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Adolescents present a relevant stakeholder in international migrations since they comprise a large share of all migrants. Previous studies show that migration processes significantly affect the well-being of migrant adolescents. This article investigates how the school environment, with its pedagogical practices and interpersonal relationships established between migrant adolescents, their classmates, and teachers, affect migrant adolescents’ well-being. Our research draws on quantitative data collected as part of the MiCREATE project. The sample of migrant adolescents (N = 700) was surveyed in 46 schools in six countries: Austria, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Poland, and the United Kingdom. Results indicate that migrant adolescents like school and feel safe there, however, they tend to be more satisfied with relationships established with teachers than with peers. Furthermore, differences in self-perceived school well-being emerge when comparing countries with a longer tradition of high migration flows (Spain, Denmark, and the United Kingdom) and those less experienced (Poland and Slovenia), although slight exceptions were detected. The results lead to the conclusion that schools that foster intercultural education and fulfilling interpersonal relationships are essential for school well-being of migrant adolescents and present an important step toward successful integration of migrant youth. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 30. 1. 2023. Bibliografija: str. 10-11. Abstract. EU, Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Micreate project - Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe, MiCREATE ARRS, Raziskovalni programi, SI, Mejna področja: območja kulturnega in družbenega sobivanja v dobi tveganja in ranljivosti

Uvod: Odvajanje blata je del ožjih dnevnih aktivnosti in je pomembna okupacija vsakdanjega življenja, saj je ključnega pomena za neodvisnost, uspešno socialno vključenost in kakovost življenja osebe. Pridobivanje kontinence črevesja in s tem nadzor nad odvajanjem blata je pomemben mejnik v otroštvu, ki ga otrok pridobi s toaletnim treningom. To je proces, s katerim se otrok uči pravilne uporabe toalete in hkrati tudi zavestne kontrole nad odvajanjem. Težave z odvajanjem so lahko povezane z motnjo senzorne predelave. Za načrtovanje delovnoterapevtske obravnave je treba te težave oceniti z ustreznimi ocenjevalnimi instrumenti. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil prevesti Vprašalnik o toaletnih navadah in s pomočjo intervjujev spoznati izkušnje slovenskih delovnih terapevtov z obravnavo otrok, ki imajo težave z odvajanjem ter ugotoviti kakšna je uporabnost in razumljivost vprašalnika. Metode dela: V raziskavi smo uporabili kvalitativni raziskovalni pristop. S štirimi delovnimi terapevtkami smo v juniju in juliju 2022 izvedli polstrukturirane intervjuje. Sodelovanje je bilo prostovoljno in anonimno. Podatki, dobljeni iz intervjujev, so bili analizirani s pomočjo kvalitativne vsebinske analize. Rezultati: Iz analize so izšle štiri teme: analiza vprašalnika, uporabnost vprašalnika, vzroki za težave z odvajanjem blata in strategije za reševanje težav z odvajanjem blata. Rezultati kažejo, da je bil vprašalnik intervjuvankam razumljiv, uporaben, vendar so predlagale nekaj sprememb. Menijo, da je časovno ekonomičen in strukturiran ter pomaga pri opredelitvi problemov otrok s težavami pri odvajanju blata in načrtovanju obravnave. Razprava in zaključek: Uporaba ocenjevalnih instrumentov je za delovno terapijo ključnega pomena, saj jasno opredelijo težave, ki jih je potrebno nasloviti pri obravnavi. Preveden Vprašalnik o toaletnih navadah je enostaven in priročen ocenjevalni instrument staršem. Omogoča hitrejše in strukturirano ocenjevanje. Rezultati raziskave kažejo na uporabnost vprašalnika v vsakdanji praksi, predvsem v smislu pridobivanja podatkov in načrtovanju delovnoterapevtske obravnave. Smiselno bi bilo narediti raziskavo na večjem vzorcu. Introduction: Defecation is a part of narrower daily activities and is an important occupation of everyday life, as it is crucial for a person's independence, successful social inclusion and quality of life. Acquiring bowel continence and thus control over defecation is an important milestone in childhood that a child achieves through toilet training. This is the process by which the child learns the correct use of the toilet and, at the same time, conscious control over defecation. Weaning problems may be related to a sensory processing disorder. In order to plan occupational therapy treatment, these problems must be assessed with appropriate assessment instruments. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis was to translate the Questionnaire on Toilet Habits and, with the help of interviews, to learn about the experiences of Slovenian occupational therapists in treating children who have problems with bowel movements and to find out the usefulness and comprehensibility of the questionnaire. Work methods: We used a qualitative research approach in the research. We conducted semi-structured interviews with four occupational therapists in June and July 2022. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four themes emerged from the analysis: questionnaire analysis, usefulness of the questionnaire, causes of defecation problems, and strategies for dealing with defecation problems. The results show that the questionnaire was understandable and useful to the interviewees, but they suggested some changes. It is considered to be time-efficient and structured and helps in defining the problems of children with defecation problems and planning treatment. Discussion and conclusion: The use of assessment instruments is crucial for occupational therapy as they clearly identify the problems that need to be addressed in treatment. The translated Toilet Habits Questionnaire is a simple and convenient assessment instrument for parents. It enables faster and structured evaluation. The results of the research show the usefulness of the questionnaire in everyday practice, especially in terms of obtaining data and planning occupational therapy treatment. It would make sense to do research on a larger sample.

Iz zbirk podatkov ambulantno predpisanih zdravil, ki smo jih obdelali v programskem okolju R, smo raziskovali vzorce ambulantnega predpisovanja zdravil otrokom in mladostnikom do osemnajst let v Sloveniji v obdobju 2015 - 2019. Ovrednotili smo strukturo ambulantnega predpisovanja receptov glede na število izdanih receptov, vrsto izdanih zdravil, spol ter po posameznih statističnih regijah Slovenije v cilju pridobitve celotnega vpogleda v porabo zdravil pri določeni starostni skupini. From the databases of outpatient prescription drugs, which were processed in the R software environment, we researched the patterns of outpatient prescription of drugs to children and adolescents up to eighteen years of age in Slovenia in the period 2015 - 2019. We evaluated the structure of outpatient prescriptions according to the number of issued prescriptions, the type of issued medicines, gender and by individual statistical regions of Slovenia with the aim of obtaining a complete insight into the consumption of medicines in a certain age group.

