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Copyright of Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik is the property of Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH & Co.KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fitzpatrick et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18172 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18222 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Fitzpatrick et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18172 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18266 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excretion of undisintegrated magnesium oxide tablets in the stools of older patients who use thickening agents as swallowing aids remains relatively unknown among many clinicians. We present a case of an older patient with dysphagia who was administered magnesium oxide tablets with yogurt containing Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris FC (L. cremoris FC) as a swallowing aid instead of a thickening agent. The use of yogurt prepared with L. cremoris FC could offer a viable alternative for drug administration to patients with dysphagia due to its characteristic texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work concerns the new idea of textile printing with a multi-color system using pastes containing compounds sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A screen printing method based on a modified CMYK color system was applied to a cotton woven fabric. Aqueous printing pastes were prepared from thickening and crosslinking agents and UV-sensitive compounds: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) instead of the system's standard process colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow. Depending on the number of printed layers and the type of UV radiation (UVA, UVB, and UVC), the modified textile samples change color after irradiation from white to a wide range of colors (from blue, red, and green to purple, brown, and gray). Based on reflectance measurements, the characteristic parameters of the one-, two-, and three-color-printed samples in relation to absorbed dose were determined, e.g., dose sensitivity, linear and dynamic dose response, and threshold dose. This printing method is a new proposal for UV dosimeters and an alternative standard for textile printing. Furthermore, the developed method can be used for the securing, marking, and creative design of textiles and opens up new possibilities for such stimulus-sensitive reactive printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customer demand for natural packaging materials in the food industry has increased. Biocomposite films developed using boiled rice water could be an eco-friendly and cost-effective packaging product in the future. This study reports the development of bio-based films using waste materials, such as boiled rice water (matrix) and Pistacia vera shells (reinforcement material), using an adapted solution casting method. Several film combinations were developed using various concentrations of plasticizing agent (sorbitol), thickening agent (oil and agar), and stabilizing agents (Arabic gum, corn starch, and Pistacia vera shell powder). Various packaging properties of the film were analyzed and examined to select the best bio-based film for food packaging applications. The film fabricated with Pistacia vera shell powder in the biocomposite film exhibited a reduced water solubility, swelling index, and moisture content, as compared to polyethene packaging material, whereas the biocomposite film exhibited poor antimicrobial properties, high vapor transmission rate, and high biodegradability rate. The packaging properties and characterization of the film indicated that the boiled rice water film with Pistacia vera shell powder was suitable for packaging material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are some problems in the application of slurry preparation technology, such as wide fluctuation range of underflow concentration, long settling time and low efficiency of solid–liquid separation. This is an important basis for researching the thick settling law of tailings slurry under the action of mechanical vibration and its influencing factors to solve these problems. To this end, a small vibration thickening testing machine and vibrating rod were designed and developed. Physical simulation experiments were conducted to analyze the settling characteristics of tailings slurry under different vibration duration, start time, vibration frequency, and vibration inertia single factors. The results show that: (1) Mechanical vibration can effectively accelerate the settling speed of tailings particles, but the relationship between them is a non-positive correlation, and mechanical vibration time control with in 5 mins is the best. With the delay of starting the vibration time, the final mass concentration first increases and then decreases. (2) As the vibration frequency increases, the final mass concentration of tailings settlement first increases and then decreases. When the eccentric vibrator speed is 6000 r/min, the best slurry settlement effect is achieved. (3) When the vibration inertia of the eccentric oscillator is 0.158 g·cm2 and the final mass concentration reaches 70.1%, the settling time only takes 210 min. (4) The lower the slurry concentration, the faster the settling speed. As the initial concentration increases, the final thickening time is also gradually prolonged. The research results provide some insights for the rapid thickening technology of rake-free paste thickeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alginate thickener is the thickener frequently used for reactive printing of textile. The thickener responds with reactive pigments and thus does not lead to the fabric composition becoming stiffer. In this study, we prepared oxidised natural guar gum with hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide. All other polysaccharides comprise reactive hydroxyl units with a stronger reactivity that must be replaced if they are to be used in reactive printing. Guar derivatives were synthesised and verified using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Natural thickeners, synthetic guar gum derivatives, have been employed in textile printing technique. In comparison to other synthetic thickeners, modified environmental guar gum polymer has been shown to be an ecologically friendly and low‐cost thickener. Cotton fabric printed with modified guar thickening with hydrogen peroxide has even stronger colour strength than fabric printed with sodium alginate thickener, which is highly favourable. Penetration properties, colour value, colour strength, colour fastness to washing, light and rubbing was compared with alginate thickener (readily available on the market). Guar gum thickeners showed enhanced features versus sodium alginate for reactive