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Son zamanlarda, çevre durumları ve kirlilik giderici ajanlara ilgi, kaynağı fosil olmayan aktif karbon üretimi ile ilgili araştırmalara gereksinime ivme kazandırdı. Bu nedenle, tarımsal organik lignoselülozik atık malzemeler oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışmamızda aktif karbon üretiminde nar kabuğu kullanıldı. Nar kabuğundan yüzey alanı yüksek, adsorbsiyon özelliklerine uygun ve gözenek çapı büyük aktif karbon hem fiziksel hem de kimyasal aktivasyon teknikleri kullanılarak elde edilmesi amaçlandı. Kimyasal aktivasyon çalışmalarında ZnCl2 ve AlCl3’ün yüzey alanına etkisi incelendi ve denemeler farklı sıcaklık, süre ve konsantrasyonlar denenerek gerçekleştirildi. Uygun aktif karbon prosesi belirlendi. Sulu çözelti olarak kullanılan meyve suyuna belli derişimde pestisit ve piroliz edilen aktif karbon eklenerek analize alındı. Aktif karbonun, elma suyundaki eklenen pestisiti absorblama kapasitesi ölçüldü. Analiz sonuçlarına göre bu aktif karbonun elma suyuna eklenen pestisitlerin giderimi üzerindeki etkisi incelendi. Meyve suyuna eklenen farklı miktarlardaki pestisitten sonra değişik konsantrasyonlarda aktif karbon ilave edildi. Meyve suyu-pestisit karışımı değişen sürelerde karıştırıldıktan sonra meyve suyu ekstraktı AOAC 2007 Pestisit Analiz Yöntemi ile Quetchers kit kullanılarak analiz edildi. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda aktif karbon üretiminde nar kabuğunun yüksek verimli hammadde olabileceği sonucuna varıldı. Aynı zamanda çalışma koşulları uygun hale getirildiğinde, nar suyu üretiminde atık malzeme olan nar kabuğundan üretilen aktif karbonların meyve suyundan karbendazim pestisitinin uzaklaştırılmasında kullanılabilirliği tespit edildi.

