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The European Space Agency (ESA) is an intergovernmental organisation established in the seventies with today 22 Member States. Its purpose is to promote cooperation between Member States, in space research and technology as well as in space applications. ESA’s Member States wish to ensure maximum benefits to the economy and society from their investments in space activities. The Agency, as any other modern public administration, has a responsibility to ensure the creation of value for society, in an end-to-end perspective (i.e. from technology research to service development). The paper briefly summarizes the outcome of ESA’s previous socio-economic impact assessment studies of its programmes and provides useful references.

The environmental and socio-economic impacts of invasive species have long been recognised to be unequal, with some species being benign while others are disastrous. Until recently there was no recognised standard impact scoring framework with which to compare impacts of species from very different taxa. The advent of the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) and Socio‐Economic Impact Classification of Alien Taxa (SEICAT) schemes allows for the possibility of assessing impact through a standard approach. However, both these schemes are still in their infancy and the associated costs of the research that informs them is unknown. We aimed to determine the study costs and complexity associated with assessing invasive species’ socio-economic and environmental impacts. We used amphibians as a model group to investigate papers from which EICAT and SEICAT scores could be drawn up to 2019. Our analysis shows that studies that resulted in higher impact scores were more costly. Furthermore, the costs of studies were best predicted by their complexity and the time taken to complete them. If impact scores from EICAT and SEICAT are allowed to inform policy, then we need to carefully consider whether species with low scores represent true impact, or require more research investment and time. Policy makers needing accurate assessments will need to finance larger, more complex, and rigorous studies. Assessing impacts in low and middle income countries may need investment using international research collaborations and capacity building with scientists from high income areas.

This paper provides an evaluation of the socio-economic impacts of the metro network expansion on the West Midlands. The principal municipalities of this English region are already involved in the metro service, but the Midland Metro Alliance is aiming to extend the service to more towns and suburbs in the region. The metro network expansion project has been segmented, analysed and explored using a variant of the classic decision-making matrix, which enabled the assessment of the values of 8 factors responsible for the social and economic development of the West Midlands within the metro network extension itself. The analysis contains both quantitative and qualitative data. A forecasting activity intending to extend the data gathered during the socio-economic impact assessment, considering a 22-year medium-term horizon is organised. The activity has been undertaken using both proper software and different data analysis functions in order to project the socio-economic impact of the metro extension in the West Midlands.

Hunger starvation, natural disasters, droughts and the clan enmities make people to migrate from one region to another region. Also sometimes people migrate as they inherit the habit, of migration. This research paper is aimed to study the socio-economic implication of the seasonal employment in Khairpur in date’s fruit season regarding nomads coming in the season and the implications of the migration on the life of the indigenous people as well as on the nomad’s life. The subject material has been collected through the field survey and the interviews conducted by the stakeholders, like the growers, traders, nomads, and those with whom the nomads interact during their stay in District Khairpur. District Khairpur is situated in Sindh Province of Pakistan is one of the most opulent District, it is embedded with the surface as well as mineral resources. But, its fame is due to date’s fruit which is the major factor of the nomadic flow into this district. Also, the date’s season has proved to be poverty alleviation than any other factor. The research results show that every year nearly 3 million to 3.5 million people come to this district and each year almost 2 Billion Pak Rupees are being taken away to different regions as to be the remittances. Besides, the nomadic flow not only proves to be beneficial for the dates fruit growers but also for the merchants and the vendors who also earn almost double in the season of date’s fruit. Especially the hotels and vegetable shops become almost short of the consumers' goods in the season. Finally, some measures are proposed and a brief conclusion is given herewith. This paper also has analyzed the determinants and the consequences of nomadic migration into District Khairpur.

