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The clonal materials of Tectona grandis L. f. in fast-growing plantations exhibit faster growth than the seminal materials. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the differences in wood drying to ensure the quality and yield of the final product. This study evaluated the outdoor drying behavior of three genotypes of teak lumber. Two clonal genotypes (G1 and G2) and one of seminal origin (G3) were assessed. Boards measuring 30 × 150 × 1000 mm (thickness × width × length) were produced from the basal logs. The average moisture content (79.3, 64.9, and 60,1%), final moisture content (10.8, 9.8, and 11.6%), and mean drying rate (1.2, 0.97, and 0.85%.day-1) were observed in the wood from genotypes G1, G2 and G3, respectively. The clonal material crooked and bowed below 5 mm.m-1, which is considered the tolerance limit for both warpings. The seminal material had a greater incidence of splitting. The clonal genotypes G1 and G2 had similar qualities and presented higher drying rates, final moisture contents below 11% and a lower incidence of defects, especially splitting, compared to the naturally seeded material.

The excessive moisture content in the water-blocking tape has been one of the main causes of high voltage cable erosion failures in recent years. However, the 2–4 mm thick aluminium sheath wrapped around the water-blocking tape makes it challenging to detect the moisture content. This study introduces a method for detecting the moisture content of high voltage cable water-blocking tapes based on low-frequency eddy currents. Initially, longitudinal and transverse impedance measurement experiments of the water-blocking tape were conducted to establish the relationship between impedance and moisture content. Since the impedance of the water-blocking tape is significantly higher compared to the aluminium sheath, the eddy current signal was obtained using a differential detection method. An excitation frequency of 10 Hz was chosen to achieve a deeper skin depth. Additionally, an eddy current finite element analysis model was developed, showing that moisture content has an almost linear relationship with the amplitude and phase of the eddy current signal. Finally, an experiment was conducted on an equivalent high voltage cable structure, and the experimental results aligned well with the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cavernous weathering forms have long been studied and discussed as enigmas in geomorphology. Recently, their evolution has been shown to be controlled by moisture patterns, which are still poorly understood. For the first time, capillary water and vapor fluxes were characterized in detail at tafone in a temperate climate of central Europe using a wide range of methods adapted from soil hydrology. Time domain reflectometry showed that moisture flows from the rock interior to the evaporation front in the shallow subsurface of both — the backwalls and the outer surface. When overland flow occurs on the outer surfaces (after heavy rains), 10 mm/day can infiltrate and flow toward the backwalls. The main sources of water for tafone are the influx of water from the rock interior and the infiltration of overland flow after heavy rains, while condensation of air humidity is a minor source. Influx from the rock interior is coupled to the evaporation rate, which varies between 100 and 300 kg/m2/year in summer and less than 15 kg/m2/year in winter. More water evaporates from the backwall of the tafone than from the outer surface, and more salt is deposited in the backwalls, resulting in predominant salt weathering in the backwalls. The tafoni studied thus evolve, and the cavities deepen. Tafoni in arid and semi‐arid environments generally show a much higher contrast between evaporation rates from backwalls and outer surfaces than tafoni and honeycombs in temperate and coastal environments. Tafoni in temperate settings are therefore more susceptible to degradation when evaporation decreases or inflow to the tafone increases. This study also shows that microtensiometers can be used to determine moisture content with high spatial resolution, while time domain reflectometry allows accurate characterization of moisture patterns with depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the mechanisms for the long‐lived and medium‐lived regional consecutive cloudy‐rainy events (RCCREs) in the Yangtze‐Huaihe River valley (YHRV) are investigated by comparing the influences of 10–30‐day and 30–90‐day intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). The evolution of medium‐lived RCCREs is generally dominated by the 10–30‐day ISO, while the 10–30‐day and 30–90‐day ISOs synergistically contribute to the occurrence of long‐lived RCCREs. Further analysis reveals that, when the East Asian westerly jet (EAWJ) shifts northward to the north of YHRV, a RCCRE in the YHRV occurs in 2 days later. In the medium‐lived RCCREs, the EAWJ retreats southward rapidly; while in the long‐lived RCCREs, the stronger 30–90‐day ISO prevents the southward retreat of EAWJ, which favors the persistence of the RCCREs in the YHRV. The northward shifted EAWJ facilitates the RCCREs by modulating the secondary atmospheric circulation, consequently enhancing the moisture convergence and ascending motion anomalies over the YHRV. The RCCREs‐related precursor wave train originates from northern Europe with at least a 4‐day lead. The wave train propagates southeastward to excite an anomalous high over East Asia, which contributes to the northward shift of EAWJ and subsequently the occurrence of RCCREs. Different from the rapid weakness of the precursor wave train associated with the medium‐lived RCCREs, the precursor wave train associated with the long‐lived RCCREs can be maintained by the 30–90‐day ISO, which consequently leads to a persistence of the northward located EAWJ and long‐lived RCCREs in the YHRV. Plain Language Summary: Regional consecutive cloudy‐rainy events (RCCREs) have a disastrous impact on economy, agriculture, and natural environment over the Yangtze‐Huaihe River valley (YHRV). This study investigates the mechanisms contributing to the long‐ and medium‐lived RCCREs in the YHRV by comparing the role of 10–30‐day and 30–90‐day intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). The medium‐lived RCCREs are dominated by the 10–30‐day ISO, while the long‐lived RCCREs are caused by a combination of the 10–30‐day and 30–90‐day ISOs. The East Asian westerly jet (EAWJ) plays a crucial role in RCCRE occurrence. When the EAWJ shifts northward, it triggers RCCREs by enhancing moisture convergence and ascending motion over the YHRV. The EAWJ retreats southward rapidly in the medium‐lived RCCREs. Conversely, the stronger 30–90‐day ISO prevents its southward retreat in the long‐lived RCCREs, favoring the persistence of RCCRE in the YHRV. Additionally, the precursor wave train originating from northern Europe contributes to the northward shift of the EAWJ and the occurrence of the RCCREs over the YHRV. Although both the long‐ and medium‐lived RCCREs exhibit similar precursor wave train, the influence of different ISOs varies, with the 30–90‐day ISO showing a larger impact on the precursor wave train and northward shift of the EAWJ in the long‐lived RCCREs. Key Points: Medium (long)‐lived RCCREs are mainly influenced by 10–30‐day intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) (both 10–30‐day and 30–90‐day ISOs)In the long (medium)‐lived RCCREs, the East Asian westerly jet (EAWJ) remains stable (retreats southward rapidly) after shifting northwardThe precursor wave train of the medium‐lived RCCREs weakens rapidly, while that of the long‐lived RCCREs is maintained by 30–90‐day ISO [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption behaviors of methane(CH 4), hydrogen(H 2), and their mixtures are crucial for estimating the underground hydrogen storage(UHS) capacity in depleted shale