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Copyright of La Manzana de la discordia is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lusitania Sacra is the property of Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Centro de Estudos de Historia Religiosa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A person who dies for his or her religious faith is called a martyr or a martyr, but the term martyr also applies to those who give their lives for another cause considered noble, such as those who die for their country in time of war. Martyrdom is the suffering, torment, torture or death endured by someone for their ideas or beliefs. The term martyr is also used by extension in other forms, martyr of the fatherland, martyr of labour, to honour particular acts of heroism. The word 'martyr' is originally Greek and designates someone who has witnessed to Christ by his own death. At first, the term martyr was used with reference to the apostles still living, then it was extended to all those who gave a demonstration of faith and finally it was used of those who died as a result of persecution.

The article presents an interview with Rafael D'Aqui, team leader for Latin America and the Caribbean of the Pontifical Foundation Aid to the Church in Need (ACN), who visited Chile to evaluate the socio-ecclesial situation and ongoing projects. The concern for violence against Christian communities in Chile, especially in La Araucanía, is highlighted, and the importance of strengthening the experience of Christian communities in the country is mentioned. Additionally, the situation of religious freedom in Latin America is addressed, with an emphasis on the educated persecution towards religion in several countries in the region. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on examining C.S. Lewis's "The Dark Tower" through the lens of Nazi symbolism and Jewish persecution, drawing parallels between the story's elements and real-world historical events. Topics include analyzing characters like the "Jerkies" and "Darkeners" as allegorical representations, exploring Lewis's possible influences and timelines for composition, and discussing the significance of textual clues in understanding the narrative's deeper layers of meaning.

The thematic development, which is framed in the next lines of this article, focuses on the horizon of the harmful vision that the Jew had in the socio-cultural context of the Late Middle Ages, where this collective was to be persecuted and/or discriminated against because of the false Christian pretext for accusing the People of Israel as guilty of the death of Christ. Thus supposing the appearance of that pejorative image of the Hebrew as a harmful entity, both for the society of the time and for Christianity. Therefore, the low-medieval iconographic tradition is attended, where through preconceived stereotypes born of that “Jewish question”, a series of physiological, cultural and religious traits are outlined which are reflected again and again in this traditional iconographic line.

Exorcismos de esti(l)o is one of Guillermo Cabrera Infante’s least studied books. It is nevertheless of essential importance for understanding the entirety of his poetics. It is a book that condenses the pain of the ostracism and the betrayal inflicted by the revolutionary regime that Cabrera had so strongly supported. The purpose of this article is to highlight the implicit elements of the text that support this hypothesis. It considers the strategies used by the author throughout Exorcismos de esti(l)o to practice the language with which he obsessively tries to draw, in his novelas del yo, a portrait of a lost and unrecoverable Havana, the hopeful Havana preceding the Cuban Revolution. It is an impossible yet obstinate mission. This is why the texts that articulate the impossibility of representation and the anguish that this mission generates deserve special attention.

In football matches, there are often beatings (mistreatment) committed by players against referees. This study aims to analyze the mistreatment of players against referees in football matches, which can be categorized as criminal acts, and analyze actions that can be taken by the police and PSSI against mistreatment or fights between players in football matches. This research uses the sociological-judical approach. The results showed that the actions of the players who mistreated the referee met the elements of the criminal act of persecution as stipulated in Article 351, Paragraph 1, of the Criminal Code. Second, the actions of the police in the case are: a. conduct an investigation by summoning the two players who clashed on the field; b. dismiss the case on the grounds that it is submitted to the PSSI's internal decision; while the PSSI in this case only imposed sanctions with a ban from competing for the next two matches and a fine. Abstrak Dalam pertandingan sepak bola sering kali terjadi pemukulan (penganiayaan yang dilakukan oleh pemain terhadap wasit). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbuatan penganiayaan pemain terhadap wasit dalam pertandingan sepak bola tersebut dapat dikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana, dan menganalisis tindakan yang dapat dilakukan oleh pihak kepolisian dan PSSI terhadap penganiayaan atau perkelahian antar pemain dalam pertandingan sepak bola. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perbuatan para pemain yang melakukan penganiayaan kepada wasit memenuhi unsur tindak pidana penganiayaan sebagaimana diatur dalam pasal 351 ayat (1) KUHP. Kedua, bahwa tindakan pihak kepolisian dalam kasus tersebut adalah: a. Melakukan penyidikan dengan memanggil kedua pemain yang bentrok di lapangan; b. Menghentikan perkara tersebut, dengan alasan diserahkan kepada putusan internal PSSI; sedangkan PSSI dalam kasus tersebut, hanya menjatuhkan sanksi beruapa larangan bertanding selama 2 pertandingan berikutnya, ditambah denda.