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, numerous mathematical models have been developed. Reporting artefacts and missing data about asymptomatic spreaders, imply considerable margins of uncertainty for model-based predictions. Epidemiological models can however also be used to investigate the consequences of measures to control the pandemic, reflected in changes to parameter values.We present a SIR-based, SUIR model in which the influence of testing and a reduction of contacts is studied by distinguishing ‘Unidentified’ and ‘Identified’ spreaders of infections. The model uses four ordinary differential equations and is kept deliberately simple to investigate general patterns occurring from testing and contact restrictions. The model goes beyond other efforts, by introducing time dependent parameter curves that represent different strategies in controlling the pandemic.Our analysis reveals the effect of ‘pro-active’ testing for the design of contact restriction measures. By pro-active testing we mean testing beyond those people who show symptoms. The simulations can explain why the timing of contract restrictions and pro-active testing is important. The model can also be used to study the consequence of different strategies to exit from lockdown.Our SUIR model is implemented in Python and is made available through a Juypter Notebooks. This an extensive documentation of the derivation and implementation of the model, as well as transparent and reproducible simulation studies. Our model should contribute to a better understanding of the role of testing and contact restrictions.

Background In recent years, there have been global concerns regarding the continuous use of non-renewable fossil fuels as the major source of energy. The utilization of non-renewable fossil fuels has negative effects on global warming and climate change. So far, efforts to curb the situations have tended to focus on promoting alternative renewable energy sources such as the use of biofuels to cut down emissions of green house gases. However, the production of biofuel crops has become an issue of concern in many developing countries. This is because the expansion of land for biofuel crops cultivation is directly linked to food security and the livelihoods of rural communities. The present study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the contribution of non-food biofuel crops (Jatropha curcas) to the improvement of rural household livelihoods and its impacts on food security. A survey was conducted in 84 households in Arumeru and Siha Districts in the northern Tanzania.Results The results revealed that the introduction of Jatropha as a cash crop had no significant impact on the rural livelihoods since the five capitals of the framework have not optimally been utilised despite their presence. It was further revealed that Jatropha cultivation has not affected food security. This is contrary to fears that biofuels could generally have a negative impact on food security especially in developing countries. The crop had not been regarded as a cash crop or a biofuel; thus, a very little percentage of land owned by the respondents had been allocated for its cultivation. The importance of Jatropha in the study area has yet to be recognised and given the special attention it requires.Conclusions It can be concluded that, the current situation does not indicate any significant impact of Jatropha cultivation on food security. However, it has little contribution to livelihood improvement of the smallholder farmers. Therefore, research on the improvement of Jatropha productivity under optimum conditions and pricing should be further undertaken in different areas of the country.

Background Lymphoedema caused by lymphatic filariasis (LF) or podoconiosis can result in physical disability and social exclusion, which is exacerbated by painful acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) episodes. These conditions have a significant impact on patients, however, little is known about the indirect effects on their caregivers. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the impact on caregivers for patients with leg lymphoedema in a co-endemic district of Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal findings A cross-sectional survey of lymphoedema patients and their caregivers was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires in the Southern Nation Nationalities Peoples Region (SNNPR) of Ethiopia. Lymphoedema patient information on clinical severity (mild, moderate, severe), frequency of ADLAs, their socio-demographic characteristics and the identity of main caregiver(s) was collected. Caregiver information on socio-demographic characteristics, types of care provided, their quality of life (QoL) measured across nine domains, and productivity was collected, with key indicators compared in the presence and absence of patients’ ADLAs. A total of 73 patients and 76 caregivers were included. Patients were grouped by mild/moderate (n = 42, 57.5%) or severe (n = 31, 42.5%) lymphoedema, and reported an average of 6.1 (CI± 2.18) and 9.8 (CI± 3.17) ADLAs respectively in the last six months. A total of 48 (65.8%) female and 25 (34.2%) male patients were interviewed. Caregivers were predominately male (n = 45, 59.2%), and spouses formed the largest caregiving group for both female and male patients. In the absence of an ADLA, most caregivers (n = 42, 55.2%) did not provide care, but only one caregiver did not provide care during an ADLA. In the absence of an ADLA, the average time (hour:minute) spent by mild/moderate (00:17, CI: ± 00:08) and severe (00:10, CI: ± 00:07) patient caregiver per task was minimal. The time mild/moderate (00:47, CI: ± 00:11) and severe (00:51, CI: ± 00:16) patient caregivers spent per task significantly increased in the presence of an ADLA. In addition, caregivers’ QoL was negatively impacted when patients experienced an ALDA, and they had to forfeit an average of 6 to 7 work/school days per month. Conclusion/Significance Lymphoedema and ADLAs impact negatively on patients’ and their caregivers’ lives. This emphasises the importance of increasing access to effective morbidity management and disability prevention services to reduce the burden and help to address the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, target 5.4, which seeks to recognise and value unpaid care and domestic work., Author summary Lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis can result in chronic severe lymphoedema of the limbs, which is aggravated by frequent painful episodes of acute bacterial infection known as ‘acute attacks’. The debilitating impact of these conditions on patients are well documented, however, the extent to which the hardship extends to their caregivers is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a survey of 73 lymphoedema patients and their caregivers was conducted in an endemic region of Ethiopia. Patients were found to be predominately female and caregivers predominately male, mostly spouses. Caregivers provided a wide range of care, and the type, frequency and time spent on tasks significantly increased when patients experienced an acute attack. Caregivers reported a negative impact on their quality of life and provided care for an average of 15 days and forfeited an average of 7 days of work or school per month. This study has revealed a previously hidden burden of lymphoedema that not only affects patients, but their caregivers who are mostly family members. This emphasises the importance of increasing access to effective morbidity management and disability prevention programmes to reduce the burden and help to address the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, target 5.4, which seeks to recognise and value unpaid and domestic work.

