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Nitrogen (N) plays an important role in mitigating salt stress in tree species. We investigate the genotypic differences in the uptake of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) and the importance for salt tolerance in two contrasting poplars, salt-tolerant Populus euphratica Oliv. and salt-sensitive P. simonii × (P. pyramidalis × Salix matsudana) (P. popularis cv. 35-44, P. popularis). Total N content, growth and photosynthesis were significantly reduced in P. popularis after 7 days of exposure to NaCl (100 mM) supplied with 1 mM NH4+ and 1 mM NO3−, while the salt effects were not pronounced in P. euphratica. The 15NH4+ trace and root flux profiles showed that salt-stressed poplars retained ammonium uptake, which was related to the upregulation of ammonium transporters (AMTs) in roots, as two of the four AMTs tested significantly increased in salt-stressed P. euphratica (i.e. AMT1.2 , 2.1) and P. popularis (i.e. AMT1.1 , 1.6). It should be noted that P. euphratica differs from salt-sensitive poplar in the maintenance of NO3− under salinity. 15NO3− tracing and root flux profiles showed that P. euphratica maintained nitrate uptake and transport, while the capacity to uptake NO3− was limited in salt-sensitive P. popularis. Salt increased the transcription of nitrate transporters (NRTs), NRT1.1 , 1.2 , 2.4 , 3.1 , in P. euphratica , while P. popularis showed a decrease in the transcripts of NRT1.1 , 2.4 , 3.1 after 7 days of salt stress. Furthermore, salt-stimulated transcription of plasmalemma H+-ATPases (HAs), HA2 , HA4 and HA11 contributed to H+-pump activation and NO3− uptake in P. euphratica. However, salt stimulation of HAs was less pronounced in P. popularis , where a decrease in HA2 transcripts was observed in the stressed roots. We conclude that the salinity-decreased transcripts of NRTs and HAs reduced the ability to uptake NO3− in P. popularis , resulting in limited nitrogen supply. In comparison, P. euphratica maintains NH4+ and NO3− supply, mitigating the negative effects of salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NaCl modulated preparation of hollow Co/Co 3 O 4 heterostructure was reported. • The interfacial interaction could modulate electronic structure and facilitate electron transfer. • The hollow nanostructure could promote mesoscale mass diffusion. • H-Co/Co 3 O 4 -NC possessed boosted OER and HER performances as well as excellent overall water splitting. Fabricating an efficient electrocatalyst for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is the most challenging task for overall water splitting. Herein, we utilized the confinement effect of molten sodium chloride (NaCl) to controllably prepare hollow Co/Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles embedded into nitrogen-doped carbon (H-Co/Co 3 O 4 -NC). Experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the interfacial interaction within Co/Co 3 O 4 heterostructure played a pivotal role in modulating the electronic structure and facilitating the electron transfer. Meanwhile, the superiority of hollow nanostructure could promote the mesoscale mass diffusion. Remarkably, the as-prepared H-Co/Co 3 O 4 -NC catalyst achieved the low overpotentials of 316 mV and 252 mV towards OER and HER, respectively, which delivered overall water splitting with the potential of 1.76 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lab experiment was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Lab / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad. This experiment was aimed to investigate gene expression index in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) after preparation of salt and simulated drought stresses. Two tomato cultivars were selected which claimed to exhibit different levels of tolerance toward abiotic stresses designated as salt-tolerant Yassamine (Y) and saltsensitive GS12 (G) to assess the test. Seven day-old seedlings from both cultivars were grown in MS media supplemented with four concentrations of NaCl at 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM and four concentrations of PEG at 0, 10, 20, and 30% for 48 hours. The results were showed that Y cultivar exhibited more proline secretion and chlorophyll content when compared with G. In addition, Y cultivar showed less ion leakage and less affected by elevated abiotic stresses in term of seedling weight variation when compared to G counterparts. The SDS-PAGE gel analysis showed that Y cultivar showed more band intensity when compared with G suggested more corresponding gene expression of tolerant protein against abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is one of the main challenges to sustainable agriculture and is a plant abiotic stress of growing global concern. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis aids plants in overcoming stress. In this study, the efficacy of inoculation with locally isolated species using a quick colonizing method, and a commercially available AMF product were compared for enhancing growth and the physiological responses of two varieties of cucumber (‘Diva’ and ‘Safaa’) exposed to increasing soil salinity stress. Plants were irrigated with four levels of saline water of 0.64 (control), 2, 4 and 6 dS m-1 ) and evaluated. Three mycorrhizal treatments were used: uninoculated control, native AMF quick root colonizer containing 3 species and a commercial inoculum with 5 species of the Glomeraceae, Glomerales. Salinity stress significantly reduced the plant growth, ion homeostasis potassium/sodium ratio (K/Na), and mycorrhizal root colonization percentage. However, salinity increased proline content, chlorophyll content (SPAD) and leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, Na concentration in leaves and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The application of both native and commercial AMF inoculants proved partially beneficial in alleviating the detrimental effects of salinity stress. Both inoculants improved plant growth parameters, as indicated from the improvement in plant height, plant biomass, and K and P uptake, enhancing the K/Na ratio, and optimizing nutrient availability under saline conditions. The AMF inoculation improved SPAD and photosynthetic efficiency. The AMF inoculation also promoted the accumulation of proline, and enhanced catalase activity, while the impact on MDA content exhibited fluctuation in response, with lower levels observed with native and higher levels with commercial AMF inoculants. Native AMF showed an overall higher root colonization percentage compared to commercial AMF. The findings highlight the complex role and interaction between plant-fungal symbioses in regulating salinity tolerance. The native AMF species may possess specific traits that enhance their effectiveness under local soil and climatic conditions. Overall, the use of AMF was found to be partially beneficial for cucumber plants under salinity stress, and can be integrated into a pool of sustainable farming practices that improve vegetable production under high salinity conditions, contributing to a more resilient and productive agricultural future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess dietary salt (NaCl) intake is strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease and is a major contributing factor to the pathogenesis of hypertension. NaCl-sensitive hypertension is a multisystem disorder that involves renal dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, and neurogenically-mediated increases in peripheral resistance. Despite a major research focus on organ systems and these effector mechanisms causing NaCl-induced increases in arterial blood pressure, relatively less research has been directed at elucidating how NaCl is sensed by various tissues to elicit these downstream effects. The purpose of this review is to discuss how the brain, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract sense NaCl including key cell types, the role of NaCl versus osmolality, and the underlying molecular