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This article is about how people moving along state borders – I call them wayfarers – refuse the assumption that they ought to live either a sedentary or a nomadic lifestyle inside or outside states, whether as citizens or as Others. In particular, it looks at how the term saudade helps mobile people to manage friction without falling back into such binaries. The Oxford English Dictionary defines saudade as a desire 'for something' and describes it as a characteristic of the 'Portuguese or Brazilian' people. Here, we shall attend however to the saudade evoked by Venezuelans and Warao (defined by the same dictionary as 'members of a South American Indian people inhabiting Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela'). This article patterns a contrast between two ways of evoking the term in comments about movement made by my informants: the first, Precise Saudade, asks for precision about that of which people feel saudade. The second way of evoking the term, Vague Saudade, is, as its name suggests, more comfortable with being vague. The argument put forward by this article is that scholarly and policy texts on 'migrants', 'nomads' and 'refugees' need to make more room for Vague Saudade when translating the talk of wayfarers. It may be tempting to dismiss vagueness as showing ambiguity and imprecision. Yet, as the stories that follow are meant to highlight, Vague Saudade can be useful to wayfarers in several ways: to engage in care, to protect others, to protect themselves and to engage in conversations about alternative worlds. To grant monopoly to Precise Saudade, it is argued, risks hindering wayfarers' ability to do these things. I find this is relevant to how we translate wayfarers, and I suggest it is also germane to how we translate in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I came upon my dissertation topic almost by chance. In reading for my comprehensive exams, I was so struck by a single word in a poem (“wanderers”) that it determined the course of my future research. The poem, Charlotte Smith’s The Emigrants (1793), works to evoke sympathy for French émigrés who have fled the Terror in France. These wanderers, “outcasts of the world,” are unable to return to a homeland torn apart by revolution. I was startled by the way in which Smith collapses the condition of exile into a sentimental trope of wandering, a rhetorical move that I found both perplexing and intriguing because today we are more likely to associate wandering with aimlessness than with exile, with leisure than with penury.

Vegetable containers were produced as a hand-made, hand-crafted, and decorative art based on the needs of human societies. In the contemporary era, under the influence of industrial life and the transition from a migrant society to an industrial society, industrial containers replaced artistic and applied arts. In areas such as the immigrant societies in Khorasan and in the Bar area in particular, the production of traditional dishes and the use of its herb paste to store native secondary products is limited and the way of making it is not forgotten. In the present research, the process of production of such containers has been investigated within the context of the migration system of the societies and with a descriptive-analytical approach. The most important finding of the study is that this mode of production is due to the lifestyle and traditions of the community and its mode of production based on the system of division of family labor and represents a kind of mechanical order among these societies.

Background: Effective interventions need to be implemented successfully to achieve impact. Two theory-based measures exist for measuring the effectiveness of implementation strategies and monitor implementation progress. The Normalization MeAsure Development questionnaire (NoMAD) explores the four core concepts (Coherence, Cognitive Participation, Collective Action, Reflexive Monitoring) of the Normalization Process Theory. The Organizational Readiness for Implementing Change (ORIC) is based on the theory of Organizational Readiness for Change, measuring organization members' psychological and behavioral preparedness for implementing a change. We examined the measurement properties of the NoMAD and ORIC in a multi-national implementation effectiveness study., Method: Twelve mental health organizations in nine countries implemented Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for common mental disorders. Staff involved in iCBT service delivery ( n  = 318) participated in the study. Both measures were translated into eight languages using a standardized forward-backward translation procedure. Correlations between measures and subscales were estimated to examine convergent validity. The theoretical factor structures of the scales were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Test-retest reliability was based on the correlation between scores at two time points 3 months apart. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Floor and ceiling effects were quantified using the proportion of zero and maximum scores., Results: NoMAD and ORIC measure related but distinct latent constructs. The CFA showed that the use of a total score for each measure is appropriate. The theoretical subscales of the NoMAD had adequate internal consistency. The total scale had high internal consistency. The total ORIC scale and subscales demonstrated high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability was suboptimal for both measures and floor and ceiling effects were absent., Conclusions: This study confirmed the psychometric properties of the NoMAD and ORIC in multi-national mental health care settings. While measuring on different but related aspects of implementation processes, the NoMAD and ORIC prove to be valid and reliable across different language settings., Competing Interests: The authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Ludovic Samalin has received honoraria and served as consultant for Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Rovi, Sanofi-Aventis with no financial or other relationship relevant to the subject of this article. Other coauthors declare no competing interests., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Phytoplankton are the main factors influencing light under the sea surface in Case Ι water. The ocean reflectance model (ORM), which takes into account the chlorophyll a concentration data, can calculate the remote sensing reflectance of Case Ι water. In this study, we examined the differences and performance of four ORMs, including Morel and Maritorena (2001, MM01), Morel and Gentili (2007, MG07), Mobley (2014, MO14), and Hydrolight Abcase1 Lookup Tables. The differences between the four ORMs in terms of their absorption and backscattering coefficients were evaluated. Preformation of the four ORMs was compared using the NASA bio-Optical Marine Algorithm Dataset and in situ data from the South China Sea. The results showed that preformation of MM01 was the best.

