Search

This study complements existing literature by examining the short-run heterogeneous and longrun homogeneous impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on ecological footprints in 37 African countries for the period 1990 to 2019. Utilizing the pooled mean group estimator, our findings show considerable heterogeneity in the impact of FDI and international trade on ecological footprints in the short run. In particular, the findings revealed that while FDI increases ecological footprints in Botswana, Egypt, and Mauritania, it reduces ecological footprints in Algeria, Comoros, Gambia, and Togo. Furthermore, the findings revealed that international trade increases ecological footprints in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, and Eswatini but reduces ecological footprints in Algeria, Mauritania, and Morocco. Nonetheless, the study finds that in the long run, FDI significantly reduces ecological footprints while international trade has no significant influence on the environment. The study further finds economic growth and population to be significant in propping up ecological footprints in the long run. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed.

This paper uses firm level data to examine the impact of tariff and adoption of ECOWAS Common External Tariff (CET) on manufacturing sector employment in Nigeria. The empirical strategy is based on Pooled Mean Group (PMG), which is one of the panel cointegrating regression techniques. The findings show that tariff does not have short-run effect on manufacturing employment in Nigeria. However, in the long-run employment in manufacturing firms declines with increase in tariff rate. The decline is more in the non-exporting firms, than in the exporting firms. It is also evident that CET does not have short-run effect on manufactured employment but harms employment in the long-run. It however, enhances employment when reform is interacted with tariff. It is therefore, recommended that Nigeria should generally reduce tariff rates and avoid policy inconsistency in order to achieve the desire long-run impact. Blanket policy reform targeting at all firms in the manufacturing sector should be discouraged. Case by case analysis should always be carried out so as to identify which policy is most appropriate for each manufacturing sub-sector. Finally, it is recommended the government should always follow up trade agreements with corresponding appropriate trade policy reform so as to maximize the gains from such agreement.&nbsp

Throughout the planet, the medical challenges posed by the pandemic caused by the SARS-Cov-2/COVID-19 coronavirus have overlapped, inter alia, with the necessity to continue the academic process on every level. Romania was no exception. With the new vaccines against COVID-19, the hope of resuming face-to-face activity, considered as ‘normal’ before 2020, has emerged. In these circumstances, not at all far-fetched, certain questions have arisen, such as: should and must the online university education be completely removed? Should this form of education be continued? If so, to what extent? We have used econometric methods related to ARDL (auto regressive distributed lag models) such as pooled mean group (PMG) and mean group (MG) and used different tests for unit roots for the stationarity check of the series implied. The results show the positive effect of digitalisation on tertiary education and also the positive impact of the latter on sustainable development, as a base for future stimulation in public policies. The present study also aims to harness the university experience of these times, from some of the main Romanian university centres, the method used was a quantitative and qualitative research based on a questionnaire, which was answered by a number of 258 university teachers and 1569 students from prestigious public and private universities. The results of this analysis allowed us to conclude that most of the participants in the university educational process have adapted to the online activity, and the latter ‘saved’ the academic years 2019–2020 and, respectively, 2020–2021. The present study is useful for tertiary education institution and policymakers in terms of formulating strategies and policy recommendations to support teachers and students during any future pandemics.

Orientation: Access to and use of formal finance can be an epitome for poverty reduction in developing and transitional economies. Most of these economies experienced great growth in gross domestic product (GDP) compounded with exploding inequality, including racial wealth gaps, increasing starvation, exorbitant health and housing costs. Research purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between financial intermediation and poverty within the context of financial dimensions of financial access, financial efficiency and financial stability. Motivation for the study: Previous literature focuses mainly on the role of financial development in poverty reduction, with a dearth of literature on the other financial dimensions of financial access, financial efficiency and financial stability in reducing poverty. Research approach/design and method: A quantitative approach was used in this study through econometric analysis of the data. A panel data analysis was used for a panel of 35 developing countries, mainly in Africa. The panel heterogeneous estimation method of pooled mean group was employed in a panel autoregressive distributed lags setting for this article Main findings: Financial intermediation, including the other financial dimensions, reduces poverty. The effect of the financial dimensions depended on how poverty is measured. Practical/managerial implications: Policymakers and development agencies should take note of poverty measurement in addressing poverty challenges. Distorted understanding of poverty will result in distorted policies, which yield little or no results for the effective use of formal finance to reduce poverty. Contribution/value-add: Other financial dimensions of the formal financial sector can be considered for the use in poverty reduction strategies.

