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Разработана методика оптимизации основных конструктивных параметров элементов решетчатых противокумулятивных экранов для защиты от кумулятивного боеприпаса, в частности от гранат ручного противотанкового гранатомета. На основе этой методики, исходя из требований противодействия конкретному типу боеприпаса, возможен подбор оптимальной, по массогабаритным показателям и с максимально допустимой вероятностью срабатывания, конструкции противокумулятивного решетчатого экрана. The article analyzes the existing cumulative ammunition in different countries, as well as show-characterized tics of various anti-tank grenade. The analysis of the means of protection against chemical weapons, are examples of the use anti-cumulative screens. A method for optimizing the basic design data elements anti-cumulative lattice screens to protect against cumulative ammunition, especially grenades rocket-propelled grenade. The analysis of the calculated data shows that the use of the proposed method provides a rationale for the choice of the design parameters of the elements of lattice screens. This technique allows you to automate the calculation of parameters of elements-cops lattice screens to protect against the alleged type of munition and optimization of lattice screens for specific tasks. Comparison of the calculated performance data grid displays the characteristics of existing models shows their convergence.

The technique of reinforcing concrete structures by means of bonding composite fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) has been applied in the construction industry. There are several examples of application of these materials in bridges and in buildings, both in new construction and rehabilitation and/or strengthening of damaged structures. With the increasing use of FRP new problems and challenges are inevitably found. Among these subjects, there are legitimate concerns about the behaviour of FRP materials when exposed to fire action. It is the aim of this work to analyse the behaviour of composite materials exposed to fire, in particular composite materials based on carbon fibres (CFRP). Therefore a set of tests on 100 × 100 × 40 mm concrete specimens with CFRP are to be analysed using the test method recommended by EN ISO 13927. The CFRP sheet is glued on the top surface of the specimens using epoxy resin and exposed to thermal action. The surface of the reinforcement system is exposed to the action of different radiative heat fluxes, from 35 kW/m2 to 75 kW/m2, from a cone calorimeter and changes in temperature are determined by thermocouples placed between the surfaces of both materials, and the material heat release rate by the use of a thermopile. The influence of passive fire protection systems on the CFRP fire reaction is analysed considering different fire protection materials (gypsum boards, ceramic fibre sheets and intumescing paints). The temperature variation during the period of thermal exposure is measured across the surface of the different material layers, allowing to assess the influence of these fire protection materials to the CFRP structural reinforcement capabilities at elevated temperatures. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The technique of reinforcing concrete structures by means of bonding composite fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) has been applied in the construction industry. There are several examples of application of these materials in bridges and in buildings, both in new construction and rehabilitation and/or strengthening of damaged structures. With the increasing use of FRP new problems and challenges are inevitably found. Among these subjects, there are legitimate concerns about the behaviour of FRP materials when exposed to fire action. It is the aim of this work to analyse the behaviour of composite materials exposed to fire, in particular composite materials based on carbon fibres (CFRP). Therefore a set of tests on 100 × 100 × 40 mm concrete specimens with CFRP are to be analysed using the test method recommended by EN ISO 13927. The CFRP sheet is glued on the top surface of the specimens using epoxy resin and exposed to thermal action. The surface of the reinforcement system is exposed to the action of different radiative heat fluxes, from 35 kW/m2 to 75 kW/m2, from a cone calorimeter and changes in temperature are determined by thermocouples placed between the surfaces of both materials, and the material heat release rate by the use of a thermopile. The influence of passive fire protection systems on the CFRP fire reaction is analysed considering different fire protection materials (gypsum boards, ceramic fibre sheets and intumescing paints). The temperature variation during the period of thermal exposure is measured across the surface of the different material layers, allowing to assess the influence of these fire protection materials to the CFRP structural reinforcement capabilities at elevated temperatures. The authors wish to acknowledge Reconco Company for the supply of plasterboard. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Basic approaches to Nature Protected Areas of Ukraine in European integration context. The concepts of Nature Protected Areas, that are implemented in current world with the Ukrainian context discussed. Influence of passive protection mode – absolute protection on populations of rare species of plants and animals was studied. Positive effect for some species and negative for others was shown. This situation has simple decision – using of principle of Krasnytsky – D yrenkov proclaiming the need to distinguish passive and active protection in various protected areas. The first task should serve as nature reserves and absolutely protected zones of biosphere reserves, national and regional landscape parks, the second one – for other zones of parks and other objects, nature reserves, natural monuments and so on. We also discussed other necessary measures for Nature Protected Areas of Ukraine in European integration conditions.

