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Namen diplomske naloge je primerjava in analiza prehranskih in kakovostnih parametrov travnih silaž pridelanih na severovzhodu Slovenije. Primerjavo parametrov smo izvedli z analizami iz prejšnjih let in s Hoffmanovimi (2017) priporočili za kakovostne silaže. Zatem smo poiskali korelacije med dobljenimi parametri. Zbrali smo 77 analiz silaž, ki so bile analizirane v nemškem laboratoriju Landwirtschaftliche Kommunikations und Service (LKS)po metodi NIRS in minerali po klasični metodi. Silaže so bile analizirane na naslednje parametre: suha snov, surov pepel, surove beljakovine, surove maščobe, sladkor, HFT, pH, amoniak, topnost beljakovin, količina pepsinsko netopnih beljakovin in na minerale kalcij, fosfor, natrij, kalij, klor in žveplo. Podatke smo vstavili v excel in jih nato obdelali z SPSS 25.0. Naše analize smo primerjali z analizami iz prejšnjih let, vsebnosti pri parametrih so bile podobne. Vsebnost sušine iz naših analiz so bile pri prvem odkosu 42,8 % in pri drugem 42,2 %, silaže iz obdobja 2000 do 2010 so pa imele vsebnosti 44,2 % in v letu 2014 40,8 %, silaže iz leta 2016 pa so imele 43,2 %. Silaže so po Hoffmannovih (2017) priporočilih vsebovale preveč sušine, saj Hoffmann (2017) priporoča 30 – 40 % sušine. Pri ugotavljanju korelacij smo našli veliko korelacij, korelacije med nekaterimi parametri so pozitivne druge negativne. Korelacije so pomembne, da lahko predvidevamo vsebnost parametrov katerih nismo analizirali. The thesis deals with the nutritional and quality parameters of grass silage grown in the northeast of Slovenia. The analyzes we made are compared to analyzes from previous years and to Hoffmann‘s (2017) recommendations and we also look for correlations between different parameters. In the diploma, we collected 77 analyzes, which were sent to the German laboratory Landwirschaftliche Kommunikations und Service (LKS), where silage was analyzed by the NIRS method and minerals by the classical method. The samples were analyzed for the following parameters: dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat, sugar, HFT, pH, ammonia, protein solubility, amount of pepsin-insoluble protein, and minerals calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine and sulfur. Data were inserted into the excel and then processed with the SPSS 25.0. We compared the analyzes from previous years with our analyzes. The contents of the parameters were similar. The drought content of our analyzes was 42.8 % in the first and 42.2 % in the second harvest, while the silage from 2000 to 2010 had 44.2 %, in 2014 it was 40.8 %, the silage from 2016 had 43.2 %. According to Hoffmann our silages contained to much dry matter because he recommends 30 – 40 %. As correlations go, we found many correlations, some were positive and some negative. Correlations are important so we can predict the content of parameters that we have not analyzed.

The increase in the atmospheric CO concentration is predicted to influence wheat production and grain quality and nutritional properties. In the present study, durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Sula) was grown under two different CO (400 versus 700 μmol mol) concentrations to examine effects on the crop yield and grain quality at different phenological stages (from grain filling to maturity). Exposure to elevated CO significantly increased aboveground biomass and grain yield components. Growth at elevated CO diminished the elemental N content as well as protein and free amino acids, with a typical decrease in glutamine, which is the most represented amino acid in grain proteins. Such a general decrease in nitrogenous compounds was associated with altered kinetics of protein accumulation, N remobilization, and N partitioning. Our results highlight important modifications of grain metabolism that have implications for its nutritional quality., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2016-79868-R).

The aim of this study was to assess silage corn hybrids morphological, productive and bromatological parameters in irrigated and non-irrigated environmental conditions. The research was held in the 2010/2011 season, Campos Borges – RS. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial design, with two environments x eight corn hybrids, arranged in three replications. Analysis of variance showed environment x corn hybrids interaction significance for plant height, fresh and dry matter per hectare, dry matter percentage, mineral matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, total and non-fibrous carbohydrates. In the irrigated environment, hybrids showed higher plant height, chlorophyll content, leaf area, fresh and dry matter per hectare, silage dry matter percentage, pH, mineral material, neutral detergent fiber, cellulose and lignin. Non-fibrous and total carbohydrate levels were higher for the non-irrigated environment. Crude protein content was higher in the non-irrigated environment. In the irrigated environment HS1356 hybrid showed higher plant height, fresh and dry matter per hectare, mineral material and neutral detergent fiber. HT4 hybrid led to higher silage crude protein content in the irrigated environment., Revista de Ciências Agrárias, vol. 39 n.º 2 (2016)

Introduction. The amount of interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) considering body weight is of great importance in hemodialysis patients. In general practice, patients are asked to get standard weight between two hemodialysis sessions. However, it should be individualized considering patient’s weight. We aimed to determine the association between the IDWG and the nutritional parameters, cardiovascular risk factors, and quality of life. Methods. Thrity-two patients receiving hemodialysis at least for one year were enrolled into the study. Patients were monitored for 12 consecutive hemodialysis sessions; and the arithmetic mean of IDWG was calculated. IDWG% was calculated in accordance with patients’ dry weight. Data of patients with IDWG Results. 59.4% (n=19) and 40.6% (n=13) of patients were included in Group I and Group II, respectively. In Group II, albumin (p=0.02), potassium (p=0.02), phosphorus (p=0.04), nPCR (p=0.03), physical function (p=0.04), role limitations caused by physical problems (p=0.04), general health (p=0.03), physical quality of life (p=0.04) scores were significantly higher. A significant correlation was detected between IDWG and physical and mental quality of life, total score SF-36, albumin, total protein and the potassium values. Conclusions. Patients with an IDWG ≥ 3% have better nutritional parameters and quality of life scales. The limiting of IDWG to 1-2 kg, ingoring patient weight may give rise to malnutrition and a reduced quality of life.

Protein energy malnutrition is a common problem in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Scattered reports indicate that supplementation of Carnitine may improve patients' clinical symptoms, with significant improvement in nutritional parameters. This systematic review was done to document the evidences of Carnitine effects in nutritional status of CKD patients. Peer-reviewed RCTs on Carnitine administration at any dose in CKD patients with at least four weeks of follow-up were including in the meta-analysis. Online databases (PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus) were searched to October 2017 using selected MeSH terms related to the study topic. Data was extracted independently by two reviewers using a standard form and then cross-checked. Statistical analyses were carried out with Comprehensive Meta-analysis software. Data are presented as standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). According to the predefined criteria, a total of 14 randomized controlled clinical trials were included and screened for data extraction by two reviewers, separately. The preliminary results extracted from meta-analysis have shown that Carnitine can significantly increase the levels of albumin (SMD: -0.861; 95% CI: -1.321, -0.402), total protein (SMD: -0.418; 95% CI: -0.695, -0.141), total cholesterol (SMD: -0.350; 95% CI: -0.564, -0.135), LDL cholesterol (SMD: -0.362; 95% CI: -0.551, -0.173), transferrin (SMD: -1.465; 95% CI: -1.822, -1.108), and hemoglobin (SMD: -0.525; 95% CI: -0.732, -0.318); however there were no conclusive effects of Carnitine on body weight (SMD: -0.057; 95% CI: -0.404, 0.291) and BMI (SMD: -0.567; 95% CI: -1.548, 0.415), in pooled analyses. The results of this meta-analysis showed that there are considerable useful pieces of evidence so far about the effect of Carnitine on nutritional factors; however, there is still doubt about some evidences with this regard. It seems necessary to carry out clinical trials with stronger designs to evaluate the impact of these primary outcomes on the patients' clinical conditions. Having this evidences, the potential role of Carnitine in improving malnutrition consequences in CKD patients would be clearly defined.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of providing different levels of a supplement on the nutritional characteristics and productive performance of heifers on pasture during the rainy-dry transition and dry season in Brazil or tropical area. Thirty crossbred heifers with predominance of Zebu breed were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of a mineral supplement and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 kg/animal/d of a protein supplement containing 300 g crude protein (CP)/kg of dry matter (DM). In the rainy-dry transition season there was quadratic effect of the protein supplementation (p0.10); the microbial efficiency (g CPmic/kg TDN) and the relationship of microbial nitrogen flow with nitrogen intake (g/g nitrogen intake) were negative linear profiles. In the dry season, the descriptive pattern least squares means showed a trend of stabilization of DWG from the supply of 0.98 kg of protein supplement; the intakes of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, and TDN showed increasing linear relationship (p

The effect of treatment for anestrus in buffaloes with a PGF2α or GnRH injection and vitamin-mineral (Vit-M) supplementation for 1 to 2 months and some factors influencing the treatment effect were studied. In anestrus buffaloes with CL, an injection of PGF2α tended to show higher estrus detection and pregnancy rates within 17 days after treatment than Vit-M supplementation (P