gas reservoirs. In this study, we developed four formulated kerogen models, each representing different maturation levels of type II kerogen molecules via utilizing molecular dynamics (MD) methodologies. We investigated the adsorption characteristics of pure H 2 and mixed gases(H 2 and CH 4) on these kerogen models with varying gas components(0.5:0.5 to 0.9:0.1) and moisture content(0–3.0 wt percentage) through grand canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC) simulations. Our findings reveal that pure H 2 lacks a pressure point for adsorption equilibrium below 100 MPa at ambient temperature(298K). The competitive adsorption dynamics between H 2 and CH 4 on kerogen models demonstrate that CH 4 exhibits stronger selectivity at lower pressures. Yet, this selectivity diminishes compared to H 2 as system pressure increases, indicating turning points in pressure buildup with kerogen maturity. Additionally, the presence of pre-loading H 2 O molecules reduces the adsorption capacity of mixed gases, particularly affecting CH 4 more than H 2. This study offers profound insights into the effect of kerogen maturity and moisture content on the interaction between H 2 /CH 4 and kerogen at a microscopic scale. • Hydrogen adsorption fits the Langmuir model poorly. • Methane and hydrogen have the same preferred adsorption sites. • Hydrogen can become a more selective adsorbent in high-pressure conditions. • Water reduces hydrogen adsorption non-significantly compared with methane. • Hydrogen-accessible volume resists water harm on adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low water-solubility but hydrophilic coating of CaF2 is demonstrated to be effective in mitigating the susceptibility of nickel-rich cathodes to moisture and even water. The ability of the cathode to resist water erosion is not inherently linked to either hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, but lies in robust chemical bonding within the protective layer exhibiting low water solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influences of intraseasonal oscillation on two types of regional extreme consecutive dry days events (RECDD) in spring over Southern China (SC). For type‐1 RECDD occurring in entire SC, the 7–25 days and 25–90 days high over Lake Balkhash‐Baikal are important. The 7–25 days high first causes lower‐tropospheric northerlies and moisture deficit in SC, then propagates to Yangtze River Basin and causes lower‐tropospheric warming and decaying moisture deficit in SC. These processes favor dry condition in SC for 1 week. In comparison, the 25–90 days high and associated lower‐tropospheric warming and moisture deficit in SC favor dry condition there for more than one week. For type‐2 RECDD occurring in the southern part of SC, the 7–25 days and 25–90 days high over Northeast Asia are important. The 7–25 days high contributes for one week. It first causes lower‐tropospheric anticyclone around the East China Sea and south‐negative–north‐positive moisture pattern in SC, then propagates to the Sea of Japan and causes lower‐tropospheric south‐warming–north‐cooling pattern and decaying south‐negative–north‐positive moisture pattern in SC. In comparison, the 25–90 days high and associated lower‐tropospheric south‐warming–north‐cooling pattern and south‐negative–north‐positive moisture pattern in SC favor south‐dry–north‐wet pattern there for more than one week. Moreover, the 7–25 days low and decaying 25–90 days high over Lake Balkhash‐Baikal, concurring with 7–25 days low over Bay of Bengal, favor the end of type‐1 RECDD; the 7–25 days low and decaying 25–90 days high over Northeast Asia favor the end of type‐2 RECDD. Plain Language Summary: The extreme consecutive dry days with long duration could increase the risk of drought, even if the mean precipitation does not show significant change. In this study, we identify two types of regional extreme consecutive dry days events in spring over Southern China (type‐1 occurs in entire Southern China, type‐2 occurs in southern part of Southern China), with the aim of understanding the direct physical processes responsible for the persistence of extreme consecutive dry days. The results show that anomalous high over Lake Balkhash‐Baikal/Northeast Asia on two time‐scales (7–25 days and 25–90 days) are important for the persistence of type‐1/type‐2 events. In comparison, the 7–25 days high favors the persistence of regional events for approximately one week, whereas the 25–90 days high favors longer. Moreover, the 7–25 days low and decaying 25–90 days high over Lake Balkhash‐Baikal, combined with 7–25 days low over Bay of Bengal, provide a favorable condition for the end of type‐1 events. The 7–25 days low and decaying 25–90 days high over Northeast Asia favor the end of type‐2 events. Key Points: Two types of regional extreme consecutive dry days events in Southern China (SC) are identified in this study7–25 days high over Lake Balkhash‐Baikal/Northeast Asia favors type‐1/type‐2 events for one week, and 25–90 days high over there favors longer7–25 days low over Lake Balkhash‐Baikal/Northeast Asia, combined with decaying 25–90 days high there, favors the end of type‐1/type‐2 events [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture accelerates the degradation of asphalt properties, significantly impacting the service life of roads. Therefore, this study uses simplified viscoelastic continuous damage theory and employs frequency scanning, linear amplitude scanning, and fatigue–healing–fatigue tests with a dynamic shear rheometer. The objective is to investigate the effects of aging time, moisture conditions, and aging temperature on the fatigue and self-healing performance of SBS (Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene block copolymer)-modified asphalt, nano-SiO2-modified asphalt, and nano-SiO2/SBS composite modified asphalt in a moisture-rich environment. The results indicate that nano-SiO2 powder enhances the low-temperature performance of modified asphalt, whereas the SBS modifier reduces temperature sensitivity and increases the recovery percentage after deformation. Compared to SBS-modified asphalt, the deformation resistance of nano-SiO2/SBS composite modified asphalt has increased by about 30%, while nano-SiO2-modified asphalt shows relatively poor deformation resistance. The fatigue performance of SBS-modified asphalt deteriorates under moisture, whereas the addition of nano-SiO2 powder improves its fatigue life. Nano-SiO2/SBS composite modified asphalt exhibits strong self-healing capabilities. Although self-healing can enhance the fatigue life of modified asphalt, moisture inhibits this improvement after self-healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eulerian and Lagrangian numerical moisture tracking models, which are primarily used to quantify moisture contributions from global sources to specific regions, play a crucial role in hydrology and (paleo)climatology studies on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Despite their widespread applications in the TP region, potential discrepancies in their moisture tracking results and their underlying causes remain unexplored. In this study, we compare the most widely used Eulerian and Lagrangian moisture tracking models over the TP, i.e., WAM2layers (the Water Accounting Model – 2 layers) and FLEXPART-WaterSip (the FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model coupled with the "WaterSip" moisture source diagnostic method), specifically focusing on a basin governed by the Indian summer monsoon (Yarlung Zangbo River basin, YB) and a westerly-dominated basin (upper Tarim River basin, UTB). Compared to the bias-corrected FLEXPART-WaterSip, WAM2layers generally estimates higher moisture contributions from westerly-dominated and distant sources but lower contributions from local recycling and nearby sources downwind of the westerlies. These differences become smaller with higher spatial and