заключается в классификации фразеологических синонимов, а также в систематизации способов их перевода.

This paper is concerned with the contrastive relationship between English and Serbian in terms of adjectival compounds. The empirical part of the research has been done on the sample of over 1500 examples of compound lexical items on adjectival sentence positions, selected from a corpus of around one million words sourcing from various works of written language. A number of corresponding units from both languages has been determined on the basis of translation equivalence, followed by an analysis of their meaning analysis. The results have established ten potential kinds of relations between the original compounds in English and the equivalent/correspondent form in Serbian when there is a difference in meaning, with interpretations of the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons that condition the change. The majority of around 65% equivalents/correspondents in the target language are concurrent with the semantic content of the lexeme in the source language.

The aim of this study is to analyze the translation equivalence of language plays in Turkish translation of Patrick Süskind’s novel “Das Parfum”. While analysing some parts of the novel, the translation was found fairly succesfull in the linguistic and denotativ level but some translation equivalence problems occur in the transfer of language plays. The reason of these equivalence problems is word for word translations from source language to target language. Some suggestions to solve these equivalence problems were made by taking into account the dependence on context and characteristics of target language.

In this article, the oldest Bantu dictionary hitherto known is explored, that is the Vocabularium Latinum, Hispanicum, e Congense, handed down to us through a manuscript from 1652 by the Flemish Capuchin Joris van Gheel, missionary in the Kongo (present-day north-western Angola and the southern part of the Lower Congo Province of the DRC). The manuscript was heavily reworked by the Belgian Jesuits Joseph van Wing and Constant Penders, and published in 1928. Both works are currently being digitized, linked and added to an interlingual and multimedia database that revolves around Kikongo and the early history of the Kongo kingdom. In Sections 1 and 2 the origins of Bantu lexicography in general and of Kikongo metalexico graphy in particular are revisited.Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to a study of Van Gheel's manuscript and an analysis of Van Wing and Penders' rework. In Sections 5 and 6 translation equivalence and lexicographical structure in both dictionaries are scrutinized and compared. In Section 7, finally, all the material is brought together.Keywords: Kikongo, Kongo Kingdom, Congo, Angola, Capuchins, Jesuits, Bantu, Latin, Spanish, French, Flemish, Authorship, Compilation Strategy, Language, Dialect, Orthography, Base Letters, Diacritics, Phonetics, Proto-Bantu, Translation Equivalence, Meaning Extensions, Paraphrases, Loanwords, Misnamings, Retranslations, Lexicographical Structure, Manuscript, Database

This paper contains two parts. The first part offers various definitions of the word translation. Furthermore the translation process and the notion of translation equivalence are discussed and an overview of the translation strategies that are the most common follows. At the end of the paper, there is a review on translating phraseology and its difficulties. The second part of the paper deals with the analysis of translating Croatian phraseology into English. The examples are divided into five groups of strategies that were used to translate phraseological units in the works of Dubravka Ugrešić from Croatian into English. The results show the similarities and differences of the Croatian and English phraseology.