and electrochemical mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a significant abiotic stress that adversely affects growth, the content of secondary metabolites, and can even cause cell genotoxicity. Lemon (Citrus limon L.) plants are sensitive to levels of NaCl salinity. To ascertain the response of C. limon plants to NaCl salinity stress, two distinct genetic techniques were used. The genotoxic effects of NaCl on tissue-cultured plants of C. limon was investigated using the comet test. Moreover, the expression of terpene genes was also investigated. Results revealed that NaCl 200 mM caused high severity levels DNA destruction (15.62%) in C. limon plants, whereas the level of 100 mM NaCl scored a tail length of 10.65 µm, the tail moment was 0.77 units. RtME gene expression peaked at a ratio of 2.29 when the plants were exposed to NaCl 100 mM, while collecting transcripts for the RtLS was 2.21 in plants treated with 100 mM NaCl. Conclusively, comet analysis technique provides a suitable technique to identify DNA damage and terpene genes possessing post-transcriptional control in C. limon salinity stress on plant cells. Prospective investigation is necessary to assess the applicability of comet assay and gene expression methods using additional genes that exhibit sensitivity to various stressors on lemon plus additional plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of resistant plant varieties is indispensable for phytoremediation against salt and heavy metal stresses. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and Cucumis melo subspecies agrestis are cucurbit weeds used as raw material in for medicines, papers and artificial cotton. Abiotic stresses like salt and heavy metal hassles are prodigious deterrents to early growth of plants. Nickel (Ni), in petite is a decisive micronutrient of plants but disturbs the proficiency of the plants under higher levels. However, response of various plant ecotypes varies under various concentrations of salinity and heavy metals. Germination, morphology, biochemistry and physiological properties are key to determining the fate of the plant. The present objective was to compare the impact of independent stresses by varying concentrations of salt (100, 200 and 400 mM NaCl) and heavy metal (50, 100 and 200 µM NiCl2) on morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and Cucumis melo subspecies agrestis from desert and agricultural ecotypes. It was a four-replica CRD trial. Germination percentage, radicle and plumule length, seedling fresh and dry weight, K+, Ca++, chlorophylls a and b showed a significat increase ( p ≤ 0.05) at lower level of stress (100 mM NaCl and 50 µM NiCl2), slight decrease at moderate level of stress (200 mM NaCl and 100 µM NiCl2) while significant decrease under higher stress levels (400 mM NaCl and 200 µM NiCl2). An increase of Na+, Cl-, Ni+ and secondary metabolites (total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins, catalase, superoxide dismutase and proline) with increasing stress levels was perceived. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad and Cucumis melo subspecies agrestis are adaptive to salt and heavy metal levels.Tolerance of salts and heavy metal metals in sequence C. colocynthis (L.) desert > C. colocynthis (L) cultivated > C. melo (L) agrestis desert > C. melo (L) agrestis agricultural was recorded and can be recommended for phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic phase-change materials (PCMs) with high melting points have great potential for thermal energy storage systems. Sodium chloride (NaCl) has a high melting point (801 °C) and high latent-heat-storage density (482 kJ/kg). However, it is difficult to encapsulate NaCl using a sintered ceramic shell because of its good wettability against ceramics and high volume-expansion capacity during melting. In this study, a novel NaCl/Al2O3 powder-composite structure was developed as highly stable PCM core material for highly stable encapsulation. The shape-retention performance and the mechanism of NaCl/Al2O3 powder-composite structure during melting were investigated. We have successfully fabricated a NaCl/Al2O3 powder-composite structure, which has a higher NaCl volume ratio of 80 vol% than conventional techniques. The gel-like network structure of Al2O3 particles in molten NaCl was a key structure to keep the shape of the composite ball and to prevent the evaporation of molten NaCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed is chemically and phytochemically one of the most diverse marine species that has received special interest as a feed ingredient, supplement, and additive for poultry. The abundant biomass production in the tropics and their bio-active compounds profile such as alginate, fucoidan, fucoxanthin, phlorotannin, laminarin, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) possess many biological roles as antioxidant, antimicrobials, and immunomodulatory effects that are beneficial to improve gut health and performance of poultry. However, seaweeds use as a poultry feed ingredient is limited by their high content of salt (NaCl), anti-nutritional factors, indigestible nutrients, and low energy content. High NaCl content in poultry rations can lead to diarrhoea and high mortality. On the other hand, seaweed carbohydrates can inhibit nutrient absorption in the poultry digestive tract. In this review, we discuss the recent updates on the use of seaweed in poultry feeding, the impacts of various processing methods to eliminate antinutritional factors, and future directions of processing technology that need to be developed to optimise the use of seaweeds in poultry. This includes biological, chemical, and physical approaches to reduce seaweed NaCl, optimise bioactive compounds extraction and purification, reduce anti-nutrition content, and decompose seaweed indigestible carbohydrates before being mixed as a poultry feed ingredient. In the production and health aspects of poultry, bioactive constituents extracted from seaweed possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects that have positive associations with the improvement of production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India generates 759.02 million metric tons of coal ash annually. Part of that quantity is successfully utilized, and the remaining portion of the ash is discarded into a landfill. There also is a need to address pollution. Cement industries are responsible for 7% of global warming. Cement has been replaced entirely by thermal power plant waste, and bottom ash is used as a binder to overcome those issues. A few researchers have carried out strength characterization, but an extensive study needs to be carried out under different environmental exposures. Therefore, the present study investigated macro and micro properties of bottom ash geopolymer concrete (BAGPC) subjected to aggressive ecological exposure conditions such as acid, salt, and sulfate attack. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of eight molarities were used as activators for the bottom ash geopolymer concrete (BAGPC) binder. Further bonding between steel and conventional concrete BAGPC mixes was investigated. The durability of conventional concrete (CC) was taken as the control mix to compare the durability of the optimized mix (B4) of bottom ash geopolymer. The test samples were cured for 28 days under ambient temperature and tested for the effect of MgSO4, NaCl, and HCl. The strength loss and weight loss of the BAGPC B4 mix after 7, 28, 56, 90, and 180 days under aggressive conditions showed better performance than CC. It has been observed that geopolymer concrete has good bonding in nature, and the bond strength results indicate excellent bonding between steel and concrete. Microstructure studies revealed that the BAGPC B4 mix had a strong microstructure and not as much of a porous structure. It is concluded that BAGPC has potential value in the construction industry based on all aspects of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a scarcity of research on the characterization of the behaviour of titanium and its alloys in highly corrosive environments. These materials are highly recommended for use in various industries such as aviation, maritime, medical, and chemical, due to their perceived superior corrosion resistance. This research examines the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of Ti6Al4V material when exposed to solutions containing 9% NaCl, 25% HCl, and a mixture of 9% NaCl and 25% HCl. Prior to the corrosion process, the prefabricated Ti6Al4V samples underwent microstructure analysis, hardness assessment, and wear evaluation. The microstructure characterization revealed that the microstructure of the Ti6Al4V alloy is composed of α and modified β phases. The Ti6Al4V sample's hardness value was determined to be 334.23 HB. The Ti6Al4V sample's wear rate was determined to be 0.0033 g/Nm, while the friction coefficient was determined to be 0.0326. Corrosion testing was conducted at intervals of 24, 48, 72, 168, and 336 h. Based on the corrosion rate measurements, the sample exhibited the minimum corrosion rate of 1.928519 mg/(dm2·day) in a 9% NaCl environment. The sample with a combination of 9% NaCl and 25% HCl had the maximum corrosion rate, measured at 6.493048 mg per square decimetre per day. The formation of a larger oxide layer in the Ti6Al4V corrosion sample immersed in a 9% NaCl solution serves as a protective barrier on the surface and enhances its resistance to corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global population and climate change threaten food security, with the need for sustenance expected to rise by 85% by 2050. Rice, a crucial staple food for over 50% of the global population, is a major source of calories in underdeveloped and developing countries. However, by the end of the century, over 30% of rice fields will become saline due to soil salinity caused by earthquakes, tsunamis, and rising sea levels. Plants have developed strategies to deal with salt stress, such as ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and morphological adaptations. Proline, an endogenous osmolyte, is the predominant endogenous osmolyte that accumulates in response to salinity, and its overexpression in rice plants has been observed to increase plant salinity tolerance. Exogenously applied proline has been shown to improve plant salt tolerance by reducing the destructive effect of salinity. Recent research has focused on ionic toxicity, nitrogen fixation, and gene expression related to salt tolerance. Exogenous proline has been shown to improve water potential and leaf content, restoring water usage efficiency. It can also ease growth inhibition in salt-sensitive plants. Exogenously applied proline increases antioxidant activities and enhances plant salinity tolerance. This review examines the role and processes of proline in rice plants under salt stress and its relationship with other tolerance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichoderma harzianum exhibits a strong biological control effect on many important plant pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Meloidogyne. However, its biocontrol effectiveness is weakened or reduced under salt stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular response of T. harzianum to salt stress at the whole-genome level. Here, we present a 44.47 Mb near-complete genome assembly of the T. harzianum qt40003 strain for the first time, which was assembled de novo with 7.59 Gb Nanopore sequencing long reads (~170-fold) and 5.2 Gb Illumina short reads (~116-fold). The assembled qt40003 genome contains 12 contigs, with a contig N50 of 4.81 Mb, in which four of the 12 contigs were entirely reconstructed in a single chromosome from telomere to telomere. The qt40003 genome contains 4.27 Mb of repeat sequences and 12,238 protein-coding genes with a BUSCO completeness of 97.5%, indicating the high accuracy and completeness of our gene annotations. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis was used to investigate gene expression changes related to salt stress in qt40003 at 0, 2% (T2), and 4% (T4) sodium chloride concentrations. A total of 2,937 and 3,527 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained under T2 and T4 conditions, respectively. GO enrichment analysis showed that the T2-treatment DEGs were highly enriched in detoxification (p < 0.001), while the T4 DEGs were mainly enriched in cell components, mostly in cellular detoxification, cell surface, and cell wall. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis showed that 91 and 173 DEGs were significantly enriched in the T2 and T4 treatments, respectively (p < 0.01), mainly in the glutathione metabolism pathway. We further experimentally analyzed the differentially expressed glutathione transferase genes in the glutathione metabolic pathway, most of which were downregulated (13/15). In addition, we screened 13 genes related to active oxygen clearance, including six upregulated and seven downregulated genes, alongside five fungal hydrophobic proteins, of which two genes were highly expressed. Our study provides high-quality genome information for the use of T. harzianum for biological control and offers significant insights into the molecular responses of T. harzianum under salt-stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electrochemical machining, acids are extensively used as electrolytes to machine components. The use of acids to machine SS304 pollutes the environment and has a lot of safety issues. Hence, the use of environmentally friendly electrolytes is in high demand. NaCl is an eco-friendly electrolyte and is abundantly available at a lower price. The aim of this research is to propose a method to effectively use NaCl electrolyte to machine SS304. In this research, a novel method of machining using a dual fluid system has been adopted to machine SS304. A dual fluid system uses two fluids during the machining process. The anodic dissolution of the workpiece is done by the primary fluid system that uses NaCl, while the secondary system is used to supply fluids that prevent the removal of material from unwanted regions in the machining zone and also aid in the removal of by-products formed in the machining zone. The purpose of the secondary fluid system is to act as a resistance towards the removal of material from unwanted regions. In all the experimental conditions, NaCl was used as fluid in the primary fluid system. In the secondary fluid system, aqueous solution of NaCl, NaNO3, NaHCO3, C12H22O11, and distilled water was used. Moreover, the influence of magnet is also studied. It was observed that when machining was done under the influence of a magnet, a reduction of stray current intensity was observed when using NaCl in secondary fluid system, thereby contributing to less severe attach in the workpiece. The output responses were evaluated based on taper angle, radial overcut, MRR, surface roughness, and radial-stray current affected zone. The combination of the primary and secondary fluid systems in dual fluid system-assisted ECM (DF-ECM) is an advanced electrochemical machining (ECM) process, which offers several advantages, including better control over the machining process, improved surface finish, and reduced chances of pit formation at the entry side of the hole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a facultative halophyte recognized for its genetic variability and high tolerance to salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of NaCl on three accessions of quinoa from the Camacani germplasm bank of the National University of the Altiplano, Perú, at three NaCl concentrations (0, 200 and 400 mM) under greenhouse conditions. Four morphological variables (plant height, root length, percentage of root DM, and aerial DM), as well as seven metabolic variables (chlorophyll, proline, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, amino acids and proteins content by spectrophotometric analysis) and electrolyte leakage (EL) in leaves were analyzed. Increasing NaCl exposure