temporal resolutions of forcing data in WAM2layers. A notable advantage of WAM2layers over FLEXPART-WaterSip is its closer alignment of estimated moisture sources with actual evaporation, particularly in source regions with complex land–sea distributions. However, the evaporation biases in FLEXPART-WaterSip can be partly corrected through calibration with actual surface fluxes. For moisture tracking over the TP, we recommend using high-resolution forcing datasets, prioritizing temporal resolution over spatial resolution for WAM2layers, while for FLEXPART-WaterSip, we suggest applying bias corrections to optimize the filtering of precipitation particles and adjust evaporation estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multifunctional soft robots are emerging as a new-generation intelligent device for challenging environments. To meet the requirements of smart applications and soft robotics, developing a soft actuator capable of multiple functions and mechanical deformation is essential. In this study, we designed a free-standing magnetic soft actuator constructed from iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles and poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), that responds to both moisture and magnetic fields. We used computational modeling (density functional theory and ab initio molecular dynamics) to explain the experimental findings demonstrating the deformation and high-bending angle (∼150°), which is about twice as large under combined moisture and magnetic field exposure compared to their individual effect. Additionally, a flower-shaped soft robot was designed by using the continuous bending deformation of the actuator in response to moisture changes, performing directional bending in an ambient environment. These findings demonstrate the material's sensitivity to moisture and magnetic fields, opening up new possibilities for designing responsive structures in the smart device industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The commercialization of space travel will soon lead to many more people living and working in unique built environments similar to the International Space Station, which is a specialized closed environment that contains its own indoor microbiome. Unintended microbial growth can occur in these environments as in buildings on Earth from elevated moisture, such as from a temporary ventilation system failure. This growth can drive negative health outcomes and degrade building materials. We need a predictive approach for modeling microbial growth in these critical indoor spaces. Results: Here, we demonstrate that even short exposures to varying elevated relative humidity can facilitate rapid microbial growth and microbial community composition changes in dust from spacecraft. We modeled fungal growth in dust from the International Space Station using the time-of-wetness framework with activation and deactivation limited growth occurring at 85% and 100% relative humidity, respectively. Fungal concentrations ranged from an average of 4.4 × 106 spore equivalents per milligram of dust in original dust with no exposure to relative humidity to up to 2.1 × 1010 when exposed to 100% relative humidity for 2 weeks. As relative humidity and time-elevated increased, fungal diversity was significantly reduced for both alpha (Q < 0.05) and beta (R2 = 0.307, P = 0.001) diversity metrics. Bacteria were unable to be modeled using the time-of-wetness framework. However, bacterial communities did change based on constant relative humidity incubations for both beta (R2 = 0.22, P = 0.001) and alpha diversity decreasing with increasing moisture starting at 85% relative humidity (Q < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that moisture conditions can be used to develop and predict changes in fungal growth and composition onboard human-occupied spacecraft. This predictive model can be expanded upon to include other spacecraft environmental factors such as microgravity, elevated carbon dioxide conditions, and radiation exposure. Understanding microbial growth in spacecraft can help better protect astronaut health, fortify spacecraft integrity, and promote planetary protection as human activity increases in low-Earth orbit, the moon, Mars, and beyond. 5L5VMn4841emXVRzhjbC6H Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel moisture content (FMC) is important for the ignitability, behaviour and severity of wildfires. Understanding the drivers of FMC and its spatial and temporal variability can help us develop fuel moisture models and inform assessments of wildfire behaviour and danger. Here we present the first United Kingdom (UK) national-scale temperate FMC dataset of 8,057 samples of eighteen different fuel constituents collected across 58 sampling sites between 2021–2023. We sampled fuels across emerging fire-prone ecosystems in the UK across three studies: (1) UK-wide longer-term sampling characterising the spatio-temporal drivers of FMC; (2) landscape-scale measurement through the North Yorkshire Moors to investigate landscape-driven variability in FMC; (3) plot-scale intensive sampling in the West Midlands to quantify diurnal patterns and among-sampler variability in fuel measurements. This database addresses a global fuel moisture measurement gap within traditionally non-fire prone regions. The database will advance our understanding of temperate fuel moisture dynamics and forms a fundamental contribution towards the development of a fire danger rating system for traditionally non-fire prone regions such as the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, conventional, microwave, and also a combination of these two methods were applied to compare the quality properties of sunflower seeds. Alternative to conventional roasting at 160°C, microwave roasting at two different powers (300W and 600W) and also microwave with conventional roasting treatment (300 W+160°C, 600 W+160°C) were applied to raw sunflower seeds during 5 and 10 min. for each group. The moisture content of roasted seeds was found to be lower than 6%. The results show that the highest protein and fat content were found in the group of combined methods as 21.09±6.64 and 40.55±0.345% respectively. Additionally, the color values were found to be higher, and hardness and sensory characteristics were protected better after roasting compared to the control (unroasted) group. Roasting of microwave at 600W power for 5 min at 160°C was found to be advantageous for the roasting process of sunflower seed via these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edamame is a nutritious and economically valuable soybean. The moisture content is an important indicator of the quality of the edamame. The traditional methods in the detection of moisture content of edamame have the disadvantage of large detection errors. In this research, the fusion of transmittance and reflectance spectra of hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics was proposed to predict the moisture content of edamame. Also, the effect of different preprocessing of the spectra on the predictive performance was analyzed. Single spectra, primary fusion spectra, and intermediate fusion spectra were established as the prediction models for partial least squares regression (PLSR) and partial least squares support vector regression (LSSVR), respectively. The results of the prediction models showed that the spectral transform absorption (STA) combined with PLSR has the best prediction performance for a single spectrum with predictive correlation (RP) of 0.7749 and ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 1.7. Standard normal variate (SNV) combined with LSSVR has the best prediction performance for primary fusion spectra with RP of 0.8821 and RPD of 1.9. SNV combined with LSSVR has the best prediction performance for intermediate fusion spectra with RP of 0.9149 and RPD of 2.4. The Rp and RPD of prediction models of the moisture content of