This work characterizes the dimension and the exceptionality of 2017 large- and mega-fires that occurred in the center region of Portugal through the assessment of their impact on the ambient levels of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), retrieved from local monitoring stations, and the associated public health risks. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were increased during the occurrence of large fires and megafires, with daily concentrations exceeding the European/national guidelines in 7&ndash, 14 and 1&ndash, 12 days of 2017 (up to 704 &micro, g/m3 for PM10 and 46 &micro, g/m3 for PM2.5), respectively. PM10 concentrations were correlated with total burned area (0.500 &lt, r &lt, 0.949, p &gt, 0.05) and with monthly total burned area/distance2 (0.500 &lt, 0.667, 0.05). The forest fires of 2017 took the life of 112 citizens. A total of 474 cases of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases and 3524 cases of asthma incidence symptoms per 100,000 individuals at risk were assessed due to exposure to 2017 forest fires. Real-time and in situ PM methodologies should be combined with protection action plans to reduce public health risks. Portuguese rural stations should monitor other health-relevant pollutants (e.g., carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds) released from wildfires to allow performing more robust and comprehensive measurements that will allow a better assessment of the potential health risks for the exposed populations.

At the time of writing this report, there have been over 33 million recorded cases of COVID-19 virus and over 1 million deaths. It’s important to note that there are conflicting claims that the recorded data may underestimate or overestimate the mortality and/or infection rate. Equally, it’s clear that the economic impact of the virus and of responses to try to manage, limit or prevent the spread of infection is significant and possibly unprecedented and is not yet fully understood. This report looks at how the economic impact could manifest and the potential distribution of that impact and what structural socio-economic factors might determine this.

This chapter proposes the best reporting practices for waqf institutions, concerning information disclosure on performance, governance, and socio-economic impact using the waqf integrated reporting (WAQIR) model. The WAQIR model is viewed as a comprehensive reporting tool for waqf institutions. This study reviewed previous literature and reporting guidelines for waqf and similar organisations, such as not-for-profit and faith-based organisations, to identify the appropriate measurements for disclosure, limited not only to the input and output of the waqf project, but also its governance and socio-economic impact. Based on the review, the WAQIR model is explicated with four pillars of disclosure: (i) waqf financial and non-financial; (ii) waqf governance; (iii) waqf performance; and (iv) waqf socio-economic impact. The proposed WAQIR model would be useful for waqf institutions in implementing best waqf reporting practices. This could help them to enhance their accountability and to promote transparency, enabling the sustainability of the entire waqf management practices.