Surface chemical modification allows for the rational construction of biochar with desirable structures and functionalities for environment purification. Fruit-peel-derived adsorbing material has been well studied in the adsorption of heavy-metal removal due to its abundance and non-toxicity, but its precise mechanism in removing chromium-containing pollutants remains unclear. Herein, we explored the potential application of engineered biochar prepared from fruit waste via chemical modification to remove chromium (Cr) from an aqueous solution. By synthesizing two types of agricultural residue-derived adsorbents, including pomegranate peel adsorbent (PG) and its modified product, pomegranate-peel-derived biochar (PG-B), via chemical and thermal decomposition methods, we elucidated the adsorption property of Cr(VI) on the studied materials and identified the cation retention mechanism of the adsorption process. Batch experiments and varied characterizations demonstrated that superior activity was exhibited in PG-B, which can contribute to the porous surfaces caused by pyrolysis and effective active sites resulting from alkalization. The highest Cr(VI) adsorption capacity is obtained at pH 4, a dosage of 6.25 g L−1, and a contact time of 30 min. The maximum adsorption efficiency of 90.50% in a short period (30 min) was obtained on PG-B, while PG reached a removal performance of 78.01% at 60 min. The results from kinetic and isotherm models suggested that monolayer chemisorption dominated the adsorption process. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity is 16.23 mg g−1. This study shortened the adsorption equilibrium time of pomegranate-based biosorbents and presents positive significance in designing and optimizing waste fruit-peel-derived adsorption materials for water purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to prepare a potential biochar from pomegranate peels (PP) and investigate its sorption ability toward a cationic dye, namely, crystal violet (CV). Adsorbent was obtained via a direct pyrolysis of precursor at 700 °C for 3 h. The biochar (PP-biochar) was characterized using FTIR, XPS, BET, SEM, and pHPZC analysis, and used as adsorbent for the aqueous CV dye via batch experiments. Results showed that PP-biochar exhibits highly porous structure (SBET = 508.9 m2/g), VT = 0.19 cm3/g) with even distribution between micropore (50.8%) and mesopore (49.2 %) volume. The pHPZC value of the prepared biochar was 6.42. The uptake of CV dye occurred rapidly, and the adsorbed amount reached 83.4% after only about 15 min of stirring time. It was also found that the adsorption kinetic mechanism was well described by the pseudo-second order and Avrami models. The maximum adsorption capacity of Langmuir (Q0max) was found to be 201.2 mg/g at 50 °C. Adsorption of CV dye involved mainly π-π interaction with contribution of other mechanisms (i.e., pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic attraction). The finding suggest that the developed biochar is of promising potential to be applied as eco-friendly material for removing dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate peel contains bioactive ingredients such as flavonoids, ellagitannins, phenolics and proanthocyanidin compounds with high antioxidant activity. Pomegranate peel has antiapoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to its high punicalagin content. We aimed to determine the effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced uveitis. Sixty rats were seperated randomly into twelve groups (n = 5). The healthy group received intraperitoneal normal saline, the uveitis group received 200 μg/kg LPS, the dexamethasone (DEX) group received 200 μg/kg LPS plus 1 mg/kg DEX, the PPE100, PPE300 and PPE500 groups received 200 μg/kg LPS plus 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg PPE, respectively. The eye tissues were collected at 3 rd and 24th hour. and investigated molecularly (Relative quantification of gene expression), biochemically (Superoxide dismutase activity, Glutathione and Malondialdehyde levels) and histopathologically (staining with Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin Y). Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Caspase-3 levels markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the uveitic rats following PPE administration. PPE administration significantly ameliorated uveitic disorders in oxidative stress factors including Glutathione, Superoxide dismutase and Malondialdehyde, with its effects raising in a dose-dependent manner. PPE eliminated histopathological changes in eye tissues due to uveitis. PPE can be a promising agent by contributing to alternative preventive treatment methods for uveitis with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiapoptotic and antiangiogenic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, improving anxiety, depression, and stress is important in managing nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). Thus, this study aimed to evaluate eight weeks of pomegranate peel (PP) supplementation on depression, anxiety, and stress scale changes among NAFLD patients. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 76 NAFLD patients assigned to the PP (n=39) or placebo (n=37) groups. Participants received the pomegranate peel (1500 mg/day) or placebo for eight weeks. PP capsules were prepared fromdry extract of PP by soaking. A diet with reduced calorie intake and healthy recommendations was given to all participants. The status of NAFLD was checked with two-dimensional elastography. Mental health was evaluated using depression, anxiety, and stress scale, and dietary intake was assessed by 3-day recall before and after the intervention. Results: The average age of the participants was 43.1±8.6 years, of whom 51.3% were women. In the PP group, weight, liver stiffness, and hepatorenal sonography index changes significantly differed from the placebo group before and after adjusting potential covariates, including weight and physical activity (P< 0.001). Depression and stress scores changed significantly in the PP group during the study before and after adjusting potential covariates (P= 0.002, 0.05, respectively). Anxiety score changes were insignificant between the two groups (P= 0.1). Conclusion: Based on the results, eight-week supplementation of pomegranate peel ameliorated depression and stress symptoms among NAFLD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of phosphate from wastewater is necessary for the safety of public health and environmental protection. The present study used an easily available and affordable biosorbent obtained from the pomegranate peel for the excision of phosphate from water. The biosorption behavior of raw pomegranate peel powder (RPGPP) was found negligible. The RPGPP was further saponified with Ca(OH)2 followed by Fe(III) loading to obtain Fe(III)-loaded pomegranate peels (Fe(III)-PGPP), which was then employed for the phosphate uptake. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the biosorbent. The batch adsorption test was used to evaluate the adsorption viability of biosorbents for removing phosphate from aqueous solution. Fe(III)-PGPP was determined to have a pHPZC of 5.40. The experimental data were best explained by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Fe(III)-PGPP had the largest phosphate biosorption capacity of 99.30 mg g-1 at the optimum pH of 3.0 and 2.5 hours of contact time. From the results obtained, Fe(III)-PGPP adsorbent can be regarded as an effective and cost-efficient material for the treatment of phosphate-anion-contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Research background. Rhodiola rosea (golden root) and Punica granatum (pomegranate), as well as a number of other species of medicinal plants, exert an array of biological effects: adaptogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. However, there are not enough contemporary studies of their influence on metabolic processes, especially in cases of imbalanced diet. Lipid dysregulation is the main reason for many diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Recently, a growing amount of evidence has suggested the positive effects of certain natural nutrients on lipid metabolism. This work aims to define the general effect of golden root rhizome and pomegranate peel on physiological activity and metabolic processes in model animals fed with excessively fat diet. This study is relevant for the development of drugs and food additives for treatment and prophylaxis of metabolism disorders. Experimental approach. In a 30-day experiment, we determined the effect of golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) rhizome and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel on the physiological activity and metabolic processes of 24 laboratory rats consuming a high-fat diet. The physical activity was evaluated according to the mass gain of animals and change in the relative mass of the internal organs, and also the functional conditions of the central nervous system, as demonstrated by the indicators of the locomotor activity and emotional status, determined in the open field test. The influence on the metabolic processes was revealed by biochemical and clinical blood analyses. Results and conclusions. Body mass of rats fed with golden root (R. rosea) reached 125.8 % of the initial body mass; when fed on pomegranate (P. granatum), it reached 123.9 %; and the control group reached only 111.5 % of the initial body mass. The rhizomes of R. rosea in the diet of male rats during the month of the experiment did not cause significant changes in the relative organ mass, and the pomegranate peel fruits led to a decrease in the thymus relative mass, as well as liver and brain. R. rosea rhizomes in the rats' diet led to an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase, and also to a decrease in the concentration of urea and urea nitrogen. Diet supplemented with R. rosea also contributed to a strong decrease in plasma concentrations of bilirubin and triglycerides (up to 57.0 % compared with the concentration in the control group). The rhizomes of R. rosea contributed to an unreliable decrease in the atherogenicity index. The pomegranate peel also greatly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced plasma triglyceride concentrations. In addition, in rats consuming the peel of P. granatum, blood glucose concentration decreased. Under the influence of P. granatum, a strong increase in the atherogenic index of plasma (up to 518.6 % of the control) was observed because of a decrease in the concentration of high-density lipoproteins (up to 57.1 %) and a simultaneous elevation of the concentration of low-density lipoproteins (up to 158.3 % of the control). Open field test between groups remained without significant changes. Novelty and scientific contribution. The results indicate that the rhizome of R. rosea and peel of P. granatum are safe as food additives to high-fat diet and did not cause pathological changes and side effects, and at the same time significantly influence the metabolic processes (lipid and carbohydrate). Our study theoretically substantiates the use of R. rosea rhizome and P. granatum peel for the production of nutraceutical and pharmacological products for the correction of metabolic disorders of people and animals. Doses and periods of their application require further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the recycling of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) was proposed. In particular, the use of powder loaded in a silk fibroin polymeric matrix to create an active pad was tested. For the sake of comparison, the powder alone was also analysed. Both powder and active pad efficacy was assessed in two different food systems, soymilk (rich in proteins), preliminarily contaminated with Pseudomonas spp. and yeasts, and apple juice (rich in carbohydrates), preliminarily contaminated with Alyciclobacillus acidoterrestris. Three different concentrations of powder alone and powder in the pad were tested (5%, 7.5% and 10% w/v) in both types of beverages. To assess a possible dependence of the efficacy on the powder granulometry, different powder sizes were preliminarily analysed on Pseudomonas spp. and yeasts using an in vitro test. PPP was effective on both Pseudomonas spp. and yeasts. No significant differences appeared among the tested granulometries and therefore in the subsequent tests powder with an average diameter of 250 µm was used. Results recorded with soymilk and apple juice were different. When applied to the soymilk, the activity of PPP in the pad was less effective than that recorded when the powder was directly added to the beverage. With the two highest powder concentrations directly added to food, more than four log cycle reductions in Pseudomonas spp. and yeast cells were recorded, compared to soymilk without any powder. Compared to the control sample, all the soymilk samples either with PPP or with the active pad showed a delayed microbial and fungal growth. When applied to apple juice, both powder and pad were effective at completely inhibiting the proliferation of A. acidoterrestris (<102 CFU/g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipase and α-amylase play a very important role in the screening of anti-obesity and anti-diabetic drugs. Here, bienzyme microspheres containing lipase and α-amylase were synthesized for simultaneous affinity screening of anti-obesity and anti-diabetic component from pomegranate peel. Lipase was immobilized by functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) coated with polyamide dendrimers to obtain MWCNT-lipase. Subsequently, MWCNT-lipase and α-amylase was encapsulated by sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel microspheres to form MWCNT/SA-bienzymes. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the immobilization rate of lipase and α-amylase was 65.16% and 95.79%, and the activities were 85.76% and 88.11% of free enzymes, respectively. Moreover, the enzyme activity conditions of MWCNT/SA-bienzymes were also optimized. The MWCNT/SA-bienzymes were more stable than two free enzymes at room temperature and can be reused. More importantly, in application, a compound (ellagic acid) was selectively screened from pomegranate peel extract by MWCNT/SA-bienzymes. In vitro activity determination confirmed that ellagic acid with IC 50 of 369.83 ± 11.75 μg/mL and 672.81 ± 18.55 μg/mL can interact with two enzymes through non-competitive inhibition. The molecular docking showed that ellagic acid bound with α-amylase and lipase through hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, etc, resulting in the binding energies of − 8.54 kcal/mol and − 6.87 kcal/mol, respectively. [Display omitted] • An effective strategy was proposed for screening of bifunctional inhibitor. • Bienzyme microspheres containing lipase and α-amylase were synthesized. • Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydrogels were used as carriers. • Ellagic acid has the dual function of inhibiting lipase and α-amylase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, due to the known antioxidant activity of plant compounds and their derivatives, great attention is attracted by using such compounds in food and biological systems. This study aimed to explore the possibility of adding the aqueous extract of pomegranate peel as an antioxidant in sunflower oil using microemulsion system. For this purpose, the effect of two solvents (water and 96% ethanol) on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds and DPPH radical scavenging property was investigated. Therefore, nano-capsulated aqueous extract (at 200 and 400 ppm), ethanolic extract and BHT (at 200 ppm) were added into an antioxidant free sunflower oil and the peroxide value, p-anisidine value and free fatty acid contents of treated oils were determined. Results showed that the phenolic content of aqueous extract was higher and, the lower radical-scavenging ability in DPPH test was related to ethanolic extract. The peroxide value, p-anisidine value and free fatty acid contents of sunflower oil containing 400 ppm aqueous extract at 50 °C were lower than other samples. It can be concluded that the usage of microemulsified aqueous pomegranate peel extract may improve the quality storage of sunflower oil when compared to the free extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Because rabbit meat has a good nutritional value, low levels of fat and cholesterol, and a high protein content, it may assist to alleviate meat shortages in developing countries. Since the 1970s, the processing of rabbit meat has developed into a highly specialized sector in various European nations, making Europe the world's second-largest producer of rabbit meat, behind China. Livestock productivity is currently compromised by low animal reproduction efficiency. Adding pomegranate peel, garlic powder, or a combination of the two to the diet of does alter their weight, the number of offspring, reproductive performance, hematological indices, and many antioxidant indicators, as well as the liver and kidney functions. In conclusion, pomegranate is a promising substance to include in a rabbit's diet, followed by garlic to boost reproductive efficiency. Egypt's animal protein shortfall cannot be overcome by expanding the production of large animals alone, but rather by increasing the production of highly reproducing animals in the livestock unit. The goal of this study was to examine how adding pomegranate peel (PP), garlic powder (GP), or a mixture of the two to the diet of does affect their weight, the number of offspring, reproductive performance, hematological indices, and several antioxidants indicators as well as the liver and kidney functions. A total of 20 adult and mature female mixed rabbits at age 4.5–5 months and averaging 3.05 ± 0.63 kg body weight, were allocated into four experimental groups (n = 5). The first group was provided with the basal diet and was considered as control animals, while the second, third, and fourth groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with PP 3.0%, GP 3.0%, and a mixture of PP 1.5% + GP 1.5%, respectively. After 2 weeks of feeding the experimental diets, natural mating with untreated bucks was carried out. The kits were weighed immediately after parturition, and then every week. The study found that rabbits fed with 3% PP led to a 28.5% increase in the number of kits at birth compared to the control group. As an effect of supplementing PP 3%, GP 3%, and PP 1.5% + GP 1.5%, the birth weight increased by 9.2%, 7.2%, and 10.6%, respectively, as compared to the control. Hemoglobin increased significantly in all treatment groups as compared to the control at the age of kit weaning. Lymph cells increased significantly in the rabbits that were fed with GP (3%) than in other groups and even the control. The results showed that creatinine levels were significantly decreased in the PP (3%) and GP (3%) than in control rabbits. The level of triglycerides significantly declines in groups treated with PP (3%) than in other treatment groups and the control. The addition of PP 3% or GP 3% increased the progesterone hormone. The addition of PP 1.5% + GP 1.5% improved the immunoglobulin IgG. The results of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity showed a significant decline in groups treated with GP (3%) than other treated groups. In conclusion, pomegranate is a promising substance to include in a rabbit's diet, followed by garlic to boost reproductive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the use of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract in the present study, a safe and affordable method of biosynthesizing Ag–ZnO nanocomposites has been developed that follows all green chemistry principles. Different analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, were utilized to identify the unique properties of synthesized nanocomposites. Based on the characterization results, these nanocomposites have a spherical shape with dimensions ranging from 40 to 77 ​nm and a wurtzite structure with hexagonal facets. Considering the upcoming water crises and the importance of treating water contaminated with industrial and organic dyes, this study investigates how biosynthesized nanocomposites using ultraviolet lamps and sunlight can be used to remove one of the most common organic dyes, methylene blue. In order to identify the most optimal conditions for removing methylene blue from polluted water, this study used two light sources, different nanocatalyst concentrations, and various pH value ranging from 2 to 10. When the ideal conditions for this reaction are met, the prepared nanocomposites can catalyze the pollutant dye within 14 and 50 ​min, when exposed to ultraviolet light and sunlight. In this study, it was determined that plant wastes are biogenic sources capable of providing active ingredients (AI) for the biosynthesis of metal nanocomposites for applications such as decomposition and degradation of organic dyes.