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais A obesidade nos dias atuais é considerada uma pandemia, acometendo pessoas de todas as idades, sexo e raça. É uma doença que cursa com um estado inflamatório crônico de baixo grau, de causa multifatorial, associada a complicações metabólicas de alta morbimortalidade que geram elevados custos ao sistema de saúde. A microbiota intestinal possui grande importância no desenvolvimento da função intestinal. Estudos recentes têm associados à microbiota intestina humana ao desenvolvimento e manutenção da obesidade envolvendo vários mecanismos distintos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a diversidade bacteriana no ecossistema intestinal de indivíduos obesos, com sobrepeso e eutróficos e correlacionar o perfil microbiano com o perfil nutricional e bioquímico destes pacientes. Foram avaliados 72 indivíduos classificados em eutróficos (n=24), com sobrepeso (n=24) e obesos (n=24), de acordo com o IMC. Medidas antropométricas, avaliação sociodemográfica e nutricional dos pacientes foram realizadas. Dos 72 indivíduos amostrados 63,9% pertence ao sexo feminino e 36,1% ao masculino, com uma média de idade de 39,6 anos, representativo de indivíduos adultos. A densidade de diferentes grupos bacterianos foi avaliada por hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH) e análises de fingerprint foram realizadas pelo método de PCR-Eletroforese em Gel com Gradiente Desnaturante (DGGE) utilizando os iniciadores para o domínio Bactéria. Os resultados da FISH mostraram uma densidade relativa menor no grupo de obesos, comparado aos eutróficos, na maioria dos grupos bacterianos estudados, porém a razão Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes encontra-se aumentada nos obesos em relação aos eutróficos. A MIH dos indivíduos com sobrepeso mostrou estar em um processo de transição, indo ao encontro à microbiota de pessoas obesas. A análise de PCR-DGGE mostrou uma maior similaridade da MIH entre os grupos com sobrepeso e obeso. Indivíduos do mesmo grupo tenderam a se agrupar mais próximo, mesmo em clusters diferentes. As análises de correlação (spearman) entre os grupos bacterianos e paramêtros bioquímicos e antropométricos dos indivíduos mostrou uma correlação negativa moderada entre colesterol total e colesterol LDL e alguns grupos bacterianos, porém essa correlação só foi percebida no grupo de eutróficos, sugerindo que a MIH se comporta de maneira diferente dependendo do tipo de ambiente intestinal. A análise de correlação (odds ratio) entre razão Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes alterada (razão >1), com os índices IMC (>25), glicose (>100 mg/dL) e colesterol séricos (>200 mg/dL) mostraram uma correlação positiva, sugerindo que esses fatores que estão fortemente associados ao processo de obesidade, podem afetar a composição da MIH, de maneira a propiciar um ambiente que privilegie um aumento de Firmicutes. Nowadays obesity is considered a pandemic, affecting people of all ages, gender and ethnicity. It is a chronic disease that leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, with multifactorial cause, associated with metabolic complications with high morbimortality which generates high costs to the health care system. There is a great importance related to the gut microbiota and its functional development. Recent studies have associated gut microbiota to obesity development and maintenance, involving different mechanisms. This study objective was to evaluate the bacterial diversity in gut ecosystem between obese, overweight and eutrophic people, besides correlating microbial profile and nutricional-biochemical profile in each patient. 72 patients have been evaluated and classified as eutrophic (n=24), overweight (n=24) or obese (n=24) according to BMI. Anthropometric measurements, socio-demographic and nutricional evaluation have been carried out. . From these 72 patients 63% are female and 36,1% male, with a mean age of 39,61 years, representative of adults individuals. The density of different bacterial groups has been evaluated using Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Fingerprint Analyze have been made with PCR- Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) using initiators to the domain Bacteria. Though the results from FISH showed that the ratio Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes is greater in obeses than eutrophics, they showed a reduced relative density in obese. The overweights gut microbiota is still at the process of transition to meet obese people’s microbiota. PCR-DGGE Analysis showed more similarity of Human Gut Microbiota(HGM) between the groups with overweight and obese, and who is in the same group tends to group together next to, even on different clusters. Correlation analysis (spearman) between bacterial groups and Anthropometric-Biochemical from these individuals showed a moderate negative correlation between total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and some bacterial groups, but this correlation was just realized in eutrophic group, suggesting the HGM behas in a different way according to intestinal environment. Correlation analysis (odds ratio) between ratio Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes changed (ratio>1), with the BMI index (>25), glucose (>100 mg/dL) and serum cholesterol (>200 mg/dL) showed a positive correlation suggesting that these factors, which are related with the obese process, can affect the composition of Human Gut Microbiota, increasing positively Firmicutis.

The bioactivity of different organs and tissues of Quercus spp. (Fagaceae), an important group of evergreen or deciduous trees from temperate and tropical climatic areas, represents a good starting point for possible industrial applications. Nevertheless, Quercus fruits, generally known as acorns, are currently undervalued and underexploited. Accordingly, the proximate composition, fatty acids and tocopherols profiles, chlorophyll, lycopene and ß-carotene contents, as well as the antioxidant activity, were studied in different Quercus species to boost new applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In general, significant differences were found among the nutritional parameters, fatty acids and tocopherols contents and bioactivity indicators, either considering phenotypic (studied species) or botanical (acorn tissues) factors. The acorn tissues and the Quercus species that optimize the production of each nutrient and bioactive compound, as well as that allowing the highest antioxidant activity were thoroughly identified. The obtained information provides an increased knowledge to define potential industrial applications for acorn tissues, potentially offering economic advantages to this underutilized natural resource. The authors are grateful for the financial support to REQUIMTE/LAQV (UID/QUI/50006/2013 – POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013) from FCT/MEC through national funds and co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020. J.C.M. Barreira thanks FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE for his grant (SFRH/BPD/72802/2010). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Adjuvant arthritis is an animal model that closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis in humans. It is a successful working model used to study new anti-inflammatory agents. In previous studies (animal and clinical) we have shown that evening primrose oil, fish oil and the methanol extract of date fruits and fenugreek seeds have anti-inflammatory activity and that the methanol extract of dates has an antioxidant effect. Based on these studies, the aim of the present study was to prepare 7 functional foods containing such bioactive fractions separately or in combination and to evaluate them in adjuvant arthritis in rats, study the stability of bioactive ingredients and evaluate their sensory properties. The studied biochemical parameters were erythrocyte sedimentation rate, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and plasma copper, zinc and interlukin 2. Nutritional parameters, including body weight gain, food intake and food efficiency ratio were monitored during the feeding of the functional foods. The bioactive ingredients assessed were total phenolic contents and fatty acids. The results showed improvement in the biochemical parameters, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio of arthritic rats fed on the functional foods with different degrees. All the prepared functional foods were sensory accepted. The active ingredients showed stability during storage. In conclusion, all the tested functional foods showed promising antiinflammatory activity and were determined to be acceptable through sensory evaluation which means that their potential beneficial use as dietary supplements in rheumatoid arthritis patients may be recommended.La artritis adyuvante es un modelo utilizado en animales y se caracteriza por ser muy parecida a la artritis reumatoide en humanos. Se trata de un modelo de trabajo utilizado con éxito para estudiar nuevos agentes anti-inflamatorios. En estudios previos (animales y clínica) hemos demostrado que el aceite de onagra, el aceite de pescado y los extractos metanólicos de semillas de fenogreco o alholva y de dátiles tienen actividad anti-inflamatoria y que el extracto metanólico de dátiles tiene efecto antioxidante. Basado en estos estudios, el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en preparar alimentos funcionales con siete fracciones bioactivas por separado y conjuntamente y evaluarlas en artritis adyuvante en ratas, estudiar la estabilidad de los principios bioactivos y evaluar sus propiedades sensoriales. Los parámetros bioquímicas estudiados fueron la velocidad de sedimentación globular, la enzima superóxido dismutasa eritrocitaria, la glutatión peroxidasa, cobre plasmático, y la zinc interleucina-2. Los parámetros nutricionales, incluyendo ganancia de peso corporal, la ingesta de alimentos y la relación de eficiencia alimentaria se han seguido durante la ingesta de los alimentos funcionales. Los ingredientes bioactivos evaluados fueron el contenido de fenoles totales y ácidos grasos. Los resultados mostraron una mejoría de los parámetros bioquímicos, aumento de peso corporal y la relación de eficiencia alimentaria en las ratas artríticas que se alimentaron con los diferentes grados de alimentos funcionales. Todos los alimentos funcionales preparados fueron aceptables sensorialmente. Los ingredientes activos mostraron estabilidad durante el almacenamiento. Como conclusión, todos los alimentos funcionales probados mostraron una prometedora actividad anti-inflamatoria y fueron aceptables sensorialmente, siendo recomendable su uso como suplementos dietéticos por su potencial beneficio en pacientes con artritis reumatoide.