In this paper, we estimate short- and long-term tax buoyancy for 30 Asian-Pacific countries during 1980–2017 using recent panel techniques. Using Mean Group estimators, we found that the short-run buoyancy is statistically not different from one, while the long-run buoyancy is statistically larger than one. In 11 out of 30 countries, growth has improved fiscal sustainability over time, while in only 4 out of 30 countries the tax system has acted as a good automatic stabilizer. Results are robust to the estimation with alternative estimators, the inclusion of inflation and tax rates. We uncovered that buoyancies increased in magnitude and significance over time. Lastly, resorting to nonlinear estimations of short-run buoyancies contingent on the phase of the business cycle, we find that buoyancy is generally larger during recessions. authorsversion published

This paper uses firm level data to examine the impact of tariff and adoption of ECOWAS Common External Tariff (CET) on manufacturing sector employment in Nigeria. The empirical strategy is based on Pooled Mean Group (PMG), which is one of the panel cointegrating regression techniques. The findings show that tariff does not have short-run effect on manufacturing employment in Nigeria. However, in the long-run employment in manufacturing firms declines with increase in tariff rate. The decline is more in the non-exporting firms, than in the exporting firms. It is also evident that CET does not have short-run effect on manufactured employment but harms employment in the long-run. It however, enhances employment when reform is interacted with tariff. It is therefore, recommended that Nigeria should generally reduce tariff rates and avoid policy inconsistency in order to achieve the desire long-run impact. Blanket policy reform targeting at all firms in the manufacturing sector should be discouraged. Case by case analysis should always be carried out so as to identify which policy is most appropriate for each manufacturing sub-sector. Finally, it is recommended the government should always follow up trade agreements with corresponding appropriate trade policy reform so as to maximize the gains from such agreement.

The possible linkage between environmental regulation and happiness represents a relatively new and little explored issue. This study wants to contribute to this recent stream of research by examining the long-run relationship between environmental protection expenditure and happiness in the case of European countries. The analysis draws both on micro data from Veenhoven's (2013) World Database of Happiness and macro data of 19 European countries observed during the period 1997–2019. A dynamic panel heterogeneity analysis through an autoregressive distributed lag model is applied, using three different estimators: the dynamic fixed effect, the mean group and the pooled mean group estimators. In order to account for cross-sectional dependence of the panel, Westerlund cointegration tests are also used. Dynamic fixed effect estimations highlight the existence of a direct link between happiness and environmental protection expenditure in the long run while the unemployment rate negatively affects happiness both in the short and in the long run. Our analysis recommends governments to include environmental expenditure among possible instruments to improve domestic well-being, highlighting the importance of the interplay between environmental quality and life satisfaction. The last aspect is crucial when implementing national and European policy measures to promote sustainable development.

International audience; The study empirically examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypotheses by investigating the relationship between ecological footprint, economic growth, energy consumption, and population growth. The study uses ecological footprint as a measurement of environmental degradation which is a more comprehensive indicator and considers all factors responsible for environmental degradation. Keeping in view the problem of cross-sectional dependence, a more efficient estimation tools like pooled mean group and augmented mean group have been used to estimate the long-run parameters for 22 European countries from 1995 through 2015. Results of the study found a quadratic relationship between income growth and ecological footprint and support validity of EKC. Energy consumption positively contributes to ecological footprint, while population growth plays no significant role in determining environmental quality. The long-run estimates of the study are validated through robustness analysis by employing dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) techniques. Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel non-causality test indicated that there is a unidirectional causality running from GDP to ecological footprint while bidirectional causality running between energy consumption and ecological footprint. The study identified that population growth in European region is not a severe issue as compared to intensive energy consumption. Policies which restrict emission, deforestation, and water pollution should be adopted for sustainability of environment.