was positively correlated with increases in EL, proline, and saponin, while negatively correlated with leaf protein content. In accession PECQ 20037, for example, foliar protein content varied from 18.7% at 0 mM NaCl to 10.57% at 400 mM NaCl. The results indicated that accessions PECQ 20037 and Negra Oruro tolerated the 400 mM NaCl concentration better than Sajama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among cereal crops, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most susceptible to salinity. Due to emerging salinity impacts on food security, different strategies have been implemented including developing salt tolerant varieties. Therefore, this study was conducted to produce salt tolerant lines of 'MARDI Siraj 297' through in vitro callus selection, enhancement of salinity tolerance through supplementation of salicylic acid (SA) (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mM) and regeneration of the selected salt tolerant callus. Embryogenic calli were induced and then treated in selection medium containing 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mM NaCl for 5 mo, followed by screening and selection of salt tolerant variants using morphology and biochemical parameters associated with salt tolerance. The salt tolerant calli showed reduced tissue necrosis and maintain their viability. Biochemical profile of these salt tolerant calli showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher content of proline (0.28 to 0.38 mg g-1), total soluble sugar (6.4 to 12.9 mg g-1), catalase activity (0.9 to 8.0 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein), ascorbate peroxidase activity (5.4 to 20.3 μmol min-1 mg-1 protein), malondialdehyde (6 to 17 μg g-1 protein) and K+/Na+ ratio (1.0 to 3.0) while reduced in protein content as compared to the non-tolerant control. These characteristics are typically associated with tolerance against salinity, therefore lines potentially tolerant to this stress have been regenerated. The selected salt tolerant calli were transferred into medium with SA to enhance their tolerance. Supplementation of 1.0 mM SA results in reduced morphological injury, higher regeneration frequency and shoot number (56% and 6 shoots, respectively) as compared to the non-SAtreated. Hence, this study demonstrates the protective effect of SA against salinity and provides a reliable protocol for establishment of salt tolerant rice lines through in vitro selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion performance of Fe35Ni20Cr12Mn(28−x)Al(5+x) high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) with varying aluminum (Al) content (x = 0, 5, and 10 at.%) was studied in a 3.5% NaCl solution. Additionally, different concentrations of hexamine inhibitors (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g) were employed to enhance the corrosion resistance. Polarization measurements were conducted using a three‐electrode electrochemical cell with a calomel reference electrode. Furthermore, polarization‐dynamics experiments were carried out at room temperature with a scan rate of 0.33 mV/s. The findings indicated that hexamine improved the corrosion resistance of the investigated HEAs. However, the effectiveness of hexamine decreased as the Al content increased up to 15 at.%. In the case of Fe35Ni20Cr12Mn18Al15 HEA with 0.3 g hexamine, the surface exhibited the presence of iron oxides. These results were confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and elemental mapping, which revealed the distribution of elements under different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the utilization of a buffer solution, containing Tris, HCl, EDTA, NaCl, and glycerol (THENG), in combination with a thermal shock process, as a novel DNA extraction method (THENG-tsp) for endophytic fungi. Three mg of fungal mycelium was added to 100 μL of THENG buffer and incubated in a water-bath (83 ± 2 °C) for 35 min. The vials were subsequently frozen at -20 °C for 15 min and then subjected to centrifugation (11,200 m/s2; 6 min). The resulting supernatant was used as a pure DNA source. In addition, the DNA of endophytic fungi was extracted using the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. DNA quality was evaluated based on light intensity and distance (in pixels) of bands observed on a 0.8% agarose gel after electrophoresis. The results indicate that the application of the THENG-tsp method improved the average band quality of all endophytic fungi by 7.86%. More precisely, bands corresponding to endophytic fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota phyla exhibited an average increase in band quality of 13.50% and 8.57%, respectively, compared to the CTAB method. The application of the THENG-tsp method also resulted in improved band quality for Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp., with average increases of 8.47% and 28.40%, respectively, compared to the CTAB method. Hence, the THENG-tsp method is considered appropriate for DNA extraction from endophytic fungi in laboratory settings due to its minimal requirement of initial fungal mycelium, time efficiency, and the absence of the use of potentially harmful chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef cuts were dried by tray drying (TD), microwave drying (MD), and TD+MD. Salting as pre-treatment was carried out with NaCl or NaCl+KCl salts to evaluate the effect of sodium reduction. The beef was divided into nine groups: three were subjected to TD, MD, and TD+MD; for the other six groups, dry salting was applied with 100% NaCl or 50% NaCl + 50% KCl, followed by MD, TD, or TD+MD. Processing times of TD, MD, and TD+MD were about 660, 250, and 300 min, and effective diffusivities (Deff) were 1.33 × 10-8, 3.88 × 10-8, and 3.57 × 10-8 m²/s, respectively. Compared with TD, the MD procedure resulted in significantly harder texture and lower rehydration ratio (p < 0.05). SEM images of dried beef indicated fractures and disruption after TD, while a compact structure was obtained with MD. Both salt types contributed a softer texture in rehydrated MD, but KCl did not change the hardness values of dried meat. MD could have great potential for drying meat by reducing drying time, and KCl could be applied as a substitute for NaCl without adversely affecting the structural quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experimental study, the hydrogen production performance of aqueous solutions of N a C l , K C l , and C a C l 2 salts via an electrochemical method through a chlor-alkali reactor is investigated. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale reactor consisting of anode and cathode compartments is built. The compartments of the reactor are separated by a cation exchange membrane which prevents the mixing of anolyte and catholyte solutions and also allows positive ions (N a + , K + , and C a 2 + ) and some water to pass through. Electrodes made of 316 stainless steel are used in the compartments of the reactor due to their economic efficiency. While the anode compartment of the reactor is fed with the aqueous solutions of N a C l , K C l , and C a C l 2 salts one by one, the cathode compartment is fed with one of the diluted aqueous solutions of N a O H , K O H , and C a (O H) 2 bases depending on the type of salt used. Experiments are carried out at three different cell voltages (3, 4, and 5 V) and three different cell temperatures (30, 50, and 70 °C), and five different electrolyte flows (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 g/s). Since the reactor dimensions are very small, experiments are also carried out with small changes in the electrolyte mass flow rate. It is observed that active chlorine gas causes serious contamination in the anode compartment and erosion on the electrode in this compartment. Therefore, the expected chlorine gas output from the anode compartment of the reactor is not observed. Luckily, a significant amount of hydrogen gas output is observed from the cathode compartment of the reactor. The minimum hydrogen production rate is 