The aim of the present work was to study the effects of tylosin A and doxycycline administration to laying hens on egg nutritional and compositional parameters during antibiotic treatment and after a withdrawal period. Doxycycline treatment in contrast to tylosin A treatment caused more significant changes in the studied compounds, especially in yolks collected after the withdrawal period and egg yolk components related to the lipid fraction. Most of these changes appeared as an increase of the levels of the studied compounds, if compared to the control samples. It should be pointed out that the egg yolks from laying hens treated with these antibiotics suffered an increase of the sensitivity of lipid oxidation (α-tocopherol content decreased and TBARS values increased). As a consequence of this rise, negative effects on organoleptic qualities and on nutritional properties of laying eggs and its derivatives can appear., Els objectius principals d’aquest treball van ser estudiar l’efecte de l’administració de tilosina A i de doxiciclina en gallines ponedores sobre paràmetres nutricionals i de composició de l’ou durant el tractament antibiòtic i després d’un temps de retirada. El tractament amb doxiciclina és el que va produir més canvis significatius en els compostos estudiats, sobretot en els ous recollits en el mostreig posterior al període de retirada i en els components procedents de la fracció lipídica. La majoria d’aquests canvis es van manifestar amb un increment de la concentració d’aquests compostos respecte la del grup control. Cal destacar que els rovells dels ous procedents de les gallines tractades amb els dos antibiòtics van presentar una major sensibilitat davant de l’oxidació lipídica (disminució de la concentració de l’α-tocoferol i augment en el valor de TBARS), fet que pot produir efectes negatius en les qualitats organolèptiques i en les propietats nutricionals de l’ou de gallina o dels seus derivats.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos com diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) tratado com óxido de cálcio sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total de componentes da dieta, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens durante o período de transição seca-águas. A área experimental foi composta de cinco piquetes de 2,5 hectares, com disponibilidade de matéria seca potencialmente digestível de 2.858,4 kg/ha. Utilizaram-se 25 novilhas da raça Nelore e 10 mestiças com predominância de sangue zebu com idade e peso médio iniciais, respectivamente, de 13 meses e 210 ± 0.8 kg de peso corporal em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 25% de proteína bruta (PB) e foram formulados com 0; 33; 67 e 100% de farelo de mamona em substituição ao farelo de soja. O ganho médio diário foi de 366,1 g para os animais do grupo controle e 439,7; 478,9; 556,3; e 493,9, respectivamente, para aqueles alimentados com os suplementos com 100% de farelo de soja e com 33, 67 e 100% de farelo de mamona. Não houve efeito dos níveis de farelo de mamona tratado sobre o ganho médio diário dos animais, que foi maior naqueles que receberam suplemento. Os níveis de farelo de mamona tiveram efeito linear decrescente sobre os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria seca digerida e fibra em detergente neutro digestível e o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, EE e carboidratos não-fibrosos foram maiores para os animais sob suplementação. A eficiência microbiana, expressa em g de proteína bruta por kg de NDT consumido, não diferiu entre os grupos. A substituição do farelo de soja por farelo de mamona tratado com óxido de cálcio não prejudica o desempenho dos animais. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of multiple supplement with different levels of castor meal (Ricinus communis L.) treated with calcium oxide on intake, on the total apparent digestibility of dietary components, on the efficiency of microbial synthesis and on the performance of beef heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens during the dry-rainy transition period. The experimental area was composed of five 2.5-ha paddocks with availability of potentially digestible dry matter of 2,858.4 kg/ha. It was used 25 Nellore heifers and 10 crossbred with predominance of Zebu breed heifers at 13 months of age and body weight of 210 ± 0.8 kg in a completely randomized experimental design. Supplements contained approximately 25% of crude protein (CP) and they were formulated with 0; 33; 67 and 100% of castor meal replacing soybean meal. Daily weight gain was 366.1 g for animals in the control group and 439.7; 478.9; 556.3; and 493.9, respectively for those fed supplements with 100% of soybean meal and 33, 67 and 100% castor meal. There was no effect of treated castor meal levels on daily weight gain of the animals, which was higher in those animals fed supplements. Levels of castor meal had decreasing linear effect on intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), digested dry matter and digestible neutral detergent fiver and on the intake of total digestible nutrients. Coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE and non-fibrous carbohydrates were greater for animals under supplementation. Microbial efficiency, expressed in g of crude protein per kg of consumed TDN, did not differ among groups. Replacement of soybean meal by castor meal treated with calcium oxide does not harm animal performance.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do uso de suplementos múltiplos com diferentes níveis de farelo de algodão 38% o sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total de componentes da dieta, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens no período das águas. Utilizaram-se 25 novilhas nelores e 10 novilhas mestiças com predominância de sangue zebu com 16 meses idade e 249,8 ± 0,6 kg de peso corporal. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 30% de proteína bruta (PB) e substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão 38% nos níveis de 0; 33; 67 e 100%, (CS0, CS33, CS67 e CS100, respectivamente), avaliados em relação a um grupo controle, que recebeu apenas mistura mineral ad libitum (MM). O ganho médio diário foi 397, 546, 570, 525 e 542 g, respectivamente, para os grupos MM, CS0, CS33, CS67 e CS100. Não houve efeito dos níveis de farelo de algodão 38% sobre o ganho médio diário, que diferiu, no entanto, entre os animais que receberam suplemento e os do grupo controle. Os consumos em kg/dia de proteína bruta e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) foram maiores nos grupos sob suplementação. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente totais da PB e dos CNF foram maiores nos animais que receberam suplemento em relação aos do grupo controle. O aumento do nível de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão teve efeito linear positivo sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente totais da MS, matéria orgânica e PB. Não houve diferença na eficiência microbiana, expressa em g de proteína bruta por kg de NDT consumido entre os animais sob suplementados e os do grupo controle, assim como não foi observada diferença entre os níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão. O uso de farelo de algodão 38% em substituição ao farelo de soja na dieta não prejudica o desempenho de novilhas de corte em pastejo. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of using multiple supplements with different levels of cottonseed meal 38% on intake, total apparent digestibility of dietary components, efficiency of microbial synthesis and productive performance of beef heifers in Brachiaria decumbens pasture during the rainy season. It was used 25 Nellore heifers and 10 crossbred heifers with predominance of Zebu breed at 16 months of age and with 249.8 ± 0.6 kg of body weight. It was used a complete random experimental design with five treatments and seven replicates. Supplements contained approximately 30% of crude protein (CP) and soybean meal replaced by cottonseed meal 38% at the levels 0; 33; 67 and 100%, (CS0, CS33, CS67 and CS100, respectively) evaluated in relation to a control group, which received only mineral mixture (MM) ad libitum. Daily weight gain was 397, 546, 570, 525 and 542 g, respectively, for the groups MM, CS0, CS33, CS67 and CS100. There was no effect of the levels of cottonseed meal 38% on daily weight gain, which differed among animals fed supplement and control group, however. Intakes of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) in kg/day were greater in groups under supplementation. Coefficients of total apparent digestibility of CP and NFC were greater in animals fed supplements in relation to the control group. Increase on the replacement level of soybean meal by cottonseed meal had a positive linear effect on coefficients of total apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter and CP. There was no difference on microbial efficiency, expressed as g of crude protein per kg of TDN consumed by the animals under supplements and the ones of the control group, neither it was observed difference among levels of replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal. The use of cottonseed meal 38% replacing soybean meal in the diet does not harm performance of grazing beef heifers.

Our objective was to determine if automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) leads to changes in nutritional parameters of patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Twenty-six patients (15 males; 50.5 +/- 14.3 years) were evaluated during CAPD while training for APD and after 3 and 6 months of APD. Body fat was assessed by the sum of skinfold thickness and the other body compartments were assessed by bioelectrical impedance. During the 6-month follow-up, 12 patients gained more than 1 kg (GW group), 8 patients lost more than 1 kg (LW group), and 6 patients maintained body weight (MW group). Except for length on dialysis that was longer for the LW group compared with the GW group, no other differences were found between the groups at baseline. After 6 months on APD, the LW group had a reduction in body fat (24.5 +/- 7.7 vs 22.1 +/- 7.3 kg; P = 0.01), body cell mass (22.6 +/- 6.2 vs 21.6 +/- 5.8 kg, P = 0.02) and phase angle (5.4 +/- 0.9 vs 5.1 +/- 0.8 degrees, P = 0.004). In the GW group, body fat (25 +/- 7.6 vs 27.2 +/- 7.6 kg, P = 0.001) and body cell mass (20.1 +/- 3.9 vs 20.8 +/- 4.0 kg, P = 0.05) were increased. In the present study, different patterns of change in body composition were found. The length of previous dialysis treatment seems to be the most important factor in determining these nutritional modifications.