Basic approaches to Nature Protected Areas of Ukraine in European integration context. The concepts of Nature Protected Areas, that are implemented in current world with the Ukrainian context discussed. Influence of passive protection mode – absolute protection on populations of rare species of plants and animals was studied. Positive effect for some species and negative for others was shown. This situation has simple decision – using of principle of Krasnytsky – D yrenkov proclaiming the need to distinguish passive and active protection in various protected areas. The first task should serve as nature reserves and absolutely protected zones of biosphere reserves, national and regional landscape parks, the second one – for other zones of parks and other objects, nature reserves, natural monuments and so on. We also discussed other necessary measures for Nature Protected Areas of Ukraine in European integration conditions.

The present paper analyses the behaviour of moment resisting frames in reinforced concrete subject to earthquakes recorded in near-field areas. In these areas, the signals show impulsive-type accelerograms, with velocity and displacement peaks higher than in far-field zones especially for the fault-normal component of the ground motion velocity in the direction of propagation of the wave, which shows large-amplitude pulses. In the following, seven near-field signals scaled in agreement with the design spectrum of the Italian code (NTC, 2008) have been adopted to perform a nonlinear analysis on a six-story frame. The response has also been determined for the same frame protected once with hysteretic-type energy dissipaters and once with base isolators. The aim of the present study is to acquire quantitative knowledge on the near-field ground motion effects on frame buildings and on their damage also in the presence of passive seismic protection systems.

Background and Purpose: The study presents the results of an investigation of regeneration processes, growth, development and survival of young growth by field measurement and three- dimensional visualization of horizontal and vertical structure. The results are based on the ten-year investigation (1998-2009) on a permanent experimental plot in a mountain beech forest with dead nettle tree (Lamio orvale - Fagetum sylvaticae Ht. 1938) in conditions of passive protection. Materials and Methods: Basic structural indicators were measured (diameter at breast height and height), structural crown elements (size and shape, ground cover crowns) and the occurrence and survival of young growth as the basic conditions of natural regeneration. Particular emphasis in the investigation was paid to the development of crown structures and the process of natural regeneration during the 10 year period. Results and Conclusions: Investigation indicates the occurrence of young growth regeneration cores arising as a result of the die-back of one dominant beech tree with horizontal crown projections of 145 m2 which initiated the possibility of natural regeneration. The greatest change occurred in the beech seedling count, whose numbers increased fourfold from 3556 plants per hectare in 1998 to 12694 plants per hectare in 2009. The share of beech seedlings increased from 8.7% to 22.6% of all species of young growth and shrubs. Thus beech became dominant among the tree species regeneration. However, the majority of the young plants of beech are of poor quality and thus their further development in conditions of passive protection is questionable. The investigations also showed the possibility of a new approach to the study of the dynamics of crown structures and the process of natural regeneration by methods of three-dimensional visualization of horizontal and vertical structures. The methods presented offer a more graphic illustration of the development of stands and high quality presentation of the obtained results. For a long-term scientifically based plan, with the aim of reaching the most favourable decisions on the future of forest stands in protected areas, particularly in today’s conditions of climatic changes, continuous improvement and expansion of monitoring methods by means of a network of permanent experimental plots in all protected forest areas is necessary.

