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112 results on '"salt consumption"'

101. [Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Salt Knowledge Questionnaire to the Spanish language].

Author

Quinteros-Reyes C, Marcionelli-Sandhaus T, and Mayta-Tristán P

Subjects
Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Culturally Competent Care, Educational Status, Expert Testimony, Female, Food Analysis, Health Education, Humans, Hypertension etiology, Hypertension psychology, Male, Peru, Reproducibility of Results, Students, Medical, Translations, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Sodium Chloride, Dietary adverse effects, Surveys and Questionnaires
Abstract

Introduction: In order to reduce salt consumption in Spanish speaking countries it is necessary to know the level of salt knowledge in the population. However, there are no tools in Spanish to measure salt knowledge, but the only valid tool of measurement is the 'Salt Knowledge Questionnaire' (SKQ) developed in Australia, in English., Materials and Methods: A validation study was conducted in three phases: (Phase1) Translation of the original Australian version into Spanish; (Phase2) Cultural adaptation based on a Spanish-speaking population such as Peru and following criteria used in the development of the original questionnaire which was evaluated by a panel of experts; (Phase3) Construct validity by comparing the scores of three groups (experts, medical students and non-experts) and reliability by performing a test retest., Results: The translation of the SKQ into Spanish maintained a semantic equivalence with the original questionnaire and a panel of experts accepted the cultural adaptation. The SKQ enables discrimination between those who know and those who do not because differences of scores were found between the group of experts, students and non-experts (P<.001). A good overall internal consistency of the instrument was found (KR20=0.69) and a good overall intraclass correlation (0.79) and no test variations in test-retest (P>.05)., Conclusions: The SKQ questionnaire in Spanish is valid, reliable and is a suitable first tool to measure knowledge about salt in the Spanish language. It is considered possible to adapt it culturally to the Spanish-speaking country that wishes to use it., (Copyright © 2017 SEH-LELHA. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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102. LIFESTYLE OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

Author

Kanauchi, Masao, Kawano, Takahiro, Akai, Mayumi, Nishioka, Hisayuki, Yashima, Isao, Nakashima, Yasuo, Yabuta, Matahiro, Nishiura, Kimiaki, Dohi, Kazuhiro, Kanauchi, Masao, Kawano, Takahiro, Akai, Mayumi, Nishioka, Hisayuki, Yashima, Isao, Nakashima, Yasuo, Yabuta, Matahiro, Nishiura, Kimiaki, and Dohi, Kazuhiro

Abstract

We evaluated the lifestyle of 214 patients with diabetes mellitus to deter- mine which aspects were affected by their disease and diabetic complications. Information concerning lifestyle was obtained from 15-item questionnaires, and a total lifestyle score (TLS) was calculated. Clinical characteristics including duration of diabetes, glycemic control, current treatment, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and macro- and microvas- cular complications were evaluated. Patients in their 40s had the lowest TLS, and lifestyle factors were strongly associated with glycemic control, ischemic heart disease, and with autonomic neuropathy. Subjects were also divided into two subgroups of equal size based on the median rate of TLS : an adequate lifestyle group and an inadequate lifestyle group. Although degree of excess in caloric intake was similar in these two groups, sodium intake was significantly higher in the inadequate lifestyle group than in the adequate lifestyle group.

Published
2008

103. How much salt do adults consume in climate vulnerable coastal Bangladesh?

Author

Masuma Akter Khanam, Fatema Khatun, Shahidul Hoque, Sabrina Rasheed, Syed Manzoor Ahmed Hanifi, Mary Anne Land, A. K. Siddique, Mohammad Iqbal, Shamshad Jahan, Tamanna Sharmin, and Abbas Bhuiya

Subjects
Adult, Male, Rural Population, medicine.medical_specialty, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Cross-sectional study, Climate Change, Oceans and Seas, Water supply, Logistic regression, Environmental health, Medicine, Humans, Salt intake, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Consumption (economics), Salt consumption, Bangladesh, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Feeding Behavior, Salinity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hypertension, Coastal area, Female, Seasons, Biostatistics, business, 24 h urinary excretion, Research Article
Abstract