European and national fisheries policies aim at reverting toa sustainable exploitation of fish resources and to ensure the economic and social sustainability of fishing activities in the medium to long term (Art. 2 of Regulation [EU] No. 1380/2013).

We use a recently proposed framework, the Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) to undertake the first global assessment of the impacts of alien birds on human well-being. A review of the published literature and online resources was undertaken to collate information on the reported socio-economic impacts of 415 bird species with self-sustaining alien populations worldwide. These data were then categorised following the SEICAT guidelines. Impact data were found for 57 (14%) of the 415 alien bird species in this study. All but two of these species were found to have minor impacts on human well-being. The most significant threat to human well- being posed by alien birds may be associated with their impacts on aviation safety. About two-thirds of the impact data found described agricultural impacts. No data were found describing disease transmission impacts on humans. We lack data for developing regions of the world: this is of concern as alien species can threaten livelihoods in developing countries, particularly by affecting agricultural production and hence food security. Most assessments were allocated a ‘Low’ confidence score. This may be because SEICAT is a new framework, requiring data on the way in which alien species affect human well-being, as measured by changes to human activities: even where we do have data describing an alien bird impact, information on how profoundly this impact affects people’s activities is currently rarely available.

In this work, we propose a dynamic cascade model to investigate the systemic risk posed by sector level industries within the U.S. inter-industry network. We then use this model to study the effect of the disruption presented by COVID-19 on the U.S. economy. We construct a weighted digraph G = (V;E;W) using the industry-by-industry total requirements table for the year 2018, provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. We impose an initial shock that disrupts the production capacity of one or more industries and calculate the propagation of production shortage with a modified Cobb-Douglas production function. In the case of COVID-19, the initial shock is modeled on the loss of labor between March and April 2020, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The industries within the network are assigned a resilience r that determines the ability of an industry to absorb input losses, such that if the rate of input loss exceeds the resilience r, the industry fails and its outputs go to zero. We observe a critical resilience rc, such that below this critical value the network experiences a catastrophic cascade resulting in total network collapse.

Lumwana and Sentinel mines both located in Kalumbila District of Zambia are operational and are planned to continue operating until 2038 and 2033, respectively. It is anticipated that the closure of these mines would have a significant impact on the well-being of the local communities similar to the experiences of host communities in other areas where mines have been closed in Zambia. The local communities in Kalumbila District currently rely heavily on these mines for their socio-economic development in that the mines provide employment, education, social facilities and health services. In order to avoid negative experiences of these communities, an appropriate exit strategy is required for Lumwana and Sentinel mines, as part of their mine closure plan. This paper proposes a Community Exit Strategy (CES) that would mitigate the socio-economic impact of mine closure on the communities of Kalumbila District. The proposed exit strategy will alleviate the socio-economic impact of mine closure on communities. This is in line with Sustainable Development Goal 11.

Microfinance is considered to be the panacea for eradicating poverty from third-world society and this claim by non-government organizations (NGOs) is not unfounded. Evidence from Bangladesh reveals a partial success with respect to this viewpoint. Bangladesh is a poverty-ridden country; however, poor people in rural Bangladesh have shown significant material gains with regard to their lifestyles and it is no longer the case that they only have the bare minimum of food. Despite this significant improvement, it is still confusing as to whether these people have managed to cross the poverty line or not. Data show that poor people never stop borrowing money from the NGOs. The cycle of taking and retaking has made them dependent rather than independent agents in their society. With this viewpoint under consideration, this article seeks to explain the chronological sequence of events involved in taking credit. The ontological position of this study is interpretative in nature and such a position has allowed us to employ both observation and case studies as methodological tools for analysing our area of interest. Finally, this article argues that in order to understand the role of microfinance in Bangladeshi society, rethinking is required.

The aim of the study was to have empirical evidence of using social media, positive and negative impacts in the social and economic fields. A total of 179 respondents accounting students at one private university in Yogyakarta. Data had collected by questionnaire. Furthermore, the data had analyzed qualitatively by using descriptive statistics and item analysis. The implications are useful for digital dependent to be wise in using social media and aware of the positive and negative impacts. In addition, for companies and providers useful to analyze for the utilization of economic and social potential of social media.