This study investigated the relationship between sustainable development and crude oil revenue (COR) in selected oil-producing African countries from 1992&ndash, 2017 using the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators on panel autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL). Sustainable development was measured with the Human Development Index (HDI). This study was significant for Africa to break away from fiscal over-dependence on natural resource revenue, especially crude oil due to its high volatility and to correct porous institutional outlook. The a priori expectation is that crude oil revenue will tank so much that many countries will record negative positions and might not be to meet fiscal demands in the long run if the situation is protracted. Empirical results revealed that there was no long-term relationship between COR and sustainable development. In other words, the results suggest that any changes to COR have a potential negative effect on sustainable development in the selected countries. This implies over-reliance on COR will impact the economies negatively in the long run. This finding, therefore, requires an immediate fiscal intervention on spending on sustainable development drivers such as education, health, agriculture cum adoption diversification policy, and veritable supply-side policies that could avert the possibility of these negative effects and to correct traits of ineffective public institution. The absence of such policy interventions in these countries seems to be related to ineffective public institution and bad governance, culminating from poor, ineffective, and inefficient implementation.

The present inquiry addresses the income-environment relationship in oil-producing countries and scrutinizes the further drivers of atmospheric pollution in the respective settings. The existing literature that tests the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis within the framework of the black-box approaches provides only a bird’s-eye perspective on the long-run income-environment relationship. The aspiration behind this study is making the first step toward the disentanglement of the sources of carbon dioxide emissions, which could be employed in the pollution mitigation policies of this group of countries. Based on the combination of two strands of literature, the environmental Kuznets curve conjecture and the resource curse, the paper at hand proposes an augmented theoretical framework of this inquiry. To approach the research questions empirically, the study employs advanced panel cointegration techniques. To avoid econometric misspecification, the study also employs for the first time a nonparametric time-varying coefficient panel data estimator with fixed effects (NPFE) for the dataset of 37 oil-producing countries in the time interval spanning between 1989 and 2019. The empirical analysis identifies the level of per capita income, the magnitude of oil rents, the share of fossil fuel-based electricity generation in the energy mix, and the share of the manufacturing sector in GDP as essential drivers of carbon dioxide emissions in the oil-rich countries. Tertiarization, on the contrary, leads to a substantial reduction of emissions. Another striking result of this study is that level of political rights and civil liberties are negatively associated with per capita carbon emissions in this group of countries. Furthermore, the study decisively rejects an inverted U-shaped income-emission relationship and validates the monotonically or exponentially increasing impact of average income on carbon dioxide emissions.

This study aims to reveal how absorbable foreign direct investment (FDI) and macroeconomic performance affect technology diffusion along with patent applications, imports and human capital in 14 selected emerging markets (EMs) between 1980-2017. To do this, a new approach for indexing macroeconomic performance is suggested and a strongly balanced panel was investigated with two different econometric approaches. Key findings are as follows: (i) suggested macroeconomic performance index performs well under pooled mean group and dynamic common correlated effects estimations and proves the importance of macroeconomic outlook for developing countries, (ii) the positive effect of human capital on total factor productivity turns to negative when common factors are included in the estimation, meaning that international technology spillovers are a key source of productivity increases for developing countries., Bu çalışma, patent başvuruları, ithalat ve beşerî sermayenin yanında absorbe edilebilir doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar (DYY) ve makroekonomik performans verilerini de dikkate alarak seçilmiş 14 gelişmekte olan ülke için 1980-2017 döneminde teknoloji difüzyonunu incelemektedir. Bu amaç bağlamında makroekonomik performansı endekslemeye yönelik farklı bir yaklaşım önerilmiş ve dengeli bir panel veri seti üzerinde iki ayrı ekonometrik yaklaşım ile çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular şunlardır: (i) önerilen makroekonomik performans indeksi karma ortalama grup ve dinamik ortak korelasyonlu etkiler tahminlemeleri kapsamında iyi performans sergilemiş ve makroekonomik görünümün gelişen ülkeler için önemini ortaya koymuştur, (ii) beşerî sermayenin toplam faktör verimliliği üzerindeki pozitif etkisi ortak faktörlerin analize dahil edilmesiyle negatife dönmektedir. Bunun anlamı, uluslararası teknoloji yayılımı etkilerinin gelişmekte olan ülkeler için anahtar verimlilik kaynaklarından biri olduğudur.