Our study aimed to assess the impact of active packaging with pomegranate peel extract (0.06 mg gallic acid eq./cm2) and/or high-pressure treatment (600 MPa, 7 min) on the instrumental color, lipid, and protein oxidation of Iberian dry loins formulated with reduced nitrate/nitrite levels (0, 37.5, and 150 mg/kg) during 100-day refrigerated storage (4 °C). CIE L*a*b* coordinates were measured, and malondialdehyde, carbonyls, and free thiol contents served as markers for lipid and protein oxidation. Active packaging lowered CIE L* (35.4 vs. 34.1) and a* (15.5 vs. 14.5) and increased yellowness (15.6 vs. 16.3) and hue (45.2 vs. 48.4), while pressurization increased CIE L* (33.1 vs. 36.3) and diminished a* values (16.1 vs. 13.9). Ongoing nitrate/nitrite amounts significantly influenced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and free thiol loss. Active packaging and high-pressure processing had varying effects on carbonyl and thiol contents. Neither pressurization nor active packaging impacted malondialdehyde formation. Pressurization enhanced the formation of 4-HNE (503 vs. 697 pg/g). Protein oxidation proved more sensitive to changes, with active packaging offering protection against protein carbonylation (15.4 vs. 14.7 nmol carbonyls/mg protein), while pressurization induced thiol loss (34.3 vs. 28.0 nmol Cys eq./mg protein). This comprehensive understanding provides essential insights for the meat industry, emphasizing the necessity for customized processing conditions to enhance color stability, lipid preservation, and protein integrity in dry-cured loin slices.