Point of view in narrative has been identified in literary stylistics through the use of deixis, modality, transitivity and Free Indirect Discourse. These findings have also been applied to literature in translation (Bosseaux 2007). This article focuses on deictic cues in the narrative structure of Canne al Vento by Grazia Deledda in the original Italian and the English translation, following an earlier study focussing on constructing a particular point of view through mental processes of perception, the translation of which did not always reflect that point of view (Johnson 2010). Data emerging from a corpus-assisted study is examined qualitatively using a systemic-functional model in order to assess to what extent the point of view constructed by these cues in the ST is conveyed in the novel in translation.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas R. Gary romano „Europietiškas auklėjimas“ vertimas, jo norminis ekvivalentiškumas; siekiama atskleisti, ar vertimas sėkmingai perteikia teksto estetinę komunikaciją, individualiojo meninio stiliaus ypatumus. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad R. Gary romano vertimas į lietuvių kalbą negali būti laikomas normiškai ekvivalentišku originalo tekstui. Rastos leksikos, morfologijos, sintaksės, stiliaus klaidos nei stilistiškai, nei kitaip nemotyvuotos, nes atitinkamose originalo vietose ir kontekste nėra autoriaus padarytų prancūzų kalbos sistemos ar stiliaus klaidų. Dėl jų ne tik netinkamai perteikiama raiška, jos iškraipo turinį: raiškos klaidos keičia sakinio reikšmę, atsiranda dviprasmybių. Šių iš raiškos plano kylančių turinio pakeitimų nenumato jokia vertimo teorija ir metodologija. Verčiant individualųjį autoriaus stilių semantiniai komponentų junginiai vertėjui turi būti patys svarbiausi, todėl keisti tam tikras prasmes galima tik pragmatiniais, komunikaciniais, situacinio konteksto sumetimais ar kultūriškai adaptuojant tekstą. Leksikos ir gramatinės vertimo kalbos klaidos rodo, kad vertėjas neatsižvelgia į skirtingą prancūzų ir lietuvių kalbų nominacijos pobūdį. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad originalo tekstas yra sklandesnis, kalbos priemonių atžvilgiu stilingesnis. Darytina išvada, kad meninio teksto vertimo kalbos klaidos kliudo estetinei komunikacijai, neleidžia tekstui atlikti pačios svarbiausios funkcijos, atima galimybę jam būti ekvivalentiškai suprastam ir deramai priimtam naujoje komunikacinėje aplinkoje – lietuvių kultūroje. Translation theories often bring up the issue of translation quality - the equivalence of the text to the original. One type of text equivalence is text normative translation equivalence, which permits a judgement about the quality of the translation in the target language. This article offers a theoretical discussion of the relationship between normative equivalence and the overall equivalence of a translation followed by an examination of the normative equivalence of the Lithuanian language translation of R. Gary's work, Education européenne. The analysis based on the data from the material under examination allows to evaluate the concept of literary normative translation equivalence more accurately, to highlight the actual use of language norms and to consider the importance of the style of an individual author when selecting literary means in the target language. A quantitative and linguistic examination of the target language text has revealed numerous translation errors in lexicon, morphology, syntax and style. The results of the analysis of the translation suggest that there are deficiencies in aesthetic communication and application of translation methodology arising from the failure to take into account differences in the French and Lithuanian nominative and the nature of the grammatical systems. The performed examination, which was based on empirical data, casts doubts on the equivalence of Europietiškas auklėjimas to the original text (Education européenne) and raises the question of whether this translation could be publicly presented as a good example.

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar de qué manera es posible configurar una ética de la traducción que permita analizar y describir el problema de lafidelidad traductora en el marco de una propuesta teórica que supere la antinomia tradicional entre traducción literal o libre. Para ello se hace una breve revisión histórica del locus communis de la fidelidad en algunos autores considerados como clásicos en los estudios traductológicos. Luego se presentan las dos grandes tendencias de los estudios contemporáneos de la traducción: la lingüística y la cultural/literaria. En el enfoque lingüístico se analiza el concepto de equivalencia como correlato de la fidelidad traductora y en el enfoque cultural se revisan diversas teorías socioculturales This paper aims at discussing how it is possible to devise a translation ethics that allows for the analysis and description of the problem of translation fidelity within a theoretical framework that surpasses the traditional antinomy between free and literal translation. First, a historical review is made of fidelity as a locus communis present in some classical authors in translation studies. Then the two major trends in modern translation theory (linguistic and cultural/ literary) are described. In the linguistic approach the concept of equivalence is discussed as a correlation of translation fidelity and in the cultural approach several socio-cultural theories are reviewed

