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The fringe belt phenomenon, which was conceptually put forth by Herbert Luis in 1936, developed by M.R.G. Conzen starting from 1960, and placed on a historico-geographical basis in the context of urban rent theories by J.W.R. Whitehand, has been studied by researchers with different perspectives in cities developed with distinct socio-economic and cultural dynamics in various parts of the world. This paper aims to reveal how the fringe belt concept, which emerged within the Conzenian tradition of urban morphology turn into a phenomenon, has been handled from the time it first appeared to the present, to examine the contribution of different perspectives to the fringe belt literature and to present suggestions for the development of the concept. Selected from peer-viewed journals and academic conferences, 53 different fringe belt studies were examined according to their publication periods, within the framework of spatial, economic, social, and planning perspectives previously discussed by Ünlü (2013) as well as the ecological perspective. In this context, the selected studies are examined based on the case areas, methodology, and main findings on fringe belt formation and change. Property perspective is discussed as a hybrid approach in fringe belt studies. Finally, further research proposals are emphasized in order to realize the fringe belt phenomenon as durable and sustainable urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is lack of consensus in the bioethics literature regarding the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for organ-preserving purposes. In this study, we assessed the perspectives of clinicians in critical care settings to better inform donor management policy and practice. An online anonymous survey of members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine that presented various scenarios about CPR for organ preservation. The email was sent to 10,340 members. It was opened by 5,416 (52%) of members and 405 members (4%) completed the survey with few missing data. A majority of respondents (81%) answered that donation status should not influence whether CPR is performed on an imminently dying patient. There was very strong agreement (>85%) that 1) CPR should be performed on a registered donor who experiences a cardiac arrest with an unknown code status before death by neurological criteria (DNC) and 2) CPR should be performed if the patient is not a registered donor and experiences cardiac arrest but the surrogate/power of attorney (POA) has not yet been approached regarding code status and donation. When a registered donor with a DNR order experiences cardiac arrest before DNC, 98% of respondents would not perform CPR. However, after DNC, respondents were evenly divided on whether they would (49%) or would not (51%) perform CPR on a registered donor with an undocumented code status. When asked whether consent should be required for CPR for organ-preserving purposes, 39% answered "Yes" when a patient arrests before DNC and 48% answered "Yes" when a patient arrests after DNC (P = 0.2). The majority of respondents did not consider donor status relevant to CPR decisions before DNC, and virtually all would respect a DNR order in a registered donor before DNC. Respondents were divided about the need for an affirmative consent for CPR for organ-preserving purposes both before and after DNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of peace is subject to a series of essential changes that affect the structure of the State. This intervention must be oriented towards strengthening institutions to support the fulfillment of what has been agreed, especially when it comes to access to justice. For this reason, an analysis was carried out that contrasts the fulfillment of this fundamental right through the National Public Defender System. Using a qualitative research approach with a descriptive focus and applying the empirical-analytical paradigm, it was identified that at the national level, there are 136 public defenders assigned to the Judicial Representation Program for Victims under Law 975 of 2005, and 633 in the Group of Judicial Representation for Victims, for a total of 769. It was found that there were 327,513 powers of attorney signed in the regional offices of the Ombudsman's Office for 2019 related to land restitution (49,278), victims in the accusatory system (6,018), and justice and peace (272,217). Additionally, there were 8,285 powers of attorney registered from January to June 2020, for a total of 335,798, not including those already assumed. Without disregarding the existence of violative behaviors, linked to non-compliance in denying comprehensive humanitarian assistance (506), as well as delays in resolving procedures for victims of forced displacement (416). It is clear that there is a lack of tools that contribute to guaranteeing the studied right in times of peace, considering the impossibilities and legal situations, as well as the demands of the identified victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Late Middle Ages, the formation of embassies between two sovereign entities was carried out by delegates who required powers of attorney to be considered official representatives and procurators. This article analyses sixty-four documents issued by the Castilian Royal Chancery throughout the late medieval period, revealing their function, as well as how they were formulated and issued. Such analysis allows deeper insight into how the Castilian Royal Chancery adapted its practices for the creation and issuance of documents as rare as they are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Philosophy & Canon Law is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Româna de Dreptul Muncii is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evidence shows that older patients with advance directives such as a living will, or