Recovering the bioactive components from pomegranate peel (PP) in the fruit-processing industry has attracted great attention in terms of minimizing the waste burden, as well as providing a new source of a multitude of functional compounds. The present study aimed to develop a feasible microencapsulation process of PP extract by using pectin and a pectin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) blend as coating materials. Microsized powders obtained by a spray drying technique were examined in terms of technological characteristics, exhibiting high powder yield and desirable moisture content, flowability, and cohesive properties. Assuming that the interactions with the used biopolymers occur on the surface hydrophobic domain, their presence significantly improved the thermal stability of the microencapsulated powders up to 200 °C. The health-promoting effects of PP have been associated with its high content in ellagitannins, particularly punicalagin. The obtained PP powders exhibited strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential, while an antimicrobial assay revealed their potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, an in vitro release study suggested that the used biopolymers can modify the release of target bioactive compounds, thus establishing a basis for developing an oral-controlled release system. Altogether, biowaste valorization from PP by the production of effective multifunctional microsized powders represents a sustainable way to obtain novel nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceuticals.

Pomegranate peels, the main byproduct of pomegranate production, are rich in phenolic compounds that are known for their effective antioxidant properties and have vast application prospects. In this study, steam explosion, an environmentally friendly technique, was applied to pretreat pomegranate peels for phenol extraction. We investigated the effects of explosion pressure, duration, and particle size on the content of total and individual phenolics, and antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels before and after in vitro digestion. The optimal conditions for a steam explosion for pomegranate peels in terms of total phenol content were a pressure of 1.5 MPa, a maintenance time of 90 s, and a particle size of 40 mesh. Under these conditions, pomegranate peel extract presented a higher yield of total phenols, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. However, it also had a lower content of punicalin and punicalagin, compared to the unexploded peels. There was no improvement in the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels after the steam explosion. Moreover, the content of total phenol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, punicalin, and punicalagin, as well as the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels, all increased after gastric digestion. Nevertheless, there was a large variation in the pomegranate peel processed by different pressure, duration, and sieve fractions. Overall, this study demonstrated that steam explosion pre-treatment could be an efficient method for improving the release of phenolics, especially gallic acid, and ellagic acid, from pomegranate peels.

The present study aimed to determine the effect on different blood parameters (WBCs, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) in fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) weighing 13.5 ± 1 g with pomegranate peels (Punica granatum) in their different forms, raw (PPR), alcoholic (PPA) and water (PPW), which were added to their feed as 0.5% and 1% respectively, in addition to the control treatment (21 replicates). A commercial diet was used containing 35% crude protein, 6% lipid, 12% Ash and 50 TVN for ten weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood was drawn from the heart of the fish, and analyses were performed. The results showed that RBCs, HGB and HCT improved significantly (P< 0.05), while there were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in WBCs, MCH, and MCHC. In short, we recommend adding pomegranate peels or extracts (alcoholic or aqueous) to common carp food at a rate not exceeding 1%.