Проаналізовано основні чинники підвищення ефективності пасивного захисту підземних споруд від корозії. Вивчено вплив природи інгібіторів корозії та сольового складу електроліту на гідрофобність модифікованих мастик. Встановлено, що модифікація базової мастики МБПІД-1 інгібіторами «Інг.3» і «Інг.6» призводить до зменшення водонасичення модифікованих мастик та підвищує їх гідрофобність. Встановлено, що характер залежностей водонасичення від природи інгібітора не залежить від сольового складу електроліту. Експериментально доведено, що в морській воді гідрофобність досліджуваних зразків мастик є значно вищою, ніж в дистильованій., The main factors increasing the efficiency of passive protection of underground structures against corrosion. The influence of the nature of corrosion inhibitors and salt electrolyte composition on hydrophobicity of modified mastic. Established that the modification of basic putty MBPID-1 inhibitors "Inh.3" and "Inh.6" leads to a decrease in water saturation modified mastics and increases their hydrophobicity. Found that the dependence of water saturation on the nature of inhibition is independent of salt composition of the electrolyte. Experimentally proved that in seawater hydrophobicity of samples mastic is much higher compared with distilled water.

5th Vaccine and ISV Annual Global Congress, Seattle, United States of America, 2nd to 4th October 2011 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and its counterpart in humans (HRSV) are two closely related virus, which are the leading cause of severe respiratory syndrome in calves and young children, respectively. Passive immunization can be a practical alternative to conventional vaccination in order to prevent the disease. In this report the production of chicken egg yolk IgY and its ability to neutralize BRSV in vitro were assessed. Purified IgY against BRSV specifically recognized BRSV in a dot blot assay and was able to neutralize the virus in a viral neutralization assay. These results demonstrate the potential use of IgY as a prophylactic treatment against RSV infection. Instituto de Virología Fil: Ferella, Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina Fil: Bellido, Demian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina Fil: Chacana, Pablo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina Fil: Wigdorovitz, Andres. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina Fil: Mozgovoj, Marina Valeria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas; Argentina

1939?1945 yılları arasında yaşanan İkinci Dünya Savaşı'na Türkiye, fiilen girmemiş ancak savaşın ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel ve siyasi koşullarını tüm ağırlığıyla hissetmiştir. Ülke savunması ön planda tutulmasına rağmen kültür ve eğitim, cumhuriyet hükümetlerinin programlarında ekonomik, sosyal ve hatta siyasal konularla eşit önemde yer almıştır. Yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan çalışmada eğitim alanında yaşanan gelişmeler, savaş öncesi ve sonrasıyla karşılaştırılarak, hükümetin eğitim anlayışını yansıtan politikaları ile dönemin sosyo-ekonomik problemleri bağlamında açıklanmıştır.İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında hem öğretim kurumlarındaki öğrencilerin çağdaşlaştırılmasına önem verilmiş, hem de sivil halk her türlü savaş olasılığına karşı bilinçlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının faaliyetlerinin yanında halkın eğitimine yönelik çalışmalarda Halkevlerinin ve Halkodalarının rolüne değinilmiştir. Resmi eğitim ve kültür politikaları ile savaş ekonomisinin yarattığı sıkıntıların yurttaşlar ve okullaşan nüfus üzerindeki etkileri öncelikle genel anlamda ele alınmıştır.Taşrada yaşayan halk üzerinde savaşın bıraktığı izlerin, Aydın ili örneğinden yola çıkılarak savaş ekonomisi ve eğitim öğretim politikalarının bileşiminde daha net gözler önüne serileceği düşünülmüştür. İkinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Aydın ilinde eğitim, sosyal ve kültürel alanda yaşanan gelişmeleri tespit etmek çalışmanın başlıca hedefi olmuştur.Belirtilen hususların değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada basın taraması, arşiv çalışması(belgesel tarama) yöntemleriyle döneme ilişkin öncelikle I.elden kaynaklara ulaşılmış, konu ve amaca uygun olarak ilgili literatür incelemesi yapılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler:İkinci Dünya Savaşı, eğitim, pasif korunma, beden terbiyesi, halkevleri, Aydın'da eğitim, köy enstitüleri. Occurred between the years 1939-1945 the Second World War, Turkey, but the war did not actually enter the economic, social, cultural and political conditions, with all the weight was felt. Despite being kept in the forefront of national defense culture and education program of republican government in the economic, social and even political issues were included in equal importance. Master's thesis prepared as Developments in the field of study, education, comparing the before and after the war, reflecting the government's education policies and socio-economic problems in the context of the period are described.The Second World War in the years of students in educational institutions and given the contemporary importance of overhaul, as well as the possibility of war against any civilian population, has been trying to raise awareness. Ministry of National Education as well as activities for public education in studies of the role of public houses and public rooms have been mentioned. Legal education and culture policies and the war economy has created difficulties for citizens and the impact on school population became primarily in general have been addressed.People living in the provinces of the trace left on the war, the war set off by an example of Aydin province's economy and education policies in the composition is intended to be more clearly reveal the eyes. The Second World War years in the province of Aydin in education, social and cultural developments in the field experience to determine which was the main goal of the study.This study was the evaluation of those facts mentioned press screening, library work (documentary screening) method for the period were primarily first-hand access to resources, issues and objectives in accordance with the relevant literature review was conducted.Key Words:Second World War, education, passive protection, physical training, the People's Houses, education in Aydın, village institutions. 373