For a natural number $n$, selecting a $2n$-interval symmetric wavelet set by making use of a result of Arcozzi, Behera and Madan [J. Geom. Anal. \textbf{13} (2003), 557-579], we construct a family of symmetric wavelet sets accumulating at the origin. Such a family of wavelet sets is also obtained from a family of symmetric six-interval wavelet sets provided by them in the same paper. Three-interval wavelet sets are employed in having a family of wavelet sets accumulating at the origin which are non-symmetric. Further, we obtain a larger class of $H^{2}$-wavelet sets accumulating at the origin, which include the one given by Behera in [Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Math. \textbf{52} (2004), 169-178]. Finally, non-MSF non-MRA wavelets are obtained through the selected family of $2n$-interval symmetric wavelet sets.

When multilingual corpora are used in translation studies, it is usually assumed that they are either translated (parallel) or comparable, or both; and that their size and text composition are analogous. As general reference corpora become more widely available, it is inevitable that these too should be used to compare and contrast SL norms, thus extending the definition of comparability to include text collections whose size and content may vary considerably, and which are nevertheless considered representative of their languages. This paper addresses the contribution of comparable reference corpora to the identification of translation equivalence. Focusing in particular on native-speaker norms, it demonstrates how the effect of creative and idiosyncratic language can be identified and reproduced by the translator.

Šios kontrastyvinės bandomosios studijos tikslas – remiantis lygiagrečiojo tekstyno metodika trumpai apžvelgti episteminio modalumo raiškos tarpkalbines paraleles: nustatyti, kokie raiškos atitikmenys anglų ir lietuvių kalbose dažniausi, aptarti vertimo ekvivalentiškumo sąvoką ir tipus, atkreipti dėmesį į tarpkalbinę episteminio modalumo reikšmės ir raiškos įvairovę bei jos sąlygojamas problemas Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami anglų kalbos modaliniai veiksmažodžiai (may, might, could) ir modaliniai prieveiksmiai (perhaps, maybe), vartojami episteminei galimybei reikšti, bei jų lietuviški ekvivalentai. Apibendrinant gautus preliminarius statistinius duomenis, galima teigti, kad modalumo raiška anglų ir lietuvių kalbose skiriasi. Anglų kalboje episteminis modalumas (episteminė galimybė) dažniausiai koduojamas modaliniais veiksmažodžiais, o lietuvių kalboje modalumo raiška yra labiau leksikalizuota: episteminiai tonai perduodami vartojant modalinius prieveiksmius, dalelytes ar žodžius, kiek rečiau – modalinius veiksmažodžius. Todėl verčiant iškyla nelengvas uždavinys – kaip suderinti leksiškai ir gramatiškai koduojamos informacijos turinio perteikimą ir kaip išlaikyti tą patį modalinės tikimybės laipsnį The paper considers the quantitative parameters of translation equivalence between realisations of epistemic modality (epistemic possibility) in English and Lithuanian. Modality, as a grammatical category, will be analysed taking into consideration semantic-syntactic interface. This pilot study is based on the analysis of two parallel corpora: a translation corpus that has been compiled from fiction and the English-Lithuanian Translation Corpus at the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (http://donelaitis.vdu.lt). The purpose of the analysis is to compare and contrast the syntactic and semantic peculiarities of modal verb and adverb strategies in the two languages that help to express the speaker 's degree of certainty about the truth-value of his/her assertion. The paper also seeks to see what decisions and alternatives are preferred by translators

When multilingual corpora are used in translation studies, it is usually assumed that they are either parallel or comparable, or both; and that their size and text composition are analogous. As general reference corpora become more widely available, it is inevitable that these too should be used to compare and contrast SL norms, thus extending the definition of comparability to include text collections whose size and content may vary considerably, and which are nevertheless considered representative of their languages. This paper addresses the contribution of comparable reference corpora to the identification of translation equivalence. Focusing in particular on native-speaker norms, it demonstrates how the effect of creative and idiosyncratic language can be identified and reproduced by the translator.