Background: Effective implementation of healthcare initiatives is of key importance for ensuring high‐quality clinical and health outcomes. Using Normalization Process Theory, this study investigates the implementation behaviour of dental students in relation to a novel oral health risk assessment tool. It considers the impact of advancing learning on normalisation of innovative healthcare practice. Methods: Students completed the NoMAD (normalisation of complex interventions‐measure development) questionnaire and an additional scale to assess perceived value of the oral health risk assessment tool, after having used the tool for nearly one academic year. The sample comprised third‐ (n = 75), fourth‐ (n = 77) and fifth‐year (n = 37) students. Differences between groups in relation to the four generative processes of normalisation were analysed using ANOVA. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated between groups. Multiple linear regression was undertaken to investigate the impact of normalisation level on value/utility judgements. Results: There were significant group differences for three of the four generative processes of normalisation (coherence, cognitive participation and reflexive monitoring). Third‐ and fourth‐year students were highly similar but these groups showed lower normalisation compared to fifth years. Normalisation assessment predicted perceived value and utility of the oral health risk assessment tool. Conclusions: The findings suggest that dental students show lower normalisation of novel tools at earlier stages in their course, possibly due to increased cognitive load, and that perceived value and utility of a novel tool is related to increased normalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The branch of postmodernism is poststructuralism - in fact, it was called French poststructuralism, with the dominant philosophy being "68 philosophy" (Marshall, 2004). Nowadays students can learn English not only in formal but also in non-formal and informal forms. This enables the development of rhizomatic learning, the origins of which lie in Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (2004) philosophy. Thus, the problem -related question arises: what is the essence of rhizomatic learning from a perspective of poststructuralism? The aim of the study is to review theoretical considerations in order to reveal the essence of rhizomatic learning from a perspective of poststructuralism. Method. The research method - a scientific literature review. The literature review examines relevant, current, and recent literature (Grant, & Booth, 2009). The literature review period contains philosophical and educational literature from 1968 till now. Results. The rhizomatic learning based on Gilles Deleuze's and Felix Guattari's (2004) term of rhizome, which has neither beginning nor end (Cormier, 2008), providing a dynamic, open, personalized learning network created by learners themselves that meets their perceived and real needs (Lian, & Pineda, 2014). Conclusion. The scientific analysis revealed that rhizomatic learning develops through Deleuze, Guattari concepts, especially through becoming learner and occurs in lifelong learning of English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indialogs, Spanish Journal of India Studies is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Backgrund: Marginalized groups, such as nomadic populations across the world, have perhaps the least access to modern reproductive health (RH) services. This scoping review aims to identify barriers to access to RH services faced by nomadic populations from the existing literature and to highlight possible opportunities to address them.Methods: Key databases, including PubMed, Popline, Google Scholar, and Google Advanced were searched for relevant articles published between 2002 and 2019. A total 344 articles were identified through database online searches, and 31 were included in the review.Results: Nomadic people face complex barriers to healthcare access that can be broadly categorized as external (geographic isolation, socio-cultural dynamics, logistical and political factors) and internal (lifestyle, norms and practices, perceptions) factors. To effectively address the needs of nomadic populations, RH services must be available, accessible and acceptable through tailored and culturally sensitive approaches. A combination of fixed and mobile services has proven effective among mobile populations. Low awareness of modern RH services and their benefits is a major barrier to utilization. Partnership with communities through leveraging existing structures, networks and decision-making patterns can ensure that the programmes are effectively implemented.Conclusion: Further research is needed to better understand and address the RH needs of nomadic populations. Though existing evidence is limited, opportunities do exist and should be explored. Raising awareness and sensitization training among health providers about the specific needs of nomads is important. Improved education and access to information about the benefits of modern RH care among nomadic communities is needed. Ensuring community participation through involvement of nomadic women and girls, community leaders, male partners, and trained traditional birth attendants are key facilitators in reaching nomads. However, participatory programmes also need to be