The article describes the current situation of state regulation of the production and turnover market of alcoholic beverages. The results of application of the liberal model of the alcohol market organization are considered. There are shown data about changes in mortality rates connected with alcohol use, child alcoholism, accidents and injuries in motor vehicle accidents caused by drivers in the state of alcoholic intoxication. The necessity of toughening the conditions of production and turnover of alcoholic beverages is grounded. The characteristics of authority measures on alcohol overuse reduction and prevention of alcoholism is given. The results of increasing the requirements for the production and turnover of alcoholic beverages are considered. Changes in the price, turnover and retail sales of alcohol products have been analyzed. In the article there are also considered the problems of illegal production and turnover of alcoholic beverages, the impact of social background on the abuse of alcohol products, the anti-alcohol campaign consequences in the economy of the regions. The article also gives a description of the measures taken to tighten the requirements for the production and turnover of alcohol products in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The results of measures to limit the production and turnover of alcohol products for the regional economy are presented. It is also stated that there is a lack of reflection of the measures beeing taken to reduce the abuse of alcohol and prevent alcoholism in strategic planning documents.

The phenomenon of migration is not new and there are many reasons behind this emigration; achieving higher socio-economic status is one of them. In developing countries like Pakistan, poverty is one of the major root causes of emigration. There are some districts of Punjab from where the masses have the trend to migrate. This study addresses the impacts of international migration on families left behind in Dhamial, District Rawalpindi. In-depth interviews were conducted, however data was quantified around positive and negative socioeconomic impacts on families left behind. The evidence showed both positive and negative impacts of international migration. The flow of remittances influences the life of people in positive way and it assisted in improving the socio-economic status of the families. However, there are many other serious problems faced by the families left behind.

The aim of this article was to assess the financial and socio-economic impact of the two Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) emanating from the public-private partnerships (PPPs) arrangement in the Buffalo City and Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipalities, located in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The metropolitan municipalities, despite the introduction of PPPs, are still faced with serious socio-economic challenges such as slow economic growth, increased poverty levels, unemployment and mostly stagnant infrastructure development as a result of underfunding. In addition, metropolitan municipalities remain obliged to deliver on their constitutional mandate, which is the provision of services to communities consistent with the Municipal Financed Management Act (MFMA) and Municipal Systems Act (MSA). Municipal financial planning and management leads to the development of methods to achieve sound financial performance in municipalities in line with service delivery demands. Sound municipal financial performance enables the municipalities to provide goods and services to all citizens. The study adopted a quantitative research approach, where a structured questionnaire was administered to 50 purposely selected participants. A core finding of the study suggested that the metropolitan municipalities benefited from the IDZs PPP arrangements where project planning, development and management skills were transferred to government officials, impacting on improved service delivery. A key recommendation forwarded suggests that both the national government and metropolitan municipalities need to champion PPP procurement through the enhancement of the Municipal Public Private Partnership Implementation Framework. The study concluded that a regulation, such as the aforementioned, without a structured implementation plan, eminently jeopardizes an investor’s interest in PPP arrangements, with negative financial consequences for the state.

A longstanding critique of project-level environmental assessment is that it is weak at addressing cumulative effects, and because of this many argue that cumulative effects are best managed at a regional scale. However, in the absence of regional management it is important that project-level assessment supports cumulative effects management as best as possible. In this paper we present case study socio-economic impact assessments of liquefied natural gas development on Aboriginal groups on Canada's west coast. The case studies use an analytical structure modified from typical Canadian practice including unambiguous and non-arbitrary significance thresholds grounded in stakeholder values to focus baselines, impact assessment, and significance determination on cumulative effects. This approach is found to be more capable of informing decision-makers on cumulative effects as well as more rigorous and transparent than typical assessments. Much of this approach is not conceptually new, but at least in western Canada such an approach is not typically used or meaningfully implemented by practitioners. As such, the case studies serve to illustrate how practice can bolster project-level assessment.