In Case C-621/21, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) held that women in general and women facing domestic violence in their country of origin in particular, qualify as a protected ‘social group’ under EU Directive 2011/95 and thus avail themselves for refugee status or subsidiary protection in the Common European Asylum System. This contribution applies the perspective of feminist approaches to international law to critically analyze what this decision means for women and victims of gender-based violence – in- and outside of the European Union.

Two pending cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) provide an opportunity for the CJEU to consolidate group-based refugee protection. At the heart of the cases is a concern with granting refugee protection to groups of persons based on their inherent characteristics, in this case women and girls from Afghanistan. However, as the joined cases of AH and FN highlight, this is often due to an apprehension amongst asylum decision makers over the grant of protection to large groups of persons based on sex and misconceptions surrounding gender-based violence and discrimination.

In Finland a rising number of asylum seekers from Islamic countries are converting to Christianity. As religious persecution is a ground for refugee status, the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) must determine whether a change of religion poses a threat to the asylum seeker in their home country. But how can the conversion of an asylum seeker be, in fact, verified? In this article, I analyse – from a theological perspective – the view of Christianity that guides Migri's credibility assessment of conversion in the asylum process. The focus lies in persons from Islamic countries converting to Christianity during their asylum process. The material consists of 48 application rulings, concentrating on the 20 negative decisions. The analysis focuses on the concepts of faith and the Church, as these central concepts of Christianity are highly relevant for the credibility assessment. I contrast Migri's understanding of these concepts with illustrations of how they have been understood in theology. Thus, a clearer picture of Migri's view on the Christian religion emerges, showing that Migri views it primarily as an inward orientation. As Migri does not acknowledge other manifestations of religious identity as authentic, it is possible that not all those in need of protection are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses memories and historical meanings of the idea of "persecution of samba" during the First Republic in Brazil. Based on the analysis of oral testimonies of black musicians and on the historiography of the post-abolition period in Rio de Janeiro, I argue that, though it seems imprecise under the criteria of academic historiography, this idea fulfills the political function of underlining and not letting be forgotten a historical context of racial violence, that is linked to music, but not restricted to it. Its inclusion in the historiography of samba is, therefore, a relative victory for the worldview of black communities in their negotiations with more powerful groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to apply neutrosophic logic in the context of the DEMATEL method to evaluate the variables involved in the eligibility of individuals in asylum requests and immigration processes. To achieve this, information acquisition methods were employed to gather the variables necessary for inclusion in the study. An expert panel was engaged to assess these variables, taking into account the inherent indeterminacy and uncertainties associated with decision-making. The study's results highlighted variables such as "Persecution in the country of origin" and "Reasons for the application" as highly influential elements in the eligibility process. This information provided decision-makers with a clearer understanding of which aspects should be prioritized in the evaluation of asylum and immigration requests. The combination of neutrosophic logic and the DEMATEL method proved to be an effective tool in addressing the complexity of this process and provided a more robust framework for decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the indispensability of religious material culture for identity processes during times of surveillance and persecution under Albania's communist regime, especially after 1967, under conditions of intensified anti-religious frenzy. The significance of materiality in underground spirituality is investigated through two case studies. After outlining the methodological design of this study and its theoretical principles grounded on the Identity Process Theory, we delineate the historical background in which religious communities and individuals found themselves vis-à-vis their religious identities during 1967–1990. Then, we comparatively study two inconspicuous religious artefacts alongside their stories and the people who preserved and used them. Through these two cases, we strive to demonstrate how surveillance and prosecution mobilize identity processes that often act in dissidence to the political establishment by looking at how communication and memories associated with visual, material religious objects emit emotions and affection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of the discursive construction of Christianity and interdenominational and interreligious relations in the Christian persecution discourse of Lithuanian Catholic anti-genderist groups. The analysis is based on a case study of the discourse developed by Tomas Viluckas in his news portal, Laikmetis (laikmetis.lt), which was operationalised by the Christian Professional Union. The analysis shows that not only does religion have an influence on gender politics, but current debates on gender politics in broader society also shape religion and interreligious relations. Public debates on the ratification of the Istanbul Convention in Lithuania fuelled the perceived relevance of the idea of Christian persecution. This discourse highlighted the multidenominational nature of Christianity and challenged the dominant vision of the national Catholic Church as the sole defender of what is imagined as the traditional Lithuanian family, even if the hierarchy of religious communities in Lithuania features the Roman Catholic Church at the top. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anarchist participation in the Popular Army during the Spanish Civil War has largely been subsumed into wider narratives regarding the modernising impulses of the Republican state on the one hand, and the resistance to statist collaboration mounted within the libertarian movement on the other. In this dichotomy, the anarchists who participated in militarisation are either seen as latecomers to the far-sighted, pan-antifascist project spearheaded by the Republican leadership, or else as passive spectators to the brutal dismantling of the revolutionary project. The weakness of this narrative is that it largely neglects not only the varied motives for accepting militarisation, but also the considerable agency exerted by anarchists at the front in resisting anti-libertarian persecution, while constructing a new identity as the vanguard of antifascism. Drawing on a combination of syndicalist reports, oral testimonies and anarchist press materials, this paper rejects the accepted vision of the front as a space of lethargic defeat. Rather, it reinterprets it as a space in which the anarchists instrumentalised their traditions and practices, alongside their inviolable moral authority achieved through their antifascist war experience, to establish a libertarian subculture within the Popular Army. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anecdotal evidence suggests that there is interspecific competition between black‐backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) and caracal (Caracal caracal) on farmland in South Africa. Home range data were used across both years (1983–2016) and provinces, as well as polynomial interpolation, to quantitatively assess changes in the population of caracal and black‐backed jackal over time. The jackal abundance estimates had low uncertainty, while the caracal data had high uncertainty. A Gaussian model of interspecific competition was developed, using the properties of the Gaussian model and the more reliable jackal abundance data to reduce the uncertainty associated with the caracal data. It was found that caracals have actually declined in South Africa over the past few decades. Caracals are both beneficial to society in terms of trade and other uses and a threat to farmers in terms of livestock predation. To explore the drivers for hunting further, a predator–prey model was developed. The model found that killing for trade is not the main driver for declines in caracal numbers. However, reducing the persecution of caracal on farmland actually stabilises the number of black‐backed jackal, resulting in 'win–win' outcomes for both farmers and caracal. A concerted Africa‐wide response to caracal declines is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines has historically been known to have one of the most robust and politically active civil societies in the world. With a deep affinity with democracy, civil society became a reliable bulwark against abuses of power and endemic corruption. However, it came under attack under the populist, illiberal Duterte administration (2016–2022) through intimidation, persecution, massive disinformation, and even outright violence. This article examines why Philippine civil society – despite its attempted pushback against democratic erosion – was generally neutralized by Duterte. Apart from its weakened state given polarizing elite conflicts in the 2000s, Duterte engaged in executive assaults against civil society through the four strategies of exploiting divisions within civil society; securitizing public; regulating civic space to weed out opposition voices; and controlling the media environment. This article concludes by examining the implications of a weakened civil society and prospects for its reinvigoration under a restored Marcos dynasty, which won the 2022 Philippine presidential elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Jewish youth identity, gender, and ideology during the Holocaust in France in order to understand how young people responded to persecution. The author's attempts to understand the youth perspective reveals that these adolescents' experiences were distinct and varied, and each traversed complex and multifaceted paths through the war. Always in perpetual negotiation with other elements of their identities—such as their ideology, religion, and gender—for many, youth movements greatly impacted how they developed and matured into adulthood. Coming of age during the Holocaust meant not only enduring persecution, but also traditional discourses on the place of young people in society. Charting the trajectories of individual young people and Jewish youth groups within the context of the war, the Holocaust, and French Jewish history reveals their radicalized and accelerated wartime development. In researching this phenomenon, it becomes possible to decenter entrenched narratives of persecution and resistance and enhance our understanding of wartime gender roles, the impact of Judaism, and the various ideologies that informed these youths' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper brings a polemic into the theoretical discussion about the typology of the political regime of the Slovak Republic in the period 1939 - 1945 as a clerofascist regime. In recent years, it has been possible to reflect on attempts to rehabilitate this concept and defend the adequacy of applying the concept of clerical fascism to the political practice of the Slovak state. Based on the theoretical concept of authoritarianism presented by J. J. Linz, it is possible to agree with the adequacy of using the term „authoritarian" for this political regime. However, we remind that a regime itself during its development acquired the character of „leaky totalitarianism". We demonstrate the regime's totalitarian practices based on a historical analysis of several examples of persecutions of Greek Catholic priests who were interned in pre-trial detention or a detention camp in Ilava. However, this form of extrajudicial persecution in the Slovak state was not avoided even by clerics of other religions. The analyzed cases of persecuted priests demonstrate certain counterparts to „clerical fascists". Based on the plurality of opinion, we challenge the concept itself and the inadequacy of its application and even absolutization to the complicated reality of the political regime of the Slovak Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persecution, a core concept of the 1951 Refugee Convention's definition of 'refugee', is generally thought to entail both serious harm and a failure of State protection. The predominant view in refugee law is that the harm a refugee fears will take place within