recognized and supported by governments and existing health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay uses the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of the war machine to develop a way of thinking about research-creation, following Erin Manning's suggestion that the latter--as a hyphenated compound structure--can function as a knowledge-producing act on its own terms, as a 'making as thinking'. After considering several examples of musical processes that exemplify this concept (as nomadic conjunctions with 'State' apparatuses that rearrange the latter as new knowledgeproducing expressions), it engages two moments from Benjamin Boretz's Language, as a music as an example of an original expression of research-creation that operates between music and verbal discourse. It closes by considering how this shift in thinking can function as a potent form of radical pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a history of pastoralism in the ancient Near East from the Neolithic through the Bronze Age. We describe the accretional development of pastoral technologies over eight millennia, including the productive breeding of domestic sheep, goats, and cattle in the early Neolithic and the subsequent domestication of animals used primarily for labor—donkeys, horses, and finally camels—as well as the first appearance of husbandry strategies such as penning, foddering, pasturing, young male culling, and dairy production. Despite frequent references in the literature to prehistoric pastoral nomads, pastoralism in Southwest Asia was strongly associated with sedentary communities that practiced intensive plant cultivation and was largely local in nature. There is very little evidence in prehistoric and early historic Southwest Asia to support the notion of a "dimorphic society" characterized by separate and specialized agriculturists and mobile pastoralists. Although mobile herders were present in the steppe regions of Syria by the early second millennium BC, mobile pastoralism was the exception rather than the rule at that time; its "identification" in the archaeological record frequently derives from the application of anachronistic ethnographic analogy. We conclude that pastoralism was a diverse, flexible, and dynamic adaptation in the ancient Near East and call for a reinvigorated and empirically based archaeology of pastoralism in Southwest Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portable document format (PDF) electronic files are by far the most popular format used to publish, store, and share scholarly journal articles. Recently, new tools for quickly finding and linking to journal article PDFs have been developed. These tools integrate into the researcher's web browser and scan for unique identifiers associated with a journal article. When a unique identifier is found, the tool attempts to locate a PDF copy of the associated article and provide a link. This article will explore how these full-text finders work and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these tools. Descriptions of several of the most popular tools are provided, and a short discussion of how librarians can facilitate the use of these tools at their institutions is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical optimization algorithms based on finite element analysis are widely used to design electrical machines, especially with complex geometries. The advantage of these approaches is that they have high accuracy by taking into account nonlinear properties of the materials. However, the computational time is important. In this paper, quasi-Newton based algorithm using fmincon Matlab solver and mesh adaptive direct search based algorithm using NOMAD solver are compared by testing several relaxed design problems in order to find an appropriate algorithm for our optimization problem. Finally, we achieve the optimal solution and the shape of the optimal machine is then validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A complete spectral in-flight calibration of NOMAD is presented. • A model to compute spectral continuum is produced as a function of instrument properties. • NOMAD sensitivity to atmospheric CH 4 is evaluated with different aerosol loads. • NOMAD sensitivity to CH 4 in Solar Occultation is on sub-ppbv level. • NOMAD will be able to trace seasonal trends for CH 4 with nadir observations. Abstract The Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery instrument (NOMAD), onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft was conceived to observe Mars in solar occultation, nadir, and limb geometries, and will be able to produce an outstanding amount of diverse data, mostly focused on properties of the atmosphere. The infrared channels of the instrument operate by combining an echelle grating spectrometer with an Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter (AOTF). Using in-flight data, we characterized the instrument performance and parameterized its calibration. In particular: an accurate frequency calibration was achieved, together with its variability due to thermal effects on the grating. The AOTF properties and transfer function were also quantified, and we developed and tested a realistic method to compute the spectral continuum transmitted through the coupled grating and AOTF system. The calibration results enabled unprecedented insights into the important problem