The presumed link between the rule of law and development suggests that an operational justice system is key to development. The research sought to understand and quantify how the decision to detain an accused person affects his or her socio-economic situation. Data was collected in Kenya, Mozambique and Zambia. The findings suggest that the use of the coercive power of the state exercised through the deprivation of an individual’s liberty has serious socio-economic consequences. While detention pending trial is justifiable sometimes, we argue that it is over-used, frequently resulting in excessively long detention. The deprivation of liberty interferes with the ability of individuals to be agents of their own development, infringing on socio-economic rights of individuals and their dependents. States can justify such infringements only if their coercive power is used within the ambit of democratic and rights-respecting laws complying with human rights standards.

Socio-economic sustainability for tourism workers does not play a prominent role in contemporary tourism economic impact studies. Rather, to promote economic growth paradigms, the focus lies on aggregated employment and income effects. To better understand tourism's contribution to decent work and reduced inequalities (Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 10, respectively), our study assesses tourism's socio-economic impact by focussing on meso-level perspectives from major tourism institutions that are complemented with macro-level results gained through an occupation-based Input-Output model. Although income inequalities across tourism occupations remain relatively low, income inequalities over a period of nine years have increased. Tourism employees continue to work in precarious occupations due to limited training and career opportunities. Employers demand skilled vocational professions and provide non-monetary benefits; however, respective salaries remain average. Altogether, tourism contributes to Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 10 only moderately, and regional tourism institutions need to continue their development strategies for greater sustainability.

The nature of micro- and nanoplastics and their harmful consequences has drawn significant attention in recent years in the context of environmental protection. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of the existing literature related to this evolving subject, focusing on the documented human health and marine environment impacts of micro- and nanoplastics and including a discussion of the economic challenges and strategies to mitigate this waste problem. The study highlights the micro- and nanoplastics distribution across various trophic levels of the food web, and in different organs in infected animals which is possible due to their reduced size and their lightweight, multi-coloured and abundant features. Consequently, micro- and nanoplastics pose significant risks to marine organisms and human health in the form of cytotoxicity, acute reactions, and undesirable immune responses. They affect several sectors including aquaculture, agriculture, fisheries, transportation, industrial sectors, power generation, tourism, and local authorities causing considerable economic losses. This can be minimised by identifying key sources of environmental plastic contamination and educating the public, thus reducing the transfer of micro- and nanoplastics into the environment. Furthermore, the exploitation of the potential of microorganisms, particularly those from marine origins that can degrade plastics, could offer an enhanced and environmentally sound approach to mitigate micro- and nanoplastics pollution.

Malaysia is the second-biggest palm oil producer worldwide. Roughly 5.9 million hectares of area is planted with oil palm in Malaysia as recorded in 2019, making the palm oil industry one of the main income-generating industries for the country’s economy. As the palm oil industry in Malaysia grows, concern has been raised as several environmental and socio-economic issues are linked with the expansion of oil palm cultivation. The findings of this research contributes towards the preliminary investigation on the effect of biofuel demand in Malaysia on potential deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions due to land use changes and water pollution due to palm oil mill effluent (POME); and the effect of biofuel demand in Malaysia on other types of crops.

Indian fisheries sector has witnessed phenomenal growth in marine fish production over the decades, with the modernization of fishing crafts and technology, thereby resulting in fluctuation of the same, thus rendering intense debate on growth and instability. To ease the production trend in a sustainable way and to conserve the dwindling marine resources, the monsoon trawl ban was introduced in 2001 in Tamil Nadu. The seasonal fishing ban has been one of the very few significant management measures for the sustenance of the marine resources since its preamble. Though remarkable upsurge in marine fish production was achieved post implementation of ban, yet, it had generated issues in employment, poverty and income generation of fishermen during the ban period and was always a matter of turbulence among mechanized and traditional sector of fishing. It is also alleged that the enhanced marine fish landings could also be a case of fishing in and out of the waters off Tamil Nadu coasts. We made an attempt to understand the social and economic impact of fishing ban on the livelihood of marine fisherfolk and to study the viability of different marine fishing units (Motorized and Mechanized) in Tamil Nadu. The overall employment loss and loss in labour income during the ban period was also assessed. The fishermen’s constraints during the ban has also been ranked and suggestions given to improve the livelihood security of the marine fishers’ in the Palk bay area.