printing. Partially replaced guar gum is an appropriate option due to the colour and physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of the tropical climate of Vietnam on the properties of synthetic greases with urea thickeners. The greases were exposed to seven-month field tests at climatic test stations of the Joint Russian–Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center in three regions of Vietnam. This short-term exposure decreased the ultimate strength and affected the colloidal stability of the samples (in the colloidal stability measurements, the amount of separated oil was reduced). At the same time, the chemical composition of the greases remained essentially unchanged, as confirmed by IR spectroscopy. It would be reasonable to assume that the degradation of polyurea greases in tropical climates is primarily associated with their colloidal structural changes. This assumption, however, requires confirmation in further research that should involve longer exposure and a larger number of grease samples prepared from different base oils. It was additionally found that introducing a heterogeneous modifier into polyurea greases impairs their stability in tropical climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the practical thickener cone systems, the underflow concentration is hard to measure through physical sensors while there exist the high cost and significant measurement delay. This paper presents a novel and deeply efficient long short-time memory (DE-LSTM) method for concentration prediction in the deep cone thickener system. First, the DE-LSTM for thicker systems is developed for feature learning and long temporal preprocessing. Then, the feedforward and reverse LSTM subnetworks are employed to learn the robust information without loss. At last, the experimental verification of an industrial deep cone thicker demonstrates the proposed DE-LSTM's performance outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study clarified the effect of adding thermoresponsive xyloglucan on the bread-making properties and preservation of gluten-free rice-flour bread. The thickening polysaccharides used for preparing gluten-free rice-flour bread were modified tamarind gum (MTG; thermoresponsive xyloglucan), tamarind gum (TG), and xanthan gum (XT). The mechanical properties of the added polysaccharide thickener solutions and bread dough, the mechanical properties and sensory characteristics of rice-flour bread, and the aging properties of rice-flour bread were measured. The results showed that the MTG solution exhibited solification at 40 °C and gelation below 40 °C, which affected the dynamic viscoelasticity of the dough. The addition of MTG to gluten-free rice-flour bread reduced the specific volume, increased the moisture content, and reduced the stress at 70% compression. Therefore, the bread with MTG added was soft, moist, and preferred over other those with other additives. In terms of preservation, the addition of 0.5–0.75% of polysaccharides inhibited the hardening and aging of beard with MTG added. This indicates that the addition of MTG at low concentrations is effective in preserving gluten-free rice-flour breads. We found that the thickening polysaccharides had to be added in appropriate concentrations to improve the bread-making properties and achieve the preferred effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of continuous thickeners and clarifiers is commonly based on the solid flux theory. Batch sedimentation experiments conducted with solid concentrations still provide useful information for their application. The construction of models for the velocity of settling allows the estimation of the flux of solids throughout time, which can, in turn, be used to find the area of the units required to achieve a given solid concentration in the clarified stream. This paper addresses the numerical treatment of data obtained from batch sedimentation experiments of calcium carbonate particles. We propose a systematic framework to fit a model that is capable of representing the process features that involve (i) the numerical differentiation of data to generate initial estimates for the instantaneous velocity of settling; (ii) the integration of a differential equation to fit the model for the velocity of settling; and (iii) the assessment of the quality of the fit using common statistical indicators. The model used for demonstration has a theoretical basis combined with an empirical component to account for the effect of the particle concentrations and their state of aggregation. The values of the numerical parameters obtained are related to the characteristic dimensions of the aggregates and their mass-length fractal dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dewatering mechanism ol deep-cone rake thickener is complex, which has the problems ol nonlinearity, large delay and low system stability, in order to improve the perlormance ol the rake, the hydraulic jet equipment is installed, and the torque relation model ol rake ol thickener is established, and the PID torque and underflow concentration control algorithm based on double luzzy neural network is established. Simulation results show that the parameters ol the algorithm are better than those ol neural network PID and traditional PID, The algorithm has a stable adjustment time ol 1 709. 32 s and an overshoot ol 2. 55 %・ The application ol the algorithm in engineering shows that the concentration control is more stable, the continuous high concentration lilling time was prolonged by 0. 7 hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of short‐time repeat microwave treatments on the physicochemical properties of sweet potato starch are investigated in this study. Pores appear on the surface of starch after repeat microwaves treatment, and the repeat microwave treatment for 60 s has a greater effect on the destruction of the pore size of the starch surface. Compared with the native starch, the Fourier infrared spectrum of short‐time repeat microwave treatment shows no new peaks but reduces the short‐range ordering of the starch. The short‐time repeat microwave treatment has no effect on the crystal mode of starch (A‐type), but the relative crystallinity of starch decreases. Multiple short‐time repeat microwave treatments reduce the peak viscosity of starch, but increase the water/oil holding capacity (WHC/OHC) and the particle diameter of starch. Modified starch obtained by short‐time repeat microwave treatment can be used as thickener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop high-salinity, high-temperature reservoirs, two hydrophobically associating polymers as fracturing fluid thickener were respectively synthesized through aqueous solution polymerization with acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), nonionic polymerizable surfactant (NPS) and double-tail hydrophobic monomer (DHM). The thickener ASDM (AM/AA/AMPS/NPS/DHM) and thickener ASD (AM/AA/AMPS/DHM) were compared in terms of properties of water dissolution, thickening ability, rheological behavior and sand-carrying. The results showed that ASDM could be quickly diluted in water within 6 min, 66.7% less than that of ASD. ASDM exhibited salt-thickening performance, and the apparent viscosity of 0.5 wt% ASDM reached 175.9 mPa·s in 100,000 mg/L brine, 100.6% higher than that of ASD. The viscosity of 0.5 wt% ASDM was 85.9 mPa·s after shearing for 120 min at 120 °C and at 170 s−1, 46.6% higher than that of ASD. ASDM exhibited better performance in thickening ability, viscoelasticity, shear recovery, thixotropy and sand-carrying than ASD. The synergistic effect of hydrophobic association and linear entanglement greatly enhancing the performance of ASDM and the compactness of the spatial network structure of the ASDM was enhanced. In general, ASDM exhibited great potential for application in extreme environmental conditions with high salt and high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of locust bean gum, xanthan, pectin and turmeric on proximate composition, cooking quality, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of common carp fish nuggets stored for three months at -18°C were studied. The results showed that moisture contents of T1 (control), T2 (locust), T3 (xanthan), and T4 (pectin) pre-fried common carp fish nuggets were significantly decreased at the end period of the frozen storage. On the other hand, crude protein, lipids, and ash contents of (T1, T2; T3, and T4) pre-fried common carp fish nuggets were significantly increased at the same period of the frozen storage. Cooking loss percentages of the nugget treatments during frozen storage were significantly increased at the end of the frozen storage. The highest values of cooking loss were found in T1 (control), followed by T3 (xanthan), T4 (pectin), and T2 (locust). On the contrary, cooking yield recorded higher values in T2 (locust), compared to T4 (pectin), T3 (xanthan), and T1 (control), recording less values, respectively. The water holding capacity values were significantly decreased at the end of three months of frozen storage. TVBN, TMA, and TBA contents of T1 (control), T2 (locust), T3 (xanthan), and T4 (pectin) pre-fried common carp fish nuggets were reached at the end of frozen storage. For the microbiological quality of treated fish nuggets with respect to the highest effect, it was obtained for locust (T2), followed by pectin (T4) and xanthan (T3), which reduced the microbial growth. The obtained results showed that thickening agents were significantly improved regarding color, tenderness, juiciness, taste, flavor, and overall acceptability of fish nuggets, compared to the control samples, also there was a gradual decrease in sensorial values during the freezing storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the concentration performance of the concentrator in the iron ore beneficiation process for iron ore tailings, a coupled simulation analysis of the concentration process was conducted using the discrete element software EDEM (Engineering Discrete Element Method) and the finite element FLUENT software. The volume concentration at the bottom flow outlet of the concentrator was used as the evaluation index. The scraper rotation speed, feed rate, and feed concentration were considered as parameters. Response surface experiments were designed using the Box-Behnken module in Design Expert11 software, and numerical simulations were performed to obtain data. Based on the numerical simulation results, a prediction model was established using the backpropagation neural network (backpropagation neural network, BP-NN) and combined with the genetic algorithm (genetic algorithm, GA) for parameter optimization of the thickener's concentration conditions. The results showed that with a scraper rotation speed of 9.7677 rpm, feed rate of 0.2037 m/s, and feed concentration of 6.5268%, the maximum outlet volume concentration reached approximately 62.00%. The predicted optimal working conditions were validated through physical tests and numerical simulations. The average outlet volume concentration in the physical tests was 60.712% (n = 10) ("n" is the number of experiments), with an error of only 2.077% compared to the predicted value. The middle outlet volume concentration in the numerical simulation experiments was 59.951% (n = 10), with an error of only 3.304% from the expected value. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a genetic neural network for optimizing the EDEM–FLUENT simulation parameters of the thickener, providing valuable insights for the matching optimization of the thickener's process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer composites containing magnetic fillers are promising materials for a variety of applications, such as in energy storage and medical fields. To facilitate the engineering design of respective components, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behavior of such inhomogeneous and potentially highly anisotropic materials is important. Therefore, the authors created magnetic composites by compression molding. The epoxy polymer matrix was modified with a commercial-grade thickening agent. Isotropic magnetic particles were added as the functional filler. The microstructural morphology, especially the filler distribution, dispersion, and alignment, was characterized using microscopy techniques. The mechanical properties of the composites were experimentally characterized and studied by stochastic finite element analysis (SFEA). Modeling was conducted employing four cases to predict the elastic modulus: fully random distribution, randomly aligned distribution, a so-called "rough" interface contact, and a bonded interface contact. Results from experiments and SFEA modeling were compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, hydrophobically modified, ethoxylate urethanes (HEURs) and latexes of well-defined structure and composition were used to examine the rheology and phase behavior of HEUR–latex mixtures. The mixtures comprised one of four HEURs that were synthesized with varying molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG 35 K, 20 K, 12 K, and 8 K) and end-capped with octadecyl hydrophobes, as well as one of two latexes (butyl acrylate/styrene [BA-Sty] and butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate [BA-MMA]) that each contained a small amount of methacrylic acid. The two experimental latexes represent compositions commonly used in commercial paint formulations. The polarity of the HEURs decreases as the PEG molecular weight decreases and the surface of the styrene containing latex is less polar than that containing methyl methacrylate. In all HEUR–latex mixtures, the latex polymer volume fraction was maintained constant at 0.25 which provides a dispersed component spatial crowdedness that represents a