of the sensitivity of NOMAD to methane abundances in the atmosphere. We also deeply characterized its performance under realistic conditions of varying aerosol abundances, diverse albedos and changing illumination conditions as foreseen over the nominal mission. The results show that, in low aerosol conditions, NOMAD single spectrum, 1σ sensitivity to CH 4 is around 0.33 ppbv at 20 km of altitude when performing solar occultations, and better than 1 ppbv below 30 km. In dusty conditions, we show that the sensitivity drops to 0 below 10 km. In Nadir geometry, results demonstrate that NOMAD will be able to produce seasonal maps of CH 4 with a sensitivity around 5 ppbv over most of planet's surface with spatial integration over 5 × 5° bins. Results show also that such numbers can be improved by a factor of ~10 to ~30 by data binning. Overall, our results quantify NOMAD's capability to address the variable aspects of Martian climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is an important event in the annual cycle of many animals that facilitates the use of resources that vary across space and time. It can occur with regular and predictable timing, as in obligate migration, or with much greater flexibility, as in facultative migration. Most research aimed at understanding the endocrine mechanisms regulating the transition to a migratory stage has focused on obligate migration, whereas less is known about facultative forms of migration. One challenge for research into the endocrine regulation of facultative migration is that facultative migrations encompass a diverse array of migratory movements. Here, we present a framework to describe and conceptualize variation in facultative migrations that focuses on conditions at departure. Within the context of this framework, we review potential endocrine mechanisms involved in the initiation of facultative migrations in vertebrates. We first focus on glucocorticoids, which have been the subject of most research on the topic. We then examine other potential hormones and neurohormones that have received less attention, but are exciting candidates to consider. We conclude by highlighting areas where future research is particularly needed. [Display omitted] • Many species migrate in highly variable ways collectively termed facultative. • We use conditions at departure to distinguish among facultative migrations. • We then use this framework to review potential endocrine mechanisms. • Research has focused on glucocorticoids, but we highlight other candidate hormones. • We suggest key areas and approaches where research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main idea of the research is to uncover the series of challenges produced by the social dynamics with one’s mobile nature. Using methodological potential of social philosophy author attempts to demonstrate the essence and logics of mobility turn as a metaphor of contemporary society development. Author shows the radical changes at social-cultural dynamics which are also concieved by the modern social sciences (sociology of mobilities, series of postmodern concepts such as nomad etc). Using methodological approaches of philosophy of education author formulates “order of the day” of the mobility challenges at higher education sphere. Author shows that educational sphere also becomes mobile transforming the character of one’s vital activity, but also actualizing some special phenomena such as academic mobility. Formulating “order of the day” of mobility challenges to modern higher education, author demonstrates the horizon of future researches due to complex nature of researched problem

Background: The NHS is facing increasing needs from an aging population, which is acutely visible in the emerging problem of frailty. There is growing evidence describing new models of care for people living with frailty, but a lack of evidence on successful implementation of these complex interventions at the practice level. Aim: This study aimed to determine what factors enable or prevent implementation of a whole-system, complex intervention for managing frailty (the PACT initiative) in the UK primary care setting. Design & setting: A mixed-methods evaluation study undertaken within a large clinical commissioning group (CCG). Design and analysis was informed by normalisation process theory (NPT). Method: Data collection from six sites included: observation of delivery, interviews with staff, and an online survey. NPT-informed analysis sought to identify enablers and barriers to implementation of change. Results: Seven themes were identified. PACT was valued by professionals and patients but a lack of clarity on its aims was identified as a barrier to implementation. Successful implementation relied on champions pushing the work forward, and dealing with unanticipated resistance. Contracts focused on delivery of service outcomes, but these were sometimes at odds with professional priorities. Implementation followed evidence-informed rather than evidence-based practice, requiring redesign of the intervention and potentially created a new body of knowledge on managing frailty. Conclusion: Successful implementation of complex interventions in primary care need inbuilt capacity for flexibility and adaptability, requiring expertise as well as evidence. Professionals need to be supported to translate innovative practice into practice-based evidence.