37.23 mL/h when the aqueous solution of C a C l 2 is used with a mass flow rate of 0.4 g/s and cell voltage of 3 V at the cell temperature of 30 °C. The maximum hydrogen production rate is 437.72 mL/h when K C l salt solution is used with a mass flow rate of 1.2 g/s and cell voltage of 5 V at the cell temperature of 70 °C. • Hydrogen production of a laboratory-scale chlor-alkali membrane reactor. • Performance of 316 stainless steel electrodes in a chlor-alkali membrane process. • Comparison of hydrogen production performances of N a C l , K C l , and C a C l 2 salts. • Effects of operating temperature, cell voltage, and electrolyte flow rate on hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the use of roll-up nickel films as catalysts for the dehydrogenation of sodium borohydride (NaBH 4). The proposed structure, consisting of a 345-nm-thick Ni film and a 100-nm-thick sacrificial layer, is naturally rolled-up due to thermal stress induced by physical vapor deposition or additional heating. The catalytic performance was evaluated using the water displacement method, and it was found that a three-layer stacked structure using amorphous MoO 3 as the sacrificial layer showed maximum efficiency. The stability of the structure was maintained even after repeated use, and surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of Mo component that accelerates the rate of hydrolysis. Zeta potential and Kelvin probe force microscopy analysis further revealed that the amount of surface electrons of the Ni catalyst can be changed according to the sacrificial layer used. Based on these findings, MoO 3 /Ni/MoO 3 and layered structures were found to have excellent catalytic performance. Importantly, the wafer can be reused, and the catalytic efficiency is maintained even with a low-thickness nickel catalyst, suggesting the economic advantage. This study offers insights into the development of cost-effective and high-performance catalysts for hydrogen generation. • 3D catalyst based on self-rolled nickel with high area/mass ratio was reported. • The MoO 3 sacrificial layer improves the catalytic activity by providing free electrons. • The catalyst and substrate can be reused, making it cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production through hydrolysis shows a promise as a green and sustainable energy source that can be used for urgent need of energy on-board. This study presents a novel approach to boost the speed of hydrolysis reactions by utilizing Mg 2 NiH 4 powder. The approach involves ball milling with NaCl and fused silica additives, that open additional active areas and accelerate the hydrolysis process. A comprehensive analysis encompasses morphology, elemental mapping, chemical bonding, structural changes, and surface area determination of the prepared powders. The hydrolysis reactions is performed using acetic acid solutions with different molarities (0.25 M, 0.12 M, and 0.06 M), as well as tap water. The impact on kinetics is profound, with reaction rates varying between 600 and 3000 ml/min during the initial seconds for different powders. Moreover, the study examines the application of such hydrolysis system for electricity generation through a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell. [Display omitted] • Mg 2 NiH 4 powder was ball-milled with NaCl and fused silica which served as promoters. • In 0.25 M solution, powders showed 600–3000 ml/min hydrolysis kinetics in seconds. • Activation energy: 16.56 kJ/mol (NaCl milled) and 13.06 kJ/mol (fused silica milled). • The reaction was utilized for power generation through PEM FC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the effect of NaCl on the secondary oxidation rate of hot-briquetted iron (HBI) during its transportation to consumers in Russia, former Soviet republics, and other foreign countries by both rail and water transport. This results in distinct atmospheric conditions surrounding the briquettes, leading to varied oxidation processes. This study is significant as the oxidation rate directly affects the metallurgical properties of the briquettes. The article presents experimental investigations on the impact of different NaCl concentrations (0–4%) in water, which evaporates into the atmosphere surrounding HBI, on its reactivity. The findings reveal that the reactivity of briquettes increases with up to 4% NaCl content in the water surrounding the HBI. Consequently, the iron oxidation rate in the briquettes also rises, with reactivity increasing from 0.234 to 0.412 nm3/(ton·day) and the rate from 0.0833 to 0.1459 kg/day. These results suggest that seawater, particularly with NaCl content up to 4%, significantly impacts the iron oxidation rate in HBI. Therefore, when transporting by sea, it is essential to consider this influence and implement measures to mitigate this type of oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deepwater pink shrimp (Parapenaus longirostris) has a significantly high catch yield and is a highly important food source for human nutrition in terms of its nutritional value. The reduction of salt content in seafood products while preserving taste poses a significant challenge. The aim of this study is to reduce the NaCl ratio used in the shrimp marination process by substituting it with KCl and masking the resulting bitterness from KCl using natural flavor enhancers, such as yeast extracts. The marinated shrimp were prepared using 50% KCl instead of 50% NaCl. In order to mask the bitter taste caused by KCl and enhance the flavor, two different types of yeast extracts obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were utilized in the formulation. Nutritional composition, Na and K contents, amino acid composition, color measurement, bacteriological quality, pH changes, and sensory evaluations were conducted to assess the impact of salt reduction and yeast extracts on the sensory, chemical, and physical attributes of the products. L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, L-valine, and L-lysine were found to be higher in samples with Levex Terra yeast extract. Despite a 50% reduction in NaCl content, the addition of yeast extract led to an increase in the umami taste due to the elevation of amino acids present. Yeast extracts can offer a promising solution for enhancing the sensory qualities of seafood products with reduced salt content by conducting more detailed sensory development examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride (Cl−) is considered a crucial nutrient for plant growth, but it can be a challenge under saline conditions. Excessive accumulation of Cl− in leaves can cause toxicity. Chloride channels (CLCs) are expressed in the inner membranes of plant cells and function as essential Cl− exchangers or channels. In response to salt stress in plants, CLCs play a crucial role, and CLC proteins assist in maintaining the intracellular Cl− homeostasis by sequestering Cl− into vacuoles. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the primary substance responsible for causing salt-induced phytotoxicity. However, research on plant responses to Cl− stress is comparatively rare, in contrast to that emphasizing Na+. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the plant response and tolerance to Cl− stress, specifically focusing on comparative analysis of CLC protein structures in different species. Additionally, to further gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, the study summarizes the identified CLC genes that respond to salt stress. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the response of CLCs in terrestrial plants to salt stress and their biological functions, aiming to gain further insights into the mechanisms underlying the response of CLCs in plants to salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The high-salt diet (HSD) has been associated with cognitive dysfunction by attacking the cerebral microvasculature, through an adaptive response, initiated in the intestine and mediated by Th17 cells. In the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), it has been described that NaCl causes an increase in T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. NaCl also promotes macrophage response and Th17 cell differentiation, worsening the course of the disease. HSD may trigger an activation of the immune system and enhance inflammation. However, certain studies not only do not support this possibility, but support the opposite, as the effect of salt on immune cells may not necessarily be pathogenic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an over intake of salt in rats with EAE, based on the clinical course, oxidative stress, markers of inflammation and the gut dysbiosis. Methods: 15 Dark Agouti rats were used, which were divided into control group, EAE group and EAE + NaCl group. Daily 0.027 g of NaCl dissolved in 300 μl of H2O was administered through a nasogastric tube for 51 days. Results: NaCl administration produced an improvement in clinical status and a decrease in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis. Conclusion: The underlying mechanism by which NaCl causes these effects could involve the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is blocked by high doses of salt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrolysis of cellulose using ionic liquid (IL) has been extensively studied but there is limited understanding of the removal of IL from the biomass hydrolysate. Finding a suitable method for the recovery and reuse of IL is one of the biggest challenges before its large-scale application. Selecting an appropriate combined recovery process is very important. This study proposed a facile ion-exchange combined method for the recovery of IL from the modeled cellulose hydrolysate mixture containing sugars as well as γ-valerolactone (GVL) via an adsorption–desorption mechanism using sulfonic acid cation-exchange (Amberlyst 15 (H)) resin. The results showed that the resin could adsorb more than 94% of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Emim]Cl IL at ambient conditions within a contact time of 20 min. The other coexisting constituents like glucose and GVL have no significant effect on the adsorption efficiency of IL. The adsorption of IL on Amberlyst 15 (H) resin was observed to be pseudo-second-order adsorption. The regeneration of the adsorbed IL was possible up to 70% using low-cost, easily available sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Similarly, despite the interference of other unwanted byproducts in the real biomass hydrolysate sample, an IL adsorption efficiency up to 51% was reached under similar operating conditions. This study thus opens the facile possibility of extracting and recycling IL used in the biomass hydrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, clean water has become increasingly scarce because of the highly consumption by human and industry. Therefore, a huge amount of wastewater was discharged to the environment and their treatment is essential by using cost-effective methods. In this study, wastewater from petroleum refinery was processed by an electrochemical oxidation using two types of anodic materials graphite and SnO2 film deposited on Cu substrate. SnO2 anode was prepared from nitrate media and characterized by XRD and SEM. Experiments were conducted to determine the performance of each electrode at a current density of 12 mA/cm2 in the absence of NaCl addition. The SnO2 electrode showed better processing ability than the graphite electrode at the same current density in case of no addition of NaCl. Addition NaCl resulted in increasing the activity of graphite in the treatment of wastewater but never exceeded the efficiency of SnO2. The best removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a current density of 12 mA/cm2 and 150 min was 79% in case of SnO2 in comparison with 72% in case of using graphite with addition of NaCl. Energy consumption in case of SnO2 was 9.93 kWh/kg COD which is very low in comparison with the using of graphite (49.6 kWh/kg COD). The decay of COD was found to obey pseudo first order for anodic oxidation using SnO2 or graphite electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the Pulses Research Sub-station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), during October to December 2019 to examine the establishment of field pea seedling under the effect of saline condition. The experimental was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment induced two factors, first factors included 34 different field pea cultivars and second factor included four (4) salt concentration of NaCl including control (0 dS m-1), 4 dS m-1, 8 dS m-1 and 12 dS m-1. Experimental result revealed that BARI Motor 1 exhibited the highest germination (98.75%) in control situation (0 dS m-1) and lowest germination percentage was recorded in Natore local 1 (68.75%). BARI Motor 3 gave the highest mean daily germination (27.93%) and seed germination 1.68 seed day-1 under control. The lowest mean daily germination was observed in BD - 6944 (17.42%) genotype and seed germination was found in Natore local 1 (0.95 seed day-1). The maximum germination value was observed in BARI Motor 1 (19.53) genotype and germination vigor index in BD-9047 (16.35 cm) genotype. On the other hand, minimum germination value was observed in Jhikorgasha local (10.0) and minimum germination vigor index was found in Natore local 1 (5.10 cm) and BARI Motorsuti 1 (3.64 cm) in control condition. In this study, it was observed that an increase in salinity stress significantly decreased all the germination parameters studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Screening of osmotic stress was undertaken to investigate the effect of water stress and salinity stress on the seeds of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and its responses to drought tolerance at seedling stage. Water stress was simulated by non-ionic water-soluble polymer polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 6000 and salinity stress was induced with NaCl. The experiment demonstrated that osmotic stress caused by NaCl and PEG has a negative impact on the germination rate and seedling growth of Vigna radiata. Both NaCl and PEG inhibited germination and seedling growth in mung bean, but the effects of NaCl compared to PEG was less on germination and seedling growth.

The aim of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of NH 4+ priming to enhance tomato seed germination and plant growth under saline stress. In the absence of light at 25 ± 1 °C, tomato seeds were primed with 50 and 100 mmol of NH 4 NO 3 and with 50 and 100 mmol of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 for 12 and 24 h, respectively. In the seed germination test, twenty primed seeds were used for each treatment, along with five replica plates and a control, and were all incubated at 25°C with 25 mL of moistened water. In a second greenhouse experiment, primed seeds were planted in garden soil and watered with tap water, salt water, and a control. The concentration of saline water (50, 100, 150, and 200 mmol NaCl) was gradually raised after a 10-day break. The germination percentages in T5 (50 mmol (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 12 hrs) were 82±3.7% and 80±4.47 %, respectively, followed by T1 and T3 (50 mmol (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 12 h and 100 mmol NH 4 NO 3 , 12 h). When compared to the unprimed tomato seeds, the NH 4+ priming with NH 4 NO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 improved plant height and other growth parameters. Furthermore, the chlorophyll and total flavonoid content were improved in both saline and non-saline treatments. In terms of salinity, the NH 4+ priming increased the proline content while decreasing the total protein content. It is concluded that further research will be needed to clarify the effect of NH 4 NO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as NH 4+ priming in tomato plants because other factors and nutrition can play a role in seed germination and plant growth development.