Epilepsija je ena najpogostejših nevroloških motenj pri otrocih. Najpogosteje se zdravi s protiepileptičnimi zdravili. V primeru neobvladljive epilepsije se lahko za zdravljenje uporabi ketogeno dieto, tj. prehranski način z visokim vnosom maščob, nizkim vnosom ogljikovih hidratov in organizmu potrebnem vnosu beljakovin. Ketogena dieta je zahtevna za izvedbo, saj je potrebno spremljanje vsebnosti ogljikovih hidratov tako v hrani kot v zdravilih, ki jih bolniki prejemajo, ko so na ketogeni dieti. Pri teh bolnikih se zato uporabljajo zdravila, ki ne vsebujejo ogljikovih hidratov ali jih vsebujejo čim manj. V raziskavi smo analizirali kakovostno in količinsko sestavo zdravil z vidika ogljikovih hidratov, ocenili njihovo ustreznost za uporabo pri otrocih na ketogeni dieti in za neustrezna zdravila poiskali alternative. Glavni viri podatkov o sestavi zdravil so bili Povzetki glavnih značilnosti zdravil, Navodila za uporabo zdravil, recepture in sestave vehiklov. Pregledali smo zdravila, ki so bila otrokom z neobvladljivo epilepsijo predpisana v Univerzitetnem kliničnem centru Ljubljana (UKCL) v obdobju med 03. 01. 2020 in 09. 12. 2021, ter vsa magistralna tekoča peroralna zdravila, ki se pripravljajo v UKCL. Podatke o predpisanih zdravilih smo pridobili preko modula eRecept znotraj sistema eZdravje, podatke o magistralnih zdravilih pa v Lekarni UKCL. V dvoletnem obdobju analize je bilo 335 bolnikom v UKCL skupno predpisanih 2679 receptov za 332 različnih zdravil. Največ predpisanih zdravil je bilo iz ATC skupine N – Zdravila z delovanjem na živčevje (128/332 38,6 %). Med predpisanimi zdravili jih 233/332 (70,2 %) ni bilo primernih za uporabo pri bolnikih na ketogeni dieti. Poiskali smo tudi alternative za najpogostejša neprimerna industrijsko proizvedena zdravila tako med drugimi industrijsko proizvedenimi zdravili kot med magistralnimi zdravili, vendar jih pri 11/32 (34,4 %) nismo našli. Magistralna tekoča peroralna zdravila, ki se pripravljajo v UKCL, so najpogosteje sodila v ATC skupino C – Zdravila za bolezni srca in ožilja (35/166 21,1 %). 135/166 (81,3 %) magistralnih zdravil ni bilo ustreznih za uporabo pri bolnikih na ketogeni dieti. Najpogostejši neprimerni ogljikovi hidrati v zdravilih so bili saharoza, glicerol, sorbitol, etanol, različne oblike laktoze in škroba. Najpogostejša alternativa je bila zamenjava neprimernih vehiklov (ORA Sweet®, ORA-Blend®, ORA-Sweet® SF, SickKids®, sirup simplex) z ORA Plus®. Podatki o ustreznosti zdravil za uporabo pri bolnikih na ketogeni dieti bodo vneseni v šifrant zdravil kliničnega informacijskega sistema, ki se uporablja v UKCL. Naš pregled bo tako olajšal predpisovanje zdravil otrokom na ketogeni dieti. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in children. It is commonly treated with antiepileptic drugs. In cases of intractable epilepsy, a ketogenic diet can be used for treatment. The ketogenic diet is a dietary method with a high fat, low carbohydrate and the necessary protein intake. The implementation of the ketogenic diet is challenging because the carbohydrate content must be monitored both in the food and the medications that patients receive during the ketogenic diet. Therefore, these patients use medicines that contain no or as little carbohydrates as possible. The aim of our study was to analyse the qualitative and quantitative composition of medicines in relation to carbohydrates, to evaluate their suitability for use in children on the ketogenic diet, and to find alternatives for unsuitable medicines. The main sources of data on the medicines’ composition were the Summaries of Product Characteristics, the Patient Information Leaflets, formulations and solvent compositions. We reviewed the medicines prescribed to children with intractable epilepsy at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana (UMCL) in the period from 03. 01. 2020 to 09. 12. 2021, as well as all extemporaneously compounded liquid oral medicines prepared at the UMCL. We obtained the data on prescribed medicines through the eRecept module of the eZdravje system, and the data on extemporaneously compounded medicines at the UMCL pharmacy. During the two-year analysis period, a total of 2679 prescriptions for 332 different medicines were prescribed to 335 patients at the UMCL. Most of the prescribed drugs belonged to the ATC group N – Nervous system (128/332 38.6 %). Of the medicines prescribed, 233/332 (70.2 %) were not suitable for the ketogenic diet. We also searched for alternatives for the most common unsuitable industrially produced medicines, both among other industrially produced medicines and extemporaneously compounded medicines, but we did not find them for 11/32 (34.4 %). Extemporaneously compounded medicines belonged most frequently to the ATC group C - Cardiovascular system (35/166 21.1 %). Of them, 135/166 (81.3 %) were not suitable for the ketogenic diet. The most common unsuitable carbohydrates were sucrose, glycerol, sorbitol, ethanol, various forms of lactose and starch. The most common alternative was to replace unsuitable solvents (ORA-Sweet®, ORA Blend®, ORA-Sweet® SF, SickKids®, syrup simplex) with ORA-Plus®. Data on medicines’ suitability for use on the ketogenic diet will be entered into the UMCL clinical information system. Our review will thus facilitate the prescription of medicines for children on the ketogenic diet.

Vegetarijanstvo je vse bolj razširjen način prehranjevanja. Pravilno načrtovana brezmesna prehrana je lahko alternativa mesni prehrani, težava pa lahko nastane, ko so vegetarijanci tudi otroci, ki za rast in razvoj potrebujejo različne hranilne snovi. Z neustreznim načrtovanjem prehrane pa lahko te potrebe niso zadoščene. Namen raziskave je bil pridobiti podatke o tem, kakšen je odnos staršev vegetarijancev do prehrane otrok in kako se prehranjujejo njihovi otroci. V raziskavi je bila uporabljena kvantitativna metoda zbiranja podatkov. Zanimali so me razlogi za vegetarijanski način prehranjevanja odraslih, kakšen odnos imajo starši vegetarijanci do prehrane otrok, ali se starši zavedajo morebitnega pomanjkanja hranilnih snovi v otrokovi brezmesni prehrani ter kako skrbijo za ustrezno prehrano otrok. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 120 oseb, ki so starši in se prehranjujejo vegetarijansko. Anketa je bila pripravljena v spletnem programu 1KA in je bila objavljena v spletnih forumih od meseca marca 2021 do maja 2021. Vprašanja so bila različnih tipov (odprta, zaprta), nekatera so ponujala tudi možnost utemeljitve izbire odgovora. Starši vegetarijanci svojih otrok večinoma ne navajajo na brezmesno prehrano, v največji meri upoštevajo otrokovo željo po brezmesni prehrani, prav tako večina otrok, katerih starši so vegetarijanci, niso vegetarijanci. Drugače je pri vegetarijancih, ki so vegani. Slednji pogosteje otrokom ne ponudijo mesa in mesnih izdelkov, prav tako jim je pomembno, da je otrok vegan. Najpomembnejši razlog za vegetarijanstvo pri odraslih je moralno-etične narave in zato opuščajo meso iz svoje prehrane zaradi, ker se zavedajo izvora mesa. Tega ne želijo spodbujati, zato mesa ne uživajo. Imajo pozitiven odnos do prehrane otrok in jim običajno vegetarijanstva ne vsiljujejo. Če se otrok za vegetarijanstvo odloči sam, po zgledu svojih staršev, to sprejmejo. Starši se zavedajo, da otrokom, ki so vegetarijanci lahko primanjkuje posameznih hranilnih snovi, vendar ne posegajo pogosto po uporabi prehranskih dopolnil v prehrani. Prepričani so, da hranilne snovi dobijo z uživanjem raznolike prehrane. Večina staršev vegetarijancev ni bila kritična do zagotavljanja vegetarijanske prehrane v vrtcih in šolah, saj šola ni dolžna zagotavljati vegetarijanske prehrane, če otrok nima zdravniškega potrdila o dieti. Otrok za svojo pravilno rast in razvoj potrebuje vse hranilne snovi, ki jih zagotovimo z ustrezno mešano prehrano. S slabo načrtovano vegetarijansko prehrano mu jih lahko primanjkuje. Pomembno je, da imajo starši dovolj prehranskega znanja in otroku zagotovijo prehrano, ki mu zagotavlja zdravo rast in razvoj. Vegetarianism is becoming an increasingly widespread diet. An appropriately planned meatless diet can be an alternative to a meat diet. However, a problem may arise when children are vegetarians, as their growth and development require different nutrients, and their dietary needs could stay unmet in case of inappropriate meal planning. The aim of this research was to acquire data on the attitude of vegetarian parents towards their children's diet and the type of their children's diet. This research is based on the quantitative data collection method. I was interested in the reasons why adults opt for a vegetarian diet, what attitude vegetarian parents have towards their children's diet, whether such parents are aware of the potential lack of nutrients in their children's meatless diet and how they ensure their children have an appropriate diet. The research comprised 120 people who are parents and vegetarians. The survey was prepared in the 1KA software and published on online forums during the period between March 2021 and May 2021. The questions included therein were drafted differently (open- and close-ended), with some of them offering the possibility of justifying the provided response. Vegetarian parents mostly do not encourage their children to opt for a meatless diet, they mostly consider their children's desire for a meatless diet and most children whose parents are vegetarians are not vegetarians themselves. It is different, though, with those vegetarians who are vegans. These only rarely offer meat and meat products to their children, and they also deem more important that their children are vegan. The most important reason for being a vegetarian in adults is moral and ethical, as they remove meat from their diet because they know where meat comes from. Not wanting to encourage that, they do not eat meat. They have a positive attitude towards their children's diet, and they do not force vegetarianism upon them. If their children decide to become vegetarians following their example, they accept their children's wish. Parents are aware that vegetarian children may lack individual nutrients, yet they do not make them consume dietary supplements. They are convinced that nutrients can be consumed by having a diverse diet. Most vegetarian parents were not critical of ensuring a vegetarian diet in preschool and at school, and schools are not obliged to ensure a vegetarian diet if children do not have a medical certificate recommending a certain type of a diet. One of the respondents also believes that schools do not offer a vegetarian diet and that the staff is not familiar with this diet in some cases, the respondents draw attention to the meat diet being forced upon children or children being mocked by their peers because of their dietary preferences. For appropriate growth and development, children require all nutrients, which are ensured through an appropriate mixed diet and which may be lacking in case of a poorly planned vegetarian diet. It is important that parents have enough knowledge about food and provide their children with food ensuring their healthy growth and development.

Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used for visiting historic places. Research on VR experiences in dark tourism (that focuses on mortality) focuses almost exclusively on adults. No studies were found that used virtual tours to engage children with their own country’s conflicts. The present study addresses this gap by designing and developing virtual tours in four cities of Europe with a troubled past. Virtual tours engage children and youth in historical conflicts using multi-perspective storytelling. The aim of this pre-test post-test comparative case study is to examine the change on students’ perceptions of their country’s troubled past after their interaction with a virtual tour of their capital. A secondary aim is to document students’ evaluation of the virtual tour. A questionnaire examining students’ perceptions was completed before and after students’ individual interaction with a virtual tour. Participants included 360 students (212 from Cyprus, 42 from Germany, 63 from Bosnia-Herzegovina, and 44 from Kosovo). Findings indicate a statistically significant positive change in perceptions of troubled pasts for primary/secondary students from Cyprus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Germany. Preliminary results are promising and indicate the effectiveness of virtual tours as tools that can have an effect on students’ perceptions of troubled pasts, particularly for children rather than young adults. Students’ evaluation of the virtual tours was positive, irrespectively of participants’ age, indicating high acceptability. Bibliografija: str. 179-181. Abstract.

Based on field research in Slovenian schools, the article examines the role of the family in the integration process of migrant children. While migrant children perceive the family as the most important factor influencing their overall well-being and life satisfaction, research shows that parents of migrant children are often not involved in school activities and life. The article explores how the role of parents in the integration process of migrant children in the school environment is understood at the policy level and how it is perceived by migrant children and the educational community. It also explores what are the main barriers to the involvement of migrant parents in schools and what are the existing practices and experiences in Slovenian schools. The analysis is based on qualitative research in Slovenian schools with children and the educational community conducted as part of the Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe (MiCREATE) project. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 13.12. 2022. Bibliografija: str. 11-12. Abstract. EU, Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Micreate project - Migrant Children and Communities in a Transforming Europe, MiCREATE ARRS, Raziskovalni programi, SI, Mejna področja: območja kulturnega in družbenega sobivanja v dobi tveganja in ranljivosti

Akutno okužbo s SARS-CoV-2 lahko zaradi aktivacije koagu-lacijske poti spremljajo hiperkoagulabilno stanje s trombemboličnimi dogodki (TED), z okužbo s SARS-CoV-2 povezana koagulopatija in diseminirana intravaskularna koagulacija. Dva do šest tednov po preboleli okužbi se pri otrocih lahko razvije večsistemski vnetni odziv, pri katerem je tveganje TED ponovno povečano zaradi vsesplošne poškodbe žilnega endotela ter delovanja številnih koagulacijskih in vnetnih dejavnikov. Predstavljamo nacionalna priporočila za farmakološko antikoagulacijsko tromboprofilakso otrok in mladostnikov z okužbo s SARS-CoV-2, ki se zdravijo ambulantno, v bolnišnici ali v enoti intenzivne terapije. Ločeno smo opredelili obravnavo otrok in mladostnikov s prirojeno motnjo strjevanja krvi, znano prirojeno trombofilijo in vstavljenim centralnim venskim katetrom.

Purpose: Physical growth of children is measured by changes in body size and/or body composition, as well as by changes in motor skills. Motor skills can be affected by many factors, such as genetic predisposition, body composition, socio-economic conditions, and the like. Accordingly, the aim of the research is to determine the correlation between body composition with speed and agility of children aged 9 to 10 years. Methods: The sample included 40 participants (29 boys and 11 girls, 9.47 ± 0.5 years). Body height (BH), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and body fat (BF), and basal metabolism (BMR) were determined to assess body composition. The BOT-2 subtest was used to assess speed and agility, which includes: Shuttle Run (1SAA), Stepping Sideways over a Balance Beam (2SAA), One-Legged Stationary Hop (3SAA), One-Legged Side Hop (4SAA), Two-Legged Side Hop (5SAA), and Total Speed and Agility (TSAA). Results: The results of correlation statistics indicated the existence of negative correlations between: height and 3SAA (r=-.353, p=.026); weight and 3SAA (r=-.422, p=. 007); weight and TSAA (r=-.359, p=.023); BMI and 3SAA (r=-.342, p=. 031); BMI and TSAA (r=-.333, p=.036); BMR and 3SAA (r=-.369, p=. 019); BMR and TSAA (r=-.363, p=.021). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between body composition and speed and agility. In addition to body composition, a correlation was found between body height and performance of one-legged stationary hop, as well as between basal metabolism, the one-legged stationary hop test and the overall results achieved in motor skill tests.

Učinkovanje kvasovk Saccharomyces cerevisiae na imunski sistem in pojav epizod prehladov in gripe je aktualen raziskovalni problem. V raziskavi smo preverili, ali je pri sicer zdravih otrocih, ki redno uživajo sirup iz pekovskih kvasovk z vitaminom C, odpornost proti prehladu in gripi večja. Obenem smo preiskovali vpliv kvasnega pripravka z vitaminom C na porast izločevalnega imunoglobulina A (S-IgA) v slini otrok. Višje vrednosti S-IgA so v prejšnjih raziskavah povezali z manjšo pojavnostjo epizod prehlada in gripe. Izvedli smo s placebom nadzorovano dvojno slepo raziskavo s kvasnim pripravkom in vitaminom C, kontrolni skupini smo kot placebo odmerjali samo vitamin C. Rezultati raziskave niso pokazali vpliva sirupa s kvasnim pripravkom in vitaminom C na pojav epizod prehlada in gripe. Prav tako kvasni pripravek ni vplival na porast izločevalnega imunoglobulina A v slini. Naša raziskava ni pokazala ugodnega vpliva kvasovk Saccharomyces cerevisiae na odpornost otrok proti prehladu. The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the immune system and the occurrence of cold and flu episodes is a current research problem. In our study, we focused on the issue of better resistance to colds and flu in otherwise healthy children who regularly consume baker's yeast syrup with vitamin C. At the same time, we investigated the effect of vitamin C yeast preparation on the increase of excretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) in saliva of the children. Higher S-IgA levels have been associated in previous studies with a lower incidence of cold and flu episodes. A placebo-controlled double-blind study of syrup with yeast and vitamin C was performed, and only vitamin C was administered to the control group as placebo. The results of the study did not show the effect of yeast and vitamin C syrup on the occurrence of cold and flu episodes. Also, the yeast preparation did not affect the increase in excretory immunoglobulin A in saliva. Our study did not show a positive effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on children’s resistance to colds.