This study estimates the impact of wood fuel consumption on economic growth in 19 sub-Saharan African countries over the 1979-2017 period. The study employs dynamic macro-panel estimators, which comprises pooled mean group (PMG), mean group (MG), and dynamic fixed effects (DFE). The estimated result reveals that PMG is the most efficient estimator among the three estimators based on the Hausman h-test. The results from PMG model reveal that wood fuel consumption has significant negative impact on economic growth. Also, when an interaction term between labor and wood fuel consumption was included in the model and estimated, the coefficient of wood fuel consumption yields negative and significant coefficient. This suggests that the interaction term has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. These results unveil that wood fuel consumption negatively and significantly affect economic growth, both directly and indirectly. The policy recommendations from this study are as follows: (1) Governments of these countries should provide adequate and affordable modern fuels to the populace, especially rural dwellers to decrease the use of wood fuel for cooking and heating (2) policy makers should intensify awareness campaign on the risk and danger wood fuel poses to economic growth so as to discourage its use and (3) policy makers should provide adequate solar powered stoves and solar-powered room heaters as cheap substitutes to the use of wood fuel for cooking and heating. These recommendations will assist in negating the negative effects of wood fuel consumption on economic growth of the region.

This paper provides long- and short-run tax buoyancy estimates for a group of 12 Caribbean countries over the period 1991-2017. Using panel regressions , the study found that the long- and short-run tax buoyancy estimates are statistically greater than one. However, the results vary by tax categories: with respect to indirect taxes, which accounts for almost 65 percent of total tax revenues, the buoyancy of the long-run coefficient is significantly less than 1 (0.35), while for direct taxes it is significantly greater than 1 (1.33). It also found that long-run tax buoyancy was lower in the post global financial crisis period. With respect to short-run buoyancy, corporate taxes and trade taxes are the most buoyant , while property taxes were found to be statistically insignificant. For taxes on goods on services, the single most important tax for most countries, both long- and short-run buoyancy is not significantly different from 1 .

PhD (Economics), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, 2020 The need to attain robust growth and sustainable development has led most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to adopt different policies and strategies at various stages of their development since independence. However, owing to distortions in the economic, financial and institutional arrangements in this region in the 1960s, recourse to external debt to galvanise the economies towards a path of sustainable development became the norm from the 1970s. Indeed, in the past few decades, the external debt stock of SSA countries has increased significantly, thus, making the debate on its sustainability and role in financing the development process of these countries particularly important. Moreover, beyond the issue of sustainability or otherwise of foreign borrowing and the controversy over its effect on growth, the impact of institutions in the borrowing countries has also come to the fore in recent years. Thus, this thesis investigated the relationship between external debt, institutional quality and economic growth in SSA countries. The overarching aim of the study was subsequently divided into primary, theoretical and empirical objectives. To achieve the empirical objectives of the study, a quantitative research approach was adopted. Specifically, three major econometric models (one for each empirical objective) were estimated by means of panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique. The first model examined the nonlinear effect of external debt on economic growth, while the second model investigated the channels of transmission between external debt and economic growth. The third model examined the role of institutional quality in the relationship between external debt and economic growth. Each model estimation was preceded by statistical tests: summary of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and panel unit root tests. While both descriptive statistics and correlation analysis shed light on the various characteristics of the data, results from the panel unit root tests conducted showed that the variables employed in each of the models were of mixed stationarity, in which case some were stationary at level, while others became stationary, only at first difference. Furthermore, annual secondary data between 1985 and 2017 for thirty SSA countries were employed in the study. The data sets were obtained from different sources comprising the World Bank’s WDI and WGI, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s WEO, the World Penny Table (version 9.1) and the ICRG) database. Results from the panel ARDL regression for investigating the nonlinear effect of external debt on economic growth in SSA reported both long-run and short-run estimates. The long-run PMG estimates established that external debt exerts a nonlinear impact on economic growth in SSA over the study period. In particular, the relationship between the two variables was found to be hump-shaped, which indicates that external debt stock at moderate levels enhances economic growth before reaching a threshold, beyond which it begins to depress economic growth. This threshold was determined for different measures of external debt. On the other hand, the short run estimates established that external debt has no impact on economic growth in the short run. Moreover, these results were found to be robust to alternative measures of external debt. Furthermore, a second set of models were estimated to establish the channels of transmission in the relationship between external debt and economic growth. Results from the PMG estimators affirmed private investment, public investment and total factor productivity as the channels through which the nonlinear effect of external debt is transmitted to economic growth. Furthermore, the PMG estimates confirmed that interest rate is a channel transmitting linear and positive effect from external debt to economic growth. On the other hand, the results established that savings is not a channel of transmission between the two variables. The third model investigated the role of institutional quality in the relationship between external debt and economic growth. Results from the various regressions showed that while external debt exerts a negative effect on economic growth, institutional quality mitigates the adverse effect in countries with good institutions. Furthermore, the minimum level of institutional quality beyond which external debt becomes beneficial to economic growth was determined. The results of the sensitivity analysis conducted also showed that the estimates were robust to alternative measures of institutional quality. The study concludes that SSA countries should drastically reduce their reliance on external debt in their quest to fund their developmental efforts, through efficient use of existing accumulated debt, deepening of tax base, implementation of export-led growth strategy, strict adherence to external debt thresholds and greater emphasis on aids. Further, it is suggested that monetary authorities in SSA should endeavour to stimulate private investment by reducing interest rate, while the government should enhance total factor productivity by providing enabling environment and support for massive acquisition of productive equipment, investing in human capital and by stimulating international best-practice corporate governance. Lastly, the study concludes that there is urgent need for SSA countries to consciously pursue rapid improvement in governance infrastructure. Doctoral

