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This study examines the behavior of the clergy of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese regarding the revolutionary events at the beginning of the 20th century. It identifies instances of oppositional behavior and its consequences for the priests of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese during the period of 1905-1907. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time in this article, based on materials from the Nizhny Novgorod Spiritual Consistory, attention is drawn to the anti-government sentiments and actions of representatives of parish clergy of the Nizhny Novgorod Diocese during the first revolution. It is shown that oppositional behavior was not widespread but rather isolated. The author concludes that it manifested as a protest against social injustice, military field courts, in defense of peasants’ rights to land against landlords, urging peasants to disobey authority, non-payment of taxes, church fees, association with politically unreliable individuals, liberal interpretation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, and so on. The author believes that the accused priests did not align themselves with a specific political party, except for Father I.I. Vladimirovsky, an archpriest from Arzamas and a deputy of the Second State Duma from the Constitutional Democrats party. It was found that 2 out of 4 cases against priests were dropped. Meanwhile, 3 out of 4 priests were punished by the diocesan authorities with a ban on serving or transfer to other parishes. The findings of this research can be utilized in courses studying the history of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The article emphasizes that Ukraine really has a carefully developed system of legal acts aimed at preventing and countering violations of customs rules. This includes constitutional norms, international agreements and domestic legislation aimed at ensuring effective customs activities and combating illegal customs activities. It is noted that administrative and legal regulation has an important place in the system of combating violations of customs rules. The use of administrative and legal means allows to effectively respond to violations of customs regulations, promoting compliance with the established rules and ensuring the appropriate level of responsibility. It is emphasised that, taking into account changes in modern conditions of trade and economy, it is important to update and improve legislation in the field of customs affairs constantly in order to ensure an effective and fair system of customs control. It is determined that ensuring openness and availability of information about customs rules and procedures is a key aspect of effective customs control. High transparency contributes not only to compliance with the rules, but also builds trust in the activities of customs authorities. Attention is focused on the fact that effective administrative and legal regulation should be aimed not only at punishing violators, but also at protecting the rights and interests of law-abiding subjects of foreign economic activity. Ensuring their legal protection is an important element of a stable business environment. At the same time, it should be noted that in order to comply with customs regulations successfully, it is important to provide employees of the State Customs Service with the appropriate knowledge and skills. Continuous professional development of personnel is a guarantee of effective functioning of the specified customs body.