durable power of attorney for healthcare, are more likely to receive care consistent with their preferences at the end of life. Less is known about the use of advance directives between veteran and non-veteran older Americans. Using data from the decedents of a longitudinal survey, we explore whether there is a difference in having an established advance directive between the veteran and non-veteran decedents. Data were taken from the Harmonized End of Life data sets, a linked collection of variables derived from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Exit Interview. Only male decedents were included in the current analysis (N = 4828). The dependent variable, having an established advance directive, was measured by asking the proxy, "whether the deceased respondent ever provided written instructions about the treatment or care he/she wanted to receive during the final days of his/her life" and "whether the deceased respondent had a Durable Power of Attorney for healthcare?" A "yes" to either of the two items was counted as having an advance directive. The independent variable, veteran status, was determined by asking participants, "Have you ever served in the active military of the United States?" at their first HRS core interview. Logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood of having an established advance directive. While there was no difference in having an advance directive between male veteran and non-veteran decedents during the earlier follow-up period (from 1992 to 2003), male veterans who died during the second half of the study period (from 2004 to 2014) were more likely to have an established advance directive than their non-veteran counterparts (OR = 1.24, p < 0.05). Other factors positively associated with having an established advance directive include dying at older ages, higher educational attainment, needing assistance in activities of daily living and being bedridden three months before death, while Black decedents and those who were married were less likely to have an advance directive in place. Our findings suggest male veterans were more likely to have an established advance directive, an indicator for better end-of-life care, than their non-veteran counterparts. This observed difference coincides with a time when the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) increased its investment in end-of-life care. More studies are needed to confirm if this higher utilization of advance directives and care planning among veterans can be attributed to the improved access and quality of end-of-life care in the VHA system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the image of an attorney as characterized in Old Polish literature from the 16th and 17th centuries. It reflected, to some extent, the attitude of the people of the time (primarily the nobility) towards the legal profession. There is no doubt that the perception of attorneys by Old Polish society was unequivocally negative. They were portrayed as greedy, dishonest men, liars with no respect for the law and even instigators of non-compliance with the law. Literary works and political writings broadly condemned such behaviors. However, this stereotype applied only to professional attorneysat- law. By no means were non-professional agents (attorneys in fact) attacked, nor was the institution of the power of attorney itself criticized. It seems that this sort of critical attitude was not estate-based (many attorneys were noblemen), although it is possible that the low descent of lawyers influenced the virulence of the criticism. The paper attempts to answer the question as to what extent the literary image of an attorney corresponded to reality. It seems that the works comprised objective reflections on the legal profession and the emotional attitudes of individuals (including the authors themselves) or social groups. It is noteworthy that these pieces of literature often regarded the entire Polish legal system of the time as dysfunctional. Nevertheless, the recurrence of motifs such as greediness or dishonesty gives reason to believe that at least some of these allegations were not unfounded. At the same time, it should be noted that this image of a lawyer corresponded with the stereotype present in European and non- European culture from antiquity to contemporary times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve global carbon neutrality in the middle of the 21st century, efficient utilization of fossil fuels is highly desired in diverse energy utilization sectors such as industry, transportation, building as well as life science. In the energy utilization infrastructure, about 75% of the fossil fuel consumption is used to provide and maintain heat, leading to more than 60% waste heat of the input energy discharging to the environment. Types of low-grade waste heat recovery technologies are developed to increase the energy efficiency. However, due to the spatial and temporal mismatch between the need and supply of the thermal energy, much of the waste thermal energy is difficult to be recovered. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies in the forms of sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage are developed for relieving the mismatched energy supply and demand. Diverse TES systems are developed in recent years with the superior features of large density, long-term, durable and low-cost. These technologies are vital in efficient utilization of low-grade waste heat and expected for building a low or zero carbon emission society. This paper reviews the thermal storage technologies for low carbon power generation, low carbon transportation, low carbon building as well as low carbon life science, in addition, carbon capture, utilization, and storage are also considered for carbon emission reduction. The conclusion and perspective are raised after discussing the specific technologies. This study is expected to provide a reference for the TES technologies in achieving zero-carbon future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Future medical and financial planning is important for persons with dementia given the impact of the disease on capacity for decision making. Aims: To explore from the perspective of carers of persons with dementia: (1) Participation in future medical and financial planning by the person they care for, including when planning was undertaken and the characteristics associated with having an advance care directive completed; (2) The type of healthcare providers who discussed advance care planning following diagnosis; and (3) Preferences for timing of discussions about advance care planning following diagnosis. Methods: Recruitment and data collection took place between July 2018 and June 2020. Carers of persons with dementia aged 18 years and older were mailed a survey. Participants completed questions regarding completion of various future planning documents by the person they support, including time of completion and who discussed advance care planning following diagnosis. Participants were presented with information about the benefits and consequences of early and late discussions of advance care planning and asked when discussions about advance care planning were best initiated. Results: 198 carers participated. Most participants were female (74%) and had been a carer for more than 2 years (82%). Most participants reported that the person with dementia they support had made a Will (97%) and appointed an Enduring Guardian (93%) and Enduring Power of Attorney (89%). Only 47% had completed an advance care directive. No significant associations were found between characteristics of persons with dementia and completion of an advance care directive. Geriatricians (53%) and GPs (51%) most often discussed advance care planning following diagnosis. Most carers thought that discussions about advance care planning should occur in the first few weeks or months following diagnosis (32%), at the healthcare provider's discretion (31%), or at the time of diagnosis (25%). Conclusions: More than half of persons with dementia do not have an advance care directive. There is variability in preferences for timing of discussions following dementia diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tendency of the Muslim community in property planning to use hibah products is increasing. This situation caused Islamic banking and financial institutions as well as companies and estate planning agencies to take the opportunity by introducing various hibah products, among them trust hibah. The trust hibah is a combination of the principles of hibah and trust. If observed in more detail, the trust hibah is formed through two contracts, namely the hibah contract and the trust contract. Since the trust hibah is a combination of the principles of hibah and trust, it has given rise to legal controversy because the issue of hibah is under the State jurisdiction and the issue of trust is under the Federal jurisdiction. Jurisdiction conflicts in trust hibah matters will continue and certainly confusion regarding the exclusive jurisdiction of the Syariah Court in cases related to Muslim property will continue to exist. Thus, this article aims to identify the jurisdiction of the Federal and State in relation to the trust hibah and to examine the cases of trust hibah that have been decided by the Civil Court and Shariah Court. This study is a qualitative study which utilises documents analysis approach in its data collection process. The study found that there are various forms of judgment in the trial of cases related to the trust hibah. Therefore, the parties involved, especially the legislative body, need to resolve this matter by creating a legal enactment or a guideline that is monitored by an authoritative body. This study has an impact on agencies that are directly involved with wealth planning, legal practitioners, the judiciary and further to the community who are competent to choose a trust hibah contract as their wealth planning instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term endurance of building stones must be assured since their longevity has repercussions for their economic and social value. Frequently, slabs for flooring and cladding are installed with polished finishing in outdoor environments for technical and ornamental purposes in cultural heritage sites and modern civil architecture. Compared to any other finishing, glossy surfaces are rather vulnerable to wear, particularly when they interact with slightly acidic rainwater. Several hydrophobic treatments are applied to prevent this damage by preventing contact between rain and stone; such treatments are efficient but sometimes non-durable. Stakeholders and conservation scientists need better methods to anticipate the future behaviour of this building material and hydrophobic solutions. Complying with this demand, a comparison is made between outdoor natural ageing and artificial weathering, reproduced by UVA radiation, moisture and spray accelerated weathering. Artificial weathering is applied to predict the behaviour of stones over time in the real environment. Data obtained through the measurement of gloss and colour parameters, the detection of micro-textures through SEM, and the calculation of micro-roughness using a digital rugosimeter demonstrate that weakly acidic rainwater is the main cause of superficial decay of stone finishing over just six months of outdoor exposure. This period corresponds to 7–14 days of artificial weathering. Furthermore, the loss of efficiency and durability of the hydrophobic coatings is detected by measuring the static contact angle. This highlights that even if a protective treatment was proficient, it could easily deteriorate in normal weathering conditions if applied on polished, low-porosity stone. Additionally, water vapour permeability