On the basis of the translation process of the official documents on study programmes at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Osijek, aimed at the adjustment to the ECTS system, we shall attempt to address the issue of culture-specific concepts in reference to the terms used in the above mentioned documents. Specifically, we shall refer to Croatian terms such are: 'informatologija', 'pedagogija', 'odgoj i obrazovanje' etc. which have received differrent interperetation, depending on the reference (educational institution and/or educational system) in the English speaking countries. The research will be based on the results gathered by means of Internet browsers and the official Bologna documents which will be compared to the examples elicited from the documents available at the Croatian institutions of higher education. This may serve as an incentive for creating the database of equivalent terms which should provide the framework for creation of a glossary of relevant terms and open a discussion on the influence of culture-specific concepts in the process of merging of different educational systems.

This dissertation analyses seven modern Bible translations in French with respect to their renderings of Koine Greek participles. The sample consists of the Passion Story from the four Gospels (Matt 26-28, Mark 14-16, Luke 22-24 and John 18-21), and is comprised of 603 Hellenistic participles in all. The participle forms are studied in six categories according to their syntactic function. The comparison focuses on differences in translation strategy, i.e. formal equivalence, omission and different kinds of transpositions, with special attention given to the choice of verb form. There is a discussion of the adequacy of contemporary, explicative theories of systemic differences between the passé simple/passé composé and the imparfait. A large number of examples are analysed in detail. The results of the survey show that the most prominent differences in translation strategies concern the predicative participle. Furthermore, this was the category that occurred most frequently in the sample. The Catholic scientific and literary translation La Bible de Jérusalem (1998) is the most literal of the seven versions. A high level of formal equivalence is also registered in the other scientific translation, La Traduction Œcuménique de la Bible (1988), even though application of this strategy outweighs the use of finite verbs, that is to say, the most common transposition. La Bible en français courant (1996) is the least literal: generally, it transposes the participle of the source text with a finite verb. This transposition is also very frequent in the literary La Bible de la Pléiade (1971). Most of the omissions are recorded in the recent literary La Bible, Nouvelle traduction (2001), which is shown to be the most divergent translation. Omissions are also frequent in the pastoral La Bible des moines de Maredsous (1968) and the liturgical La Traduction liturgique de la Bible (1977). When translated in conjunction with an element comprising a verb in one of the non-indicative moods (infinitive, imperative, participle and subjunctive), both the present and the aorist predicative participles are, to a large extent, rendered by a simple form, expressing non-accomplishment. However, the Bible de Jérusalem stands out with its greater use of compound present participles than any other version. When the predicative participle of the source text is transposed with a verb in the indicative mood, the passé simple is generally used to render the aorist; for the present participle, the imparfait is more frequent than the passé simple. Nevertheless, here too the passé simple accounts for a significant portion of the equivalents, especially in the two translations where transpositions formed by finite verbs are particularly important. There exist a few cases where some translators chose to use the passé simple/passé compose, while others chose the imparfait. The various details, tables and linguistic analyses in this dissertation provide a solid basis for accurately characterizing the various modern attempts made at reproduce this ancient text – a text so often translated, paraphrased, interpreted and deeply integrated in our cultural heritage.

The approach suggested in this article enables statistic identification of low-frequency word correspondences of bilingual texts aligned on phrase level. Corresponding lexical units are discovered through characteristic element computation in parallel contexts. An extensive description of translation equivalence is obtained through the study of multiple co-occurrences. The calculation undergoes systematic reiteration in order to embrace the entire corpus. The exploratory results show that the use of quantitative methods in combination with a bilingual lexicon or a dictionary offers new prospects for improving automatic word alignment., Dans les corpus bilingues alignés au niveau de la phrase, le repérage des équivalences lexicales à faible fréquence peut être effectué sur des bases quantitatives. Basée sur la pratique du calcul des spécificités, notre méthode explore parallèlement les contextes équivalents pour repérer des correspondances dans les emplois caractéristiques des différents types d'unités textuelles. L'intégration du calcul des co-occurrences multiples permet d'affiner la description des unités lexicales complexes. La réitération systématique de ce processus dans le corpus, éventuellement appuyée sur l'utilisation d'un dictionnaire ou d'un lexique bilingue, offre de nouveaux moyens d'appariement des mots et des syntagmes.