The main objective of the present study was to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors on environmental degradation or preservation using the logarithmic mean disivia index (LMDI). The study used the latest data from thirty Chinese provinces from 2012 to 2020. Pooled mean group (PMG) results were estimated to determine the long-term and short-term impact of the aforementioned compound variables on carbon emissions. The study results revealed that population growth, per capita GDP growth, and fossil fuel-led energy consumption, positively impacted environmental degradation in China at the provincial level. However, clean energy intensity and a transition towards renewable energy in China are helping to reduce carbon emissions. Similarly, clean energy intensity is also helping to lower carbon emissions. The study proposed that at the provincial level, joint efforts were required to control environmental degradation in China. The positive impact of renewable energy intensity on carbon emissions encourages the transition from fossil fuels to clean energy sources for environmentally friendly growth.

Tourism has emerged as a major industry worldwide and a sector in many countries. This sector has experienced a rapid growth and has become a key driver for sustainable socioeconomic developments globally. However, tourism is also a vector of environmental degradation through the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the main factors that are affecting the tourism demand in ASEAN-5 countries. Using a panel of five ASEAN countries over a 44-year period and applying the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) approach, the empirical results have shown that the major determinants of tourism demand in these countries are income, trade, tourism price, and carbon dioxide emission. The results have also shown that the PMG performed better than the Mean Group (MG) estimator. This paper refers to the PMG estimator because it constrains the long run coefficients to be identical, but allows the short run coefficients and error variances to differ across groups. Income and trade appeared to exert significant positive impacts on tourism demand, whereas tourism price and carbon dioxide emissions have negative impacts on tourism demand in these ASEAN-5 countries. The results would be a good reference for policy makers in these specific countries.

This study empirically analysed the impact of capital inflow on growth in sub Saharan Africa employing the Pooled Mean Group estimator from the years 1985 to 2015. The study utilised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Official Development Assistance and Foreign Aid (ODA) and Remittance (REM) as indicators of capital inflow. Short run result indicates that the various forms of capital inflow do not have significant impact on growth but while FDI and REM were negatively related to growth, AID was positively related to growth. However, in the long run, FDI and AID have a positive and significant impact on growth while REM has a negative and significant impact on growth in sub Saharan Africa. The study concludes that planning and legislative lags are inferential from the insignificance of capital inflows on growth in the short run, while growth falls in the long run as a result of increase in labour’s income earned in diaspora. The study recommends that in the short run, economic policies should be tailored towards the development of technological based services while in the long run, government should create schemes for citizens in diaspora to participate in, to endear sector-specific economic activities as well as targeting FDI and AID as policy options to spur growth. Finally, specific capital inflow policy options should be employed as not all forms of capital inflow precipitates growth.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of counter-cyclical fiscal policies and FDI inflows on macroeconomic stabilization in the selected Euro area countries. Performing a panel data analysis for 9 economies over the timespan 1980-2014 and, using a Pooled Mean Group estimator, it was shown that a counter-cyclical fiscal policy, associated with a lower tax burden during turbulent economic times, contributes to the reduction of output volatility. At the same time, increased FDI inflows positively influence the macroeconomic stabilization. In addition, a reduced volatility of investment inflows has a positive impact on the economic growth stabilization, but this result is sensitive to the way the tax burden is calculated. In a nutshell, the findings show that, in the long-run, authorities should resort to counter-cyclical fiscal policies and encourage FDI inflows to stabilize the economy and, thus, reduce the amplitude of business cycles.