The positive abundance-occupancy relationship (AOR) is a pervasive pattern in macroecology. Similarly, the association between occupancy (or probability of occurrence) and abundance is also usually assumed to be positive and in most cases constant. Examples of AORs for nomadic species with variable distributions are extremely rare. Here we examined temporal and spatial trends in the AOR over 7 years for a critically endangered nomadic migrant that relies on dynamic pulses in food availability to breed. We predicted a negative temporal relationship, where local mean abundances increase when the number of occupied sites decreases, and a positive relationship between local abundances and the probability of occurrence. We also predicted that these patterns are largely attributable to spatiotemporal variation in food abundance. The temporal AOR was significantly negative, and annual food availability was significantly positively correlated with the number of occupied sites but negatively correlated with abundance. Thus, as food availability decreased, local densities of birds increased, and vice versa. The abundance–probability of occurrence relationship was positive and nonlinear but varied between years due to differing degrees of spatial aggregation caused by changing food availability. Importantly, high abundance (or occupancy) did not necessarily equate to high-quality habitat and may be indicative of resource bottlenecks or exposure to other processes affecting vital rates. Our results provide a rare empirical example that highlights the complexity of AORs for species that target aggregated food resources in dynamic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The recent "mobility turn" in the social sciences has emphasised the increasing scale and speed of movement in our modern world. It also invites critical analyses of the politics of mobility: how movement is conceptualised and regulated and what these processes reveal about power and marginalisation within societies. However, within this literature to date, there have been relatively few empirical, geographical analyses of mobile (or nomadic) cultures: those peoples whose identities and lived experience are often contested through the interplay of population (im)mobilities and state regulation. Though these mobile cultures – including pastoral nomads, Indigenous hunter‐gatherer peoples and Gypsy/Traveller peoples – are vastly different in many ways, they share a set of common experiences which suggests that an analysis of the politics of mobility for one is likely to have relevance to others. As a call to future comparative efforts, this paper begins by setting out four commonalities across diverse mobile cultures, related to: experiences of oppression; disciplining discourses; forced confinement/sedentarism; and contemporary socio‐economic marginalisation. We then present a set of empirical findings that elaborate the related experiences of one mobile culture in situ. Here, we examine the politics of mobility regulation in the context of Indigenous Australians and state housing policy. The findings reveal how state practices that ignore or attempt to regulate the spatial/population mobilities of mobile cultures have questionable efficacy, and can further entrench the marginal status of mobile cultures. They also show how mobile cultures challenge sedentarist policy parameters that insist on fixity in household tenure and composition. These observed struggles with respect to cultural identity and movement regulation constitute important empirical challenges to the nomadic metaphysics within the mobility turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding and measuring implementation processes is a key challenge for implementation researchers. This study draws on Normalization Process Theory (NPT) to develop an instrument that can be applied to assess, monitor or measure factors likely to affect normalization from the perspective of implementation participants.Methods: An iterative process of instrument development was undertaken using the following methods: theoretical elaboration, item generation and item reduction (team workshops); item appraisal (QAS-99); cognitive testing with complex intervention teams; theory re-validation with NPT experts; and pilot testing of instrument.Results: We initially generated 112 potential questionnaire items; these were then reduced to 47 through team workshops and item appraisal. No concerns about item wording and construction were raised through the item appraisal process. We undertook three rounds of cognitive interviews with professionals (n = 30) involved in the development, evaluation, delivery or reception of complex interventions. We identified minor issues around wording of some items; universal issues around how to engage with people at different time points in an intervention; and conceptual issues around the types of people for whom the instrument should be designed. We managed these by adding extra items (n = 6) and including a new set of option responses: 'not relevant at this stage', 'not relevant to my role' and 'not relevant to this intervention' and decided to design an instrument explicitly for those people either delivering or receiving an intervention. This version of the instrument had 53 items. Twenty-three people with a good working knowledge of NPT reviewed