There exists an increasing concern about the dangers originated in a building g in case of fire. In this work the behaviour of vermiculite as aggregate in fireproof mortars was compared with mortars formulated with two magnesium by-products aggregates which undergo an endothermic decomposition. Fire resistance and mechanical properties were evaluated. An optimal mixture of both magnesium by-products as aggregates allows formulating mortars that improve fire resistance at temperatures greater than 450 C compared with vermiculite mortars. It would be interesting to obtain mortars formulated with magnesium by products and vermiculite to study possible synergic effects.

Background and Aims: The incidence of a IBDV in Croatia in 1995 seems to be a natural consequence of the global spread and resulted in up to 60% and 20% mortality of laying hens and broilers, respectively. Vaccination of a parent stock with a live vaccine and revaccination with an inactivated vaccine at the point-of-lay in order to ensure transfer of maternal antibodies (MN-Abs) to the progeny, was proposed as a prophylactic measure. For this purpose, an inactivated vaccine, adjuvanted by a multiple water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (WOWE) of a low viscosity, was designed. The IBDV-WOWE was tested in order to determine its ability for eliciting a levels of specific Abs in parents which should result in an improved progeny protection. Methods: Winterfield 2512 strain of IBDV, inactivated with 0.1% v/v formaldehyde, was prepared in a WOWE. The WOWE contained 3.3% w/v of both aqueous- (Tween 80) and oil-phase surfactants (Aralcel 83) and a low quality of mineral oil (30% v/v). The aqueos/oil ratio (2/1) and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB = 9.35) were high, while the relative viscosity (n = 3.45) was low. Flocks of 4500 light ISA Brown SSL layers and 2400 heavy Hybro breeders, aged 10 days, were vaccinated by a live IBDV (Gumbokal, Pliva, Zagreb, Croatia) vaccine in drinking water. Trials were carried out under field conditions. Light pullets aged 19 weeks and heavy pullets aged 18 weeks, were both divided in three equal groups and i.m. vaccinated with 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 ml vaccine/bird. Serological response (ELISA-titers) was monitored during the whole laying period. The eggs, collected 31 weeks after vaccination of dams, were hatched. Sera from 3- and 10-day-old hatched chickens were analysed for the presence of MN-Abs. Results and Conclusion: A WOWE contributes to the stability, low viscosity and injectability of the IBDV vaccine without side-effects. Serological responses in both light and heavy breaders, were directly related to the doses of the vaccine administered. A single vaccination generated high and a long-lasting humoral immunity and no additional vaccinations were required during the laying period. The vaccination with the IBDV-WOWE vaccine had no influence on the egg production. The levels of specific Abs in the egg yolks were at least twice higher than those in the sera of the vaccinated dams. The anti-IBDV antibodies were transferred to progeny. The ELISA-titer of the MN-Abs in the sera of 3-day-old offspring was about 2800 and decreased till the 10th day of life.