indicates variations of regular vapour transmission through the stones due to ageing. The first solution to threats is the prevention of pathologies, including aesthetic ones. A careful choice of the most suitable lithotype finish and an environmental study represent an existing solution to the problem. It must be highlighted that aesthetic requirements should not be prioritised to detriment of the technical requirements of architectural quality, performance, durability, and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Establishing care preferences and selecting a prepared medical decision-maker (MDM) are basic components of advance care planning (ACP) and integral to treatment planning. Systematic ACP in the cancer setting is uncommon. We evaluated a systematic social work (SW)-driven process for patient selection of a prepared MDM. Methods We used a pre/post design, centered on SW counseling incorporated into standard-of-care practice. New patients with gynecologic malignancies were eligible if they had an available family caregiver or an established Medical Power of Attorney (MPOA). Questionnaires were completed at baseline and 3 months to ascertain MPOA document (MPOAD) completion status (primary objective) and evaluate factors associated with MPOAD completion (secondary objectives). Results Three hundred and sixty patient/caregiver dyads consented to participate. One hundred and sixteen (32%) had MPOADs at baseline. Twenty (8%) of the remaining 244 dyads completed MPOADs by 3 months. Two hundred and thirty-six patients completed the values and goals survey at both baseline and follow-up: at follow-up, care preferences were stable in 127 patients (54%), changed toward more aggressive care in 60 (25%), and toward the focus on the quality of life in 49 (21%). Correlation between the patient's values and goals and their caregiver's/MPOA's perception was very weak at baseline, improving to moderate at follow-up. Patients with MPOADs by study completion had statistically significant higher ACP Engagement scores than those without. Conclusion A systematic SW-driven intervention did not engage new patients with gynecologic cancers to select and prepare MDMs. Change in care preferences was common, with caregivers' knowledge of patients' treatment preferences moderate at best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, considers what information a person needs to understand, retain, use and weigh to have capacity to execute a lasting power of attorney [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first of a series of articles on decision-makers under the Mental Capacity Act 2005,Richard Griffith, Senior Lecturer in Health Law at Swansea University, considers lasting power of attorney and its impact [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ottoman Empire, the duties and jurisdictions of the courts are quite wide, and there seems to be no legal dispute that does not fall into this area. Court decisions were recorded in the registry book by specifying the date and a document was given to the parties. In order to make the judicial process fair in the places under the domination of the Ottoman State, qadi was sent to those places. After the Syrian territory came under Ottoman rule, qadi was appointed to centers such as Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo. The first of the Aleppo Sharia (qadi) records that have survived until today is dated 956/1549. The sharia register number 1, recorded in Arabic, is the main source of our work. There are three thousand three hundred and forty-eight documents in the said registry. In this record, many people from Aleppo and its environs, from various segments of the society, applied to the court in order to resolve the conflict between them. Among them; There are Jews, Christians, peasants, artisans, merchants, slaves and women. The subjects of most of the applications made by women to the court are marriage, talaq (divorce), mahr, alimony, power of attorney, commercial relations, debt issue, berat-ı dhimmet and similar issues. In this study, the situation of women who defend their rights or apply to the Aleppo Court to register their work will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reconsiders the problem of a durable-good monopolist who cannot make intertemporal commitments. The buyer's valuation is binary and his private information. The seller has access to dynamic contracts and, in each period, decides whether to deploy the previous period's contract or to replace it with a new one. The main result of the paper is that the Coase conjecture fails: the monopo-list's payoff is bounded away from the low valuation irrespective of the discount factor. (JEL D42, D82, D86, L12) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the role of new-product quality for the dynamics of durable-good expenditures around the Great Recession. We assemble a rich dataset on US new-car markets during 2004–12, combining data on transaction prices with detailed information about vehicles' technical characteristics. During the recession, a reallocation of expenditures away from high-quality new models accounts for a significant decline in the dispersion of expenditures. In turn, car manufacturers introduced new models of lower quality. The drop in new-model quality persistently depressed the technology embodied in vehicles, and likely contributed to the slow recovery of expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Protected area (PA) sustainability is challenged worldwide by legal downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD). National and local case studies of ecologically destructive PADDD events provide useful insights that may help respond to or prevent future events. Using information from legal documents and expert input, we identified 37 PADDD events that affected two adjacent PAs in northeastern Cambodia differently despite similar economic, environmental, and