the items for theoretical drift. Items that displayed a poor alignment with NPT sub-constructs were removed (n = 8) and others revised or combined (n = 6). The final instrument, with 43 items, was successfully piloted with five people, with a 100% completion rate of items.Conclusion: The process of moving through cycles of theoretical translation, item generation, cognitive testing, and theoretical (re)validation was essential for maintaining a balance between the theoretical integrity of the NPT concepts and the ease with which intended respondents could answer the questions. The final instrument could be easily understood and completed, while retaining theoretical validity. NoMAD represents a measure that can be used to understand implementation participants' experiences. It is intended as a measure that can be used alongside instruments that measure other dimensions of implementation activity, such as implementation fidelity, adoption, and readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Successful implementation and embedding of new health care practices relies on co-ordinated, collective behaviour of individuals working within the constraints of health care settings. Normalization Process Theory (NPT) provides a theory of implementation that emphasises collective action in explaining, and shaping, the embedding of new practices. To extend the practical utility of NPT for improving implementation success, an instrument (NoMAD) was developed and validated.Methods: Descriptive analysis and psychometric testing of an instrument developed by the authors, through an iterative process that included item generation, consensus methods, item appraisal, and cognitive testing. A 46 item questionnaire was tested in 6 sites implementing health related interventions, using paper and online completion. Participants were staff directly involved in working with the interventions. Descriptive analysis and consensus methods were used to remove redundancy, reducing the final tool to 23 items. Data were subject to confirmatory factor analysis which sought to confirm the theoretical structure within the sample.Results: We obtained 831 completed questionnaires, an average response rate of 39% (range: 22-77%). Full completion of items was 50% (n = 413). The confirmatory factor analysis showed the model achieved acceptable fit (CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.03). Construct validity of the four theoretical constructs of NPT was supported, and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) were as follows: Coherence (4 items, α = 0.71); Collective Action (7 items, α = 0.78); Cognitive Participation (4 items, α = 0.81); Reflexive Monitoring (5 items, α = 0.65). The normalisation scale overall, was highly reliable (20 items, α = 0.89).Conclusions: The NoMAD instrument has good face validity, construct validity and internal consistency, for assessing staff perceptions of factors relevant to embedding interventions that change their work practices. Uses in evaluating and guiding implementation are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethnologie Française is the property of Presses Universitaires de France and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The identification of methane (CH 4 ) and its origin on Mars is a major mandate of the ExoMars mission, because this gas has potential links with biological activity. Starting in 2018, the NOMAD spectrometer suite of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter can measure, in the martian atmosphere, important parameters that can contribute to identification of the origin of methane, i.e., its stable C isotope composition, its isotopologue 13 CH 3 D, and ethane concentrations. Assuming that the gas is produced in subsurface rocks and considering genetic and secondary, post-genetic alteration processes observed on Earth, it is anticipated that isotopic and molecular composition of the gas in the martian atmosphere may have a wide range of values, each reflecting a number of possible genetic mechanisms, microbial, thermogenic or abiotic. Due to oxidation and alterations during migration, the CH 4 isotopic signature observable in the martian atmosphere will likely be different from the one originally produced in the subsurface. Although there will likely be a considerable degree of uncertainty regarding the origin of any methane detected by NOMAD, integrating atmospheric with geological analysis can help to reduce the uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the arrival in Canada of thousands of Hungarian Roma asylum seekers, a new and restrictive refugee regime was installed. Legislation included Designated Countries of Origin or “safe” countries from which refugee claimants were stripped of some entitlements. Acceptance rates fluctuate in loose reticulation with several factors. When negative decisions are made on refugee claims, conditions of persecution in Hungary are denied even though they are clearly demonstrable. Inclusion of claimants' voices substantiates a normalized violence. When decision makers parse the criterion of persecution and when political leaders dismiss claims as “bogus,” the consequence is the reconfiguration of the Roma as essentially nomadic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Menotyra is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)