Cilj magistrskega dela je bil preveriti zanesljivost vprašalnika o strahu pred vodo »Fear of Water assessment questionnaire« (Misimi idr., 2020) v slovenskem jeziku. Z raziskavo smo želeli ugotoviti pri kolikšnem deležu otrok je prisoten strah pred vodo, ugotoviti ali obstajajo statistično značilne razlike v pojavnosti strahu pred vodo pri deklicah in dečkih ter kateri so glavni vidiki strahu pred vodo. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 236 učencev tretjega razreda osnovne šole, v povprečju starih 9 (1) let. Najmlajši otrok je bil star 7 let, najstarejši pa 11 let. Vključenih je bilo 18 osnovnih šol iz petih različnih statističnih regij. Vprašalnik je zajemal 40 trditev o strahu pred vodo, katere so preizkušanci ovrednotili s 5-stopenjsko Likertovo lestvico strinjanja. Izpolnjevali so ga sami, skupaj s svojimi starši ali s pomočjo učitelja. Raziskava je bila opravljena v mesecu aprilu, ko je bila večina tretjih razredov že deležna obveznega plavalnega tečaja. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkinov test je presegal 0,5, vrednost Bartlettovega testa pa je bila statistično značilna, kar pomeni, da je bil naš vzorec zadosti velik in da so bile povezave med anketnimi vprašanji zadosti visoke za izvedbo faktorske analize. S faktorsko analizo zbranih podatkov smo pridobili 4 ponovljive faktorje: znanje plavanja, prilagojenost na vodo, strah pred vodo (zaprte vode), strah pred vodo (odprte vode). Ugotovili smo, da je vprašalnik o strahu pred vodo zanesljivo orodje za določanje strahu pred vodo pri otrocih. Vrednosti koeficienta alfa, so pri vseh štirih faktorjih presegale 0,75, kar potrjuje zanesljivost vprašalnika. Analiza podatkov je pokazala, da strah pred vodo izraža 9,63% učencev. Glede na spol, so rezultati pokazali, da nekoliko več strahu pred vodo izražajo dečki (10,84%), kot deklice (8,74%). Kljub temu pa med spoloma nismo potrdili statistično značilnih razlik. Strah pred vodo se močno povezuje z neznanjem plavanja. Po naših raziskavah v tretjem razredu osnovne šole delež neplavalcev znaša 7,2%. Za plavalce se je ovrednotilo 92,8% otrok. Pri analizi glavnih vidikov strahu smo ugotovili, da otroci v povprečju izražajo več strahu v povezavi z odprtimi vodami: nezmožnost kontrole tekočih voda, valovanje vode in strah pred odprtim morjem, kot pa strahov, ki so povezani z zaprtimi vodami, kjer je kontrola okolja veliko lažja. The aim of the thesis was to check the reliability of the questionnaire »Fear of Water assessment questionnaire« (Misimi et al, 2020) in the Slovenian language. The research objectives were to find out the percentage of children who experienced fear of water, determine possible statistically significant differences between girls and boys regarding their fear of water and define the main aspects of the fear of water. The study included 236 elementary school children, with the average age of 9 (1). The youngest child was 7 years old and the oldest was 11. Eighteen elementary schools from five different statistical regions participated. The questionnaire consisted of 40 statements regarding fear of water, which were evaluated by the subjects on the 5-level Likert scale of agreement. They answered the questionnaire by themselves, together with their parents or with the help of a teacher. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test exceeded 0.5 and the value of Barlett test was statistically significant, indicating that the sample was large enough and that correlations among the questions were high enough to perform the factor analysis. Based on the factor analysis of the collected data, 4 recurring factors were obtained: swimming ability, adaptation to water, fear of water (enclosed water), fear of water (open water). The study found that the Fear of water assessment questionnaire was a reliable tool for identifying fear of water in children. The value of the alpha coefficient exceeded 0.75 in all four factors, which confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. The data analysis revealed that the fear of water was expressed by 9.63% of children. The majority of children (90.37%) did not have significant fear of water. The results showed that slightly more fear of water was expressed by boys (10.84%) than by girls (8.74%). However, no statistically significant differences between the two genders were confirmed. The fear of water is strongly related to the inability to swim. According to our study the percentage of non-swimmers in the third grade of elementary schools was 7.2%, while 92.8% of children identified themselves as swimmers. The research was performed in April, when the majority of third graders had already participated in the compulsory swimming lessons. The analysis of the main aspects of fear revealed that on average children expressed more fear of open waters: inability to control running water or waves and fear of the open sea, than fears related to enclosed waters where they could control their surroundings much more easily.

Listina EU o temeljnih pravicah v prvem odstavku 51. člena in petem odstavku 52. člena uvaja razlikovanje med pravicami in načeli. Čeprav je bilo to razlikovanje eno pomembnejših vprašanj v procesu snovanja njenega besedila, iz Listine ni mogoče razbrati niti tega, katere izmed določb so načela in katere pravice, niti pravnih posledic take razmejitve. Oblikovanje meril in klasifikacija posameznih določb je torej v rokah Sodišča EU, vendar sodna praksa (še) ne ponuja jasnih zaključkov. Ena od določb, katerih pravna narava ostaja nejasna, je tudi drugi odstavek 24. člena Listine, ki določa, naj se pri vseh ukrepih, ki se nanašajo na otroke, upoštevajo predvsem njihove koristi. Avtorica se v prispevku na podlagi razmeroma skope sodne prakse ter relevantne literature opredeljuje do pravne narave navedene določbe ter pravnih posledic njene klasifikacije. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights draws a distinction between rights and principles in Articles 51(1) and 52(5). Although the distinction was one of the most important questions in the process of drafting the Charter, it fails to provide criteria for identifying rights and principles and does not clarify the legal consequences of the differentiation. The creation of clear criteria and the characterisation of a Charter provision either as a right or as a principle is, therefore, in the hands of the CJEU, but the case law leaves many questions unanswered. Article 24(2), which states that the child’s best interests must be a primary consideration in all actions relating to children, is one of the provisions the characterisation of which remains unclear. Drawing on both the existing case law and the relevant literature, the author examines the legal nature of the said provision and the legal consequences of its characterisation.