In this study, the long-term interactions between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, real gross domestic product, fossil fuel consumption, and financial development are examined for 15 emerging markets during 1980–2014 by using heterogeneous dynamic panel data techniques. Long-run elasticity results show that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is not valid for emerging markets. Besides, long-run findings reveal that fossil fuel energy consumption has a powerful negative impact on the environmental quality of emerging markets. Moreover, long-run findings of emerging markets show that 1% increase in financial development raises CO2 emissions at 0.76% level. Considering empirical findings, emerging markets should tend to use environmentally friendly technologies to avoid the possible environmental problems caused by pollution. Therefore, green energy investors should be supported by possible incentive policies. In addition, emerging markets should turn towards financial regulations, which extend credit channels for clean industries whereby emerging countries could achieve their sustainable development goals.

The paper investigates the impact of globalization (overall, economic, social, and political) on economic growth of South Asian countries over the period from 1971 to 2014 employing cross-sectional dependence test, Cross sectionally Augmented Dickey–Fuller (CADF) unit root test (Pesaran in J Appl Econ 22(2):265–312 https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951, 2007), and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) panel cointegration model (Pesaran et al. in J Am Stat Assoc 94(446):621–634, 1999). Results report that overall globalization, economic globalization, and political globalization accelerate economic growth in the long-run; however, the dimensions of globalization have no significant effect in the short-run. Focusing on the individual country regressions, we find the amalgam results, as the characteristics, elasticity, and strength of political, social, and economic institutions are different in the selected countries. The policy implication is that the governments of South Asian countries should realize the importance of globalization as a powerful influencing force and should adopt the new circumstances of globalization quickly and try to find coherent policies to be connected with an evolving world.

We look at the dynamic conditional correlations (DCCs) between oil, natural gas and other non-energy commodity futures markets, obtained from a DCC-GARCH model over the period 1998-2014. They arc positive and display a sharp increase around year 2008 and a subsequent decrease. The DCCs between energy and metals are larger than the energy-agriculture ones. To understand how macroeconomic and financial factors, as well as speculative activity, influence them, we estimate an ARDL(1,1) model, adopting a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator. We observe that macroeconomic and financial variables are significantly correlated with the energy-agriculture and energy-metals DCCs. Speculative activity contributes to explain the energy-agriculture DCCs but not those of the energy-metals

Combating poverty through the development of agricultural production and providing rural people with new employment and income opportunities in agriculture has become one of the major concerns of both policymakers and scholars worldwide. In many developing countries, government policies have failed to achieve the desired poverty alleviation goals due to the lack of financial resources. Despite that, few comprehensive studies have so far unambiguously identified the effects of the exogenous factor of capital inflows on the level of poverty and agriculture development. In this paper, the authors attempt to shed light on the poverty–agriculture–capital trilemma pattern by revealing the impacts of different types of capital inflows on the parameters of poverty reduction and agriculture development. The panel unit root test and pool mean group estimation techniques were employed for observing the short-term and long-term linkages between dependent and explanatory variables across fourteen developing economies of Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. It was revealed that poverty reduction could be positively affected by an increase in the values of agricultural exports, foreign direct investment, foreign development assistance, and remittances received from migrant workers. The level of agriculture could be improved by deeper integration of developing economies to global food supply chains as either suppliers or consumers of food and agricultural products.

WOS: 000428758400006, In this study, the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and the effect of green energy sources to decrease CO2 emissions are examined for emerging and developed markets from 1990 to 2011 using a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator. Empirical findings of this study suggest that the EKC hypothesis is not confirmed by emerging markets; meanwhile, it is strongly supported by developed markets. The long-run elasticity results of per capita data may also imply a divergence between emerging markets and developed markets regarding CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the findings of this study indicate that renewable energy sources will play an important role in reducing CO2 emissions for both panel groups in the long run.