The approach suggested in this article enables statistic identification of low-frequency word correspondences of bilingual texts aligned on phrase level. Corresponding lexical units are discovered through characteristic element computation in parallel contexts. An extensive description of translation equivalence is obtained through the study of multiple co-occurrences. The calculation undergoes systematic reiteration in order to embrace the entire corpus. The exploratory results show that the use of quantitative methods in combination with a bilingual lexicon or a dictionary offers new prospects for improving automatic word alignment., Dans les corpus alignés au niveau de la phrase, le repérage des équivalences lexicales à faible fréquence peut être effectué sur des bases quantitatives. Basée sur la pratique du calcul des spécificités, notre méthode explore parallèlement les contextes équivalents pour repérer des correspondances dans les emplois caractéristiques des différents types d'unités textuelles. L'intégration du calcul des co-occurrences multiples permet d'affiner la description des unités lexicales complexes. La réitération systématique de ce processus dans le corpus, éventuellement appuyée sur l'utilisation d'un dictionnaire ou d'un lexique bilingue, offre de nouveaux moyens d'appariement des mots et des syntagmes.

The use of computer corpora for the analysis of legal language is not common practice; still less the use of parallel corpora for the comparison of legal terminology. The Bononia Legal Corpus project (BoLC) began two years ago, and now as the first stage reaches completion, some important issues must be addressed. This paper will present findings from the first stage of the project, in which European Community directives and judgements have been analysed to identify actual translation equivalents in Italian and English. The main points to be discussed are the clarification of concept boundaries when dealing with terminology in different languages, and the help or hindrance of dictionaries in identifying translation equivalents.

The article considers some terminological aspects in the process of harmonization of legislation reflecting on different approaches to the study of terms and especially to synonymy and term equivalence. The various mechanisms available to the translator are examined within the EU context and against the background of Bulgaria’s legal culture. The analysis is based on translations of EU legislation from English into Bulgarian and highlights felicitous choices and techniques employed, as well as recurring inconsistencies in the long and arduous process of approximation of legislation.

This paper addresses problems in equivalence among concepts, within and between languages. The Kamusi Project has begun building a massively multilingual dictionary that relates as many languages as possible for which data can be gathered. In the process, we have encountered numerous complexities that we attempt to address through the design of our data structure. This paper presents the issues we have encountered, and discusses the solutions that we have developed.

The aim of this article is to clarify the notion of translation technique, understood as an instrument of textual analysis that, in combination with other instruments, allows us to study how translation equivalence works in relation to the original text. First, existing definitions and classifications of translation techniques are reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification confusions are pointed out. Secondly, translation techniques are redefined, distinguishing them from translation method and translation strategies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tested in a study of the translation of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude by Garcia Marquez., Cet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction entendue comme un des instruments d’analyse textuelle qui permet d’étudier le fonctionnement de l’équivalence par rapport à l’original. Nous rappelons tout d’abord les différentes définitions et classifications qui ont été proposées ainsi que les confusions termi­nologiques, conceptuelles et de classification qui en ont découlé. Nous donnons ensuite notre définition de la technique de traduction en la différenciant de la méthode et de la stratégie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celle-ci. Pour terminer, nous définissons chacune des diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en présentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a été appliquée dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la traduction des éléments culturels dans les traductions en arabe de Cent ans de solitude de García Márquez.