Ha sido demostrado que diferentes tipos de grasa dietarias están implicadas en el desarrollo y/o prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT). Uno de los problemas nutricionales actuales, fundamentalmente en los países occidentales, esta relacionado al consumo excesivo de aceites ricos en ácidos grasos (AG) de la serie n-6. Esto ha conducido a dietas con relaciones de AG n-6/n-3 muy por encima de las recomendadas. También, y con menor frecuencia, coexisten grupos poblacionales con déficits nutricionales asociados a deprivación de los AG esenciales (AGE): ácido linoleico (AL) y ácido -linolénico (ALA). Por otra parte, durante las últimas décadas, los isómeros de AG han despertado un gran interés por sus potenciales efectos sobre la salud humana. Así, los AG-trans (AGT) de origen industrial han sido asociados a efectos deletéreos incrementando el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, inflamación aguda, diabetes, entre otras ECNT. Mientras que, los conjugados del ácido linoleico (CLA) han mostrado poseer propiedades funcionales, denotando un horizonte promisorio para la prevención de ciertas ECNT. Al mismo tiempo, dependiendo de numerosos factores, estos AG isoméricos pueden tener efectos negativos sobre la salud. El impacto metabólico de los isómeros AGT o CLA, está relacionado a numerosos factores, entre ellos: tipo específico de isómero considerado, tiempo y dosis de tratamiento, especie, modelo experimental, como también al entorno nutricional existente. En virtud de esto, la hipótesis de la presente tesis fue: “los isómeros AGT y CLA poseen un efecto diferencial sobre la modulación del metabolismo lipídico y glucídico dependiendo del entorno nutricional generado por los niveles dietarios de AL”. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar los potenciales efectos metabóliconutricionales de los AGT y los CLA en dietas enriquecidas o deprivadas en AL en un modelo experimental animal. Ratas macho, jóvenes, de la cepa Wistar fueron alimentadas durante 60 días con alguna de las siguientes dietas experimentales: +AL:enriquecida en AL; -AL: deprivada de AL; +AL+AGT: +AL sustituída con aceite rico en AGT; -AL+AGT: -AL sustituída con aceite rico en AGT; +AL+CLA: +AL sustituída con aceite rico en CLA; -AL+CLA: -AL sustituída con aceite rico en CLA. Las sustituciones de aceites permitieron arribar al 1% (p/p) del isómero correspondiente a cada dieta. En aspectos nutricionales, principalmente se evaluó la ganancia de peso, eficiencias dietarias y cambios en la composición corporal. En el metabolismo lipídico, fundamentalmente se puntualizó la retención de isómeros de AG, los perfiles de lípidos séricos y tisulares, como también en mecanismos de regulación de triglicéridos (TG); y en el metabolismo de la glucosa, se estudiaron la captación, incorporación y oxidación de la misma, y la síntesis de glucógeno en músculo soleo aislado. Todos los animales experimentales mostraron un buen estado de salud durante el tratamiento dietario, logrando un óptimo desarrollo y crecimiento. En los animales alimentados con dietas deprivadas de AL, independientemente de la ausencia o presencia de los isómeros AGT o CLA, detectamos en suero y tejidos periféricos el ácido Mead y la relación trieno/tetraeno característicos de una deficiencia marginal de AGE. Todos los isómeros de los AGT fueron incorporados en los tejidos analizados y sus niveles totales fueron mayores en tejido adiposo que los de hígado, músculo y suero. Además, la deprivación de AL influyó diferencialmente sobre el contenido de los isómeros individuales, reduciendo los niveles de estos, dependiendo del tejido e isómero considerado. Este efecto podría estar asociado a una competencia tisular entre los AGT y los AG saturados (AGS) presentes en la dieta deprivada de AL. Además, encontramos que los AGT en la dieta enriquecida en AL reemplazaron los AG: AL, ALA y ácido araquidónico (AA) en la mayoría de los tejidos analizados. Dentro de lo parámetros nutricionales, los AGT aumentaron la ganancia de peso corporal, asociado a un mayor depósito de grasa visceral, independientemente del status de AL. Los AGT ejercieron un efecto diferente sobre el metabolismo lipídico en función del status de AL. Específicamente, los animales deprivados de AL, pero no aquellos alimentados con dieta enriquecida, mostraron un incremento de los TG circulantes asociados a una disminución en la clarificación de los TG en tejido adiposo. A nivel hepático, los niveles de TG fueron incrementados por los AGT, independientemente de los niveles de AL, aunque los mecanismos involucrados no fueron los mismos. En animales que recibieron dietas enriquecidas en AL, los AGT incrementaron los niveles de TG a través de una disminución de la oxidación de AG, indicada a través de la actividad de la enzima carnitina palmitoil transferasa (CPT)-Ia. Además, incrementaron la conversión de AL a AA. En los animales alimentados con dietas de en AL, el aumento en los niveles de TG hepáticos fue el resultado de una mayor síntesis de AG denotada por una mayor actividad de las enzimas sintasa de AG (FAS), enzima málica (EM) y glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PDH). Otra diferencia importante estuvo centrada en que estos animales, mostraron una disminución de la biosíntesis de AG poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) n-6 y un incremento en la biosíntesis de AGPI-CL n-3. Este efecto podría ser consecuencia de un preferencial flujo de sustratos de AG n-3, debido a una posible competencia de los AGT con los AG n-6 a nivel de la enzima 6-desaturasa. En el tejido adiposo, los AGT en la dieta enriquecida en AL aumentaron el peso de los panículos epididimal y retroperitoneal. Este efecto estuvo asociado a una disminución en los depósitos de los AG: AL, ALA y AA, lo que, probablemente, sea disparador del aumento en la actividad de la enzima lipoproteína lipasa (LPL) con el propósito de compensar esta reducción de AGPI-CL. Mientras que en los animales deprivados de AL, el incremento del peso de los panículos adiposos se relacionó a una mayor lipogénesis, manifestada por las actividades de las enzimas FAS, EM y G6PDH, y a un aumentado flujo de sustratos a través de la enzima estearilCoA desaturasa (SCD-1). Este efecto pudo haber sido desencadenado por los bajos niveles de AG: AL, ALA y AA. Las alteraciones en los lípidos y su regulación observados a nivel hepático y adiposo no tuvieron correlación con cambios en el metabolismo lipídico en músculo. No obstante, las experiencias en músculo sóleo aislado mostraron que la captación, incorporación y oxidación de la glucosa en condiciones basales incrementaron ligeramente por los AGT, independientemente del status de AL. Contrariamente, frente a la estimulación con insulina, los AGT en los músculos de animales alimentados con dieta enriquecida en AL, disminuyeron la captación, incorporación y oxidación de la glucosa, y síntesis de glucógeno. Este efecto no fue observado en los animales alimentados con dieta deprivada de AL. Así, los efectos observados en condiciones basales, pero no necesariamente frente al estímulo de insulina, podrían ser los responsables de la reducción de los niveles de glucemia observados, y estar asociados a los diferentes niveles musculares de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI), incluyendo el ácido ruménico bioconvertido a partir de ácido transvaccénico. En relación a los CLA: 9c,11t-CLA y 10t,12c-CLA, ambos fueron incorporados en los tejidos analizados, siendo sus niveles: tejido adiposo > músculo > hígado > suero. En estos 3 últimos, el contenido de ambos isómeros no estuvo afectado por el status de AL; en cambio en el tejido adiposo epididimal los animales que recibieron la dieta deprivada de AL presentaron menores niveles que los que recibieron la dieta enriquecida. Es probable que, ante la demanda de AGE por el organismo en la dieta deprivada de AL, y tomando en cuenta la similitud de los CLA con éste AG, los adipocitos liberen a circulación una mayor cantidad de ambos isómeros CLA. Además, los niveles de 9c,11t-CLA fueron siempre mayores a los de 10t,12c-CLA. Asimismo, la sustitución con CLA redujo los niveles de AL y ALA en hígado y tejido adiposo de los animales que recibieron la dieta enriquecida en AL. Es probable que éstos isómeros compitan con los AG: AL y ALA por su incorporación a los tejidos. Contrariamente, en la dieta deprivada de AL, los CLA en suero atenuaron la deficiencia de AL. En suero de ratas alimentadas con dieta deprivada de AL, los CLA presentaron un efecto hipotrigliceridémico, asociado a una menor secreción y a una mayor remoción de TG. Diferencialmente, en las ratas alimentadas con dieta enriquecida en AL, los CLA no modificaron dichos niveles. Los CLA incrementaron los niveles de TG hepáticos sólo en los animales deprivados de AL, y estos efectos estuvieron relacionados a diferentes alteraciones en mecanismos regulatorios. Específicamente, en los animales alimentados con dieta deprivada de AL, el incremento de TG estuvo asociado a una reducción de la secreción de TG-lipoproteína de muy baja densidad (VLDL), y a un aumento en la actividad de enzimas lipogénicas. Estos animales también mostraron un descenso en la biosíntesis de ácido araquidónico (AA) debido a un menor flujo de sustrato a través de la enzima ∆6-desaturasa hepática. Es probable que esta menor síntesis de AA, esté aumentando la síntesis de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), y desplazando el flujo de sustratos hacia ésta vía metabólica. La teoría de competitividad entre sustratos podría explicar porque, en nuestro trabajo, en el grupo enriquecido en AL el efecto inhibitorio de los CLA sobre la ∆6-desaturasa y la biosíntesis de los AGPI-CL de la familia n-6, no se puso de manifiesto, mientras que, en el grupo deprivado de AL (donde el contenido de AL como sustrato para la competencia enzimática era baja) el efecto estuvo presente. En las ratas alimentadas con dieta deprivada de AL, los CLA tendieron a reducir el contenido de grasa corporal, alcanzando una reducción significativa en el peso de los panículos adiposos. Estos cambios no se asociaron a una menor ingesta de alimento, ni de energía, sino a una ligera menor eficiencia energética, y no fueron observados en animales alimentados con dieta enriquecida en AL. El esclarecimiento de los mecanismos regulatorios involucrados en el efecto de los CLA sobre el tejido adiposo necesita ser profundizado, no obstante, dichos mecanismos parecieran depender del status de AL. Es posible postular que en el grupo deprivado en AL una elevada lipólisis conduzca a una exacerbada actividad de la enzima LPL y de las enzimas lipogénicas como mecanismo compensador de la marcada reducción del tejido adiposo. En relación al metabolismo de la glucosa, la reducción de los niveles de glucosa sérica inducida por los CLA pudo ser debido a un aumento de la glucólisis muscular, evidenciada con la mayor oxidación de glucosa en condiciones basales; la cual estuvo más acentuado en deprivación de AL. Contrariamente, se observó una menor respuesta a la insulina sobre la metabolización de la glucosa en los animales suplementados con CLA, independientemente de los niveles de AL. Finalmente, en los animales suplementados con CLA el palmitato no inhibió la acción de la insulina sobre la captación e incorporación de glucosa, y este efecto fue independientemente del status de AL. Es posible proponer que modificaciones en la composición de los lípidos de membrana plasmática muscular estén influyendo sobre la mayor utilización de glucosa. En resumen: - Los AGT, a niveles equivalentes de los que podrían ser consumidos por la población humana, producen efectos deletéreos sobre animales de experimentación, fundamentalmente incrementando la acreción de lípidos en hígado y tejido adiposo. - La deprivación de AL genera cambios en el entorno metabólico de los animales influyendo tanto sobre el efecto de los AGT, como en los mecanismos de acción de éstos. - Los niveles de 11t-18:1, como asimismo su bioconversión a 9c,11t-CLA podrían estar atenuando los efectos deletéreos reportados por diversos investigadores para aceites enriquecidos en 9t-18:1. - Los CLA poseen efectos metabólicos diferentes en función del status de AL. - A bajos niveles de ingesta de AL es posible una alta interacción con los CLA conduciendo a ciertos efectos biológicos benéficos, como: reducción de la acreción grasa, reducción de los TG circulantes, incremento en la biosíntesis de AGPI-CL n-3 asociado a una reducción de la biosíntesis de AGPI-CL n-6 y mejoramiento de la utilización de la glucosa. - Los CLA en dieta deprivada de AL conducen en la rata a modificaciones metabólicas atenuadas de aquellas descriptas en el ratón. - Es factible postular que la baja ingesta de AL podría generar en las ratas una mayor sensibilidad a los CLA, o bien, que en dietas muy ricas en AL, los CLA no compitan en la metabolización de los AGPI n-6, conduciendo a efectos diferenciales en ambas situaciones metabólicas. Esto no descarta la posibilidad que diferentes niveles de metabolitos bioactivos se puedan generar a partir de los CLA consumidos. Los resultados de la presente tesis contribuyen al conocimiento de los efectos benéficos y deletéreos de los isómeros de AG, como también a los mecanismos de acción de los mismos, bajo situaciones que emulan experimentalmente posibles condiciones nutricionales de la población. Fil: Fariña, Ana Clara. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Effects of oral nutritional supplementation on nutritional parameters and lean tissue mass in patients on maintenance hemodialysis - artial results od international multicenter trial