Ré Island has kept a significant salt-based industry which to a large extent still defines the identity of its marshes. This industry has decreased as part of the tendency for the salt marshes of the French Atlantic coast to disappear since the middle of the nineteenth century. The salt-production of Ré Island, maintained by some sixty salt workers, has also been affected by a move towards extensive production. In recent years, however, a new spatial and social growth of the salt industry seems to have begun, driven by the political will of local governments and by the salt cooperative. In the current economic and environmental context, one should support a active protection by maintaining primary activities, rather than a passive protection that relegates the salt marshes to the status of an environmental sanctuary., L’île de Ré conserve une activité salicole non négligeable qui définit encore en grande part l’identité de ses marais. Celle-ci est à inclure dans le contexte de déprise salicole qui touche les marais salants de la façade atlantique française depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle. L’espace proprement salicole, entretenu par une soixantaine de sauniers, a aussi été touché par une "extensification". Depuis quelques années, cependant, une reprise spatiale et sociale semble amorcée, dynamisée par une volonté politique de la communauté de communes et de la coopérative salicole. Dans les contextes économiques et environnementaux actuels, il s’agit d’encourager une protection active par le maintien des activités primaires, à l’encontre d’une protection dite de type sanctuaire., Mille Sara. Une reconquête de la saliculture rétaise ? Évolution de l’emprise spatiale et des perceptions du milieu salicole de l’île de Ré (France) / A renewal of the salt industry of Ré Island ? Evolution of the spatial extent and of the perceptions of the salt environment. In: Cahiers du Centre nantais de recherche pour l'aménagement régional, n°47-48, 1997. Littoral 95 - Actes du Colloque International Continuités et ruptures sur les littoraux européens. pp. 33-39.

Oral administration of human serum immunoglobulin reduces the duration of diarrhea and of rotaviral excretion in children. To investigate the in vitro effects of immunoglobulin on virus-enterocyte interaction, Caco-2 cells were infected with Rotavirus strain SA11. Immunoglobulin was added prior to and at various times postinfection. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed with an antibody against VP-6 rotaviral antigen. Cell viability and monolayer transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were monitored. Immunofluorescence showed a perinuclear distribution in 90% of cells. Rotavirus infection induced a progressive decrease in TEER and a parallel reduction in cell viability, depending on viral load. Preincubation of the virus with immunoglobulin prevented cell infection as judged by immunofluorescence. Immunoglobulin addition to infected cells partially prevented the decrease in TEER and induced a later shift of TEER toward increasing values, suggesting restoration of monolayer's integrity. The efficacy of immunoglobulin depended on its concentration and on the time of its addition. These results indicate that immunoglobulin is effective in preventing infection and in reducing cell damage, through a direct anti-Rotavirus action and may indicate that immunoglobulin should be administered in the early phase of diarrhea, to reduce the severity of Rotavirus infection.

Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) ivere produced against an etbylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) extract of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae being characterized by gel precipitation as IgM and IgG (IgGl and IgG2b). The EDTA extract was detected as several bands by silver staining in SDS-PAGE. In the Western blot the bands around 20 KDa reacted with a monoclonal antibody, 47B4D6, and was oxidized by periodate and was not digested by pronase, suggesting that the determinant is of carbohydrate nature, lmmunocytochemistry, using colloidal gold labeling, showed that an EDTA extract determinant recognized by monoclonal antibody 47B4D6, is localized under the outer envelope of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Hoe AIAB raised against the EDTA extract was not able to protect hamsters from lethal challenge with virulent homologous leptospires.Anticorpos monoclonais (AcM) foram produzidos contra o extrato EDTA obtido de Leptospira interrogans, sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Pelo teste de precipitação foram caracterizados como IgM e IgG (IgGl e IgG2). A eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida do extrato EDTA revelou diversas bandas quando corada pela prata. No "Western blot", as bandas em torno de 20 kDa reagiram com o AcM 47B4D6, foram oxidadas pelo periodato e não digeridas pela pronase, sugerindo que o determinante é de natureza carboidrato. O determinante reconhecido pelo AcM 47B4D6 estã localizado sob o envelope externo como revelado pela imunocitoquímica usando marcação com ouro coloidal. O AcM contra extrato EDTA do sorovar icterohaemorrahagiae não protegeu hamsters quando inoculados com lepstopira homóloga virulenta.