Shop signs, in the Jordanian public commercial environment, have invariably been studied from linguistic, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic perspectives, but they have been utterly ignored from a translational point of view. This study, the first of its kind, investigates various problems and inadequacies pertinent to the subject under discussion. Shop signs are selected here from a number of heterogeneous cities, and the translation errors therein, committed by communicators, were empirically analyzed and categorized. Language and culture are, of necessity, inextricably intertwined, and this nexus is particularly apparent in the world of local commercial shop signs, and thus it has been tackled for its direct relevance to the translation of these signs. This investigation, therefore, highlights the linguistic (e.g., word-order, wrong lexical choice, and reductionist strategies), and extralinguistic (i.e., sociocultural and promotional) factors that have turned out to lead to translation inappropriateness and unparallelisms, information skewing, and, consequently, serious semantic-conceptual problems in the produced TLTs. This study may, in a way, provide educated insight into the trendiest translation practices in this field, and the way shop signs are most often verbalized, mishandled, and mistranslated., Les panneaux de magasins, nombreux dans le contexte commercial public en Jordanie, ont été largement étudiés d’un point de vue linguistique, sociolinguistique et pragmatique, mais jamais ils n’ont été abordés sur le plan de leur traduction. Cette étude, la première de son genre, aborde les problèmes et insuffisances liés au sujet en question. Les panneaux commerciaux ont été sélectionnés à partir d’un certain nombre de paramètres hétérogènes. Quant aux erreurs de traduction commises par les interlocuteurs, elles ont été empiriquement analysées et classées par catégorie. Étant donné que la langue et la culture sont inextricablement liées, le lien entre elles s’avère encore plus évident lorsqu’il s’agit des panneaux commerciaux locaux. Le sujet a été ainsi abordé en raison de son rapport direct avec la traduction de ces signes. Cette recherche met donc l’accent sur les facteurs à la fois linguistiques (e.g. l’ordre des mots, les choix lexicaux, les stratégies réductionnistes) et extralinguistiques (e.g. facteurs socioculturels et promotionnels) qui ont été à l’origine de l’inexactitude et l’inadéquation de la traduction, d’une part, et du détournement de l’information, d’autre part. Ce qui mène, en conséquence, à de graves problèmes sémantico-conceptuels sur le plan des traductions en question. Cette étude pourrait, d’une certaine manière, fournir un aperçu instruit des différentes tendances de traduction pratiquées dans le domaine ainsi que de la manière dont les panneaux commerciaux sont souvent exprimés, malmenés et, notamment, mal traduits.

The translation of psychological tests has become widespread as the globalization process has led to testing instruments designed in one country being applied in a different one relatively quickly, since it is less expensive and faster to adapt an existing instrument than to devise a new one in another culture. In order to provide a fully functional version of a test in a different language and culture, the whole cultural context within which a particular test is to be used must be considered, and it is not certain that this has always been the case. This review article explains the peculiarities of psychological tests as a genre and documents the process of translation which has traditionally been used. It is shown that while psychologists have increasingly become aware of the role of cultural context, they have mistakenly regarded this as an issue which is separate from the translation process. That concern for the cultural context is part and parcel of translation itself, is illustrated both in modern translation theory and in current translation practice., La traduction de tests psychologiques ne cesse de se développer, étant donné que la mondialisation favorise assez facilement l’application d’outils conçus pour un pays donné dans un autre. Il est également moins cher et plus rapide d’adapter un instrument déjà existant que d’en créer un nouveau. Afin de produire une version d’un test pleinement fonctionnelle dans une autre langue et une autre culture, le contexte culturel dans lequel il sera utilisé doit être pris en considération, ce qui n’a pas toujours été le cas. Cet article de revue a pour objectif d’expliquer les particularités des tests psychologiques en tant que genre textuel et de décrire le processus de traduction traditionnellement utilisé. Nous y tentons de démontrer que, bien que les psychologues soient de plus en plus conscients du rôle du contexte culturel, ils l’ont malheureusement trop souvent mis à l’écart du processus même de traduction. Or, les théories modernes de la traduction et la pratique sont la preuve que cette préoccupation pour le contexte culturel fait partie intégrante dudit processus.