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is a nutrient rich perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family highly appreciated in the Mediterranean cuisine. It is eaten raw in salads, soups and other recipes and used in folk medicine due to its medicinal and therapeutic properties [1,2]. However, it has a reduced shelf-life of approximately 7 days [3]. Since most conventional preservation treatments can't extend the shelf-life without compromising the quality and consumers are more aware about the limitations and side effects of the commonly used sanitizing treatments [4], irradiation emerged as a potential and safe alternative against these conventional postharvest treatments. In this study, the effect of different doses of gamma-irradiation on fresh-cut watercress quality was evaluated. Samples were collected in Bragança region (Northeast of Portugal), rinsed in tap water and packaged in sterilized bags. Packaged samples were exposed to 0 (control), 1, 2 and 5 kGy of γ-rays in a 60Co chamber and stored at 4 ºC for 7 days. Among the evaluated parameters, color was measured with a colorimeter, total soluble solids using a digital refractometer, and pH with a digital pH-meter. Macronutrients were determined using standard procedures, and hydrophilic (sugars, organic acids, phenolics and flavonoids) and lipophilic (fatty acids and tocopherols) compounds by chromatographic or spectrophotometric techniques. Furthermore, the bioactivity was evaluated in hydroalcoholic extracts through DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and TBARS formation inhibition. Data were evaluated through Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to verify if the differences induce by irradiation on the evaluated parameters could act as discriminant variables. Among the 58 studied variables, only 13 (including fructose, glucose, citric acid, some fatty acids such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids, β- and γ-tocopherols and β-carotene bleaching inhibition) were selected in the application of LDA, which is a strong indication of the similarity between the results obtained for the remaining 45 variables. Furthermore, some of the observed differences proved to be advantageous for the irradiated samples. Thus, this study demonstrated that, up to 5 kGy, gamma-irradiation did not affect the main quality parameters of fresh-cut watercress. PRODER - Project AROMAP, for financial support of the work and FCT (Portugal) for financial support to CIMO (PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011), REQUIMTE (PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2011), J. Pinela (SFRH/BD/92994/2013), J.C.M. Barreira (SFRH/BPD/72802/2010) and L. Barros (research contract).

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is associated with mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis. The correct diagnosis of PEW is extremely important in order to predict clinical outcomes. However, it is unclear which parameters should be used to diagnose PEW. Therefore, this retrospective observational study investigated the relationship between mortality and nutritional parameters in ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis. A total of 144 patients were enrolled. Nutritional parameters, including body mass index, serum albumin, dietary intake, normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), and malnutrition inflammation score (MIS), were measured at baseline. Fifty-three patients died during the study. Survivors had significantly higher nPCR (1.10 +/- 0.24 g/kg/day vs. 1.01 +/- 0.21 g/kg/day; p = 0.048), energy intake (26.7 +/- 5.8 kcal/kg vs. 24.3 +/- 4.2 kcal/kg; p = 0.009) and protein intake (0.91 +/- 0.21 g/kg vs. 0.82 +/- 0.24 g/kg; p = 0.020), and lower MIS (5.2 +/- 2.3 vs. 6.1 +/- 2.1, p = 0.039). In multivariable analysis, energy intake 5 (HR 2.146, 95% CI 1.173-3.928; p = 0.013) were independent variables associated with all-cause mortality. These results suggest that higher MIS and lower energy intake are harmful to ESRD patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Optimal energy intake could reduce mortality in these patients.