Background Evidence from numerous studies suggests that salt intake is an important determinant of elevated blood pressure. Robust data about salt consumption among adults in Bangladesh is sparse. However, much evidence suggests saline intrusion due to sea level rise as a result of climate change exposes more than 20 million people to adverse effects of salinity through the food and water supply. The objective of our study was to assess salt consumption among adults in a coastal region of Bangladesh. Methods Our study was cross sectional and conducted during October-November 2011. A single 24 hour urine was collected from 400 randomly selected individuals over 18 years of age from Chakaria, a rural, coastal area in Southeastern Bangladesh. Logistic regression was conducted to identify the determinants of high salt consumption. Results The mean urinary sodium excretion was 115 mmol/d (6.8 g salt). Based on logistic regression using two different cutoff points (IOM and WHO), housewives and those living in the coastal area had a significantly higher probability of high salt intake compared with people who were engaged in labour-intensive occupations and who lived in hilly areas. Conclusion It is important to create awareness about the implication of excessive salt intake on health and to develop strategies for reducing salt intake that can be implemented at the community-level. A sustainable policy for salt reduction in the Bangladeshi diet should be formulated with special emphasis on coastal areas.

Published
2014

104. Determination of discretionary salt intake in rural Guatemala and Benin to determine the iodine fortification of salt required to control iodine deficiency disorders: studies using lithium-labeled salt

Author

M. J. W. Gerichhausen, M. Rozendaal, H. Rexwinkel, T. van den Briel, Clive E. West, Noel W. Solomons, Alida Melse-Boonstra, and J. Bulux

Subjects
Adult, Male, Rural Population, Fortification, Medicine (miscellaneous), Salt (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, Urine, Iodine, Animal science, Lithium Carbonate, Lithium-marker technique, Medicine, Humans, Benin, Women, Salt intake, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Child, Iodine intake, VLAG, Human Nutrition & Health, chemistry.chemical_classification, Salt consumption, Boys, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Sodium, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, Iodine fortification program, Iodine deficiency disorders, medicine.disease, Guatemala, Iodine deficiency, chemistry, Food, Fortified, Female, business, Urine collection
Abstract

The use of discretionary salt, which is salt added during cooking and at the table, as a suitable vehicle for iodine intake was assessed by measuring salt consumption using the lithium-marker technique in rural areas of Guatemala and Benin. In both countries, we studied boys aged 6-12 y and their mothers. Subjects used lithium-labeled salt after all unlabeled salt was removed from their households. In Guatemala, 24-h urine samples for 9 mother-son pairs were collected at baseline and on days 7, 8, and 9 during the use of lithium-labeled salt. Total maternal salt intake averaged 5.2 ∠ 1.7 g/d (x ∠ SD), of which 77 ∠ 24% came from discretionary sources, whereas Guatemalan boys consumed 1.8 ∠ 0.6 g salt/d, of which 72 ∠ 12% came from discretionary sources. In Benin, urine collection from 13 mother-son pairs took place at baseline and on days 5 and 7. Beninese mothers had a total salt intake of 9.0 ∠ 2.9 g/d and their sons had an intake of 5.7 ∠ 2.8 g/d; discretionary salt contributed 52 ∠ 14% and 50 ∠ 13%, respectively, of total salt consumed. Therefore, fortification of household salt appears to be an appropriate method of controlling iodine deficiency in both countries, although fortification of other salt sources could be considered in Benin. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:636-41.

Published
1998

105. 3-6 Yaş çocuğu olan annelerin tuz tüketimine ilişkin tutum ve alışkanlıkları

Author

Saatli, Gülten, Arlı, Mine, and Diğer

Subjects
Salt consumption, Ev Ekonomisi, Nutrition and Dietetics, Feeding behavior, Preschool childrens, Beslenme ve Diyetetik, Home Economics, Children
Abstract

öz Bu çalışmada 3-6 yaş çocuğu olan 180 annenin karşılıklı görüşme sırasında verdikleri cevaplardan tuz tüketimine ilişkin tutum ve alışkanlıkları, bu 180 çocuğun (86 kız, 94erkek) ve ailelerinin bazı genel beslenme davranışları belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çocukların besinlerden ve tuzdan sağladıkları sodyum miktarları saptanmıştır. Çocukların sodyum tüketim ortalamaları annelerin kaydettikleri besin tüketim formundan hesaplanmış ve kişi başına tuzdan sağlanan sodyum katılarak ortaya konmuştur. Annelerin %53.87'si yemeklerini alışkanlıktan dolayı tuzlu veya tuzsuz pişirdiklerini ifade etmişlerdir. Yetişkinlerin sofrada yemeklerine tuz ilave etme durumu ile çocukların sofrada tuz ilave etme davranışları arasında istatistiksel olarak da anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Çocukların tuz tüketim miktarlarına anne eğitim durumunun etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Birey başına hesaplanan tuz tüketimi günlük 30.96 gr'dır. Çocukların tuzdan ve besinlerden sağladıkları günlük ortalama sodyum miktarı 2604 mg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Erkek çocukların kızlara oranla daha fazla tuz tükettikleri ortaya çıkmıştır (pO.001). Çocukların enerji tüketim durumları ile sodyum tüketimleri arasındaki kolerasyon katsayısı 0.37 olarak bulunmuş ve önemli olduğu saptanmıştır. Çocukların tuzdan sağladıkları sodyum günlük tüketimin yaklaşık % 60.62' sini oluşturmaktadır. Çocukların sodyum tüketimlerinin istenen değerlerde tutulabilmesi için öncelikle annelerin bu konuda bilgilendirilmesi, çocukların sodyumu düşük yiyecekler tüketmeye özendirilmesi, sodyum tüketimi konusunda toplumdaki her yaş ve grupta çeşitli araştırmaların yapılarak gerekli önlemlerin alınması önerilmektedir. 69