Uvod: Odvisnost od prehranske cevke je nenamerni rezultat dolgotrajnega hranjenja in je opredeljena kot aktivna zavrnitev peroralnega prehranjevanja in pitja, pomanjkanje motivacije ali nezmožnost učenja za samostojno peroralno hranjenje. Namen diplomskega dela je s pomočjo pregleda literature predstaviti odvisnost od prehranske cevke pri mlajših otrocih, kakšni so razlogi za razvoj odvisnosti in kateri so načini preprečevanja in zdravljenja odvisnosti od prehranske cevke ter kakšna je vloga medicinske sestre pri preprečevanju odvisnosti od prehranske cevke. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu je uporabljena deskriptivna ali opisna metoda dela s kritičnim pregledom domače in tuje literature. Iskanje literature je potekalo po podatkovnih bazah CINAHL, PubMed in ScienceDirect prek oddaljenega dostopa Digitalne knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani. Rezultati: Raziskave kažejo, da obstaja več razlogov za razvoj odvisnosti od prehranske cevke, najpogostejši so izostanek občutljivega obdobja za razvoj normalnih spretnosti hranjenja, nizka porodna teža, prirojena srčna bolezen in duševna zaostalost. Zelo pomembni sta zgodnje prepoznavanje odvisnosti in zdravljenje. Dokazano je bilo, da različne strategije zdravljenja in klinični programi pripomorejo k zgodnejšemu odvajanju od prehranske cevke. Rezultati študij so pokazali, da so za zdravljenje odvisnosti učinkoviti bolnišnični programi, program zdravljenja odvisnosti po Graz modelu, klinični program izzivanja lakote, senzorično-motorične intervencije, vedenjske intervencije in psihološke intervencije. Pri nedonošenčkih so učinkovite uporaba nehranilnega sesanja, stimulacija ustne votline, zgodnja uvedba sesanja in uporaba ocenjevalnih lestvic za oceno peroralnega hranjenja. Zdravljenje odvisnosti je učinkovitejše, če ga izvaja multidisciplinarna ekipa, pomembno vlogo ima tudi medicinska sestra. Poznati morajo ocenjevalne lestvice za oceno spretnosti hranjenja nedonošenčka in spretno izvajati ustno stimulacijo. Medicinska sestra mora celostno ocenjevati oralno hranjenje, predvsem ima pomembno vlogo pri nameščanju, upravljanju in odpravljanju težav s pripomočki za enteralno ali paranteralno hranjenje. Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da ima dolgotrajno hranjenje po cevki negativen učinek pri otrocih, saj lahko povzroča odvisnost. Vzroki za razvoj odvisnosti so lahko medicinskega ali interaktivnega izvora. Pomembni sta zgodnje odkrivanje in zdravljenje le-te z multidisciplinarnim pristopom. V prihodnosti bi bilo treba tudi na slovenskih tleh narediti raziskave na izbrano tematiko. Introduction: Feeding tube dependence is the unintended result of prolonged feeding and is defined as an active refusal to eat and drink orally, lack of motivation, or in inability to learn to feed orally on their own. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to review the literature on feeding tube dependence in early childhood, the reasons for the development of dependence, the ways of prevention and treatment of feeding tube dependence, and the role of the nurse in the prevention of feeding tube dependence. Methods: The thesis uses a descriptive method of working with a critical review of domestic and foreign literature. The literature search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databeses via remote access of the University of Ljubljana Digital Library. Results: Research shows that there are several reasons for the development of feeding tube dependence, the most common being the absence of a sensitive period for the development of normal feeding skills, low birth weight, congenital heart diseases and mental retardation. Early identification and treatment of dependence are very important. Diffrent treatment strategies and clinical programmes have been shown to contribute to earlier weaning from the feeding tube. The results of studies have shown that inpatient programmes, the Graz model addiction treatment programme, Clinical hunger provocation, sensory-motor interventions, behavioural interventions and psychological inretventions are effective for treating dependence. For premature infants, the use of rating scales to assess oral feeding is effective. Discussion and conclusion: We have found that long-term tube feeding has a negative effect on children, as it can be addictive. The causes of dependence may be medical or interactive in origin. Early detection and treatment, with a multidisciplinary approach, are important. In the future, there would also be a need to carry out research on the chosen topic in Slovenia.

V času otrokovega razvoja je zelo pomembno okolje in narava v kateri se razvija, le ta mu omogoča veliko prednosti hkrati pa mu predstavlja tudi veliko nevarnosti. Namen naloge je popis drevnine v okolici igrišč vrtcev v 11 enotah vrtca Otona Župančiča Slovenska Bistrica v občini Slovenska Bistrica. Skupaj smo popisali 143 vrst, od tega 48 različnih vrst v 36 rodovih rastlin, za katere smo natančneje popisali podatke o tipu vegetacije, višini, času cvetenja, varnosti in stanju, vzroku poškodovanosti, potrebo po negi ter kakšno nevarnost zdravju predstavlja. Drevesa vplivajo na prijetnejšo klimo in zmanjšujejo vpliv vetra, dajejo tudi senco, prostor za igrala, nenadomestljiv izgled in dobro počutje. V nalogi smo opisali funkcionalnost rastlin, njihove prednosti in slabosti. Popis smo razdelili na alergogene vrste (35 %), vrste z zelo nizko ali neznano alergogenostjo (59 %) in strupene vrste (6 %). Popis je zajemal 80 % listavcev, 20 % iglavcev. Stanje in varnost drevnine smo ocenili za vsako enoto vrtca posebej in ugotovili, da je skupaj drevnine dobrega stanja 84 %, pomanjkljivega stanja 10 % in drevnine slabega stanja 6 %. Zaradi varne igre otrok in njihove radovednosti moramo posvečati pozornost varnosti/stanju drevnine na igriščih vrtcev ter izbiri drevnine, ki ni alergogena, strupena, trnata ali bodeča. During the child's development, the environment is very important and the nature in which it develops gives it great advantages, but it also poses a great danger. The purpose of this diploma is to list the dangers, toxic and allergenic trees in the vicinity of kindergarten playgrounds in 11 units of the Oton Župančič kindergarten in Slovenska Bistrica in the municipality of Slovenska Bistrica. We surveyed a total of 143 species, of 48 different species and 36 genera of plants, for which we accurately recorded data on the vegetation type, height, flowering time, safety in condition, cause of injury, need for care and what health hazards it poses. Trees affect the endangered climate and the influence of wind, they also give shade, space to play, irreplaceable appearance and good perception. We described the functionality of plants, their advantages and disadvantages. The inventory was divided into allergenic species (35%), very low or unknown allergenicity (59%), and toxic species (6%). The analisys included (80%) deciduous trees and (20%) conifers. The condition and safety of the trees were assessed for each unit of the garden separately and it was found that 84 % of trees were in good condition, (14%) deficient in condition and (9%) in poor condition. Due to the safety of children and their curiosity, we must pay attention to the safety / condition of trees on the playground of kindergartens and choosing trees that are not allergenic, toxic, thorny or prickly.

Nezakonski otroci so bili še v 20. stol. deprivilegirana družbena skupina, zapostavljene pa so bile tudi njihove matere, ki so praviloma pripadale nižjim družbenim slojem. Zato so se soočale s številnimi materialnimi stiskami in družbenim obsojanjem, ki so bili zakonskim materam prihranjeni. Mnoge med njimi so zato izvedle detomor ali pa svoje nezakonsko dete pustile v najdenišnici. Nekateri možje so se sčasoma spoznali za očeta nezakonskega otroka in se nato z njegovo materjo tudi poročili, o čemer pričajo matične knjige, a takšni primeri so bili v manjšini. Položaj nezakonskih mater in njihovih otrok se je v posameznih slovenskih historičnih deželah razlikoval, odnos do njih pa je bil najstrožji na Kranjskem. Delež nezakonskih otrok se je v času prve svetovne vojne v primerjavi z obdobjem pred njo še povečal. Illegitimate children were even in the 20th Century still a deprivileged social group and their mothers, who mainly belonged to the lower social classes, were neglected too. That is why they faced many material distresses and social condemnation, from which the conjugal mothers were saved. Many of the illegitimate mothers therefore commited infanticide or left their illegitimate child in the foundling home. In time some men admitted to paternity of an illegitimate child and then married with the mother of the child, but such cases were in minority, according to the church registers. The situation of the illegitimate mothers and their children differed between some Slovenian historical lands, but the harshest attitude towards them was in Carniola. The share of the illegitimate children rose during the First World War, in comparison to the pre-War period.