A técnica de reforço de estruturas de betão por meio de colagem de compósitos à base de polímeros reforçados com fibras (FRP) tem vindo a ser aplicada na indústria da construção. São vários os exemplos de aplicação destes materiais quer em pontes quer em edifícios, tanto em novas construções como em reabilitação e/ou reforço de estruturas degradadas. A aplicação de FRP no reforço é atraente para os técnicos de construção e são várias as vantagens que estes materiais apresentam, nomeadamente, a facilidade de colocação em obra, a resistência a agentes agressivos, a sua leveza, e a introdução do confinamento desejado sem aumentar a secção transversal dos elementos estruturais. Com o aumento da utilização dos FRP são inevitavelmente encontrados novos problemas e desafios. De entre esses problemas, existem preocupações legítimas em relação ao comportamento dos materiais FRP quando expostos ao fogo. A maioria dos compósitos não é diretamente inflamável e apresenta um comportamento satisfatório a elevadas temperaturas, ainda que a resina utilizada na composição possa comprometer o elemento estrutural quando sujeita a um incêndio durante um certo período de tempo. No caso de exposição direta ao fogo, é recomendável que os FRP sejam aplicados com medidas adicionais de prevenção. As medidas passivas estudadas neste trabalho são destinadas a impedir a ignição do fogo e a diminuir o impacto dos incêndios através de mecanismos que não necessitam de intervenção humana ou automatismos. Dependendo do tempo desejado para a resistência ao fogo, podem aplicar-se diversos materiais de proteção tais como: gesso cartonado, painéis de sílica e tintas retardadoras de fogo. É objetivo deste trabalho estudar o comportamento dos materiais compósitos ao fogo, em particular os materiais compósitos à base de fibras de carbono (CFRP). Os materiais utilizados foram a manta e o laminado de fibra de carbono. Para tal é apresentada uma campanha de ensaios com amostras de provetes de betão de dimensão 100×100×40 mm. O CFRP é colado na superfície dos provetes com resina epoxídica exposta à ação térmica. A influência dos sistemas passivos de proteção no comportamento ao fogo dos CFRP é analisada considerando como materiais de proteção: placa de gesso e tinta intumescente. A superfície do sistema de reforço é exposta à ação de diferentes fluxos de calor por radiação, 35 kW/m2 e 75 kW/m2, provenientes de um calorímetro de perda de massa. A evolução da temperatura é avaliada através de termopares colocados entre as superfícies de ambos os materiais permitindo uma análise da influência destes materiais de proteção na capacidade de reforço estrutural dos CFRP quando submetidos a temperaturas elevadas. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper will review how reinforced concrete (RC) flexure members such as bridges, slabs, and beams that have been damaged due to the corrosion of steel reinforcement are often rehabilitated with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. This paper investigates passive as well as active protection of the steel reinforcing bar in RC flexure members that are treated with surface bonded FRP. Passive protection is investigated using glass FRP (GFRP) and carbon FRP (CFRP) sheets that have been adhesively bonded to the beam specimens. Active protection has been studied using electrically conductive carbon fiber wraparounds as an anode while the reinforcing bar is used as a cathode. Accelerated corrosion is inflicted in RC beams by immersing them in saltwater and passing anodic current through the reinforcement. For investigating active protection, the adhesive has been modified to impart electrical conductivity. Specimens were exposed to a highly corrosive environment for a specified time. Flexure strength, mass loss, and half-cell potential are reported as metrics of performance of the samples. The proposed technique has been very effective in retarding the corrosion of steel.