fully formulated paint. All latex–HEUR mixtures were stable at very low (i.e., below 0.10% by weight) HEUR levels. At critical concentrations dependent on the polarity of thickener and latex, flocculation was accompanied by syneresis for latex-thickener mixtures prepared with all HEURs except the one with the longest PEG spacer. Further increase of HEUR levels revealed another critical concentration above which the mixtures were stable. Effects of the latex polarity diminished for the mixtures prepared with more hydrophobic HEURs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an overview of the rheological properties of aqueous polyurethanes (WPU), as the main component, or as a thickening additive in aqueous formulations. Waterborne polyurethanes (WPU) have been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional solvent‐based solutions in a variety of industrial applications such as coatings, adhesives, inks. In all these fields, the control of rheological properties became an important prerogative to determine the quality of the dispersion and its potential applicability. First, the effect of parameters such as components, particle size and content, temperature, and interactions on dispersion viscosity was reported. Then, the effect of two additives, i.e. thickeners and nanomaterials, on structure–property relationships of WPU‐base systems, was described. Thickeners are rheological modifiers, commonly used to stabilize the dispersion and prevent flocculation and sedimentation of the particles, or to change the flow behavior of dispersions from Newtonian to pseudoplastic. These species can interact with water and polymer particles to create a network structure that alters the flow resistance, and thus viscosity. The use of hyperbranched aqueous polyurethane as thickening agent in WPU formulations was also presented. On the other hand, nanostructured fillers (0D/1D/2D) or a combination thereof in waterborne polyurethane led to the formation of specific microstructures that prevented the penetration of water, oxygen, and corrosive substances, also improved mechanical and thermal properties, allowing the development of high‐performance WPU‐based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Si 3 N 4 hybrid bearings are considered the most promising motor bearings due to their characteristics of electrical insulation, high speed, low friction coefficient, and wear resistance, which can better meet the requirements of driving motors of electric vehicles. However, the tribological mechanism between the ceramic-grease-steel complex interface is unclear. Three kinds of greases, namely lithium, polyurea, and calcium sulfonate complex grease, were synthesized from poly alpha olefin 40 as base oil. The effects of grease thickener morphology on the tribological properties of Si 3 N 4 /GCr15 contact surfaces at different slip speeds were investigated, and the vibration and friction torque performances in 6204 hybrid ceramic balls were evaluated. The results showed that the thickener could form physical deposition film and friction film to protect the worn surface at low speed. The friction and wear conditions were significantly improved at high speed under lithium grease and polyurea grease lubrication, being a mixed lubrication state. In presence of lithium grease, the tribological performance of the Si 3 N 4 /GCr15 interface and the vibration performance, impacted condition, starting torque, and friction torque of the hybrid ceramic ball bearings were all the best. Because lithium grease is subjected to continuous shear of the ceramic ball, which releases the base oil stably, and forms a thick oil film with the broken thickener in the center of the raceway, the bearing is in a mild lubrication state. Therefore, for Si 3 N 4 hybrid ceramic ball bearings, lithium grease is a lubricant with good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acne vulgaris is a very common skin problem. Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), a common skin organism, is most notably recognized for its role in acne vulgaris. Standard oral and topical treatments have significant side effects including skin irritation, indigestion, and also, cause resistance to antibiotics. In current study, o/w creams based on ostrich and sesame fixed oils containing Mentha piperita, Origanum vulgare and Lavandula officinallis essential oils as active ingredients were developed. The results showed that using Cetomacrogol 1000/Cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) as emulsifier/co-emulsifier could produce stable o/w creams containing 10-30 % w/w of fixed oils with various consistencies. Longterm (room temperature/24 months), accelerated (40 °C/ three months), thermocycling (-10 °C for 24h/40 °C for 24 hr) and centrifuge test (3000 rpm, 30 min at 50 °C) studies all showed the very high physical stability of the formulations. The rheological studies showed the shear-thinning thixotropic behavior of creams and Ostwald equation as the best model describing behavior of the creams. Texture analysis showed the significant effects of ingredients on creams hardness and adhesiveness having a reasonable correlation to spreadability test results. The results showed that aqueous and oil soluble thickening agents had the highest effect on rheological and texture parameters. Finally, the optimum cream was standardized using gas chromatography equipped to mass detector (GC-MS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of thickener nozzle efflux on thickening slurry, the disturbance performance of nozzle efflux on slurry was investigated based on laboratory tests (nozzle diameter reduction, pressure, nozzle distribution, high energy and low attenuation) and industrial tests (jet time, disturbance range and slurry concentration). The matching relationship between j et efflux and concentration was determined by calculating disturbance area, permeability and slurry noise factors. The CFD numerical model under the action of flow field is constructed, and the results are applied to practice. The results show that :1) Cone installation jet system can achieve the purpose of stripping plate slurry, and provide a method for obtaining stable underflow concentration; 2) The optimal time to start the jet system is 16 h after the thickening machine works in full load condition. The spatio-temporal response relationship between slurry bottom flow concentration and the disturbance system is demonstrated. The longitudinal disturbance duration is 20 min, 15 min and 9 min in stratification. 3) The "plum blossom" arrangement jet of the nozzle was studied to completely cover the plate area, and the maximum volume of the flow field of the adjacent nozzle was deduced. It was verified that when the number of each layer of the nozzle was 20,14,9,6, it was easy to form a curved section, which was conducive to the stripping of slurry in the whole area. 4)Using yield stress and viscosity evaluation indexes to investigate shear failure and compaction dehydration performance, which is conducive to achieving stable underflow concentration of thickener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin is commonly used as a gelling and thickening agent in confectionery products and is considered a critical material in terms of its halal status. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (real-time PCR) is frequently employed as an analytical tool to detect traces of pork in food items. Although the real-time PCR method using the Tanabe primer and Internal Positive Control (IPC) has been validated effectively, its sensitivity or Limit of Detection (LOD) for confectionery products has yet to be determined. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of real-time PCR with Tanabe primers and IPC towards the confectionery products (gummy candy, marshmallow, and lozenges). Confirmation of this method on commercial marshmallow products known to contain porcine gelatin was also carried out. In this study, the LOD (% w/w) of porcine gelatin in bovine gelatin was initially determined. The findings revealed that the LOD (% w/w) was 0.01% with a cycle threshold (Ct) value of 39.20±1.72. The next step involved determining the LOD (% w/w) of porcine gelatin in various confectionery products such as lozenges, gummy candy, and marshmallows. The LOD (% w/w) for lozenges and gummy candy was found to be 0.1% with Ct values of 40.93±0.15 and 38.72±0.18, respectively. Marshmallows exhibited an LOD of 0.01% with a Ct value of 41.14±2.96. Finally, this method was applied to commercial confectionery products containing porcine gelatin, and the real-time PCR effectively detected porcine gelatin with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary challenge of salt hydrates as phase change materials (PCMs) is their high degree of supercooling (∆TSup). Past studies have attempted to alleviate ∆TSup by incorporating nucleators possessing similar lattice structure, without a thorough analysis of the nucleator/PCM interactions. This work presents a novel in‐operando study to visually observe the crystallization process of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) in real‐time using suitable nucleators and a thickener. We have introduced a new dataset where zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnAc.2H) has been employed as an additive to ZNH for thermal energy storage (TES). According to our in‐operando study, ZnAc.2H underwent hydrolysis in molten ZNH to precipitate needle‐like ZnO particles, which acted as nucleators for the PCM. In the absence of a thickener, the crystal propagation of ZNH exhibited a preferential directional tendency, whereas incorporation of thickener made the phase change process uniform along all directions. Self‐hydrolysis of ZnAc.2H generated excess water which caused the undesirable effect of broadening the endothermic peak. The addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) thickener could restrict the activity of excess water and reduce the broadening of the endothermic peak. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that 5 wt% ZnAc.2H additive and 2 wt% CMC thickener added to ZNH can considerably improve the TES properties of ZNH PCM (∆HFusion 125.9 J·g−1, ∆TSup 3.0°C, melting point [M.P.] 29.0°C). Our in‐operando studies can unveil real‐time phase change behaviors to better design PCM systems with desired characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocolloids with xanthan gum are widely applied, especially considering the food and cosmetics industries. The water solution of xanthan gum demonstrates characteristics of pseudo-gel, with the relaxation time increasing exponentially as a function of time. The solubility and intermolecular association capacity of aqueous xanthan gum solutions can be influenced by various factors, especially alcohols, which promote conformational structural changes and lead to a gelation process. The study investigated the effect of pseudo-gel ternary systems of xanthan gum in water-ethanol solutions as thickening agents. Formulations differing in the mass proportion of xanthan gum and the solvent ratio were used to get model mouldings. Additionally, the rheological properties of slurries were investigated. The mass loss during drying under different conditions was evaluated (50 °C/72 h; 115 °C/45 min). The thermal stability of mouldings and pseudo-gel systems was examined with DSC-TG. The internal structure of the mouldings was assessed based on the absorption and porosity test for solvents differing in polarity. SEM imaging was used to visualise the internal structure. A hardness test with surface analysis using a profilometer was carried out. The influence of ternary pseudo-gel systems on mouldings was investigated to complement knowledge about formulating at the early stages of process design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (2097-2806) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article presents the influence of some ingredients used for the preparation of homemade mayonnaise like thickening agents (potato versus cornstarch) and two types of oil (olive versus sunflower) on the viscosity and rheological behavior. The results show the increase of the viscosity when cornstarch or potato, and olive oil instead of sunflower oil are used for the preparation of the homemade mayonnaise. The rheological parameters, material constancy, K, and flow index, n, were determined by Power law model. They show the positive influence of thickening agents on stability of homemade mayonnaise, increasing the viscosities comparative to the sample without agents. The values of index flow, n between 0.3249 and 0.6482, lower than 1, confirms for all analyzed samples the shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) behavior (R² > 0.99). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the characteristics of the two thickeners, welan gum (WG) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), they were added to solve the problem of easy cracking of cement-based large-flow mortar for thin layer construction under harsh environments. By comparing the effects of WG, HPMC, and composite thickener, the influence law of the composite thickener on the workability, mechanical properties and anti-cracking of large-flow mortar was elaborated. The mechanism of anti-cracking action of the composite thickener was also explained by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The results show that neither WG nor HPMC alone can solve the problem of mortar cracking under harsh environments. The composite thickener performs better in water retention and anti-cracking, and the modulus of elasticity of mortar becomes lower, and the flexibility is improved, so that it will not crack in outdoor exposure in summer. The anti-cracking mechanism is considered as that the composite thickener combines the