Objective: To isolate phytase producing Bacillus sp. from soil samples of Turkey, and optimize the growth conditions for maximum production of phytase. Material and Methods: The screening of isolates was performed on phytase screening medium. The best producer was selected. Phytase activity was determined by measuring the amount of liberated inorganic phosphate. Optimal culture conditions and fermentation parameters for phytase production were assessed. Results: 236 Bacillus sp. strains isolated. The best phytase producing strain showed higher enzyme yield in the presence of wheat bran and lactose as carbon source, meat extract as organic nitrogen source, CaCl2 as metal source. 0.3% as phytate concentration was found to be best. In the physical parameters, the best results was obtained at 35 degrees C, pH 7.5, 200 rpm as agitation rate, 2-4% as inoculum size and 48 h as inoculum age. A new medium was obtained by optimizing the incubation conditions of phytase production from Bacillus sp. EBD 9-1. In this medium, enzyme yield was enhanced 62% compared to basal medium. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the novel Bacillus sp. phytase enzyme may have wide industrial application, and can be used as an animal feed additive. Türkiye'nin toprak örneklerinden fitaz üreten Bacillus sp. 'lerin izole ve fitazın maksimum üretimi için üreme şartlarının optimize edilmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: İzolatların taranması fitaz tarama ortamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. En iyi üretici seçilmiştir. Fitaz aktivitesi ortaya salınan inorganik fosfatın miktarı ölçülerek belirlenmiştir. En iyi kültür koşulları ve fermantasyon parametreleri fitaz üretimi için değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: 236 Bacillus sp. suşu izole edilmiştir. En iyi fitaz üreten suş yüksek enzim verimini karbon kaynağı olarak buğday kepeği ve laktoz, organik azot kaynağı olarak meat ekstrakt, metal kaynağı olarak CaCl2 varlığında göstermiştir.% 0.3 fitat konsantrasyonu en iyi olarak bulunmuştur. Fiziksel parametreler içinde, en iyi sonuçlar 35°C'de, pH 7.5'de, çalkalama oranı olarak 200 rpm'de, inokülüm miktarı olarak % 2-4 'de ve inokülüm yaşı olarak 48 saat'de elde edilmiştir. Bacillus sp. EBD 9-1'den fitaz üretimin inkübasyon şartlarının optimize edilmesiyle yeni bir ortam elde edilmiştir. Bu ortamda, enzim verimi temel ortamla karşılaştırıldığında % 62 artmıştır. Sonuç: Mevcut çalışma yeni Bacillus sp. fitaz enziminin geniş endüstriyel uygulamaya sahip olabilirliğini ve hayvan yemi katkı maddesi olarak kullanılabilirliğini önermektedir.

For most allergenic foods, limited availability of threshold dose information within the population restricts the advice on action levels of unintended allergenic foods which should trigger advisory labeling on packaged foods.The objective of this paper is to provide guidance for selecting an optimal sample size for threshold dosing studies for major allergenic foods and to identify factors influencing the accuracy of estimation. A simulation study was performed to evaluate the effects of sample size and dosing schemes on the accuracy of the threshold distribution curve. The relationships between sample size, dosing scheme and the employed statistical distribution on the one hand and accuracy of estimation on the other hand were obtained. It showed that the largest relative gains in accuracy are obtained when sample size increases from N= 20 to N= 60. Moreover, it showed that the EuroPrevall dosing scheme is a useful start, but that it may need revision for a specific allergen as more data become available, because a proper allocation of the dosing steps is important.The results may guide risk assessors in minimum sample sizes for new studies and in the allocation of proper dosing schemes for allergens in provocation studies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

For most allergenic foods, limited availability of threshold dose information within the population restricts the advice on action levels of unintended allergenic foods which should trigger advisory labeling on packaged foods.The objective of this paper is to provide guidance for selecting an optimal sample size for threshold dosing studies for major allergenic foods and to identify factors influencing the accuracy of estimation. A simulation study was performed to evaluate the effects of sample size and dosing schemes on the accuracy of the threshold distribution curve. The relationships between sample size, dosing scheme and the employed statistical distribution on the one hand and accuracy of estimation on the other hand were obtained. It showed that the largest relative gains in accuracy are obtained when sample size increases from N= 20 to N= 60. Moreover, it showed that the EuroPrevall dosing scheme is a useful start, but that it may need revision for a specific allergen as more data become available, because a proper allocation of the dosing steps is important.The results may guide risk assessors in minimum sample sizes for new studies and in the allocation of proper dosing schemes for allergens in provocation studies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soraia.pdf: 476391 bytes, checksum: 291042d1569afa2b16dd7b6c72516724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 Chromium (Cr) is a relatively common element and occupies the 21st position in the index most commonly occurring elements in the earth´s crust, occurring in nature in various combinations with other substances, may be in the form of ions with valence 0 + 2, +3 or +6. The Cr +3 (III) is considered an essential element for human and animal metabolism in small quantities, inert and stable in the environment, while the +6 Cr (VI) is very unstable, toxic and carcinogenic to a wide variety of occupational and contaminant organisms and water and food. It is estimated that tens of thousands of people are exposed to chromium VI worldwide, leading to toxic effects by inducing free radicals by the reduction of chromium in the presence of cellular reductants and interaction between free radicals and membrane proteins and intracellular modifying the processes of absorption and secretion of various substances. Some live microorganisms, called probiotics, showed antioxidant activity and scavenging of free radicals, which can minimize or prevent the toxic effect of contaminants, for their beneficial effect on human and animal health. The term probiotic is of Greek origin and means "for life" being defined as "live microorganisms administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host", besides acting in the prevention of cancer in the modulation of allergic reactions in improving health and blood lipid levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate different doses of potassium dichromate, with or without probiotic on the parameters: nutritional performance and glycemic, lipid, renal and hepatic profiles in Wistar rats. O crômio (Cr) é um elemento relativamente comum e ocupa a 21a posição no índice de elementos que ocorrem mais comumente na crosta terrestre, ocorrendo na natureza em várias combinações com outras substâncias, podendo apresentar-se na forma de íons com valência 0, +2, +3 ou +6. O Cr +3 (III) é considerado um elemento essencial para o metabolismo humano e animal em pequenas quantidades, inerte e não instável no ambiente, enquanto que o Cr +6 (VI) é muito instável, tóxico e carcinogênico para uma grande variedade de organismos e ocupacionalm e contaminante da água e alimentos. Estima-se que dezenas de milhares de pessoas estão expostas ao crômio VI em todo o mundo, provocando efeitos tóxicos através da indução de radicais livres pela redução do crômio, na presença de redutores celulares e a interação dos radicais livres com as proteínas da membrana e intracelulares, modificando os processos de reabsorção e secreção de diferentes substâncias. Alguns microorganismos vivos, denominados de probióticos, mostraram atividade antioxidante e captadora de radicais livres, o que pode minimizar ou impedir o efeito tóxico de contaminantes, pelo seu efeito benéfico sobre a saúde humana. O termo probiótico é de origem grega e significa "para a vida" sendo definidos como "microrganismos vivos, administrados em quantidades adequadas, que conferem benefícios a saúde do hospedeiro", além de atuar na prevenção de câncer, na modulação de reações alérgicas, na melhoria da saúde e nos níveis sanguíneos de lipídeos. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar diferentes doses de dicromato de potássio, com ou sem probiótico, sobre os parâmetros: desempenho nutricional e perfis glicêmico, lipídico, renal e hepático em ratos Wistar.

This study aimed to evaluate the pelleting effect of concentrated based on corn and soybean ground and monensin sodium on nutritional and metabolic parameters and on production, composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of milk from Holstein cows. A total of twelve Holstein cows, multiparous, with an average weight ± standard deviation of 549.2 ± 84.8 kg, were distributed in a triple Latin square design with four experimental periods of 21 days each. The diets were: concentrated based on grinded soybeans and corn (GS); pelleted (GSP); grinded with monensina (GSM) and pelleted with monensina (GSPM). Diets did not affect DM intake, however, the apparent digestibility of CP and EE were significantly higher for pelleted diets and for the interaction between monensin and pelletizing. The NDF digestibility was significantly reduced in the pelleted diets. Different diets did not change statistically blood parameters. Ruminal parameters were unaffected by the diets, except for the ratio C2: C3 lower for treatments GSP and GSPM and for the interaction between monensin and pelletizing. There was no difference (P> 0.05) for milk production corrected for 3.5% of fat, protein and lactose, however, a significant reduction in fat and total solids for pelleted diets were observed. Urea concentration was significantly high for pelleted diet, aswell as for monensin and the interaction between them. Pelleted diets increased C10:0, C18:3 and C20:0 n3 and decrease C14:0; C14:1; C20:3 n6 and C20:5 n3 content. Furthermore, the interaction between monensin and pelletizing resulted in significant decrease of C14:0, C16:0 and C20:3 n6. Concentrations and ratios of fatty acids remained unchanged. The content of polyphenol, flavonoids and power reducing of milk was not significant (P> 0.05). The variable analyzed for diene conjugates, which measures the oxidative activity of Milk, was positively affected by pelleted diets. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da peletização concentrado à base de milho e soja moído e a adição de monensina sódica sobre os parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos e sobre a produção, composição, perfil de ácidos graxos e estabilidade oxidativa do leite de vacas da raça Holandês. Foram utilizadas doze vacas multíparas com peso médio de 549,95 ± 83,34 kg distribuídas em quadrado latino triplo com quatro períodos experimentais de 21 dias cada. As dietas foram: concentrados à base de grãos de soja e milho farelados (GS), peletizados (GSP), farelados com monensina (GSM) e peletizados com monensina (GSPM). As dietas não influenciaram o consumo de MS, contudo a digestibilidade aparente da PB e EE foram significativamente maiores para dietas peletizadas e para a interação entre peletização e monensina. A digestibilidade da FDN se apresentou reduzida na presença da peletização. Os parâmetros sanguíneos não soferam alterações significativas bem como os parâmetros ruminais, exceto pela relação C2/C3, inferior para as dietas GSP e GSPM e para a interação entre monensina e peletização. A produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura não sofreu alteração com as diferentes dietas, bem como a concentração de proteína e lactose (P0,05), todavia, os dieno conjugados, que medem a atividade oxidativa do leite, foram afetados positivamente pela peletização. viii, 71 f