edamame based on fusion spectra were significantly improved compared with single spectra. Compared with primary fusion, intermediate fusion is a more suitable fusion strategy. This research provides experimental basis for the prediction of moisture content of edamame using spectral fusion combined with chemometrics. Fusion spectra have higher model detection results than single spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to comprehend the effect of the various combinations of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4‐DHPA) and its esters in varying molar ratios on retarding oxidation in bulk refined fish oil in the presence of 0.3% w/w water. All the esters and 3,4‐DHPA exhibited better performance than the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. In the presence of trace water, the parent compound was found to have a synergistic effect with hexyl ester when used at a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively, exhibiting a higher percent reduction among all the esters and their combinations. The study also showed that the presence of extraneous water can significantly accelerate the oxidation (twofold) in a bulk fish oil system. This suggests that the microenvironment of the oil is altered when water is present and that association colloids play a key role in enhancing the rate of oxidation. Thus, while designing a competent mixture of antioxidants, the specific site of oxidation involved and the surface‐active components should be taken into consideration to efficiently retard oxidation. Practical Applications: Analyzing the impact of trace amounts of water on the efficiency of natural antioxidants, including 3,4‐DHPA and its lipophilic esters, helps to comprehend the required optimal antioxidant concentrations for such a dynamic bulk oil system. The study finds application in controlling oxidation in PUFA‐rich oils containing surface‐active minor components that can accelerate oxidation. The results of the study show that 3,4‐DHPA and its esters could be a potential replacement for the synthetic antioxidant BHT in all aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agriculture, machines engaged in various agrotechnical activities and operations have different impacts on the soil. The effect of mechanization is primarily reflected in two indicators: soil density and hardness. At the same time, considering the direct dependence of tractive resistance on soil hardness in processing machines and sprayers, we studied subsequent changes in the soil in the path of wheels affected by the soil after the passage of four-wheeled and three-wheeled tractors. We also examined various atmospheric pressures in the tractor's tires and the impact of different types of tires on soil compaction and traction. The studies showed that to reduce the compression impact on the soil of four-wheeled tractor working systems during certain technical operations, it is necessary to choose the maximum permissible travel speed and the minimum air pressure in the tires specified in the technical conditions. This approach helps to decrease soil compaction and maintain its structure. Additionally, it was found that three-wheeled tractors exert less pressure on the soil compared to four-wheeled ones, which should also be considered when selecting equipment for different agrotechnical tasks. Optimizing tire pressure and tractor speed is crucial for minimizing negative soil impact and enhancing the efficiency of agricultural operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for structural logs in wooden construction is substantial. However, logs, due to their inherent structural characteristics, are prone to developing checks during drying process. Kerf treatment is a practical and effective pretreatment technology for drying that can significantly reduce checking. Nonetheless, the optimal location for the kerf treatment remains unexplored. This study was designed to position the kerf based on the location of the pith and assessed the effects of single kerf, double kerf, and kerf-center boring treatments on log drying quality. The check ratio of kerf logs decreased significantly (p < 0.05). As kerf depth increased, the check ratio slightly decreased, while the moisture content (MC) difference between the core layer and surface layer increased. Additionally, the inclusion of kerfs in counterpoint positions exhibited a profound effect on reducing the check ratio. Eccentricity influenced the later drying stages of the logs. The check ratio of non-eccentricity logs tended to stabilize during the later drying period, while that of eccentric logs continued to increase. For eccentric logs, this study employed the counterpoint double-kerf process, resulting in a surface check ratio of 0.42%. For non-eccentric logs, utilizing a single shallow kerf significantly improved the surface drying quality, with a surface check ratio of 1.00%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of synoptic-scale activities on extreme precipitation during March–April–May (MAM) over Southern East Asia (SEA) using observational data and compares the results with the outputs from 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) historical runs. Observations show that SEA intense daily precipitation in MAM is linked to enhanced upper-level synoptic-scale waves; these disturbances are associated with significant anomalous temperature advection as well as moisture flux convergence, creating favorable conditions for extreme rainfall. Furthermore, it is found that a temperature advection index (TAI) can be utilized to characterize such synoptic-scale activities. Inspection of CMIP6 historical runs reveals that, among 20 models, 13 models perform well in accurately capturing the observed SEA rainfall pattern; such extreme events are also closely linked to TAI in the model environment. Overall, observed (simulated) results show that 78% (75%) of extreme events in the Yangtze River Basin–South Korea–south of Japan region can be attributed to positive TAI. Additionally, the related circulation anomalies such as the upper-level synoptic-scale wave feature, temperature advection, and moisture anomalies from these models closely resemble those observed during extreme precipitation days in SEA. Our findings suggest that TAI can effectively indicate both the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events in SEA, along with the associated synoptic-scale activities. Further study reveals a close lead-lag correlation between TAI and rainfall patterns over SEA. This correlation is characterized by eastward-propagating wave trains across the entire troposphere. Consequently, TAI not only acts as a benchmark for quantifying synoptic-scale extreme rainfall in SEA but also shows potential in predicting SEA rainfall linked to synoptic-scale disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the use of drying models in vacuum-infrared drying, an experiment was conducted to investigate the drying process of cherry pips at different temperatures of 60°C, 70°C and 80°C, drying characteristic curves were constructed and analysed using 6 types of thin layers, and effective diffusion coefficients, moisture content and activation energy were calculated. The results showed that the drying temperature has a greater influence on the drying rate of cherry pits, and the drying time decreases with increasing drying temperature. The main drying step occurs in the downward drying stage. Comparison of the fitting results of the six thin layer drying models presented in this paper showed that Wang and Singh's model fits better for cherry pips (${{\rm{R}}^2} \gt 0,9996$ R 2 > 0 , 9996) and the predicted values of the model agree well with the experimental values. These values are suitable for describing the drying characteristics of cherry pips under any conditions. T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The influence of the temperature discrepancy parameter