social conditions. Important differences in local context led to the eventual degazettement (100% loss) of one PA and downsizing (10.49% loss) of the other, the rest of which remains protected. This case study confirms the contribution of secure Indigenous land tenure to durable conservation governance and demonstrates the importance of investing in site‐level capacity to ensure that social and ecological conditions are monitored and proposed PADDD events can be successfully challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the validation of the internationalization imperative in higher education institutions (HEIs) of the Nordic countries. I focus on both the goals and motives behind activities supporting internationalization, but also on the manner of their habitualization and institutionalization in the practice of academic administration and organizational management. The issue of legitimization of institutional changes is addressed by means of the rationalized myths that create durable dispositions for specific practices, changes in procedures and attitudes in a given socio-political setting. I draw on empirical examples that include practical solutions and strategies developed under the conditions of semiperipheral positionality of the Nordic states. This perspective makes their internationalization policies an interesting frame of reference for other countries and the paper concludes by pointing to the latest trends that can serve either as an inspiration or a warning for other states. The Nordic countries offer an example of how institutionalizing the 'strategic gains' narrative from globalization may lead to a recalibration of an earlier knowledge regime along with attempts to change centre-periphery relations, including the reframing of priorities and rationalities of different stakeholders in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the durable, yet largely overlooked, claims of Bahu Begam (1727–1815) to dynastic wealth and authority in the Awadh nawabi (1722–1856), a North Indian Mughal 'successor state' and an important client of the East India Company. Chief consort (khass mahal) to Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula (r. 1754–75) and mother to his successor Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula (r. 1775–97), Bahu Begam played a well-documented role in the regime's tumultuous politics, particularly during Warren Hastings's tenure as the Company's governor-general (1773–85) and his later parliamentary impeachment. But despite her prominent political influence, little attention has been paid to the substance of her persistent claims to proprietorship over revenue rights and the immense fortune in her custody, as well as her broader assertions of authority over Awadh's male rulers. Taking those claims seriously, this article contends that the begam rooted her arguments in notions of natural deference to maternal authority and generational seniority, evolving dynastic traditions of co-sharing sovereignty and fiscal resources, and her particular history as a principal financier of the Awadh regime. In so doing, the article argues that the begam's claims reflect the shifting conceptual language of late-Mughal Persianate political discourse and the ambivalent position of elite women as dynastic financiers and state-builders in early colonial South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdution: Few studies examine the financial burden of clinical psychology doctoral programs and its impact on achievements, stress, and mental health. Objectives: The current study sought to better understand students' financial stress and debt, and how financial stress may impact their mental health and the attainment of personal and professional milestones. Method: Students (N = 912) completed an online survey assessing demographics, sources of income and expenditures, mental health, and milestones. Results: After accounting for yearly inflation, stipends have not kept pace with the average cost of living in the United States. Over one‐third of students indicated that they had no expendable pretax income after paying for their education and typical living expenses. Additionally, over 80% reported acquiring additional debt in graduate school to offset their living expenses. Financial concerns were associated with delays in major life milestones (e.g., buying a car/house, getting married/starting a family, having children), as well as avoiding medical (34.2%) or mental (41.4%) health care, with 17.5% of participants experiencing a health crisis they could not afford while in graduate school. Financial stress was associated with an increase in time spent thinking about finances, higher rates of depression and anxiety symptoms, and decreased sleep. Conclusion: Many clinical psychology doctoral students experience financial stress and are often unable to afford basic educational, personal living, and health care expenses, likely worsening mental health. Academic programs and leadership are encouraged to increase student stipends, improve financial transparency, provide access to health care, and alleviate financial stress and debt [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this installment of our "Looking at Patent Law" series, we present a case study of the prosecution of US Patent No. 9,559,375: "Iron Flow Battery." This invention aligns with several ECS divisions, including Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE), Battery (BATT), Energy Technology (ETD), and Electrodeposition (ELDP). The '375 patent issued on January 31, 2017 with inventors Robert F. Savinell and Jesse S. Wainright. The assignee of the patent was Case Western Reserve University (CWRU). The case study begins with a brief synopsis of the background of the invention followed by 1) summary of key drawings and the specification of the invention, 2) inventor assignment and power of attorney designations, 