Published
1995

106. Atrial ekstraktın tür spesifik özelliği ve tuz tüketimi ile arasındaki ilişki

Author

Yener, Fatma, Ergene, Neyhan, and Diğer

Subjects
Salt consumption, Biyokimya, Atrial extract, Biochemistry, FEN BİLİMLERİ
Abstract

ÖZET Bu çalışmada ANF'nin tür spesifik olup olmadığı ve ANF salgılanması ile diyet tuz düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tür spesifik özelliğinin araştırılması için koyunlardan elde edilen atrial ekstraktlar sıçanlara verilerek plazma ve idrar örneklerindeki Na+, K+ ve osmolalite düzeyleri tesbit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı diyet tuz düzeyle rinin ANF salgılanmasındaki rolü, sıçanlara tuz içerikleri farklı yemler verilip plazma ve idrardaki Na+, K+ miktarları ve osmolalite düzeylerinde ki değişiklikler ölçülerek belirlenmiştir. Histolojik olarak elde edilen kesitlerde de atriumlardaki granüller incelenmiştir. Koyunlardan elde edilen atrial ekstrakt sıçanlara verildiğinde plazma ve idrarda Na+, K+ miktarları artarken osmolalite değerinin düştüğü gözlen miştir, diyetteki tuz miktarının artmasıyla da idrar ve plazmada Na+ - K+ düzeyi kontrollere göre artmakta osmolalite ise düşmektedir. Mikroskobik çalışmalarda atrial granüllerin diyetteki tuz miktarına bağlı olarak arttı ğı belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, ANF'nin etkisinin memelilerde tür spesifik olma dığı, organizmada tuz atılımını kontrol eden faktörün ANF olduğu ve bu fak törün diyetteki tuz miktarına büyük ölçüde bağlı olarak, idrar ve plazma Na+, K+ ve osmolalite düzeylerine etki ettiği düşünülebilir. SUMMARY The aims of this study are to determine whether ANF is species specific and is there a relationship between the diet salt concentrations and ANF. To study the species specificity of ANF, sheep atrial extracts were injected into rats and the levels of Na+, K+ and the osmolality in the plasma and urine were measured. The role of diet salt concentration in the production of ANF was studies as the rats fed by the food with different concentration of salt and the levels of Na+, K+ and the osmola lity of plasma and urine was measured. Histologically, the granules in the cells of atrium were studied. Results showed that, when the sheep extracts injected into rats the urine Na+, K+ level was increased whereas the osmolality was decreased. When the diet salt concentration increased, the plasma and urine Na+ and K+ level was increased whereas osmolality was decreased. Histological studies showed an increase in number of atrial granules. According to these results it is concluded that : The effect of ANF in mammalians may not be specific; the factor which controls the salt excretion is probably ANF; and its effect on the plasma and urine Na+, K+ and osmolality level is probably depend on ANF. 59

Published
1990

107. Natural sea salt consumption confers protection against hypertension and kidney damage in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Author

Lee BH, Yang AR, Kim MY, McCurdy S, and Boisvert WA

Abstract

Although sea salts are widely available to consumers nowadays, whether its consumption over refined salt has any real health benefits is largely unknown. This study was conducted to compare hypertension-inducing propensity of natural sea salt (SS) to refined salt (RS) in a well-established animal model of hypertension. Five groups of male Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed rat chow diet supplemented with various amounts of salt for 15 weeks. The groups were: control (CON, n  = 10), 4% RS (RS4), 4% SS (SS4), 8% RS (RS8), 8% SS (SS8) ( n  = 12 for each group). After 15 weeks, both SS4 and SS8 groups had significantly lower systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to RS4 and RS8 rats, respectively. RS8 rats had markedly higher SBP and DBP compared to all other groups. Echocardiography just prior to sacrifice showed abnormalities in RS4, SS8 and RS8 hearts, while CON and SS4 hearts displayed normal measurements. Plasma renin and aldosterone levels of high salt groups were lower than those of CON, and serum electrolytes were similar amongst all groups. Abnormal kidney pathology and high glomerulosclerosis index scores were seen in RS4 and RS8 rats, but SS4 and SS8 kidneys showed relatively normal morphology similar to CON kidneys. Our findings show that consumption of natural sea salt induces less hypertension compared to refined salt in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat.