respective advantages of WG and HPMC. It forms the superposition of three-dimensional network structure and film structure in the system slurry space. The three-dimensional network structure can greatly enhance the stability of slurry, while the film effect again enhances the stability of slurry and greatly improves the water retention of mortar, which in turn significantly reduces water diffusion and evaporation to achieve the purpose of mortar anti-cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humankind has been unknowingly utilizing food fermentations since the first creation of bread, cheese, and other basic foods. Since the beginning of the last century, microbial fermentation has been extensively utilized for production of commodity chemicals. It has also gained substantial interest in recent decades due to its underlying applications in the preparation of natural and safe food ingredients including enzymes, antimicrobial agents, vitamins, organic acids, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers, oligosaccharides, amino acids, and thickening agents. In addition, some novel food ingredients that were conventionally made from some other sources such as plant tissue cultures or animals are now being introduced in the industry as 'fermentation products.' Some examples of such novel fermentation food ingredients include flavonoids, cultured meat products, food colorants, antioxidants, lipids, and fatty acids. This review summarizes some of the most prominent food ingredients and novel fermentation food products currently being produced via microbial fermentation as well as the strategies to enhance such fermentation processes. Additionally, economical feedstocks are discussed with their potential to be converted into value-added products with the help of microbial fermentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some new mines, the utilization rate of tailings is not satisfactory when using unclassified tailings as backfill aggregate for cemented backfill. At the same time, with the progress of mineral processing technology, the tailings discharged by the concentrator gradually become finer. Therefore, cemented filling with fine-grained tailings as aggregate will become the development direction of filling technology in the future. In this paper, the feasibility of fine particle tailings backfill is studied by taking the particle tailings of-200 mesh as aggregate in Shaling gold mine. The calculation shows that the utilization rate of tailings is increased from 45.1% to 90.3% by using-200 mesh tailings as filling aggregate. The response surface central composite design method (RSM-CCD) was used to study the strength of backfill with alkali-activated cementitious material as binder by taking the mass concentration of backfill slurry and sand-binder ratio as input factors. The results show that the 28-day strength of the backfill with graded fine-grained tailings as filling aggregate can reach 5.41 MPa when the sand-binder ratio is 4, which can fully meet the needs of the mine for the strength of the backfill. The thickening test of-200 mesh fine particle tailings was carried out by static limit concentration test and dynamic thickening test. In the case of adding 35 g/t BASF 6920 non-ionic flocculant, the concentration of 64.74% tail mortar can reach 67.71% after 2 h of static thickening, and the concentration can reach 69.62% after 2 h of static thickening. The feeding speed of thickener should be controlled between 0.4 and 0.59 t/(m2 h). In this case, the underflow concentration of thickener is relatively high, which is 64.92–65.78%, and the solid content of overflow water is less than 164 ppm. The conventional full tailings thickening process was improved by using the design of high-efficiency deep cone thickener and vertical sand silo. The feasibility of fine-grained tailings as filling aggregate was demonstrated by combining the filling ratio test of fine-grained tailings, the data of thickening test and the improved thickening process. The research results can provide reference for other mines to use fine-grained tailings as filling aggregate to design filling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that cationic surfactant fracturing fluid adsorbs in the formation and causes secondary damage to the reservoir, a long-chain tertiary amine（hereinafter referred to as OADA） was synthesized in the laboratory using oil diamine as raw material and Eschweiler-Clarke reaction.OADA was used as thickening agent and acetic acid as assistant.The effects of the amount of potassium chloride and the molar ratio of the main agent to acetic acid on the viscosity of the system were studied.The performance indexes of OADA clean fracturing fluid system, such as temperature resistance, shear resistance, viscoelasticity and suspended sand, were investigated.By scanning the frequency and stress of the system at room temperature, it is found that the system is mainly elastic.The system still has a viscosity of more than 25 mPa·s when it is continuously sheared at 100 ℃ and 170 s-1 for 1 h.The gel breaker has low viscosity and surface interfacial tension, and the damage rate to the core is only 5.82%,it has low damage characteristics and good compatibility with formation water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoric acid (PA) etchants are widely used for the bonding pretreatment of teeth; however, their influences on the bonding between glass-ceramics and resin cement have not been clarified yet. This study investigated the effect of a thickening agent on the bonding strength between feldspar porcelain treated with a PA etchant and resin cement with a silane coupling agent. The experiments were performed using two PA etchants: commercial one and prepared one consisting a PA aqueous solution and poly(ethylene glycol) thickening agent. The samples were evaluated by shear bond strength testing, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The obtained results revealed that the thickening agent adhered to the porcelain surface and inhibited cement bonding. Meanwhile, PA remained on the surface due to the presence of the thickening agent and activated the silane coupling agent. Overall, the PA etchant did not improve the bond durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes an investigation of lubricants synthesized by thickening a dispersion medium consisting of silicone oil (PES-5) and poly-α-olefin oil (PAOM-12) with diureas of different compositions. The study revealed the effects of the compositions both of the dispersion medium and urea thickener, as well as their ratio in the lubricating formulation, on the major physicochemical properties of resultant greases. Increasing the content of the hydrocarbon component of the grease was shown to improve the physicochemical properties. Finally, the optimum grease composition was identified: introducing a polyurea thickener that contained diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate resulted in the synthesis of greases that had adequate operating characteristics and an improved wear performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, oleogels were prepared by the emulsion-template method using egg-white protein microgel as a gelator and xanthan gum (XG) as thickener. The physicochemical properties of the emulsion and oleogels were investigated. The adsorption of protein on the surface of the oil droplet reached saturation when the protein microgel concentration reached 2%. The excess protein combined with XG and accumulated on the outer layer of the oleogel, which prevented the emulsion from flocculation, enhanced the oil-holding capacity of the oleogel, and had a positive effect on preventing the oxidation of oil. When the concentration of XG was less than 0.4%, the EWP microgel, combined with the XG, stabilized the emulsion. As the concentration of XG was greater than 0.4%, excessive XG in the emulsion improved the viscosity and mechanical properties of the emulsion to prevent the aggregation of oil droplets. However, the change in XG concentration had no significant effect on the oxidation of the oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building cooling and heating, solar-powered energy production, energy recovery, and other energy-consuming industries have all seen an increase in the use of cold/hot latent thermal energy storage (LH-TES). Through energy recovery, LH-TES that uses phase-change materials (PCMs) as a storage medium helps to close the energy supply and demand gap and raises the possibility of energy savings. However, the stability, thermal, physical, and chemical properties of the PCM play a major role in how effectively it can be used. In recent years, adding gelling and thickening agents (GTAs) has gained popularity apart from the nanoparticles (NPs) and nucleating triggers (NTs), particularly for the creation of stable PCMs. Therefore, the current work's goal is to provide an overview of how GTAs are used in the process of developing reliable PCMs for TES applications. It has been found that using GTAs not only increased stability but also decreased sedimentation, leakage, and the supercooling degree (SCD). It was noted that the addition of a GTA with a weight percentage of 2–15% resulted in excellent stability with a negligible leakage rate and latent heat reduced by 3.6–35% after only 200 cycles. Furthermore, PCMs for solar-thermal and building heating systems in the medium-temperature range (21–61 °C) were mostly studied for their performance with GTAs, but no study for a cool TES application was reported. Most works have studied inorganic PCM components with GTAs, and a few reports are available for paraffin. However, the GTA blending resulted in reduced thermal performance due to a decrease in thermal conductivity, latent heat, and a rise in viscosity. Further, NTs and NPs with small amounts were seeded into the PCM-GTA for eradicating the SCD with enhanced TC and accelerated energy transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The 3D printing technique offers huge opportunities for customized thick‐electrode designs with high loading densities to enhance the area capacity in a limited space. However, key challenges remain in formulating 3D printable inks with exceptional rheological performance and facilitating electronic/ion transport in thick bulk electrodes. Herein, a hybrid ink consisting of woody‐derived cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and urea is formulated for the 3D printing nitrogen‐doped thick electrodes, in which CNFs serve as both dispersing and thickening agents for MWCNTs, whereas urea acts as a doping agent. By systematically tailoring the concentration‐dependent rheological performance and 3D printing process of the ink, a variety of gel architectures with high geometric accuracy and superior shape fidelity are successfully printed. The as‐printed gel architecture is then transformed into a nitrogen‐doped carbon block with a hierarchical porous structure and superior electrochemical performance after freeze‐drying and annealing treatments. Furthermore, a quasi‐solid‐state symmetric supercapacitor assembled with two interdigitated carbon blocks obtained by a 3D printing technique combined with a nitrogen‐doping strategy delivers an energy density of 0.10 mWh cm−2 at 0.56 mW cm−2. This work provides guidance for the formulation of the printable ink used for 3D printing of high‐performance thick carbon electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The industrial processing of passion fruit produces a huge quantity of rinds. This work evaluates the physicochemical and technological characteristics of passion fruit mesocarp flour (MF) and its pectin (PM), aiming to replace the commercial citrus pectin (PC) used as thickener and gelling agent. The pectin PM presented the lower degree of esterification (68.0%), content of galacturonic acids (72.0%) and molar mass than the pectin PC. Gels made with MF, pectin PM and pectin PC were formed at all concentrations (1%, 2% and 3%) and showed non‐Newtonian pseudoplastic fluid behaviour. Gel made with 3% MF (0.75% pectin) presented the higher hardness and viscosity than 1% PC gel, but the lower gel strength. The MF flour and its pectin PM have very good technological potential, when compared to the commercial pectin PC, mainly as thickener agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-emulsification is considered a formulation technique that has proven capacity to improve oral drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs by advancing both solubility and bioavailability. The capacity of these formulations to produce emulsions after moderate agitation and dilution by means of water phase addition provides a simplified method to improve delivery of lipophilic drugs, where prolonged drug dissolution in the aqueous environment of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is known as the rate-limiting step rendering decreased drug absorption. Additionally, spontaneous emulsification has been reported as an innovative topical drug delivery system that enables successful crossing of mucus membranes as well as skin. The ease of formulation generated by the spontaneous emulsification technique itself is intriguing due to the simplified production procedure and unlimited upscaling possibilities. However, spontaneous emulsification depends solely on selecting excipients that complement each other in order to create a vehicle aimed at optimizing drug delivery. If excipients are not compatible or unable to spontaneously transpire into emulsions once exposed to mild agitation, no self-emulsification will be achieved. Therefore, the generalized view of excipients as inert bystanders facilitating delivery of an active compound cannot be accepted when selecting excipients needed to produce