3) submission of the Invention Disclosure Statement (IDS) and associated Duty of Candor, 4) summary of the non-final office action (NF-OA) and rejection, and 5) applicant response and allowance of the patent application. The case study illustrates overcoming "lack of novelty" and "obviousness" rejections by combining the limitation of dependent claims with the independent claim. With this case study, we hope to de-mystify the patent prosecution process and better prepare electrochemical and solid-state scientists, engineers, and technologists to interact with their patent counsel regarding their inventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalyst innovation that aims at noble‐metal‐free substitutes is one key aspect for future sustainable hydrogen energy deployment. In this paper, a nickel cobalt sulfoselenide/black phosphorus heterostructure (NiCoSe|S/BP) was fabricated to realize the highly active and durable water electrolysis through interface and valence dual‐engineering. The NiCoSe|S/BP nanostructure was constructed by in‐situ growing NiCo hydroxide nanosheet arrays on few‐layer BP and subsequently one‐step sulfoselenization by SeS2. Besides the conductive merit of BP substrate, holes in p‐type BP are capable of oxidizing the Co2+ to high‐valence and electron‐accepting Co3+, benefiting the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Meanwhile, Ni3+/Ni2+ ratio in the heterostructure is reduced to maintain the electrical neutrality, which corresponds to the increased electron‐donating character for boosting hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As for HER and OER, the heterostructured NiCoSe|S/BP electrocatalyst exhibits small overpotentials of 172 and 285 mV at 10 mA cm−2 (η10) in alkaline media, respectively. And overall water splitting has been achieved at a low cell potential of 1.67 V at η10 with high stability. Molecular sensing and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are further proposed for understanding the rate‐determine steps and enhanced catalytic mechanism. The investigation presents a deep‐seated perception for the electrocatalytic performance enhancement of BP‐based heterostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing highly active, durable, and nonprecious metal‐based bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water electrolysis is of urgent scientific importance to realize the sustainable hydrogen production, which remains a grand challenge. Herein, an innovative approach is demonstrated to synthesize flower‐like 3D homogenous trimetallic Mn, Ni, Co phosphide catalysts directly on nickel foam via electrodeposition followed by plasma phosphidation. The electrochemical activity of the catalysts with varying Mn:Ni:Co ratios is assessed to identify the optimal composition, demonstrating that the equimolar trimetallic phosphide yields an outstanding HER catalytic performance with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an ultra‐low overpotential of ~14 mV, outperforming the best reported electrocatalysts. This is asserted by the DFT calculations, revealing strong interaction of the metals and the P atom, resulting in enhanced water activation and optimized GH* values for the HER process. Moreover, this optimal composition appreciably catalyzes the OER by exposing more intrinsic active species in‐situ formed on the catalyst surface during the OER. Therefore, the Mn1‐Ni1‐Co1‐P‐(O)/NF catalyst exhibits a decreased overpotential of ~289 mV at 10 mA cm−2. More importantly, the electrocatalyst sustains perfect durability up to 48 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and continued 5000 cycling stability for both HER and OER. Meanwhile, the assembled MNC‐P/NF||MNC‐P/NF full water electrolyzer system attains an extremely low cell voltage of 1.48 V at 10 mA cm−2. Significantly, the robust stability of the overall system results in a remarkable current retention of ~96% after a continuous 50‐h run. Therefore, this study provides a facile design and a scalable construction of superb bifunctional ternary MNC‐phosphide electrocatalysts for efficient electrochemical energy production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most people hope they will never need another person to step in and make.financial decisions for them if they become "incapacitated." Just ask Britney Spears. Yet many execute a power of attorney to protect their assets in case it happens to them. The power of attorney has become the universal financial management tool to prepare for, future incapacity, preferred because it allows loved ones to effortlessly assist an elder with diminishing capacity. Unfortunately, along with ease of use, comes ease of abuse. Too often this ubiquitous instrument is used to misappropriate an elder's property or usurp their autonomy due to a lack of oversight. The rate of elder Anancial exploitation continues to rise as the U.S. population ages. The COVID-19 pandemic also exacerbated isolation and vulnerability ®r our elders. Nevertheless, the legal profession steadfastly holds its grip on the power of attorney as a utility instrument-despite the high risk. The academic conversation too narrowly jbcuses on a polarized choice: Either keeping powers of attorney unregulated and unsupervised or opting for an overly restrictive regulatory process. Rather than adhering to this false dichotomy, a better approach is creating a legal.framework to address the increasing number of elders exploited at the hands of unscrupulous individuals. This Art icle posits that the rise in elderfinancial exploitation due to power-of-attorney abuse demands a more robust and creative framework. The federal legislative response has been anemic: despite passage of the Elder Justice Act, which established a collaborative approach to protective services, the mandate has remained woefully underfunded. To prevent elder financial exploitation. a multi-disciplinary infrastructure