This scientific paper explores the impact of soil salinity on plant growth, with a particular focus on the relationship between salt tolerance and seed germination. To investigate this, three species of Acacia (Fabaceae), namely A. karroo, A. saligna, and A. tortilis, were selected, and their seeds were collected from Algeria. To overcome seed coat inhibition, seeds were treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, followed by a wash with distilled water before being sown in a culture medium containing varying concentrations of salt, specifically sodium chloride (NaCl) ranging from 0 to 600 mM. The germination tests were conducted over a 21-day period, with measurements taken at intervals of three days, and both the final germination percentage (FGP) and mean germination time (MGT) were calculated. The results showed that at 600 mM NaCl concentration no germination occurred during the experiment. The germination rates exhibited three phases, an initial latency phase, a second exponential phase of accelerated germination, and a third plateau phase. A. karroo seeds demonstrated the highest salt tolerance, germinating under high salinity conditions of 400 mM NaCl, with a FGP of 66%. In contrast, A. tortilis showed significantly lower salt tolerance, with only 20% germination at the same concentration. A. saligna had the lowest salt tolerance, with germination only occurring under 150 mM NaCl concentration and with a FGP of only 18%. Based on these findings, the rank order of the studied species in terms of decreasing tolerance to high salinity conditions, as determined by their respective germination capacities, is as follows: A. karroo > A. tortilis > A. saligna. Although A. saligna was the most sensitive species, it was still categorized as a salt-tolerant glycophyte. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the impact of salt stress on Acacia species and could contribute to the development of salt-tolerant crops in the future.

Abstract Background Biodynamic agriculture and the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPBs) have been demonstrated to offer various benefits for achieving agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PGPBs Azotobacter and Azospirillum, compost, and compost with biodynamic preparations (BD) on the essential oil (EO) characteristics of lavender under salinity stress. Research methods The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse for 2 years and involved three factors: four PGPBs, three types of compost, and three levels of salinity stress. Results The results indicated that the essential oil (EO) characteristics increased with 50 mM NaCl but decreased with 100 mM NaCl. Salt stress reduced the cell membrane stability (CMS) and auxin content, while increasing proline contents. However, the application of PGPBs, compost, and compost with biodynamic preparations had an opposite effect on CMS, auxin, and proline parameters compared to salt stress. Based on the results, the treatment that combined compost + BD with Azotobacter was found to be the most effective in enhancing the EO characteristics under both mild and severe salinity stress conditions. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that compost, biodynamic compost preparations, and PGPBs could be useful in enhancing the EO in medicinal plants and alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on plants. Graphical Abstract

Olive samples were subjected to the salting process in brine containing 1196 mol m−3 of NaCl and 402 mol m−3 of KCl. Samples were collected during 60 h and salt concentration values were determined. With the finite element method (FEM) and the minimization of the errors percentage between the simulated and experimental values, the mass transfer coefficients in the film (hm) were obtained, being 1.0072 × 10−8 and 1.2499 × 10−8 for NaCl and KCl, respectively. The salts concentration at the olive/brine interface was simulated by FEM and analyzed via SOFM. A network with 4 × 4 topology and 10000 training epochs was used. It was observed that the influence of the stationary film formed on the surface of the olives during the salting process depends on the position, the salt involved in the diffusion and that the concentration of the salts, at each point, varies according to the immersion time.

The structure and composition of copper surfaces in aqueous solutions of benzotriazole (BTAH) and NaCl was investigated by sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy as a function of concentration and bias during cyclic voltammetry experiments. We found that the protection provided by the BTAH films formed at the copper surface is effective for negative bias voltages below the open circuit potential (OCP) but not at positive voltages where Cl- displaces BTAH. By measuring the Gibbs adsorption energy of BTAH and Cl-, we found that a particularly stable Cl- structure is formed around the OCP, suggesting that electronegative additives that move the OCP to higher negative values can improve BTAH protection, which we confirmed by the addition of a negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant.

Background: Dehulled and split seeds of black gram (Vigna mungo) are used in the preparation of several dishes all over India. Salt stress is a troublesome issue in the arid and semi-dry areas and is seen as a critical constraint for growth and yield. It is very sensitive to salt especially during the seedling stage. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the impact of salt stress induced with NaCl on the germination and seedling growth of black gram. Methods: The different levels of salt concentration (20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 80 ppm) were prepared in the laboratory. Selected black gram (ADT-6) seeds were sown in small poly pots (soil, sand and farmyard manure at 1:1:1 ratio) with 3 replications and irrigated with a respective dose of saline water. The distilled water (0 ppm) was used as a control. The germination (%), shoot length (cm) and root length (cm) in the black gram were recorded after two weeks. The inhibition effect was studied by the response index (RI) method. Result: Increase in salt concentration diminished seed germination percentage, shoot length and root length of seedling and vigor index in black gram. Further, the response index indicated that all the salt concentration treatments had negative values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of salt stress (150 mM NaCl) on the expression of genes, methylation of their promoters, and enzymatic activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG)–dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) complex was studied in maize (Zea mays L.). GDH activity increased continuously under salt stress, being 3-fold higher after 24 h. This was accompanied by the appearance of a second isoform with lower electrophoretic mobility. The expression of the Gdh1 gene strongly increased after 6–12 h of incubation, which corresponded to the demethylation of its promoter, while Gdh2 gene expression slightly increased after 2–6 h and then decreased. GAD activity gradually increased in the first 12 h, and then returned to the control level. This corresponded to the increase of Gad expression and its demethylation. Salt stress led to a 2-fold increase in the activity of 2-OGDH during the first 6 h of NaCl treatment, then the activity returned to the control level. Expression of the genes Ogdh1 and Ogdh3 peaked after 1–2 h of incubation. After 6–8 h with NaCl, the expression of these genes declined below the control levels, which correlated with the higher methylation of their promoters. We conclude that salt stress causes a redirection of the 2-OG flux to the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt via its amination to glutamate, by altering the expression of the Gdh1 and Gdh2 genes, which likely promotes the assembly of the native GDH molecule having a different subunit composition and greater affinity for 2-OG.