Context: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent studies report increased the prevalence of COPD among adult females and nutrition is an important prognostic marker in COPD. Nutrition in Indian females is already a concern, further compromised by increasing the prevalence of COPD. Aims: A study correlation of six selected nutritional parameters: Body mass index, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, serum albumin, hemoglobin, and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score with the severity of COPD (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Diseases [GOLD] categorization) in adult female patients. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional analytical study including all adult female patients diagnosed with COPD based on spirometry, attending pulmonary medicine outpatient department of a medical college between January and June 2014. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, acute exacerbations of COPD, and those unwilling to participate were excluded from the study. Subjects and Methods: A total of 100 patients were studied with a detailed history, physical examination, spirometry, anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters of nutrition, and MNA questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS 14.01 version (IBM analytics) with Pearson's correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as tests of significance. Results: The study revealed that proportion of adult female COPD patients with GOLD categorization is 7% GOLD1, 40% GOLD 2, 42% GOLD 3, and 11% GOLD 4. Pearson's correlation coefficients calculated for the severity of COPD with six selected nutritional parameters showed statistically significant correlation with MNA score (correlation coefficient = −0.253, P< 0.01) and waist-height ratio. Mean MNA score in GOLD four patients (18.72) was significantly lower than that in GOLD 1 patients (22.14). MNA score decreases toward malnutrition as severity of COPD increases which is statistically significant (F = 2.353, df = 3, P< 0.05) using ANOVA. Similarly, waist-height ratio also decreased significantly with increasing severity of COPD (F = 2.582, df = 3, P< 0.05). Conclusions: The study concludes that malnutrition increases the severity of COPD. Further, it also concluded that MNA score and waist-height ratio correlate better with the severity of COPD than other nutritional parameters.

The arid Western Rajasthan, where the Thar Desert of India is immersed, is mostly covered by sand dunes, a common landscape. The region has confronted with fragilities of natural resources, low, erratic and ill-distributed rainfall, and is covered up with many perennial hardy shrubs. Calligonum polygonoides, the most common perennial shrub, is widely present in some localities of this Thar Desert. In this study, we evaluated the diversity present among 54 wild Calligonum polygonoides plants, sampled from eight different locations within the Thar Desert. Our methods included chemical/nutritional characteristics and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Both chemical and molecular methods produced wider range of diversity, however, RAPD detected comparatively more diversity. A total of 163 band positions were produced by ten RAPD primers, of which 147 were found polymorphic with 90.18% polymorphism. RAPD-based Jaccard’s similarity coefficients ranged from 0.43-0.89. The analysis of various chemical and mineral constituents revealed that phog is an excellent source of calcium, potassium and phosphorous while relatively poor in zinc. Among minerals, average potassium content was found maximum (2 430mg/100g) with 0.14 CV. Zinc was observed comparably less in quantity while highest variable with CV 0.73. The chemical-based Manhattan dissimilarity coefficient values ranged from 0.01-0.22 with an average of 0.12. The comparison of the clusters obtained based on the chemical and mineral parameters with those of the RAPD data showed that the groups formed in both cases showed different patterns of relationships among the samples. Broader range of diversity might be due to the out breeding behavior of C. polygonoides and indicates the good adaptability of the plants in the region studied. However, low diversity observed in the Bikaner province is alarming and suggests that anthropogenic activities leading to heavy population disturbances can affect the genetic composition of the species in a considerable way.El árido Rajastán occidental, en donde está inmerso el desierto de Thar en la India, está cubierto principalmente por dunas de arena, un paisaje común. La región ha enfrentado la fragilidad de los recursos naturales, las lluvias escasas, irregulares y mala distribución, y está cubierta con muchos arbustos resistentes perennes. Calligonum polygonoides, el arbusto perenne más común, se encuentra ampliamente en algunas localidades del desierto de Thar. En este estudio, se evaluó la diversidad presente entre 54 plantas silvestres de Calligonum polygonoides, de ocho localidades diferentes del desierto de Thar. Nuestros métodos incluyen características químicas/nutricionales y ADN polimórfico amplificado (RAPD) al azar. Ambos métodos químicos y moleculares producen un amplio rango de la diversidad, sin embargo, RAPD detectó comparativamente mayor diversidad. Un total de 163 posiciones de la banda fueron producidos por diez cebadores RAPD, de los cuales 147 se encontraron polimórficos con un 90.18% de polimorfismo. El coeficiente de RAPD basado en la similitud de Jaccard varió desde 0.43 hasta 0.89. El análisis de varios constituyentes químicos y minerales reveló que Calligonum polygonoides es una excelente fuente de calcio, potasio y fósforo mientras que es relativamente pobre en zinc. Entre los minerales, el contenido de potasio promedio se encontró como máximo (2 430mg/100g), con 0.14 CV. El zinc se observó comparativamente menor en cantidad, pero presentó la mayor variabilidad con CV 0.73. El valor del coefficente de disimilitud de Manhattan varió en un rango de 0.01 hasta 0.22 con un promedio de 0.12. La comparación de los grupos obtenidos según los parámetros químicos y minerales con las de los datos de RAPD mostró que los grupos formados en ambos casos mostraron patrones diferentes de relaciones entre las muestras. Una gama más amplia de la diversidad podría ser debido al comportamiento reproductivo C polygonoides e indica la buena adaptabilidad de las plantas en la región estudiada. Sin embargo, la baja diversidad observada en la provincia de Bikaner es alarmante, y sugiere que las actividades antropogénicas que conducen a disturbios excesivos en la población pueden afectar la composición genética de la especie de una manera considerable

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of multiple supplement supply on the nutritional characteristics and productive performance of pregnant cows grazing on Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. during the dry season. The experimental area was composed of four 3.0 ha paddocks with availability of potentially digestible dry matter of 2,582 kg/ha. Twenty-eight crossbred pregnant cows with predominance of Zebu breed at body weight of 446±12 kg were utilized in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of mineral supplement (control treatment) and supply of multiple supplement at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/animal/day with 300 g crude protein (CP)/kg of dry matter (DM). There was quadratic effect of multiple supplementation levels on daily weight gain and a linear increase for finalbodyconditionscore.The intakes of DM, organic matter (OM) and total digestible nutrients presented no effect with levels of multiple supplement. The coefficientsofapparentdigestibilityofDMandOMhadcubiceffectwithmultiplesupplementationlevels.Therewasno effect of levels of multiple supplementation on the microbial nitrogen flowandefficiency,butthemicrobialnitrogenflowin relation to nitrogen intake showed decreasing linear profile.Thesupplyof1.0kgofmultiplesupplementoptimizestheperformance of grazing cows during the dry season.Key Words: multiple supplement, nutritional parameters, weight gain

The objective was to evaluate the effect of four levels of ground corn supply on nutritional parameters, microbial synthesis efficiency and growing performance of beef heifers, at the rainy season. For such, 28 crossbred yearling heifers, with initial age of 16-17 months and initial weight of 255 ± 31.0 kg were distributed into five paddoks of B. decumbens, of 2.0 ha each, with average potentially digestible DM availability of 2,377.0 kg/ha. For each one of the lots, one of the following supplements was daily supplied: mineral mix exclusively or with ground corn at levels 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.00 kg/day. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with five treatments (supplements), five repetitions for the groups receiving exclusive mineral mix or mineral mix plus corn on the level of 0.50 kg/day and six repetitions for those receiving the other supplements. There was a response of 0.092 kg of weight gain for every 1 kg of ground corn supplied to the animals, and no substitution effect was verified on the dry matter intake of pasture. The increase in ground corn levels increased metabolizable energy intake, which is explained by the crescent linear effect on digestible dry matter intake, on apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter as well as on the levels of total digestible nutrients of the diet consistent with the increase in intake of the most digestible ingredient, ground corn. In the same way, there was a positive linear effect for apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. The supplementation provided linear positive effect on the flow of microbial nitrogen compounds (MICN) for the small intestine, and did not affect the microbial synthesis efficiency. The supply of energetic supplement for beef heifers, at pasture, during the rainy season increases the use of the forage and consequently, weight gain.