and higher order of the time-derivative is discussed. Classical coupled and generalized hygrothermoelasticity models are recovered by considering the various special cases and illustrated graphically. Design/methodology/approach: The theory of integral transformations has been used to study a new hygrothermal model that includes higher-order time derivatives with three-phase-lags and memory-dependent derivatives (MDD). This model considers the microscopic structure's influence on a non-simple hygrothermoelastic infinitely long cylinder. The generalized Fourier and Fick's law was adopted to derive the linearly coupled partial differential equations with higher-order time-differential with the two-phase lag model, including memory-dependent derivatives for the hygrothermal field. The investigation of microstructural interactions and the subsequent hygrothermal change has been undertaken as a result of the delay time and relaxation time translations. Findings: These two-phase-lag models are also practically applicable in modeling nanoscale heat and moisture transport problems applied to almost all important devices. This work will enable future investigators to gain insight into non-simple hygrothermoelasticity with different phase delays of higher order in detail. Originality/value: To the best of my knowledge, and after completing an intensive search of the relevant literature, the author could not learn any published research that presents a general solution for a higher-order time-fractional three-phase-lag hygrothermoelastic infinite circular cylinder with memory memory-dependent derivative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extensive application of vibratory roller compaction in construction has resulted in a requirement to increase the effectiveness of compaction. This paper investigated the effect of the moisture content and the compactive effort on the behaviour of granite particles under compaction. Results from experiments showed that particle crushing depends on the level of imparted energy rather than the number of passes. Increases in the moisture content is not noticeably beneficial to the particle crushing with sufficient compaction but will lead to larger surface settlements with the same imparted energy in the studied range. Test results were used for the construction of the secondary dam in the Huizhou pumped storage power station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with two types of warm-mix asphalt additives [i.e., wax-based and chemical-based warm-mix asphalt (WMA)]. It involves the application of low calcium fly ash (FA) as a replacement for natural stone dust (NSD) in WMA. The FA content varied from 2% to 8% by the weight of the mix and was subjected to moisture susceptibility tests. The Marshall properties and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests were conducted for strength evaluation, and the tensile strength ratio was evaluated per AASTHO T283. Also, cohesion resistance and rutting were evaluated for the mixes. A significant increment in strength and reduction in moisture susceptibility was observed in both methods with FA addition. The Cantabro loss and rut depth with wax-based prepared samples was less compared to chemical-based samples. The statistical analysis reported that there was a significant difference between the two techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the identification accuracy of coal gangue under the complex working conditions of pulverized coal and moisture adhesion on the surface, this paper studies the distribution difference of characteristic curves under five working conditions of different proportions of moisture and pulverized coal, and finds that moisture has a greater influence on gradient features, while pulverized coal has a greater influence on gray texture features. Then this paper studies the distribution of coarse texture and fine texture in coal and gangue, and finds that there are many fine textures and few coarse textures on the surface of gangue, while coal shows the opposite law. In addition, the ratio of pixels with large gray value to pixels with small gray value can reduce the occurrence of noncompliance with the above laws. Finally, through the combination of coarse texture, fine texture, and gray value difference, the relief feature is put forward. Compared with different features, the average feature overlap ratio proposed in this paper is lower, at 23.83%. Compared with different methods, this method has a higher identification rate under different working conditions, and the average identification accuracy rate is 89.59%, which is at least 13.93% higher than other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of moisture on the adhesion strength at the asphalt and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) interface plays an important role in the durability performance of asphalt pavements. In this study, a universal testing machine was used to analyse the effect of moisture on the asphalt adhesion rate at the interface. Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to observe the changes in the micro-morphology of the interface before and after the effect of moisture. The effect of moisture on the interface between asphalt and recycled aggregate was investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to explore the microscopic mechanism. The results showed that the residual rate of asphalt on the surface of concrete specimens decreased from 80.2% to 34.7% after 72 h of water bath curing. The micro-morphology at the asphalt–RCA interface changed significantly before and after the action of water. Interfacial water affects the concentration distribution of asphalt components at the interface mainly by changing the nanostructure within the asphalt binder. This leads to worse adhesion properties at the asphalt–RCA interface. This study provides deeper insights into understanding water damage at the asphalt–RCA interface and provides ideas for improving the durability of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiały Budowlane is the property of Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Moisture is the critical factor affecting transformer oil-paper insulation's aging life and electrical strength. Currently, there is no sensing technology that directly monitors the moisture content of paper in operating transformers, and it still relies on the moisture equilibrium curves of oil-paper (MEC) to achieve indirect calculation. However, the MEC only considers the temperature effect, and the electric field effect is less studied. Therefore, research on the effect of direct current electric fields on the MEC at 80 °C is carried out in this work. The results show that the electric field has an inhibitory effect on moisture migration, and as the electric field strength increases, the moisture in the oil and paper will rise significantly. Compared with the MEC, the experimental result of 0 kV/mm is basically consistent, and after applying the voltage, the moisture in the paper corresponding to the same moisture in the oil increased by 5.86%, 18.61%, and 32.92% at 5 kV/mm, 15 kV/mm and 25 kV/mm on average. Moreover, the accuracy of the experimental results is further verified by macroscopic force analysis and microscopic molecular simulation calculations. This work provides a reference for correcting the MEC under the action of multi-physical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deterministic and stochastic Wentzell systems of the Barenblatt – Zheltov – Kochina equations, which describing the process of moisture filtration in a hemisphere and on its boundary are studied. In the deterministic case, the unambiguous solvability of the initial problem for the Wentzel system in a specific constructed Hilbert space is established. In the case of the stochastic system, the Nelson – Glicklich derivative theory is used and a stochastic solution is constructed, which allows us to