Agricultural waste represents a potential source of raw materials as natural dyes. The peel from pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a waste product, it is used in the textiles industry as dye. The objective of the study is to improve dyeing properties of pomegranate peel dyed silk fabric. We analyzed the pigment composition of pomegranate peel extract through ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; evaluated natural mordants and metallic mordants on fabrics dyed with pomegranate peel extracts by testing the K/S value, color characteristics, and color fastness; examined the morphology of dyed fabrics before and after color fixing treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The major pigment component in pomegranate peel is ellagic acid. An orthogonal array experiment revealed that the optimum dyeing conditions were pH 9, 60°C 60 min for silk fibers. Under the natural mordant, the K/S value of dyed fabric could acquire maximum (8.70). Moreover, the K/S value and color fastness of dyed fabrics could be further enhanced to 11.74 and level 5 by color-fixing treatment of natural gum rosin. Overall, the dyed silk samples with pomegranate peel represented good dyeing properties with natural mordant and natural color-fixing agent of gum rosin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of using pomegranate peel powder and protexin probiotic on carcass traits, blood parameters, jejunal tissue morphology and intestinal microbial population of Japanese quails, two hundred and forty-one days-old Japanese quails were divided as an experimental randomized design plan into the eight treatments with 3 replicates and 10 quails each. The treatments were basal diet basis corn and soybean meal with no any supplementation kept as control, and three 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 perctengae of pomegranate peels powder and two levels (0 and 0.1) percentage of diet of protexin probiotic respectively. At the age of 35 days, two quail pieces (male and female) were randomly selected from each replication and blood sampling were done to determine blood parameters. Mentioned quails were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass traits also and to determine the histomorphology of the intestinal tissue samples near Meckel's diverticulum from ileum were chosen and to determine the microbial population of the small intestine, fresh sample of the digestive contents of the ileum was taken. The results showed that the percentage of live weight and carcass weight increased significantly with the consumption of pomegranate peel powder and protexin (p=0.05). The live and carcass weight and relative organ weight of gizzard, heart and intestine increased, but the relative weight of the liver showed a significant decrease (p=0.05). Data also showed that the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood serum of quails were significantly reduced under the influence of pomegranate peel powder and protexin consumption (p=0.05). Intestinal evaluation of ileum showed that by consuming pomegranate peel powder and protexin, the population of Lactobacillus increased and the population of Escherichia coli decreased none significantly. Additionally the histomorphology evaluation of the intestinal jejunum tissue showed that the width, length, height of the intestinal villi and the mucosal muscle increased with the increase in the consumption of pomegranate peel powder and protexin probiotic, but no statistically significant difference was observed between the treatments. In general, the results showed beneficial effects of increasing levels of pomegranate peel powder up to 0.6 percentage level and protexin probiotic on carcass traits, blood parameters, jejunal tissue morphology and intestinal microbial population in quails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols from plant sources have received increasing attention due to their diverse biological activities, especially in the fields of food and medicine. Pomegranate peel is a potential source of polyphenols and other active substances due to its rich content. Most of the current methods for polyphenols extraction from plants involve flammable and toxic organic solvents or rely on professional extraction equipment. In order to separate polyphenols from pomegranate peel more effectively and environmentally friendly, ultrasonic-assisted cloud point extraction (UACPE) method was employed for the extraction operation, and the process parameters were also optimized in this study. The results showed that, based on single factor experiment and response surface methodology, the optimum extraction was obtained at 1:40 of solid:liquid ratio, 10% (v/v) Triton X-110, 70°C, pH 4.0 with 14% (w/v) of NaCl for 40 minutes. The maximum extraction yield of polyphenols was 82.37mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, which well matched the predicted value. Therefore, UACPE was an effective method to extract polyphenols from pomegranate peel. This method was green and environmentally friendly, and the extractives could be used in the field of diet or medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is a fascinating research area as a result of producing nanoparticles with different shapes, sizes, chemical composition, dispersity, and their several applications for the human being. Manipulation, creation, and using metallic nanoparticles is greatly important considering reduction of dimensions. Therefore, unique thermal, electronic, and optical characteristics are obtained. The biosynthesis approaches of nanoparticles are prioritized compared to physical and chemical processes as a result of the lower time costs and energy. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an eco-friendly technique using natural solvents. The current work includes the eco-friendly, and green synthesis of CuNPs utilizing Cu (NO3)2. H2O solution and Peel of Pomegranate extract. Various bio-components exist in the Pomegranate Peel extract works as a reducing agent for this synthesis. The diminant surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak achieved at 350 nm in UV-Visible spectra confirmed the formed CuNPs. Based on SEM analysis, the spherical uniformly and morphology sized particles (36.99-55.17 nm) were obtained. The green synthesis of copper nanoparticles mediated by the Pomegranate Peel extract was clearly illustrated by FTIR spectrum. The structural characterization was performed utilizing XRD in line with reflections of the facecentered cubic (fcc) phase of the CuNPs (111, 200, 220, and 400). It was found that biologically synthesized copper nanoparticles effectively controlled the progression of human pathogens, namely Salmonella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are a broad group of bioactive phytochemicals with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities. Numerous studies have demonstrated that polyphenol extracts obtained from natural sources can be used for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Pomegranate peel extract is an excellent source of polyphenols, such as punicalagin, punicalin, ellagic acid, and caffeic acid, among others. These phenolic compounds have antineoplastic activity in in vitro models of cervical cancer through the regulation of cellular redox balance, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and modulation of different signaling pathways. The current review summarizes recent data from scientific reports that address the anticancer activity of the predominant polyphenol compounds present in PPE and their different mechanisms of action in cervical cancer models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate seed and peel powders are suitable for the production of pectin, oil, proteins and as biologically active additives for food enrichment. Knowledge of the chemical composition and thermal changes of powders allows to control the technological regimes, yield and quality of the final product. As a result of the studies, the chemical composition and thermal properties of a finely dispersed pomegranate peel and seed powder subjected to heat treatment by X-ray diffractometry, IR-, EPR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG/DTG/DSC) have been carried out. X-ray diffractometry showed that the crystal structures present in the original samples, when heated in air at 110 °C for 30 min. are destroyed and in all cases the samples pass into the amorphous state, a noticeable difference is found in the position and intensity of the observed bands in the spectra in the initial and heat-treated samples. IR spectroscopy data show that drying the samples at 105 °C in air for 30 min leads to a significant change in the chemical composition of the powders. EPR spectroscopy showed the presence of paramagnetism in the samples and identified organic radicals and paramagnetic centers from Fe3+ ions. The features of the change in the chemical composition during drying of samples, which are characteristic of drying processes, namely, are the result by dehydration, dehydroxylation and denaturation of protein compounds that make up this process, have been established. Temperature intervals (54.2-147.9 and 71.7-95.4 °C, 147.9-343.7 and 343.7-466 °C) associated with changes in the composition of organic compounds, contained in the powders were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punica granatum is an important source of bioactive drugs and has been used in folk medicine for many centuries. This paper describes the in vitro antifungal activity of pomegranate peel aqueous and alcoholic extracts against Aspergilus flavus and aspergillus niger seeds storage fungi. The yield of aqueous and alcoholic extract obtained from the peel of the tested plant is interesting and its inhibitory effects indicate a certain effect in biological control against the bio-aggressors of the crops and stored foodstuffs. This work was undertaken to valorise the different type of extracts studies of peel of pomegranate as sources of polyphenols and natural antioxidants, as well as, the FTIR spectroscopy analysis was performed to identify the function of punicalagins and ellagic acid, which are the main antifungal compounds. The screening of peel pomegranate revealed the presence of bioactive compounds: flavonoids, phenols, tannins, anthocyanins and saponosides. The methanol extracts of the plants indicated the highest values of total phenolic (16.35 ± 1.06 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (3.96 ± 0.56 mg QE/g DW), and tannin (7.59 ± 0.65 mg CE/g DW). The evaluation of the antioxidant activities demonstrated a strong antioxidant activity of pomegranate for all extracts tested. In vivo tests established the efficacy of treatments in controlling aspergilus flavus and aspergilus niger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to eliminate hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) ions from water using pomegranate peel (PGP) powder. Dynamic measurements are carried out to examine the influence of the operating factors on the adsorption efficiency and kinetics. The analyzed PGP is found to be amorphous with relatively high stability, contains hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, a pH of zero charge of 3.9, and a specific surface-area of 40.38 m2/g. Adsorption tests indicate that PGP exhibits excellent removal effectiveness for Cr(VI) reaching 50.32 mg/g while the adsorption process obeys the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic study favors the exothermic physical adsorption process. The influence of operating parameters like the flow rate (1 to 3 mL/min), bed height (25 to 75 mm), concentration (10 to 30 mg/L), and temperature (298 to 318 K) on the adsorption process are investigated in column mode. To assess the performance characteristics of the column adsorption data, a non-linear regression has been used to fit and analyze four different kinetic and theoretical models, namely, Bohart-Adams, Thomas model, Clark, and Dose response. The obtained experimental results were found to obey the Dose Response model with a coefficient of regression R2 greater than 0.977. This study proved the excellent efficiency in the treatment of chemical industry effluents by using cost-effect abundant biowaste sorbent. This research demonstrated great efficacy in the treatment of chemical industrial effluents by using an abundant, cost-effective biowaste sorbent, thereby achieving the UN SDGs (UN Sustainable Development Goals) primary objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural dyes are highly promising alternatives; however, their use has some drawbacks such as low light fastness, color yield, and repeatability. The objective of this study is to improve the light fastness of natural dyes. For this objective, wool fabrics dyed with pomegranate peels were subjected to different chemical treatments and UV curing. An important conclusion of this work is that UV curing can significantly increase the light fastness of the fabrics dyed with pomegranate peels. Moreover, different chemical processes including optical brightening have exhibited a positive effect on the light fastness of the samples. As an example, UV light exposure of the fabric, which was mordanted with copper sulfate and treated with TiO2, resulted in an increase of the light fastness from 4–5 to 7.