Diplomsko delo predstavi spolne zlorabe otrok in pomembno vlogo svetovalnih delavcev v vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodih pri prepoznavanju spolnih zlorab in vlogi pomoči. V teoretičnem delu sem predstavila problematiko spolne zlorabe in vpliv le-te na otroka. To sem prepletla s pomembnostjo vloge svetovalnih delavcev v vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodih pri prepoznavanju in nudenju pomoči. V empiričnem delu sem kvalitativno pridobila podatke s šestimi delno strukturiranimi intervjuji in jih kvalitativno analizirala. Cilji raziskave so bili odkrivanje razumevanja teme spolne zlorabe in vloge strokovnega delavca pri prepoznavanju spolne zlorabe, pomoči otroku ter oris občutkov kompetentnosti strokovnih delavcev v vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodih in odkrivanje potrebe po dodatnem izobraževanju (specifično) strokovnih delavcev, ki delujejo na področju svetovanja, v smeri problematike spolnih zlorab v otroštvu. Rezultati so pokazali, da so dodatna izobraževanja potrebna, in sicer predvsem v smeri dobre in slabe prakse ter dela svetovalnih delavcev na področju prepoznavanja spolnih zlorab in nudenja pomoči. Z osnovno izobrazbo se svetovalne delavke v vzgojno-izobraževalnih zavodih ne počutijo dovolj kompetentne za delo s to težko in globoko problematiko spolnih zlorab. Svetovalne delavke razumejo pomembnost svoje vloge pri prepoznavanju in pomoči, vendar doživljajo stiske in se počutijo osamljene pri spoprijemanju in nudenju pomoči otrokom, ki so žrtve spolnih zlorab. The diploma thesis presents the sexual abuse of children and the important role of consultants at primary schools in recognizing sexual abuse and the role of their further assistance and help. In the theoretical part, I present the issue of sexual abuse and its impact on children. I intertwined this with the importance of the role of social workers at primary schools in identifying and providing help and support to the child within the process. In the empirical part, I obtained and analyzed data qualitatively from six partially structured interviews. The objectives of my research are to discover the understanding of the topic of sexual abuse and your role as a social worker in identifying sexual abuse, helping the child, and their sense of competence. Therefore, also research the need for additional education for social workers working in the field of social work, on the topic of the issue of sexual abuse in childhood. The results showed that additional education is needed, specifically in the direction of good and bad practices. With basic education, they do not feel competent enough to deal with this difficult and deep issue. Social workers understand the importance of their role in identifying and helping, but they experience hardship and loneliness with this issue.

V kvalitativni raziskavi z naslovom Pomoč otrokom z izkušnjo nasilja v družini raziskujem, kakšna pomoč je na voljo otrokom z izkušnjo nasilja v družini. Družina bi naj bila varen prostor, v kateri vladajo ljubezen, spoštovanje in podpora, vendar je za marsikoga družina vir strahu in trpljenja. Nasilje pusti na otroku kratkoročne in dolgoročne posledice, ki vplivajo na marsikateri vidik življenja v njegovem otroštvu in kasneje tudi v dobi odraslosti. V svojem diplomskem delu se tako najprej osredotočam na definicije ter tipologije družine. Opišem tudi definicijo družinskega člana, na katerega se osredotoča to delo, in sicer otroka. Odprem temo nasilja v družini ter oblik nasilja in se v nadaljevanju dotaknem tudi nasilja nad otrokom in oblik tega nasilja. V nadaljevanju opišem, kakšne posledice pusti na otroku nasilje. Raziščem, kakšna pomoč je na voljo otrokom z izkušnjo nasilja v družini. Teoretični uvod zaključim s pregledom ustvarjalnih sredstev, ki se lahko uporabljajo pri delu z otroki. O pomoči, ki je na voljo otrokom z izkušnjo nasilja v družini, sem spregovorila s socialnimi delavkami, ki delajo na tem področju, in tako pridobila podatke za empirični del raziskave. In a qualitative study entitled Help for children who experienced domestic violence, I explore what kind of help is available to children who experienced domestic violence. Family is supposed to be a safe place filled with love, respect and support, but for many, family is a source of fear and suffer. Violence leaves both short- and long-term consequences on the child's life, which affects many aspects of it and also has an impact in adult life. In my thesis, I first focus on family definitions and family typologies. I also describe the definition of the family member on whom this work focuses, namely the child. I open up the topic of domestic violence and forms of violence and continue on child violence and forms of violence. In the following I describe what consequences the violence has on the child. I investigate what kind of help is available to children with the experience of domestic violence. I conclude the theoretical introduction with an overview of the creative means that can be used in working with children. I have spoken to social workers working in this area about the help available to children with the experience of domestic violence and gained data for the empirical work of the research.

Namen diplomskega dela je raziskati otrokovo sprejemanje razveze staršev. V teoretičnem uvodu sem najprej opredelila, kaj je razveza zakonske zveze. Nato sem opredelila pojem največje koristi otroka ter navedla nekaj, za mojo temo najpomembnejših, členov iz Konvencije o otrokovih pravicah. Zanimalo me je tudi, kaj so občutki krivde in če jih otroci občutijo v povezavi z razvezo. Opisala sem tudi ravnanja staršev v odnosu do razveze in do otrok, kako otrok doživlja razvezo staršev, kako se nanjo odziva in kakšne posledice ima razveza staršev na otroke ter kako (in če) otrokova starost ob razvezi staršev vpliva na otrokovo sprejemanje razveze staršev. Predstavila sem tudi otrokove neformalne socialne mreže, katere neformalne mreže so za otroka najpomembnejše in kako vplivajo na otrokovo sprejemanje razveze staršev. Na koncu teoretičnega uvoda pa sem predstavila še delo šolske svetovalne službe in centra za socialno delo ter kakšen vpliv imata v otrokovem procesu razveze staršev. Za temo sem se odločila, saj se mi je tekom praktičnega načina študija in ob prebiranju literature velikokrat pojavilo vprašanje, koliko so strokovni delavci zares vključeni v proces otrokovega sprejemanja razveze staršev. Med opravljanjem praktičnega študija sem velikokrat dobila občutek, da so otroci zelo malo vključeni v svetovalne procese, kljub temu da imajo strokovni delavci vsa pooblastila, da bi jih vključili v ta proces. Raziskava je kvantitativna, deskriptivna in eksplorativna. V moji raziskavi je sodelovalo 106 polnoletnih prebivalcev Republike Slovenije, katerih starši so se razvezali, ko so bili stari med 6 in 15 let. Odgovarjali so na standardizirani spletni anketni vprašalnik, ki je bil sestavljen iz 17 vprašanj. S pomočjo njihovih odgovorov sem analizirala rezultate ter preverjala hipoteze, ki sem si jih postavila. Ovrgla sem dve hipotezi, potrdila pa prav tako dve hipotezi. Ugotovila sem, da je občutke krivde ob razvezi staršev doživljala približno četrtina vseh anketirancev, da v povprečju starejši otroci težje sprejemajo razvezo staršev, da se več kot polovica anketirancev strinja, da so neformalne socialne mreže pomembno vplivale na sprejemanje razveze staršev ter da bi si več kot polovica anketirancev želela več sodelovanja s strokovnimi delavci. Na podlagi odgovorov anketirancev sem nato napisala še razpravo, na podlagi tega pa sklepe in predloge. Predlogi, ki sem jih navedla, so, da bi anketirala otroke z nedavno izkušnjo razveze ter raziskovala še z vidika staršev. Predlogi za strokovne delavce pa so, da bi imeli vsaj eno srečanje z otrokom razvezanih staršev ter da bi bilo predhodno svetovanje namenjeno tudi informiranju in podpori staršem. The main aim of this graduation thesis is to research a child's acceptance of parents' divorce. In the theoretical introduction, I defined what is divorce. Then I defined the concept of biggest interest for a child, and I listed some of the most important articles for my theme from the Convention of children's rights. I was interested to know what the feeling of guilt is and if it appears when a child is going through the process of parents' divorce. I also described parents' behaviour concerning divorce and children, how a child is accepting parents' divorce, how a child reacts regarding divorce, what consequences the divorce has on a child, and how (or if) the child's age influence his acceptance of divorce. I also described a child's informal social networks, which informal social networks are the most important for a child, and how they impact a child's acceptance of divorce. At the end of the theoretical introduction, I described school counselling and the centre of social work, and how they impact a child's acceptance of divorce. I chose this topic because, in the course of my practical studies and reading the literature, I often wondered how involved professionals really are in the process of a child's acceptance of his parents' divorce. During my practical studies, I often had the feeling that children are very little involved in the counselling process, even though practitioners have all the powers to involve them. The research is quantitative, descriptive and explorative. In my research participated 106 adult residents of the Republic of Slovenia, whose parents divorced when they were at the age between 6 and 15. They filled in a network questionnaire with 17 questions. I analysed their responses, and I checked my hypothesis. I refuted 2 hypotheses and I confirmed 2 hypotheses. I found out that a quarter of respondents did feel guilty for their parent's divorce, that older children accept their parent's divorce harder, that more than half of respondents thought that informal social networks were important for their acceptance of parent's divorce and that more than half respondent wish they had more professional help. Then I also added the discussion, conclusions, and annexes at the end. The suggestions I have made are to interview children with a recent divorce experience, and to explore further from the parents' point of view. Suggestions for practitioners are to have at least one meeting with the child of divorced parents, and to provide information and support to parents in the preliminary counselling.