self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). Hence, this review describes the excipients needed to generate dermal SEDDSs as well as self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDSs); how to consider combinations that complement the incorporated drug(s); and an overview of using natural excipients as thickening agents and skin penetration enhancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (DHPD) is a kind of phase-change hydrated material that has been widely used in heat-storage technology, but it has the common problems of supercooling and phase-separation of hydrated salts; therefore, the addition of a nucleating and thickening agent is a traditional method to solve the aforementioned problems. In this article, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XG) are used to improve the supercooling and phase-separation properties of the hydrated phase-change salts. The phase transition characteristics and cycling stability are analyzed in detail with the solidification curve, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetry (TG), and thermal cycling experiments. The thickening water absorption of CMC and XG decreases the supercooling properties of DHPD without the addition of nucleating agents. The addition of 5% XG together with 2% CMC reduces the supercooling of DHPD to 1.6 °C. DSC analysis showed that the additions can adsorb the free water, decrease the evaporation of crystalline water, and remove the self-phase separation problems. The phase-change temperature and latent heat were 36.2 °C and 201.5 J/g, respectively. The supercooling degree of the modified DHPD was no more than 2 °C, showing its excellent thermal stability in the accelerated thermal cycle experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food additives are essential substances in the food and beverage industries, and there is an increasing market demand for natural and clean-label food additives, such as hydrocolloids. Changing eating habits and increasing health awareness among consumers, especially in developing countries and regions, are factors that contribute to the increasing demand for hydrocolloid food additives in the food and beverage industries. As an essential food additive, hydrocolloids have numerous applications in several food products as a thickening and gelling agents. This study sheds light on the current applications of hydrocolloids to meet the specific requirements of the food and beverage industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylamide, 30% acrylamide/methyl-diacrylamide (29:1), methylacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride, hexadecyl-octadecyl dimethylallyl ammonium chloride were the main synthetic monomers. The polymerization initiator was water soluble 2,2-azo (2-methylpropamidine) dihydrochloride, and the hydrophobic association cationic polymer thickener (PASM) was synthesized. Structural characterization and performance test of the products were carried out. The results show that the critical association concentration of the thickener PASM is 0.5%,the molecular weight is 417.3×104, the resistance to Na+ and Ca2+ is strong, and with the increase of salinity, the initial viscosity of the system shows an increasing trend, showing excellent thickening performance. Under the condition of low concentration, high anti-swelling effect can be achieved, and the suspended sand performance is excellent. There is no residue after ammonium sulfate breaking, and the breaking liquid will not cause secondary damage to the formation, so it has a broad prospect of industrialization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Acetylated‐based starches are broadly used in the food industry as emulsifiers, and as thickening and film‐forming agents. Better understanding of the structural and rheological parameters would facilitate the selection of optimal acetylated starches for particular applications. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, and rheological properties, including elasticity (G'), loss (G") moduli, complex viscosity (η*) and study shear stress (δ), were determined for acetylated fox nut starch (FNS) samples. RESULTS: The degree of substitution (DS) varied significantly with increasing acetyl concentration from 2–6%. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of acetylated FNS showed an additional chemical shift at 2.08 ppm in comparison with native FNS, confirming the linking of the H or the –OCH3 group. The acetylated FNS starches showed better short‐range ordering of molecules, as confirmed by FTIR. A significant increase in the functional and gelatinization properties with increasing acetyl concentration was observed. The power law parameters (n, K) and dynamic moduli (G' and G") increased with increasing acetyl concentration and presented shear thinning behavior. The gelatinization peak temperature and enthalpy decreased with increasing acetyl concentration. CONCLUSION: The observed DS below 2.5 would mean safe food consumption and the significant alteration of functional and structural properties with varying acetyl content will extend the use of FNS in food and allied industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although application of sweeteners and thickeners substituting sugar in food products is effective in reducing the calorie intake, but it is usually accompanied by changing the product texture. Reducing sugar in the formulation of jelly powder using stevia as a strong sweetener composition and quince seed gum with respect to the qualitative properties of the product was analyzed in this study to investigate the possibility of substituting stevia with sugar. Different percentages of stevia (with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% sugar) were prepared along with quince seed gum, and the jelly samples were evaluated with regards to the rheological properties by using the strain sweep test measurement at constant frequency of 1 Hz, frequency sweep at the strain of 0.1% and frequency range of 0.1 to 10, as well as the creep test and the power -low equation. The results obtained from adding stevia and quince seed gum to the jelly powder sample showed that increasing the rate of stevia reduced the storage module, while the existence of sugar and quince seed in the jelly powder formula increased the storage module. The Newton viscosity of the samples increased by increasing the rate of stevia, while the immediate and delayed disintegration modulus decreased by increasing the rate of stevia. The results indicated that in addition to reducing the rate of calorie intake, substituting a part of sugar with stevia in the jelly powder can cause main changes in the rheological features of the jelly powder, reduce the elasticity module and increase the viscosity module, and by adjusting the rate of sugar substitution with stevia, it can be used as a commercial replacement in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]