Plants have been long valuable sources of natural materials that have served to preserve human and animal health; as a result, pharmacological purposes have arisen from the use of plant compounds in most countries, according to a World Health Organization report. The present study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance of tannin extract against Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates in sheep. A total of 100 samples from sheep were used to isolate E. coli and treated with tannin extract (90% purity) to investigate the in vitro effect, as compared to some antibiotics (Clindamycin, Cephalexin, Kanamycin, Tetracycline, and Vancomycin). The bacterial samples were cultured in a selective and differential medium, and Gram staining was used to examine them. The biochemical assays were performed to purify and expose these cultures; moreover, the API 20E system and RapidTM ONE kits were utilized to confirm the bacterial strain. Based on the findings, 50% of the samples showed a positive result for the presence of E. coli. The well diffusion technique was used to investigate the antibacterial activity to confirm the antibacterial action of tannin extract (from pomegranate peel) in different concentrations against E. coli. The highest zone of inhibition for the bacteria ranged from 12±0.5 to 30.3±0.2 at 50% concentrations, proving that tannins extract was significantly effective against E. coli. The presence of E. coli was detected in 50 % of the samples. The well-diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antimicrobial property of tannin extract through various concentrations with the highest zone of inhibition for the bacteria ranging from 12.5 to 30.30.2 at 50%, demonstrating that tannin extract was significantly effective on E. coli.

Abstract Background Coccidiosis is the most common enteric parasitic disease in poultry that is caused by different species of Eimeria. Some chemical drugs were utilized for the control of this infection but drug residue and resistance‐induced concerns in chicken consumers. Objective The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of pomegranate peel extract (PPEx) on the control of coccidiosis in chickens. Methods Totally, 300 broiler chicks were divided into 10 groups and 5 groups challenged with a mixture of common Eimeria of 21 days old in Iran. Five days after the challenge, as soon as clinical signs appeared, the oocyte per gram (OPG) of faeces was measured, and chickens were treated with 100, 200 and 400 ppm PPEx (for 7 days) and toltrazuril (for 2 days) in separate groups. Another five groups were only treated with these compounds without challenge. All challenged and non‐challenged have a control group. The OPG was measured in the final treatment in chickens. At 35 days of age, all chickens were euthanized and the intestinal and liver samples were collected in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. The growth indices were recorded and analysed all over the growing period, weekly. Results The results revealed that the addition of PPEx especially in 400 ppm can reduce the intestinal lesions and OPG but in this dose, the growth indices can influence negatively, while the administration of toltrazuril with the best effect on OPG and intestinal lesions, no effect on growth indices in challenged chickens. Also, supplementation of 400 ppm PPEx can induce injuries in the liver while the lower dose has no effect on liver tissue. Conclusion It is necessary for finding effective ingredients in PPEx and preparation of serial dilution for access to optimal dose with best anti‐coccidial effect and lowest negative effect on growth indices in chickens.

A multi-objective optimization was performed using response surface methodology to obtain a high-value-added product, pectin enriched in polyphenols, from pomegranate peel. For this purpose, a green extraction technique that combines citric acid and ultrasound was carried out considering three variables: time, pH, and temperature. The extraction procedure was optimized using the Box–Behnken design, these being the most suitable conditions, with an extraction time of 34.16 min, a pH of 2.2, and a temperature of 89.87 °C. At this point, the pectin yield was 31.89%, with a total retained polyphenol content of 15.84 mg GAE/g pectin. In addition, the water activity, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, and degree of esterification were determined for the pectin obtained at the optimal point. This study demonstrates that polyphenol-enriched pectin can be obtained from pomegranate peel via an eco-friendly and efficient method, and that it presents similar properties to commercial pectin, preserving its quality and with potential use as an ingredient or food supplement with a high nutritional value. This work contributes to developing sustainable strategies to valorize pomegranate agro-industrial waste and produce high-value functional ingredients.

Objectives: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Metronidazole is currently used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, which has side effects. In recent years, the use of plants has been considered by researchers. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-trichomonal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.Methods: In this experimental study, the extracts were prepared, and to evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, the concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 µg/ml were prepared. Metronidazole and TYM medium were considered positive and negative controls, respectively. Afterward, 105 live parasites were added to all wells, and all groups were kept at 37°C. Live parasites were counted at 24 and 48 h intervals by Trypan Blue using a neobar slide microscope (Hemocytometer). Also, the effect of metronidazole (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 µg/ml) was investigated as a drug control. Subsequently, the IC50 value for the above extract was calculated using GraphPad Prism 9. It should be noted that all steps of the experiment were performed in triplicate and the results were considered as average.Results: The IC50 of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis were calculated at 226.3, 109.9 μg/ml after 24h and 60.16 and 32.6 μg/ml after 48h, respectively. The IC50 of metronidazole was calculated at 0.28 and 0.1 μg/ml after 24h and 48h. The highest mortality rate (100%) was observed at a concentration of 3200 μg/ml after 24h of exposure.Conclusion: While the aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel has an anti-Trichomonas effect, the anti-Trichomonas properties of the alcoholic extract are more than its aqueous extract. Further and more comprehensive studies are suggested to investigate this plant's constituents and the parasite's lethal effect in vitro and in vivo conditions.