determine the quantitative change in the geochemical regime of groundwater under pressureless filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of different freeze-drying conditions on the process's kinetics and the sorption properties of dried apples. Slices of apples were frozen and subjected to a freezing-drying process with different combinations of shelf temperature (−20, 10, 20, and 30 °C) and pressure (37, 63, 103, and 165 Pa). During the freeze-drying, the temperature in the centre of the material was recorded. The moisture content in the dried material and changes in the water content in dried apples stored at a humidity of 75.3% were obtained. The Midilli et al. model was used to describe the drying kinetics of the freeze-drying with a good fit. Drying time increased from 660 (variant with a constant shelf temperature of 30 °C, pressure 63 Pa) to 1305 min (variants with temperatures −20:10:20:30 °C, pressure 63 Pa). For this reason, the most favourable experimental parameters were a temperature of 30 °C and a pressure of 63 Pa. However, applying these parameters caused higher absorption of water vapour during storage. Therefore, the selection of freeze-drying parameters should also be related to the expected properties of the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray dry scrubbing is widely used for SO2 abatement, but high removal efficiencies are required for economical operation. Whereas SO2 removal dependence on the drying rate has been investigated, available modelling work has not addressed the impact of selected drying models on the removal efficiency; instead, a single drying model is often assumed. In the present work, computational fluid dynamics is used to numerically model the SO2 removal in a laboratory-scale spray dry scrubber. The Euler–Lagrangian framework is used to simulate the multiphase interaction and two drying models are used: the widely used classical D2-law model and the mechanistic model. In addressing shortcomings from previous works, this study also provides a comprehensive model development and robust model validation with quantifiable metrics for goodness-of-fit, including R2. Also presented are key parameters associated with SO2-removal efficiency, including the exit product moisture content and droplet dynamics. The mechanistic model gave a better representation of the SO2-removal efficiency. The latter was found to be dependent on the inlet temperature, the calcium-to-sulphur and liquid-to-gas (L/G) ratios, with a high L/G ratio having the most significant impact on the removal efficiency, although resulting in a higher product outlet moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture content of the human skin, but also the loss of water through the skin, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), plays a significant role in the skin's health. Various medical indications require the use of a wound dressing. However, how the skin environment changes under a wound dressing has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Skin moisture and TEWL values were measured in 20 healthy volunteers before and after the application of a total of 23 different wound dressings distributed over the back. Significant changes in the parameters from day 1 to day 2 were tested. Wound dressings change the underlying skin environment. Occlusive dressings significantly increase skin hydration and TEWL. The findings could contribute to quantitative analysis and monitoring of topical-wound therapy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The most common heat treatment in the poultry feed production industry is pelleting. The purpose of pelleting is to condense smaller feed particles into larger particles in order to increase economic profit by increasing feed consumption and as a result growth performance. From the point of view of feed processing science, as the particle size decreases, the efficiency of mixing and homogenisation of feed improves, and as a result, the efficiency and quality of produced pellets increases. From the point of view of nutrition science, the smaller the feed particles, the greater their contact surface and due to the greater contact of substrates with digestive enzymes, the digestibility of nutrients ameliorates. The presence of heat, moisture and mechanical pressure during pelleting creates chemical and physical changes that may cause alterations in the feed components, growth and health of the bird. The quality of steam and the retention time in the conditioner are important indicators affecting the quality of the produced pellets. The quality of steam is related to the parameters of temperature and humidity inside the conditioner. In addition, increasing the retention time in the conditioner may enhance starch gelatinisation and protein denaturation. Various studies in the field of investigating the effects of conditioning temperature (Ctem) and time (Cti) on the pellet quality and broilers health have provided different results. Therefore, this review will discuss the studies that have been done on the effects of these factors on the pellet quality, broilers performance, gut development and health and nutrient digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Fischer titration (KF) measures the water content in organic and inorganic compounds. Water reacts with a titrant solution containing iodine and a sulphurous monoalkyl ester to produce a monoalkyl sulphate ester and HI. In volumetric titrators, a burette injects the titrant directly into a cell while coulometric titrators generate titrant in situ. Regardless of the volume of the sample, volumetric titration is limited to 100 mg, while coulometric titration is best suited for >2mg. KF is fast (<2min), considered accurate (±5%), and precise (<1%). However, factors such as humidity, non‐standard analytes (hexane, isopropanol, ethylene glycol), tritrant composition, and temperature compromise its repeatability: the % sample standard deviation, s (n=4), varied from 2% to 60% (s¯=22%,nconditions=19). This high variability is, in part, due to the experimental design that included samples and conditions ill‐suited for the technique. However, even for the tests for which KF is suitable, s¯>10%. Certain compounds react with the titrant, which increases the variability. The main sources of error affecting the analysis are ambient moisture, pH, solvent, sample handling, and titration speed. As of 2023, the Web of Science has indexed 1332 articles with Karl Fischer as a key word (Topic), but more than 3600 mentioning the technique (All fields). A bibliometric analysis classifies these contributions into five clusters: spectroscopy, stability, temperature, solubility, and mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to develop turkey sausages by incorporating freeze-dried apple pomace (FDAP) at 3, 5, and 8% by replacing turkey breast meat. Three sausage formulations and the control of turkey sausages were subjected to physicochemical properties: proximate content, water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking yield, pH, color, textural parameters, antioxidant activity, and microbiological and sensory properties. The parameters were analyzed during storage from days 0 to 7. The addition of FDAP to turkey sausages resulted in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture and protein contents, whereas no significant difference was found in fat and ash contents. The increased incorporation of FDAP resulted in decreased pH, cooking loss, lightness, redness, and yellowness in turkey sausages, whereas an increase in total phenolic content, fiber content, ABTS, and DPPH values was observed. FDAP, as a low-cost source of valuable phenolic content, strongly inhibited microorganism growth during the storage of turkey sausages. The sensory scores of turkey sausages containing 3% FDAP for other sensory traits, such as flavor, texture, juiciness, tenderness, and overall acceptability, were