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a widely cultivated and economically important vegetable crop, is subject to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses in nature. Several abiotic and biotic stresses have been demonstrated to elevate the concentration of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in Arabidopsis due to the influx of calcium ions. In this study, recombinant aequorin was introduced into the tomato in order to investigate the change in [Ca2+]i when treated with exogenous Ca2+. This resulted in strong luminescence signals, which were mainly observed in the roots. Luminescence signals were also detected in the whole plant, including the leaves, when a surfactant (Silwet L-77) was added to coelenterazine. The concentration of [Ca2+]i increased with the dosage of NaCl/elf18. The luminescence signals also showed a lower increase in intensity with elf18 treatment compared to NaCl treatment. Furthermore, the [Ca2+]i responses to other abiotic or biotic stresses, such as H2O2 and Pep1, were also evaluated. It was found that this transgenic tomato expressing aequorin can effectively detect changes in [Ca2+]i levels. The transgenic tomato expressing aequorin represents an effective tool for detecting changes in [Ca2+]i and provides a solid basis for investigating the adaptation mechanisms of tomatoes to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Moreover, the aequorin-based system would be a highly valuable tool for studying the specificity and crosstalk of plant signalling networks under abiotic and biotic stresses in tomatoes.

Salinity is a major constraint limiting the yield of tomatoes. However, grafting strategies may help to overcome the salt toxicity of this important horticultural species if appropriate rootstocks are identified. The present study aimed to test a new rootstock, JUPAFORT1, obtained by crossing the glycophyte Solanum lycopersicum (cv. Poncho Negro) with the halophyte wild-related species Solanum chilense to improve the salinity tolerance of the Chilean tomato landrace Old Limachino Tomato (OLT). Intact OLT plants were exposed to 0, 80, or 160 mM of NaCl for 21 days at the vegetative stage and compared with self-grafted (L/L) and Limachino plants grafted on JUPAFORT1 rootstock (L/R) under a completely randomized design. JUPAFORT1 increased OLT scion vigor in the absence of salt but did not significantly increase fresh weight under stress conditions. However, JUPAFORT1 confers to the scion an anisohydric behavior contrasting with the isohydric behavior of L and L/L plants as indicated by measurements of stomatal conductance; L/R plants were able to maintain their metabolic status despite a slight decrease in the leaf’s relative water content. JUPAFORT1 rootstock also enabled the maintenance of photosynthetic pigment concentrations in the scion in contrast to L and L/L plants, which exhibited a decrease in photosynthetic pigments under stress conditions. L/R plants encountered oxidative stress at the highest stress intensity (160 mM of NaCl) only, while L and L/L plants suffered from oxidative damage at a lower dose (80 mM of NaCl). L/R plants behaved as includer plants and did not sequester Na+ in the root system, in contrast to L and L/L, which behaved as excluder plants retaining Na+ in the root system to avoid its translocation to the shoots. The expression of genes coding for ion transporters (HKT1.1, HKT1.2, LKT1, SKOR, SOS2, and SOS3) in the root system was not modified by salinity in L/R. In contrast, their expression varied in response to salinity in L and L/L. Overall, L/R plants exhibited higher physiological stability than L/L or L plants in response to an increasing NaCl dose and did not require additional energy investment to trigger an adaptative response to salinity. This suggests that the constitutive salinity tolerance of the halophyte S. chilense was maintained in the interspecific rootstock. JUPAFORT1 issued from S. lycopersicum x S. chilense may thus improve salt-stress resilience in OLT tomatoes. Additional studies are required to identify the molecular components involved in the root-to-shoot signaling pathway in this promising material.

When faced with salinity stress, plants typically exhibit a slowdown in their growth patterns. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants that are known to play a critical role in controlling cell wall properties. In this study, we used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and relevant mutants to explore how the difference in B availability may modulate plant responses to salt stress. There was a visible root growth suppression of Col-0 with the increased salt levels in the absence of B while this growth reduction was remarkably alleviated by B supply. Pharmacological experiments revealed that orthovanadate (a known blocker of H+-ATPase) inhibited root growth at no B condition, but had no effect in the presence of 30 μM B. Salinity stress resulted in a massive K+ loss from mature zones of A. thaliana roots; this efflux was attenuated in the presence of B. Supplemental B also increased the magnitude of net H+ pumping by plant roots. Boron availability was also essential for root halotropism. Interestingly, the aha2Δ57 mutant with active H+-ATPase protein exhibited the same halotropism response as Col-0 while the aha2-4 mutant had a stronger halotropism response (larger bending angle) compared with that of Col-0. Overall, the ameliorative effect of B on the A. thaliana growth under salt stress is based on the H+-ATPase stimulation and a subsequent K+ retention, involving auxin- and ROS-pathways.

Antik çağlardan beri enginar [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] mutfak ve tıbbi özellikleri nedeniyle büyük değer kazanmıştır. Son yıllarda küresel iklim değişikliğinin kötüleşen etkileri sonucunda hem çevre hem de ekonomi konusunda endişeler artmaktadır. Küresel ölçekte ele alındığında abiyotik stresler, özellikle de tuzluluk, bitkilerin büyüme ve gelişmesini etkilemekte, bitkisel üretimi ve gıda talebinin karşılanmasını sınırlamakta ve gıda güvenliği açısından potansiyel bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada enginar tohumları öncelikle üç farklı sodyum klorür (NaCl) konsantrasyonunda (50, 100 ve 250 mg L-1) sekiz saat bekletilmiş ve gelişen fideler 15 gün aralıklarla aynı NaCl konsantrasyonlarına maruz bırakılmıştır. Daha sonra tuzluluk stresi altında üç enginar çeşidi (Sakız, Bayrampaşa ve Olympus F1) yaprak sayısı, kök uzunluğu, gövde yüksekliği, bitki boyu, klorofil, prolin, yaprakla ilgili su içerikleri ve toplam fenol-antioksidan içerikleri bakımından incelenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde enginar tohumlarına ve fidelerine uygulanan farklı konsantrasyonlarda NaCl’nin çeşitler arasında farklı etkilere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various pHs and NaCl concentrations on physicochemical properties of surimi from grass carp during washing. Surimi protein recovery was higher with 0.25% and 0.5% NaCl at the pH 5 or 7 than that with other pHs and NaCl concentrations, while the highest recovery was obtained with 0.25% NaCl at the pH 7. It decreased protein recovery and salt-soluble protein of surimi as NaCl increased by more than 1.0% during washing. The water-soluble protein content was significantly higher at the pH 3 than at other pHs, while the SDS-PAGE of surimi protein exhibited intense sarcoplasmic protein bands at the pH 3. There were significantly fewer hydrophobic groups of actomyosin treated with 0.25% NaCl at the pH 5 or 7 than that with other pHs and NaCl concentrations in washing solution. The α-helix of actomyosin was increased with the increase of NaCl during washing. In general, the washing with 0.25%−0.5% NaCl at the pH 5–7 could significantly increase the yield of surimi from grass carp.