The purpose of this research was to investigate how common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings' growth performance, survival rate, chemical composition, and serum biochemical were influenced by pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder and its extracts (aqueous and alcoholic). A commercial meal with ~35% crude protein was supplemented with 0.5 and 1% of raw pomegranate peel (RPP), aqueous (PPW), and alcohol (PPA), respectively (three replicates for each treatment). Fish were stocked in aquariums (60 x 40 x 50 cm) at a density of 15 fingerlings per group, and they were fed twice daily for 70 days. The results for specific growth rate (SGR) showed that, excluding RPP0.5 and PPW0.5, as well as for feed conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency (PER), all groups (P<0.05) outperformed the control group (C). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements revealed that protein improved in the RPP1, PPA0.5, and PPW1 groups (P<0.05), whereas fat was improved in the RPP0.5 and PPA1 groups (P<0.05). Ash did not change significantly (P>0.05). PPA showed a significant difference (P<0.05) for AST, however, RPP0.5 and PPW1 did not demonstrate a significant difference (P>0.05) for ALT or ALP compared to the control (C). Regarding kidney efficiency, it was found that RPP, PPA, and PPW were preferable to urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Summary of findings: pomegranate peel enhanced growth as well as chemical composition and biochemical serum parameters when added at a rate between 0.5 and 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic biochar (Fe3O4-BCPP) was prepared by using iron oxide nanoparticles, and biochar which is obtained from pomegranate peel. The Fe3O4-BCPP were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The adsorption properties of Fe3O4-BCPP for sulfadiazine in water were investigated. The Fe3O4-BCPP had good adsorption properties and separated well from aqueous solution by a permanent magnet due to superparamagnetic property and magnetic saturation value. Therefore, Fe3O4-BCPP has potential application for the removal of sulfadiazine from water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal pollutants produced by industrial wastewaters have become a global concern given their impact on the environment and human health. The purpose of this study was to assess the polyphenols content and the iron chelating activity in the peels of two pomegranate varieties. After the biomass characterization via FT-IR, point of zero charge and surface functional groups analysis, the lead adsorption was then investigated by batch method. Finally, the regeneration of the biomasses was performed by acidic desorption. Polyphenols content of the red peels extract was higher than the yellow one; 102.9±0.9 and 85.9±1.3 mg GAE/g of dry weight, respectively with a half iron chelation inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 227.2±1.7 and 235.9±3.2 µg.mL-1 of extract, successively. For the adsorption isotherms of lead onto the red and yellow pomegranate peels, the Langmuir model was more fitting with an adsorption capacity (Qmax) of 90 and 89.25 mg.g-1, respectively. The kinetic data corresponded better to the pseudo-second order model. The acidic desorption of lead was successful with a high percentage of recovery. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of these biomasses as biosorbents for lead removal from aqueous solutions with the possibility of their reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peel (PPE) on the gelling and textural characteristics of silver carp surimi gel was investigated. The peels extracted with 100% ethanol exhibited highest total phenolics, tannin and flavonoid contents. The change of the gelling properties of surimi was explained using infrared spectroscopy, chemical interactions, and scanning electronic microscopy images. Greater number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were found in surimi gel fortified with 0.45% PPE. Amongst all the concentrations of PPE, 0.45% level exhibited the lowest sulfhydryl and primary amino groups and this was concurrent with the highest gel strength. The FT-IR analysis showed a gradual reduction of intensity of the amide I band with the increase of PPE concentration, and also shifting to lower value from control to surimi with PPE 0.90%. Absorption bands like C–N stretching from amide II and N–H deformation from amide III were also detected. The SEM images showed that surimi with 0.45% PPE had most ordered, finest and denser gel network, and was closely integrated with higher breaking force, hardness, and WHC. This study showed the potential of functional components of fruit wastes for improving gelling properties of surimi with additional health benefits for the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, environmentally friendly solvent systems and eco-friendly reducing and capping agents have been used to create "Green" nanoparticles. The goal of the current work was to examine the manufacture of zinc oxid nanoparticles using pomegranate fruit extract as a reducing agent. In UV-vis spectra, the distinctive surface plasmon absorption peak of zinc at 370 nm served as proof that nanoscale zinc had formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to analyze the morphology and crystalline nature of the produced zinc molecule. Study the chemical composition of the peel extract by GC-MS chromatogram (Phytochemical analysis). Twenty-one significant peaks and the components matching to the peaks were found in the Punica granatum peel ethanolic extract used in the current study's chemical composition GC-MS chromatogram (Phytochemical) analysis. The current findings suggest that Punica granatum includes a number of bioactive ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was performed to evaluate the preventive effect of pomegranate peel extract on sodium‐induced cataract in rats. Sprague–Dawley suckling male rats were divided into four groups: group C: rats received no treatment, group P: rats received pomegranate peel aqueous extract (PPE) orally, group Se: rats received an injection of sodium selenite, group Se + P: rats received PPE and sodium selenite concomitantly. After 4 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and their lenses were homogenized and evaluated for biochemical parameters and sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the Se group, developed cataract with significant lens opacity was observed. Other changes in enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants, oxidative parameters, solubility of proteins, in NO and Ca levels and the electrophoresis pattern of proteins were observed in lenses of the Se group compared to control groups. After the preventive administration of PPE, most of these parameters were normalized due to antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of the extract. Practical applications: Cataract is one of the leading causes of vision impairment among the elderly, and surgery is the major therapeutic step taken to cure it. However, surgery has its limitations and complications. Therefore, prevention of cataract development, especially in high‐risk individuals, can be better than cure. Pomegranate peel extract has a high potential to prevent cataract in these people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of pH‐sensitive smart edible films using biopolymers and natural plant extracts (especially those rich in anthocyanins) has attracted much attention. Therefore, in this study, the intelligent edible film was produced and characterized using cassava starch and pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and the possibility of using production films to monitor the freshness of lamb meat. The smart films were prepared using different concentrations of PPP (2, 4, 6, and 8% w/w) and the solvent casting method. The results showed that the incorporation of PPP had a significant effect on the mechanical parameters of the starch films. With increasing the levels of PPP, the color of the films became darker and redder. Increasing the PPP levels also led to an increase in total phenol content (TPC) (from 0 to 13 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g) and antioxidant activity (from 0% to 70% DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging) of the produced films (p <.05). The intelligent film was used in the lamb meat packaging, and the color of the film changed from red to green during the storage period at 25°C. The amount of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) in the meat could be detected by color changes of the intelligent films. Finally, this study demonstrated that the film based on cassava starch and PPP could be used as an intelligent and pH‐sensitive film to monitor the freshness of meat and meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unlimited and biodegradable properties of bioplastics such as polyhydroxyalcanoytes (PHAs) create appropriate benefits instead of synthetic plastics. The final rule of this environmental friendly and nontoxic bioplastic depends on satisfactory cost and in additional efforts toward the need for execution. In this study, we statistically optimized biodegradable waste (pomegranate peel) as a single carbon/nitrogen source to manufacture PHA through Bacillus subitilis NCDC0671 in reference to an efficient waste management practice. Various parameters, such as substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and time duration, were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance the production of bioplastic PHA. The optimized values were found to be substrate concentration—5.9 g, temperature—35°C, pH—6.9, and time duration—3 days. The importance of the model was accepted by ANOVA outputs (p ≤ 0.05) with an R2 value of 0.9966. The lower‐cost fermentation medium was created by the present inquiry using pomegranate peel produced in significant quantities of innovative PHA. Bioplastic (PHA) materials were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the pomegranate peel, paste, and biofilm. Product validity is performed by conducting various tests, including the degradation test, swelling test, solubility test, molding test, biodegradability test and elongation test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to exploit the effects of pomegranate peel (PP) addition (10 %) and homogenization process (0-12,000 rpm) on the film-forming behavior and interactions of starch film to improve its microstructures and properties. Microrheology results showed that the viscosity of the film suspension was reduced by homogenization, and the amylopectin aggregation was restricted by PP particles under film formation. This helped improve the accessibility of starch and PP, increasing the hydrogen bond energy in the composites from 18.12 to 19.35 kJ/mol and promoting the ester bonds as confirmed by the FTIR results. As a result, the starch film reinforced by PP and homogenization showed a uniform and compact microstructure with reduced water activity, increased UV-blocking capacity (from 67.46 % to 90.11 %), enhanced mechanical resistance, and reduced water vapor permeability (from 4.70 to 2.21 × 10 -10 ·g·m -1 ·s -1 ·Pa -1 ). Additionally, the starch film with 10 % PP also presented superior antimicrobial properties and antioxidant activity with rates of over 86 %, providing an effective strawberry preservation function., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present work focuses on preparation of hydroxyapatite from pomegranate peels by precipitation method. The hydroxyapatite derived from pomegranate fruit peels (HA-PP) was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS and BET techniques. The HA-PP has mesoporous in structure and had an area of 99.021 m 2 /g. Further HA-PP was used as adsorbent for the removal of Cr (VI) ion particles from K 2 Cr 2 O 7 . The adsorption trials were executed and found the optimized solution using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments included parameters like pH 2, initial chromium concentration 200 mg/L, adsorbent loading 0.8 g, and contact time 60 min, respectively. Cr (VI) removal was 89.4 % at the optimum combination of these process parameters. A mathematical and statistical optimizing technique response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to verify the interactive effects of various parameters on the adsorption capacity. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to predict the adequacy of the model (F 82.16) shows developed model is valid with R 2 value 0.987, and p-value (>0.1). In this the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model are well explained for Cr (VI) adsorption onto HA-PP. This reaction is spontaneous and endothermic, as indicated by the negative change in the standard free energy (ΔG 0  = -0.1732) and ΔH 0 (+4.71) value at the selected temperature. The ΔS 0 (+15.89) further confirms that the randomness increased at the solid-solution interface during adsorption., Competing Interests: We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Pomegranate peel contains substantial amount of phenolic acids responsible for its remarkable in vitro antioxidant activities. Objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing pomegranate peel infusion on antioxidant quality of broiler meat. Present study showed that supplementation of infusion can increase the antioxidant activity in meat in dose dependent manner. It is concluded that pomegranate peel infusion might be used to extend self-life of poultry meat.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic and hypotensive properties of pomegranate peel (PP) on antioxidant status, fat deposition, lipid peroxidation and pulmonary hypertensive response in broiler chickens. A total of 375 one‐day‐old male broilers (Cobb 500) were randomly assigned to five treatments included dietary PP levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 g/kg. Supplementation of PP at 7.5 and 10 g/kg resulted in significant upregulation of hepatic catalase (p