should be bolstered with necessary oversight and protection measures. In particular, the model should be enhanced with agent supervision and a centralized power-ofattorney registry to increase detection and prevention, while not overburdening agents or elders. It is no longer adequate to allow unregulated power-ofattorney use while a growing number of elders remain at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse life course events associated with unemployment can negatively affect individuals' future labor market prospects. Unauthorized status, and subsequent unauthorized employment, may operate similarly, marring immigrants' labor market prospects even after they change legal status. However, it is unclear how and why any durable disadvantage associated with prior unauthorized status operates differently by gender. This is an important shortcoming, given that legal status and gender overlap to influence both migration and stratification. Using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of lawful permanent residents, we find durable disadvantage associated with prior exposure to unauthorized status, especially among women. Men with prior exposure to unauthorized status experience persistent occupational disadvantage over time relative to men who were never unauthorized. However, women with exposure to unauthorized status experience widening occupational disadvantage over time relative to women who were never unauthorized. Human capital and legal processes help to explain this pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past several decades, developing Asia has achieved outstanding growth rates in the globalization process. Unfortunately, this impressive growth in the emerging Asia seemly has not automatically brought about sufficient decent work for the expanding population. Particularly, temporary jobs are often claimed to be associated with lower remuneration and poor working conditions. Meanwhile, in developing Asia, where this problem is apparently acute, empirical research on this topic remains scarce. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by focusing on the interesting case of Pakistan. This research uses the Pakistani labor force survey 2008-2009. Only wage workers are kept for the analyses. The self-selection into wage workers and endogeneity associated with contract status are carefully considered. After doing different statistic tests, the control function method developed by Wooldridge (2015) appears to be the most relevant to investigate the wage differentials associated with contract status for Pakistani workers. The estimation shows that holding a fixed term written contract or no written contract instead of a long-term written contract could significantly reduce wages for Pakistani workers. However, the extent of wage inequality depends on how defining contract status. If we rely on the Pakistani national definition of fixed term contract, engaging in this job is likely to suffer the highest penalty in terms of hourly wage. Such a finding no longer holds once we refer to the international standard definition of fixed term contract. Besides, the wage gaps associated with contract status change if the monthly wage is the independent variable instead of hourly wage. These findings highlight the importance of a stable contractual arrangement and labor market regulation enforcement in tackling the wage penalty and assuring decent work for all in Pakistan. With a mega labor force and demographic dividend, Pakistan should prioritize job quality and equality to achieve inclusive and durable development and mitigate social instability. This study is a timely reply to the urgent demand for empirical evidence on contract-status-related wage differentials in Pakistan, serving as a reference for labor policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaps in health-care services for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are not isolated incidents. They are systemic and disadvantage women. In this study, we explored the juxtaposition of power and agency in diagnosis narratives collected from 72 Canadian women diagnosed with PCOS. Using Braun and Clarke's inductive codebook thematic analysis, three themes of power were constructed: physicians as gatekeepers, oppression as intersectional, and antagonistic provider communications, leading to emotional and cognitive impacts. Themes of agency centered on education, active resistance strategies, and collective action. Implications for these findings are discussed in relation to women's health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant development of society necessitates the evolution of its most important social regulator – law, whose changes quite naturally affect the functioning of the judicial system itself. A good knowledge of the legal rules that are being missed determines to a great extent the full participation of citizens in the process. In the study, the ways in which the attorney can be constituted in the criminal proceedings are analyzed, and the moment at which this procedural representative can enter the current phase and stages of the process is also discussed. The two ways in which the attorney is constituted in the criminal process are clarified – appointment by an act of a state body and de facto composition, which consists of two elements – a power of attorney from the represented person and final actions by which the relevant state body allows the attorney to participate in production. The findings show that, unlike the victim, the person who is constituted in the judicial phase as a civil liability and the damaged legal entity do not participate in the pre-trial proceedings and accordingly do not have the right to an attorney in this phase. This naturally has a negative impact on the right of defense of these persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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