Published
2016
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110. Oral contraceptive use in girls and alcohol consumption in boys are associated with increased blood pressure in late adolescence.

Author

Le-Ha C, Beilin LJ, Burrows S, Huang RC, Oddy WH, Hands B, and Mori TA

Subjects
Adiposity, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Age Factors, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Hypertension diagnosis, Hypertension physiopathology, Hypertension prevention & control, Male, Obesity complications, Obesity diagnosis, Obesity physiopathology, Risk Factors, Risk Reduction Behavior, Sex Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary adverse effects, Western Australia epidemiology, Alcohol Drinking adverse effects, Blood Pressure, Contraceptives, Oral adverse effects, Hypertension etiology, Life Style
Abstract

Aims: Lifestyle behaviours established during adolescence may adversely affect blood pressure (BP) and contribute to gender differences in cardiovascular risk in adulthood. We aimed to assess the association of health behaviours with BP in adolescents, using data from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Study., Methods: Cross-sectional analysis on 1248 Raine Study adolescents aged 17 years, to examine associations between lifestyle factors and BP., Results: Boys had 8.97 mmHg higher systolic BP, as compared with girls. The 30% of girls using oral contraceptives (OC) had 3.27 and 1.74 mmHg higher systolic and diastolic BP, respectively, compared with non-users. Alcohol consumption in boys, increasing body mass index (BMI) and the sodium-potassium ratio were associated with systolic BP. We found a continuous relationship between BMI and systolic BP in both genders; however, the gradient of this relationship was significantly steeper in boys, compared with girls not taking OC. In boys, systolic BP was 5.7 mmHg greater in alcohol consumers who were in the upper quartile of BMI and the urinary sodium-potassium ratio compared with teetotallers in the lowest quartile. In girls, systolic BP was 5.5 mmHg higher in those taking OC, in the highest BMI and urinary sodium-potassium ratio quartile as compared to those not taking the OC pill and in the lowest quartile., Conclusion: In addition to gender-related differences in the effects of adiposity on BP, we found lifestyle-related health behaviours such as high salt intake for both sexes, consumption of alcohol in boys, and OC use in girls were important factors associated with BP measurements in late adolescence. This suggests that gender-specific behavioural modification in adolescence may prevent adult hypertension.

Published
2013
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111. A review of population-based studies on hypertension in Ghana.

Author

Addo J, Agyemang C, Smeeth L, de-Graft Aikins A, Edusei AK, and Ogedegbe O

Subjects
Cost of Illness, Ghana epidemiology, Humans, Hypertension diagnosis, Hypertension etiology, Hypertension therapy, Prevalence, Preventive Health Services, Risk Factors, Hypertension epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Hypertension is becoming a common health problem worldwide with increasing life expectancy and increasing prevalence of risk factors. Epidemiological data on hypertension in Ghana is necessary to guide policy and develop effective interventions., Methods: A review of population-based studies on hypertension in Ghana was conducted by a search of the PUBMED database, supplemented by a manual search of bibliographies of the identified articles and through the Ghana Medical Journal. A single reviewer extracted data using standard data collection forms., Results: Eleven studies published on hypertension with surveys conducted between 1973 and 2009 were identified. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in urban than rural areas in studies that covered both types of area and increased with increasing age (prevalence ranging from 19.3% in rural to 54.6% in urban areas). Factors associated with high blood pressure included increasing body mass index, increased salt consumption, family history of hypertension and excessive alcohol intake. The levels of hypertension detection, treatment and control were generally low (control rates ranged from 1.7% to 12.7%)., Conclusion: An increased burden of hypertension should be expected in Ghana as life expectancy increases and with rapid urbanisation. Without adequate detection and control, this will translate into a higher incidence of stroke and other adverse health outcomes for which hypertension is an established risk factor. Prevention and control of hypertension in Ghana is thus imperative and any delays in instituting preventive measures would most likely pose a greater challenge on the already overburdened health system.

Published
2012

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