The experiment was designed as a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, including (i) pomegranate peel (zero, 4%, and 8 percent), (ii) oxidized soybean oil (zero, 2%, and 4 percent), and (iii) alpha-tocopherol (zero and 200 mg/kg). Supplementation of 8% pomegranate peel in diets significantly decreased the growth performance of broiler chickens. The supplementation of 4% oxidized oil in diets significantly reduced body weight gain and Feed intake whole experimental period (p < 0.05). The results showed that supplementation of 4% pomegranate peel in the diet was associated with low aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase, and malondialdehyde (MDA). However, 4% pomegranate peel increased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. The supplemental 4% oxidized oil increased the serum AST, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and MDA concentrations. TAC, SOD, and Catalase (CAT) activities were affected by 4% oxidized oil and alpha-tocopherol. The use of oxidized oil and vitamin E decreased MDA concentration. The serum glucose and globulin concentrations were significantly lower in the 8% pomegranate peel. The results showed that supplementation with 4% pomegranate peel in diets reduced serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The inclusion of 4% oxidized oil in diets reduced serum glucose and increased the blood lipid concentration such as triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL. Vitamin E supplementation reduced the serum cholesterol and LDL concentrations. The use of 8% pomegranate peel reduced red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, and packed cell value (PCV). The results indicated that supplementation with 8% pomegranate peel and 4% oxidized oil in diets decreased the immunoglobulin concentration in broilers. In addition, it was found that the inclusion of 4% pomegranate peel in diets resulted in higher IgG, IgM and total immunoglobulin. Pomegranate peel supplementation significantly decreased meat MDA concentration. Supplementation of 4% oxidized oil increased MDA of meat (p < 0.05). Vitamin E supplementation (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased MDA of meat (p < 0.05). Consequently, the results of this experiment showed that supplementation with 4% pomegranate peel had beneficial effects on broiler chickens. It was also found that feeding 2% oxidized oil in diets had no adverse effect on broilers.

Pomegranate peel (PoP) contains plenty of bioactive compounds and exhibits strong activity to prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia and improve diabetes mellitus. Presently, bioaffinity ultrafiltration coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is employed to screen and identify the efficient α-glucosidase inhibitors in PoP and the detailed inhibitory mechanisms are further investigated. The results show that many substances, including ellagic acid, kaempferol, gallic acid, and resveratrol in PoP reveal strong activity to inhibit α-glucosidase and ellagic acid (EA) is screened as the most effective compound. Further research indicates that EA plays a competitive and reversible inhibition role against α-glucosidase with the value of Ki was 6.24 × 105 mol/L. EA also directly interacts with the amino acids of α-glucosidase mainly via van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, thereby, influencing the secondary structure and stability of α-glucosidase. Finally, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of EA is further confirmed to significantly reduce postprandial blood glucose in vivo.

We developed a novel biosorbent based on zirconium-modified pomegranate peel (SPP@Zr) for efficient arsenic (As(III)) removal from water. SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR were used to characterize the prepared biosorbent. The batch adsorption method was used to evaluate the adsorption viability of biosorbents for the removal of As(III) from water. The EDX analysis of saponified pomegranate peels (SPP) before and after Zr (IV) loading demonstrated that ion exchange was the preferred metal loading technique. As (III) adsorption is very pH-dependent, with the maximum adsorption occurring at pH 8.0. The maximum As(III) adsorption capacity of SPP@Zr was found to be 82.0 mg/g. According to isotherm and kinetic modeling studies, the experimental results fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic modeling. The spent biosorbent may be easily regenerated and reused using an alkaline solution. Hence, SPP@Zr is proving to be a promising biosorbent for uptake of As (III) from water. BIBECHANA 19 (2022)1-13

The consumption of dietary fiber (DF) has been associated with a reduced incidence of non-communicable diseases. Despite various strategies implemented worldwide to increase DF intake, it remains low. Therefore, the development of new fiber-rich food products that are widely consumed could be a strategy to improve DF intake. In this study, an agro-industrial by-product, pomegranate peel powder (PPP), was used as an innovative source of DF and antioxidant. The objective was to develop a bread enriched with DF, antioxidants, and sensory characteristics by partially replacing wheat flour (WF) with PPP at levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Bread with 2.5% and 5% PPP was chosen for a clinical trial to evaluate glycemic response (GR) in healthy subjects and determine the bread’s glycemic index (GI). As the percentage of PPP increased, both the DF and total polyphenol content increased significantly. The highest overall acceptability was achieved with bread containing up to 5% PPP. Consumption of bread with 2.5% and 5.0% PPP significantly reduced the GI compared to the control bread, while the decrease in GR was not significant. PPP could be a potential food and low-cost ingredient to improve the bread’s nutritional quality through its contribution to DF and antioxidants.