V svojem diplomskem delu preučujem uporabo skupinskih likovnih aktivnosti pri delu z otroki. V teoretičnem delu naloge se posvečam strokovnemu ozadju uporabe umetnostno izraznih sredstev v socialnem delu in umetnostni terapiji pri delu z otroki. Zanju je značilno, da likovno izražanje ni namenjeno estetskemu uživanju in ocenjevanju. Pristop je usmerjen v proces dela, ne pa v končni rezultat dejavnosti (izdelek). To pomeni, da je najbolj pomembno doživetje, izkustvo. V empiričnem delu sem z otroki izvedla in raziskala uporabo skupinskih likovnih aktivnosti usmerjenih v proces. Rezultati so pokazali, da si otroci želijo uporabe tovrstnih aktivnosti in pristopa. Le-te med njih prinašajo drugačno možnost komunikacije, sodelovanja, sproščanja in širjenja virov moči. In my thesis, I study the use of group visual art activities in working with children. In the theoretical part of the thesis, I focus on the professional background of creative activities in social work and art therapy. One of their main characteristics is that the artistic expression is not intended for aesthetic enjoyment and evaluation. The approach is focused on the work process, not on the result of the activity, that is final product. Thus, the most important element of the activity is the experience itself. In the empirical part, I performed and researched the use of process-oriented visual art activities with a group of children. The results showed that the children want to do such activities and respond positively to the aforementioned approach. These kinds of activities bring them a different possibility of communication, cooperation, relaxing, and growth of sources of power.

Differences in drawing development are conditioned by genetics, environment and individuality of children. Therefore, it is exciting to observe the drawing development in children, who are raised in the same environment and have a similar genetic basis, that is in twins, triplets, and so forth. In the study, we were interested in the similarities and differences in the drawing development of the triplets, two of which were identical twins (B1 and B2) and one was non-identical (A), and whether the characteristics of the drawing appear more congruently between B1 and B2 than with A. We proposed two hypotheses: H1: There are more similarities in drawings between identical twins (B1 vs B2) than between identical and non-identical one (A vs B1 and A vs B2) H2: The differences between non-identical and identical triplets are less pronounced at the beginning of the drawing development (in doodle phase) and become more distinctive in later development, in drawing of figure and space. We analysed 123 drawings that the triplets (41 drawings of each triplet) drew from 1 to 12 years of age at the same time and on the same topic. The results of our research have shown that both hypotheses can be confirmed. On the general level, there are more similarities in drawing between identical twins compared to non-identical ones and the differences and similarities become more distinctive throughout the development, especially in figure drawing and in the depiction of space.

V državah z dobro vzpostavljenimi cepilnimi programi je cepljenje “žrtev lastnega uspeha”, saj je nizka pojavnost bolezni, ki jih preprečujemo s cepljenjem, zmanjšala izkušnjo njihovega bremena in s tem očitnost koristi cepljenja. Povečevanje števila staršev, ki zavračajo cepljenje svojih otrok, je že ogrozilo t. i. skupnostno imunost oz. jo zmanjšalo celo do mere, da so se ponovno začeli pojavljati izbruhi prej obvladanih nalezljivih bolezni. V prispevku predstavljamo sistematični pristop k etičnim vprašanjem glede cepljenja otrok skozi štiri principe biomedicinske etike (tj. spoštovanje posameznikove avtonomije, neškodovanje, dobrodelnost in pravičnost), ki je razumljiv model za razmislek o tovrstnih vprašanjih. Pediatrom na primarni ravni, ki se najpogosteje srečujejo z dilemami glede obravnave otrok, katerih starši zavračajo cepljenje, je lahko sistematičnost opisanega pristopa v pomoč pri etičnem razmisleku, odločanju in iskanju lastne vloge v tovrstnih situacijah. Utemeljujemo iskanje “etičnega ravnovesja”, kar pomeni, da stopnja spoštovanja avtonomije staršev ni stalna, ampak odvisna od ravni vzpostavljene skupnostne imunosti. če moralna dolžnost posameznikov, da prispevajo k imunosti populacije, ni izpolnjena, je upravičeno s strani države pred-pisano obvezno cepljenje. Država je namreč odgovorna za varovanje skupnostne imunosti, ki jo moramo razumeti kot javno dobro in zato potrebuje posebno državno zaščito.

Low physical fitness has been found to be associated with many chronic diseases and medical conditions. Knowledge of secular trends in physical fitness is important to initiate countermeasures for addressing negative trends. The aim of this study was to analyze secular trends in health-related muscular fitness in Slovenian children and adolescents between 1983 and 2014. Data were collected as part of "The Analysis of Children's Development in Slovenia (ACDSi)" study in 1983, 1993/94, 2003/04, and 2013/14. Anthropometry (body weight, height, BMI, and triceps skinfold) and muscular fitness (standing long jump, bent-arm hang, and sit-ups 60 s test) of 18730 (9168 female) students from primary and secondary schools were recorded. The secular trend was analyzed considering anthropometry. The results showed that anthropometric measures had an increasing trend and overall muscular fitness had a decreasing trend. Leg muscle power decreased over the decades in all age groups (relative difference between -1.5% and -2.6%), being more pronounced in boys. Arm muscle strength decreased in two younger age groups (range -21.1% to -42.7%, 6-10, and 11-14 years), but not in the oldest group (15-19 years), where the increase occurred in both genders (0.4% to 9.3%). In terms of decades, the largest negative changes (-30.1%) occurred from 1993/94 to 2003/04 and the smallest changes (-4.2%) from 2003/04 to 2013/14. The overall trend in repetitive core strength surprisingly increased (1.1% to 18.3%). There is a need to promote healthy lifestyles, raise parental awareness and use all government resources to redirect the negative trend in physical fitness.