Ports create harmful effects on their adjacent population because ships discharge noxious gases like SOX, NOX, and particulate matter (PM). To tackle this problem, some ports started to control emission through regulations such as Emission Control Areas (ECA) and Reduced Speed Zone (RSZ). This paper estimates the social cost of ship emission and eco-efficiency at the Port of Incheon (POI). We further examine how the ECA and RSZ designation can reduce the social cost. The estimation is based on the activity-based approach, where ship type, engine, and movement are used to measure fuel consumption and then emission. Results suggest that the social cost of ship emission at the POI amounts to $90,805,478. The eco-efficiency of the POI, compared to the one at the Port of Las Palmas in another study, is substantially better. Under RSZ, the corresponding emission abatement values are $4,485,308, $2,642,009 and $21,932,435 from SO2, NOX and PM reduction, respectively. If 1.0% and 0.1% sulfur fuel are used complying with rules of the ECA, the social cost savings amount to $8,174,947 and $12,868,842 from SO2 reduction.

The Persian language word ‘Purdah’ and in Arabic ‘Hajab’ used for veil. Veil used by women for being segregation, protection and escaped from men. In one way or the other veil not invented by Muslims. It continuously used in ancient as well as modern civilizations by women. Developed nations have blamed the use of veil an obstacle in the process of development. Therefore, modern nations have struggled to get rid of the use of veil. They argue that it is a sign of slavery for women and it is an obstacle in the path of development. The modern secular or liberal educated Muslims considered veil as the biggest obstacle for social and economic development. It makes a woman helpless, as being zanjir (chain) in her feet. It has become an obstacle in the process of development for women. It is consider as a tool for segregation among men and women. The so-called Muslims of the modern era are trying to introduce changes in religion by imitation the modern nations of the world. In particular, ways for Muslim woman use of veil in Islam is must. It is a right provided her by religion. It provides her strength. Veil is a sort of obstacle that the splitting of Muslim space between men and women, and has gone auxiliary in creating the gap both in public and in private today. Muslim females deem that veiling is a constraint of modesty and a mark of duty to God; other women squabble that the veil is pinpointing of defense from the patriarchal prioritization of women’s corporeal and sexual pleasant appearance. In the Holy Quran word, ‘Hajab’ is use 7 times. Women adopt Islam is against domination and forceful practice of veil, as a part of teaching of Islam as a protection. This article aims at: (1) historical background of veil and its existence in civilizations, (2) Socio-Economic impact of it on women, (3) Meaning and interpretation of veil in Islamic context, followed by concerted bibliography.

Il paper si focalizza sugli impatti socioeconomici degli eventi siccitosi. Obiettivo del paper è in particolare quello di analizzare gli effetti distributivi degli eventi siccitosi nell’agricoltura, studiando il caso del bacino del Po, l’area agricola più grande ed estesa in Italia. L’approccio teorico e metodologico utilizzato si basa sulla teoria del surplus del consumatore. I risultati più rilevanti delle analisi svolte mostrano che gli effetti delle siccità sono socialmente differenziati. Nel settore agricolo si osserva infatti come l’impatto economico sugli agricoltori è diverso da quello che si registra sui consumatori. Gli agricoltori possono perfino guadagnare dalle siccità, a causa del cosiddetto “effetto prezzo”, causato dalla scarsità di beni agricoli in periodi siccitosi; mentre i consumatori perdono sempre, a causa del sommarsi dell’ “effetto prezzo” e dell’ “effetto quantità”. Impatti di segno e magnitudine diversa sono stati anche stimati tra gli stessi agricoltori, quando distinti per tipologia di coltivazione e per sub-area geografica.

The economic importance of forestry as a significant industry in Aotearoa is easily established; but to Māori it is demonstrably even more fundamental whereby a broader set of principles other than...