Objetivos. Describir el diseño y los métodos del monitoreo nacional de indicadores nutricionales (MONIN) 2007-2010 conducido por INS/CENAN. Materiales y métodos. El MONIN fue diseñado como una encuesta continua (transversal repetida), por muestreo aleatorio estratificado y multietápico, del universo de niños menores de cinco años y gestantes residentes en el Perú, dividido en cinco estratos geográficos y seis trimestres (semanas permutadas aleatoriamente que fueron 78% del tiempo entre el 19 de noviembre de 2007 y el 2 de abril de 2010). Resultados. La muestra total ha obtenido 3 827 niños en 361 conglomerados terminados. La pérdida ha sido 8,4% en los conglomerados, 1,8% de viviendas, 13,2% de hogares, 4,2% en antropometría, 13,3% en hemoglobina, 21,2% en consumo de alimentos; 55,0% en retinol y 29,9% en yoduria. Conclusiones. El diseño del MONIN es factible y su implementación resulta útil para la estimación de los indicadores de desnutrición infantil. Objectives. To describe the design and methods of the national surveillance of nutritional indicators (MONIN) 2007-2010, carried out by INS/CENAN. Materials and methods. MONIN was designed as a continuous (repeated cross-sectional) survey, with stratified multi-stage random sampling, considering the universe as all under five children and pregnant women residing in Peru, divided into 5 geographical strata and 6 trimesters (randomly permuted weeks, about 78% of the time between November 19, 2007 and April 2, 2010). Results. The total sample was 3,827 children in 361 completed clusters. The dropout rate was 8.4% in clusters, 1.8% in houses, and 13.2% in households. Dropout was also 4.2, 13.3, 21.2, 55% and 29% in anthropometry, hemoglobin, food intake, retinol and ioduria measurements, respectively. Conclusions. The MONIN design is feasible and useful for the estimation of indicators of childhood malnutrition.

La Gastrostomía Endoscópica Percutánea (PEG) es el método de elección para la alimentación enteral a largo plazo, cuando el tubo digestivo está indemne, y la supervivencia de los pacientes es superior a 2 meses. Son cada vez más, las series comunicadas e indicaciones, a pesar de ser una técnica segura, debemos tener en cuenta una adecuada selección de los pacientes. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar el seguimiento de los pacientes sometidos a Gastrostomía Endoscópica Percutánea (PEG), en un Hospital de gran nivel asistencial y uno de los referentes de Trasplante de órganos en nuestra comunidad, con las peculiaridades que esto tiene en nuestra serie. Analizamos una cohorte de 73 pacientes sometidos a PEG, durante los años 2000 a 2007 en el Hospital Reina Sofía de Córdoba. Las Enfermedades Neurológicas y Neoplásicas de la esfera ORL y Digestiva alta son las causas más frecuentes, con resultados similares a los publicados en otras series. Destacamos, el número de paciente jóvenes con Fibrosis Quística (FQ), en nuestra serie, con soporte nutricional a través de PEG complementaria a la alimentación oral y nocturna, lo cual, ha supuesto una mejora de los parámetros nutricionales de cara al trasplante pulmonar. En consecuencia, analizamos las características de los pacientes, las implicaciones éticas y morales de algunos de ellos, como son los enfermos neurológicos, sus complicaciones y mortalidad. Destacamos con interés, la indicación transitoria y bien tolerada en un subgrupo de pacientes con FQ, que en nuestra serie merece especial mención. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the first choice method for long-term enteral feeding when the digestive tube is undamaged and the patients' survival is longer than 2 months. There are increasing series and indications reported and although it is a safe technique we should take into account an appropriate patient selection. The aim of this work was to analyze the follow-up of the patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) at a hospital with high assistance level and one of the referents for organ transplantation in our community, with the peculiarities that this may have on our series. We analyze a cohort of 73 patients submitted to PEG during the years 2000-2007 at the Reina Sofía Hospital of Córdoba. Neurological and ENT neoplasms and upper GI tract neoplasms are among the most frequent causes, with similar results to those reported in other series. We highlight the number of young patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in our series with nutritional support through PEG complementing oral and nocturnal feeding, which has lead to improved nutritional parameters before lung transplant. In consequence, we therefore analyze patients' selection and their characteristics, the ethical and moral implications in some of these patients, such in neurological patients, their complications, mortality, and we mention as being of interest the transient and well tolerated indication in a subgroup of CF patients that deserves especial mention.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of multiple supplement with different levels of castor meal (Ricinus communis L.) treated with calcium oxide on intake, on the total apparent digestibility of dietary components, on the efficiency of microbial synthesis and on the performance of beef heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens during the dry-rainy transition period. The experimental area was composed of five 2.5-ha paddocks with availability of potentially digestible dry matter of 2,858.4 kg/ha. It was used 25 Nellore heifers and 10 crossbred with predominance of Zebu breed heifers at 13 months of age and body weight of 210 ± 0.8 kg in a completely randomized experimental design. Supplements contained approximately 25% of crude protein (CP) and they were formulated with 0; 33; 67 and 100% of castor meal replacing soybean meal. Daily weight gain was 366.1 g for animals in the control group and 439.7; 478.9; 556.3; and 493.9, respectively for those fed supplements with 100% of soybean meal and 33, 67 and 100% castor meal. There was no effect of treated castor meal levels on daily weight gain of the animals, which was higher in those animals fed supplements. Levels of castor meal had decreasing linear effect on intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), digested dry matter and digestible neutral detergent fiver and on the intake of total digestible nutrients. Coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE and non-fibrous carbohydrates were greater for animals under supplementation. Microbial efficiency, expressed in g of crude protein per kg of consumed TDN, did not differ among groups. Replacement of soybean meal by castor meal treated with calcium oxide does not harm animal performance. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos com diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona (Ricinus communis L.) tratado com óxido de cálcio sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente total de componentes da dieta, a eficiência de síntese microbiana e o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens durante o período de transição seca-águas. A área experimental foi composta de cinco piquetes de 2,5 hectares, com disponibilidade de matéria seca potencialmente digestível de 2.858,4 kg/ha. Utilizaram-se 25 novilhas da raça Nelore e 10 mestiças com predominância de sangue zebu com idade e peso médio iniciais, respectivamente, de 13 meses e 210 ± 0.8 kg de peso corporal em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 25% de proteína bruta (PB) e foram formulados com 0; 33; 67 e 100% de farelo de mamona em substituição ao farelo de soja. O ganho médio diário foi de 366,1 g para os animais do grupo controle e 439,7; 478,9; 556,3; e 493,9, respectivamente, para aqueles alimentados com os suplementos com 100% de farelo de soja e com 33, 67 e 100% de farelo de mamona. Não houve efeito dos níveis de farelo de mamona tratado sobre o ganho médio diário dos animais, que foi maior naqueles que receberam suplemento. Os níveis de farelo de mamona tiveram efeito linear decrescente sobre os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria seca digerida e fibra em detergente neutro digestível e o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, EE e carboidratos não-fibrosos foram maiores para os animais sob suplementação. A eficiência microbiana, expressa em g de proteína bruta por kg de NDT consumido, não diferiu entre os grupos. A substituição do farelo de soja por farelo de mamona tratado com óxido de cálcio não prejudica o desempenho dos animais.

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) is an important food resource all over the world. In the present study, it is intended to evaluate if the application of gamma irradiation doses ≤ 3 kGy maintain chestnuts chemical and nutritional profiles unaffected. Furthermore, possible interactions among irradiation dose and storage time were accessed using linear discriminate analysis (LDA). The nutritional composition was evaluated through determination of proteins, fat, ash, carbohydrates and energetic value. The chemical composition was focused in the main nutrients found in chestnuts: sugars - sucrose, fatty acids - palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, tocopherols - γ-tocopherol. The obtained results seem to indicate that the irradiation treatment did not affect the nutritional and chemical quality of chestnut fruits. Otherwise, storage time exerted more evident influence in those parameters. The application of gamma irradiation emerges as a promising technology for chestnuts chemical quality, but food safety issues have to be evaluated in order to recommend its application as a useful conservation alternative.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The importance of gut health for weight control and prevention of obesity has recently gained more attention. The gut harbors a complex cellular, immunological and neuroendocrine structure that can modulate mechanisms related to obesity. The aim of this study was to assess intestinal permeability in lean and obese female volunteers and to discuss possible mechanisms underlying altered intestinal permeability in obesity and its link with obesity-related comorbidities. Twenty lean (BMI 19-24,99 kg/m2) and twenty obese females (BMI > 30 kg/m2) of matched age (mean age of lean and obese group 28.5±7.6 vs 30.7 ± 6.5, p=0.33) participated in this study. Body composition, biochemical analyses, fecal short-chain fatty acids and intestinal permeability test using lactulose and mannitol were measured. Blood pressure and blood glucose, although within the normal limits, were higher in the obese group (p30 kg/m2) de idade semelhante (média de idade das mulheres magras e obesas 28.5±7.6 vs 30.7 ± 6.5, p=0.33) participaram do estudo. Composição corporal, análises bioquímicas, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) fecal e o teste de permeabilidade intestinal com o uso de lactulose e manitol foram realizados. A pressão arterial e a glicose sanguínea, embora entre os limites de normalidade, foram maiores no grupo das obesas (p