Uvod: Kronične bolezni so definirane kot stanja, ki trajajo eno leto ali več in zahtevajo dolgotrajno medicinsko pozornost ali omejene vsakodnevne aktivnosti ali oboje. V Sloveniji ocenjujejo, da se delež otrok z vsaj eno kronično boleznijo giblje med 15 in 30 %. Ker nudijo starši več pozornosti bolnemu otroku, so potrebe zdravega sorojenca pogosto zapostavljene, kar ima vpliv na njihovo kakovost življenja in splošno zdravje. Namen: diplomskega dela je predstaviti vpliv kronične bolezni pri otroku na zdrave sorojence. Metode dela: Izvedli smo pregled literature z deskriptivno metodo predstavitve rezultatov. Članke smo iskali po mednarodnih podatkovnih bazah PubMed, CINAHL, Cohrane Libary, po knjižničnem katalogu COBISS.SI in Google učenjaku. Iskanje literature je potekalo od septembra leta 2021 in do januarja leta 2022. Iskani so bili članki v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Rezultati: Življenje zdravega sorojenca z bratom ali sestro s kronično boleznijo ima nanje velik vpliv. Izpostavljeni so različnim težavam v družini, ki jih drugi otroci ne izkusijo. Zaradi bolezni lahko občutijo val različnih čustev. V primerjavi z vrstniki imajo več čustvenih in vedenjskih težav, slabšo kakovost življenja, socialne veščine in slabše razumevanje z vrstniki. Za lažje prilagajanje na situacijo je pomembna informiranost o bolezni. Zdravi sorojenci pogosto skrbijo za dobrobit brata ali sestre in postanejo njihovi zaščitniki. Izkazalo se je, da ima kronična bolezen večji vpliv bližje pojavu bolezni in potrebni hospitalizaciji otroka. Dokazali so, da se zdravi sorojenci lažje prilagajajo, če se starši bolj zavedajo njihovih občutkov in skupaj sodelujejo v programih pomoči in podpornih intervencijah. Razprava in zaključek: Sorojenci otrok s kronično boleznijo se soočajo z različnimi težavami čez celotno življenje. Da bi imela bolezen brata ali sestre nanje čim manjši negativni vpliv, jim moramo nuditi pomoč v obliki različnih programov in intervencij. Ker so izkušnje otrok pogosto predstavljene skozi »oči staršev«, se moramo bolj posvetiti vidiku samih otrok in to področje bolje raziskati, ter starše podučiti kako jim pomagati, da se ti ne počutijo zapostavljene. Introduction: Chronic illnesses are defined as conditions that last for a year or more and require long-term medical attention or limited daily activities, or both. In Slovenia, it is estimated that the share of children with at least one chronic disease is between 15 and 30%. Because parents pay more attention to a sick child, the needs of a healthy sibling are often neglected, which has an impact on their quality of life and overall health. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present the impact of chronic disease in children on healthy siblings. Methods: We performed a literature review using a descriptive method of presenting the results. We searched for articles in international databases PubMed, CINAHL, Cohrane Libary, in the library catalog COBISS.SI and Google Scholar. The search for literature took place from September 2021 to January 2022. Articles in Slovene and English were searched. Results: The life of a healthy sibling with a brother or sister with a chronic illness has a big impact on them. They are exposed to various problems in the family that other children do not experience. Due to the disease, they can feel a wave of different emotions. Compared to peers, they have more emotional and behavioral problems, poorer quality of life, social skills, and poorer understanding with peers. Awareness of the disease is important to make it easier to adapt to the situation. Healthy siblings often care for the well-being of a sibling and become their protectors. Chronic illness has been shown to have a greater impact closer to the onset of the disease and the need to hospitalize the child. They have shown that healthy siblings find it easier to adapt if parents are more aware of their feelings and participate together in help programs and support interventions. Discussion and conclusion: Siblings of children with chronic disease face a variety of problems throughout their lives. In order for the illness of a sibling to have as little negative impact on them as possible, we must offer them help in the form of various programs and interventions. As children's experiences are often presented through the "eyes of the parents", we need to pay more attention to the aspect of the children themselves and explore this area more, and teach parents how to help them not to feel neglected.

Cilj naloge je bil proučiti vpliv maščobnokislinske (MK) sestave humanega mleka (HM) na parametre rasti in telesno sestavo otrok od rojstva do sedmega leta starosti. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 106 parov mati-otrok iz študije Moje-mleko. Vsebnost maščob v HM, vzorčenem povprečno 30. dan laktacije, se je gibala od 1,55 % do 6,98 %, vsebnost nasičenih maščob od 33,17 % do 57,38 %, nenasičenih od 8,51 % do 51,97 % in razmerje omega-6/omega-3 (ω-6/ω-3) MK od 3,01 do 25,44. Statistično značilno pozitivno povezavo smo ugotovili med deležem enkrat nenasičenih MK in otrokovo dolžino pri 3 mesecih (p = 0,038) ter mineralno kostno gostoto pri 7 letih (p = 0,045), negativno povezavo pa med deležem ω-6 MK in dolžino pri 12 mesecih (p = 0,020), deležem skupnih maščob v HM in mineralno kostno gostoto pri 3 mesecih (p = 0,030), ter med razmerjem ω-6/ω-3 MK in dolžino pri 12 mesecih (p = 0,002). Razmerje ω-6/ω-3 MK je bilo v pozitivni povezavi z ITM pri 7 letih starosti (p = 0,022). Med dolgoverižnimi večkrat nenasičenimi MK (LCPUFA) - eikozapentaenojsko (EPK), dokozaheksaenojsko (DHK) in arahidonsko (ARK) kislino v humanem mleku ter posameznimi značilnostmi otrok, je po številu povezav najbolj izstopala prav ARK, ki je bila največkrat v korelaciji s parametri rasti. Dobljeni rezultati so prikazali vpliv HM na parametre rasti in telesno sestavo otrok in so dobro izhodišče za ukrepe ozaveščanja o pomembnosti dojenja na nacionalni in svetovni ravni –WHO/UNICEF. The aim of the master thesis was to study the fatty acid (FA) composition of human milk (HM) from the study My-milk and to assess the relationship between the FA composition of HM and the growth and body composition of children from birth to seven years of age. In the study were included 106 mother-child pairs from the My-milk study. The fat content of milk sampled on average on the day 30 of lactation ranged from 1.55% to 6.98%, saturated fat content from 33.17% to 57,38%, unsaturated from 8.51% to 51.97% and an omega-6/omega-3 ratio (ω-6/ω-3) from 3.01 to 25.44. We found a statistically significant positive association between the content of monounsaturated FA and the length of the child at 3 months (p = 0.038) and bone mineral density at 7 years (p = 0.045), a negative association between the content of ω-6 FA and length at 12 months (p = 0.020), between the content of total fat in HM and bone mineral density at 3 months (p = 0.030) and between the ω-6/ω-3 ratio and length at 12 months (p = 0.002). The ω-6/ω-3 ratio was positively associated with BMI at 7 years of age (p = 0.022). Among the long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA) - eicosapentaenoic (EPK), docosahexaenoic (DHK) and arachidonic (ARK) acid in human milk and individual characteristics of children, the most prominent was ARK, which was most often correlated with growth parameters. The results showed the influence of HM on the growth parameters and body composition of children and are a good starting point for awareness-raising measures on the importance of breastfeeding at the national level.