their country of origin. Yet, trafficked persons who fear (transnational) re-trafficking experience harm mainly outside the country of origin. As such, their asylum claims raise difficult doctrinal issues, in particular regarding how the State of origin can be expected to protect against harm taking place outside its territory. This article seeks to answer this question by examining trafficking-based asylum claims from the United Kingdom and Germany and the relationship between future risk, harm, and State protection. It argues that to understand effective State protection against re-trafficking, it is necessary to pay attention to the individual types of harm experienced in the trafficking context and to their sequence. This allows an understanding of persecution as cumulative, with the State of origin's failure to protect against harm experienced in its territory resulting in additional harm experienced outside the country. This understanding of persecution resolves the doctrinal issues raised by trafficking-based asylum claims and has wider implications for individuals who experience harm in the context of irregular migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person who dies for his or her religious faith is called a martyr or a martyr, but the term martyr also applies to those who give their lives for another cause considered noble, such as those who die for their country in time of war. Martyrdom is the suffering, torment, torture or death endured by someone for their ideas or beliefs. The term martyr is also used by extension in other forms, martyr of the fatherland, martyr of labour, to honour particular acts of heroism. The word 'martyr' is originally Greek and designates someone who has witnessed to Christ by his own death. At first, the term martyr was used with reference to the apostles still living, then it was extended to all those who gave a demonstration of faith and finally it was used of those who died as a result of persecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostracism is known to lead to negative psychological outcomes; however, little is known as to how ostracism may be a predictor of paranoid thoughts. The present paper examined the relationship between perceived ostracism and paranoid thoughts (social reference, persecution) by focusing on the potential moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility. As expected, data from a sample of 315 internet users (Mage = 31.5 years) showed that perceived ostracism was positively related to both social reference and persecution. Psychological flexibility did not moderate the ostracism-paranoid thought relationships. However, psychological inflexibility was a moderator of the ostracism-social reference relationship, but not for ostracism-persecution. Specifically, at both high and low levels of psychological inflexibility, there was a significant positive relationship between ostracism and social reference. These unexpected findings suggest that future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which perceived ostracism may lead to paranoia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The godly lives of Samuel Clarke have traditionally been consulted by historians of early Stuart puritanism for biographical information, particularly anecdotal information, about many of the most famous puritan divines of the age. But, in fact, the lives, and the martyrologies and ecclesiastical histories in which they were contained, were a product of the events of the English civil war and revolution; and more particularly of the disastrous defeat suffered at the end of the 1640s and early 1650s by the Presbyterians at the hands of the Independents and the sects. The first versions of Clarke's collection of lives, which were published between 1650 and 1652, represented a response to that crisis. This article sets out to explain how and why that was, and, having set the lives in that context, and explained the precise apologetic, polemical and edificational purposes they were designed to serve, it concludes by explaining what light such a contextual reading of Clarke's text might shed on the dynamics of the 1650s and the fate therein of the 'national church'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Hamburg, as elsewhere, debates about aspects of remembering the Shoah have been and are being conducted not only locally, but across national and other borders. People with a personal history of persecution and a connection to the city have a special position in these debates. The same applies to the discussions in the 1980s and 1990s in which the associations of former Hamburg residents in Israel spoke out – and were usually heard. Initially, two groups existed, one in Jerusalem, one in Tel Aviv, which merged in 1992 and had close contact with Hamburg. They are described here both as organisations in Israel and as actors in remembrance politics of the city. This essay elaborates on their commitment at the example of exhibition projects on Hamburg's Jewish history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 24 January 1960 nine police were killed in the African settlement of Cato Manor when residents turned on officers conducting a liquor patrol. On 5 September 1961, nine men convicted of the killings were hanged in Pretoria's Central Prison. These deaths produced contrasting narratives, one by the apartheid state and then decades later, another by the current African National Congress government. Apartheid police and judicial authorities vilified the accused as the worst kind of killers who wantonly slaughtered the representatives of law and order. Sixty years later, these murderers of the apartheid period were resurrected as martyrs and their remains were interred at Heroes Arch, a resting place for many antiapartheid activists. Moving past these binary versions allows us to consider a more mundane story that underscores the South African state's commitment to a model of policing that generated an unmatched degree of persecution in colonial Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers a preliminary presentation of a newly discovered dossier of documents produced by the Roman Inquisition during the persecution of the Portuguese Jews living in Ancona in 1555–1556. The essay contextualizes the documents within the archive that currently holds them and attempts to explain how they ended up in Ravenna; it also identifies some of the most striking novelties contributed by these recently found documents to our knowledge of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious persecution, segregation, and commercial networks triggered the diaspora of Iberian New Christians and Sephardic Jews throughout the Atlantic in the Early Modern period. Despite the geographical dispersion, the diverse host environments, and the complex religious experiences, the so-called Western Sephardic Diaspora was founded on the principles of unity and preservation, which were cemented by the notion of belonging to the Nação. Thus, as a cross-border community connected by common geographical origins, collective cultural identity, and a shared New Christian background, the concept of Nação was structural for the definition and evolution of the diasporic experience of Portuguese and Spanish exiles and their descendants from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. This article overviews the most recent findings and perspectives on the concept of the Nação as a unifying element of the Western Sephardic Diaspora. Then, it problematizes the interpretation of this concept in different Sephardic communities established in Atlantic port cities. This problem is approached by analyzing these communities' internal bylaws (ascamot) under the lens of two critical questions: (1) the concept of Nação as defining the borders of belonging to the community and (2) the unity and preservation of the Nação as essential drifts of the organization and management of the community. This analysis emphasizes the tension between the dynamism and particularities of each community and the conservatism of the idea of Nação, promoted by small social and economic elites that exercised increasing control over the communities and their interaction with the surrounding environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuelled by nationalism and Catholicism, the wartime Slovak state, a client state of Nazi Germany, aimed to promote population growth by forcing the return of women from public to private life and supporting Slovak Christian families, but also by stigmatizing and restricting any sexuality that was not reproductive. Under these circumstances, where women were shamed for not having enough children, all previously per- mitted methods of birth control were banned, and abortion was criminalized. One of the few remaining options for controlling one's fertility was a clandestine abortion. By examining files that document the criminal persecution of women who underwent abortions, this work aims to track alternative family planning practices, and thus the development of a loosely organized clandestine abortion network. It then examines the possibility of understanding abortion as a form of women's opposition to political and ideological aims to hinder their freedom of choice. At the same time, the article suggests that women's agency of this kind challenged the patriotic imperative to become a mother as well as the hegemonic narrative and idyllic picture of Slovak motherhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Feministische Studien is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presence and emergence of Neo-Protestant cults on Romanian territory beginning with 19th aroused several reactions both from traditional churches and from civil authorities. The attitude towards the "newcomers" was different, taking various forms of manifestation. These reactions varied in intensity: from opposition to persecution. They also differed from one territory to another. The authorities (civil and religious) have acted independently of each other and in synergy. Most often the association was led by the pressure from the religious authority towards the political authority. These reactions also produced several effects among the modern religious movements. This presentation will show some of them. It is also worth emphasizing the attitude of civil society where it existed and was preserved in historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Historia Persecutionum Ecclesiae Bohemicae, a significant work during the Thirty Years' War, analyzing it in three angles: as a survey of Bohemian church changes. It highlights how this historiographic text served the Brethren's religious and political goals, constructing a confessional identity amidst exile and conflict, unique due to its dual purpose of presenting truthful history and furthering religious objectives amidst changing circumstances.

Globally, climate is changing rapidly, which causes shifts in many species' distributions, stressing the need to understand their response to changing environmental conditions to inform conservation and management. Northern latitudes are expected to experience strongest changes in climate, with milder winters and decreasing snow cover. The wolverine (Gulo gulo) is a circumpolar, threatened carnivore distributed in northern tundra, boreal, and subboreal habitats. Previous studies have suggested that wolverine distribution and reproduction are constrained by a strong association with persistent spring snow cover. We assess this hypothesis by relating spatial distribution of 1589 reproductive events, a fitness‐related proxy for female reproduction and survival, to snow cover over two decades. Wolverine distribution has increased and number of reproductive events increased 20 times in areas lacking spring snow cover during our study period, despite low monitoring effort where snow is sparse. Thus, the relationship between reproductive events and persistent spring snow cover weakened during this period. These findings show that wolverine reproductive success and hence distribution are less dependent on spring snow cover than expected. This has important implications for projections of future habitat availability, and thus distribution, of this threatened species. Our study also illustrates how past persecution, or other factors, that have restricted species distribution to remote areas can mask actual effects of environmental parameters, whose importance reveals when populations expand beyond previously restricted ranges. Overwhelming evidence shows that climate change is affecting many species and ecological processes, but forecasting potential consequences on a given species requires longitudinal data to revisit hypotheses and reassess the direction and magnitude of climate effects with new data. This is especially important for conservation‐oriented management of species inhabiting dynamic systems where environmental factors and human activities interact, a common scenario for many species in different ecosystems around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]