comparable to those of the control. Scores for sensory attributes declined significantly with a further increase in FDAP in turkey sausages. It is concluded that turkey sausages with very good acceptability can be prepared by incorporating freeze-dried apple pomace each at a 3% level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat–moisture treatment (HMT) is a widely used method for modifying starch properties with the potential to reduce the digestibility of high-amylose starch (HAS). This study aimed to optimize the HMT conditions for HAS and apply the resulting HMT-HAS to triticale noodles to develop low-glycemic-index products. HMT significantly increased the resistant starch (RS) content and decreased the rapidly digestible starch (RDS) content of HAS. The treatment conditions—temperature, heating time, and moisture content—were found to significantly influence the starch composition. Optimal HMT conditions were determined using response surface methodology: a temperature of 108 °C, a heating time of 5.8 h, and a moisture content of 25.50%. Under these conditions, the RS content of HMT-HAS was 60.23%, nearly double that of the untreated sample. Increasing the level of HMT-HAS in triticale noodles led to significant decreases in short-range order, relative crystallinity, and viscosities, while the RS content increased from 12.08% to 34.41%. These findings suggest that incorporating HMT-HAS into triticale noodles effectively enhances starch digestive resistance, supporting the development of functional, low-glycemic-index triticale-based foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Predicting fire behaviour is an ongoing challenge in temperate peatlands and heathlands, where live fuels can form the dominant fuel load for wildfire spread, and where spatial heterogeneity in fuel moisture is important but not typically represented in fuel models. Aims: We examine the impact of fuel moisture variation on simulated fire behaviour across a temperate peatland/heathland landscape. Methods: We collected field measurements of fuel moisture content in Calluna vulgaris shrub from 36 sites across the North Yorkshire Moors, United Kingdom. We used these to define fuel moisture inputs within existing shrubland fuel models to simulate fire behaviour in BehavePlus. Key results: Simulated rates of spread varied with fuel moisture content; average mean variance of 23–80% from the landscape average rate of spread. The driest sites had simulated rates of spread up to 135% above the landscape average and the wettest sites up to 86% below average. Fuel model selection dramatically impacted simulated rates of spread by a factor of five. Conclusions: We need to constrain the role of live fuel moisture within temperate fuel models to develop accurate fire behaviour predictions. Implications: Capturing cross-landscape heterogeneity in fire behaviour is important for safe and effective land and wildfire management decision-making. Predicted fire behaviour varies significantly when cross-landscape fuel moisture differences are included in simulations. In temperate fuels, where live fuel moisture is not well represented in models, this may create dangerous situations where fire behaviour is underpredicted during the typical spring fire season, which has implications for fire management decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the prompt planting of subsequent crops, most of China's corn harvest must occur before full maturity, with a grain moisture content above 25%. Harvesting moist corn presents challenges due to significant grain damage during threshing. We conducted a high-speed photography observation test of moist corn threshing. It demonstrated that corn ears, when passing through the threshing cylinder, often break into pieces. Grains on divided corncobs can be threshed more easily and earlier than those on undivided ones, suggesting that pre-dividing corn ears reduces grain damage. An experiment using the Lianchuang 825 variety examined the effect of moisture content and the divided rate of corncobs (DRC) on grain damage. The results showed that as moisture content increased from 25% to 37%, grain damage to undivided ears increased from 3.75% to 37.71%. Dividing corn ears before threshing significantly reduced damage, with an eight-piece division reducing damage by approximately 70% across all moisture levels. Verification with the Jinyu 1233 variety confirmed that a higher DRC consistently reduced damage. This study provides a new approach to reducing damage in moist corn threshing and aids in the development of low-damage threshing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their characteristics, Caragana Korshinskii bars are prone to be crushed by kneaded crushed material, and the kneaded crushed material is prone to clogging the sieve, thus affecting the crushing effect. In this paper, we use the Caragana Korshinskii special hammer crusher to carry out the Caragana Korshinskii cutting and crushing test to study the influence of Caragana Korshinskii diameter, cutting length, and moisture content on the crushing effect of Caragana Korshinskii, and obtain the best process parameters through the response surface method. The results were as follows: When the diameter of Caragana Korshinskii strips was in the range of 6–9 mm, the length of the cut section was in the range of 4–8 cm, and the moisture content of Caragana Korshinskii strips was in the range of 10–19%, the Caragana Korshinskii strips crushing effect was the best, and the kneading situation was the lowest. The optimal Caragana Korshinskii crushing effect was achieved when the diameter of the Caragana Korshinskiibar was 6.5 mm, the length of the cut section was 8.4 cm, the moisture content was 19%, the sieve rate of 2 mm was 46.15%, the sieve rate of 4 mm was 66.32%, and the length of the kneaded wire was 3.3 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The rapid and accurate detection of moisture content is important to ensure maize quality. However, existing technologies for rapidly detecting moisture content often suffer from the use of costly equipment, stringent environmental requirements, or limited accuracy. This study proposes a simple and effective method for detecting the moisture content of single maize kernels based on viscoelastic properties. RESULTS: Two types of viscoelastic experiments were conducted involving three different parameters: relaxation tests (initial loads: 60, 80, 100 N) and frequency‐sweep tests (frequencies: 0.6, 0.8, 1 Hz). These experiments generated corresponding force‐time graphs and viscoelastic parameters were extracted based on the four‐element Maxwell model. Then, viscoelastic parameters and data of force‐time graphs were employed as input variables to explore the relationships with moisture content separately. The impact of different preprocessing methods and feature time variables on model accuracy was explored based on force‐time graphs. The results indicate that models utilizing the force‐time data were more accurate than those utilizing viscoelastic parameters. The best model was established by partial least squares regression based on S‐G smoothing data from relaxation tests conducted with initial force of 100 N. The correlation coefficient and the root mean square error of the calibration set were 0.954 and 0.021, respectively. The corresponding values of the prediction set were 0.905 and 0.029, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the potential for accurate and fast detection of moisture content in single maize kernels using viscoelastic properties, which provides a novel approach for the detection of various components in cereals. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing inspiration from nature has served as a crucial driving force behind human progress, enabling groundbreaking advancements and cross‐disciplinary integration through the emulation of biological superhydrophobic phenomena. Bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials stand out among advanced triboelectric materials due to their unique hydrophobic properties, exceptional moisture resistance, and remarkable electrical performance. However, the inherent complexity of natural phenomena and the need for refinement in bioinspired design pose significant challenges in the development of bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials. This comprehensive review delves into bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials from the perspectives of theoretical underpinnings, fabrication strategies, and cutting‐edge applications. Rooted in the interaction mechanisms between water molecules and triboelectric materials, the importance of enhanced hydrophobic properties is elucidated. A systematic overview of bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials’ construction strategies is presented, offering fresh perspectives and insights into the development and application of high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Finally, the current challenges and untapped opportunities in bioinspired superhydrophobic triboelectric materials are summarized to fully unlock their potential for applications in TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of sea spray on extreme precipitation forecast in Beijing of China between 28 July and 2 August 2023 as a case test. In this case, fully coupled model increased upward moisture in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and increased accumulated rainfall by 21% in North China. For the extreme precipitation events with the 5‐day accumulated precipitation exceeding 500 mm, the atmosphere‐only model did not forecast the events; the coupled model without sea spray performed well with the 0.29 threat score (TS) and 88 mm root mean square error (RMSE); in the fully coupled model, the effects of sea spray increased atmospheric instability, which increased the precipitation around Beijing and yielded a more accurate forecast with the 0.37 TS and 65 mm RMSE. This paper suggests a scientific clue to improve numerical simulation for extreme rainfall events, however, more cases are still needed for statistical evaluation. Plain Language Summary: Although meteorological forecasting ability has been improved considerably during the past decades, precipitation during extreme events remains typically underestimated. Improving model accuracy for heavy rainfall events is, indeed, a ground challenge. In this study, we conducted three numerical experiments under different conditions to evaluate the effects of sea spray on extreme precipitation forecasts for the Beijing extreme rainfall event between 28 July and 2 August 2023. Our results indicated that for this 5‐day forecasting case, including sea spray in the simulations enhanced precipitation in North China by transporting more moisture from the Bohai and Yellow Seas upward into the atmosphere. The moister and warmer air caused by sea spray effects was transported to Beijing through northwestward wind and lifted by the local terrain, then caused a more unstable atmosphere and higher intensity of precipitation around Beijing. By using statistical indicators and setting different precipitation thresholds for this extreme rainfall case, we determined that in this case, the fully coupled model including sea spray yielded more accurate forecast. To statistically evaluate the effects of sea spray in extreme precipitation forecasts, more cases are still needed. Key Points: Fully coupled model led more upward moisture in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and increased 5‐day accumulated rainfall by 21% in North ChinaFully coupled model improved the forecasting threat score from 0 to 0.37 with the 5‐day accumulated precipitation exceeding 500 mmSea spray led to more unstable atmosphere for the Beijing extreme rainfall event, yielding a more accurate forecast [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandwich d/f heterometallic complexes [(Ln(hfac)3)2M(acac)3] (Ln = La, Pr, Sm, Dy and M = Co; Ln = La and M = Ru) were prepared in strictly anhydrous conditions reacting the formally unsaturated fragment [Ln(hfac)3] and [M(acac)3] in a 2-to-1 molar ratio. These heterometallic complexes are highly sensitive to moisture. Spectroscopic observation revealed that on hydrolysis, these compounds yield dinuclear heterometallic compounds [Ln(hfac)3M(acac)3], prepared here for comparison purposes only. Quantum mechanical calculations supported, on the one hand, the hypothesis on the geometrical arrangement obtained from ATR-IR and NMR spectra and, on the other hand, helped to rationalize the spontaneous hydrolysis reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the mechanical properties of wrist–hand orthoses made from polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), produced through material extrusion with infill densities of 55% and 80%. These orthoses, commonly prescribed for wrist injuries, were 3D-printed flat and subsequently thermoformed to fit the user's hand. Experimental and numerical analyses assessed their mechanical resistance to flexion after typical wear conditions, including moisture and long-term aging, as well as their moldability. Digital Imaging Correlation investigations were performed on PLA and PETG specimens for determining the characteristics required for running numerical analysis of the mechanical behavior of the orthoses. The results indicated that even the orthoses with the lower infill density maintained suitable rigidity for wrist immobilization, despite a decrease in their mechanical properties after over one year of shelf life. PLA orthoses with 55% infill density failed at a mean load of 336 N (before aging) and 215 N (after aging), while PETG orthoses did not break during tests. Interestingly, PLA and PETG orthoses with 55% infill density were less influenced by aging compared to their 80% density counterparts. Additionally, moisture and aging affected the PLA orthoses more, with thermoforming, ongoing curing, and stress relaxation as possible explanations related to PETG behavior. Both materials proved viable for daily use, with PETG offering better flexural resistance but posing greater thermoforming challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced composites are commonly exposed to environments associated with moisture and solution, resulting in uptake, which causes changes in the bulk resin, the fiber–matrix interface, and even the fiber itself. Knowledge about uptake behavior and diffusion mechanisms and characteristics are critical to better understanding the response of these materials to environmental exposure faced through service to developing better materials through selection of constituents and to the prediction of long-term durability. This paper reviews aspects of uptake mechanisms and subsequent response, as well as models that describe the sorption process, with the aim of providing a comprehensive understanding of moisture-uptake-related phenomena and characteristics such as uptake rate, diffusion and relaxation/deterioration constants, transitions in regimes, and overall response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asian summer monsoon precipitation is projected to increase under greenhouse warming with strong intraseasonal variation. Using a 35-member CESM Large Ensemble and 30 CMIP6 models, this study reveals that in July and August, maximum rainfall changes in East Asia take place in the midlatitudes, influencing regions encompassing North and Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. The intensified precipitation is attributed to the combined effect of the thermodynamic and dynamic components. The former stems from the enriched low-level moisture, which peaks in continental East Asia in July and August, under global warming. The dynamic effect is due to the enhanced upward motion, associated with the enhanced southerlies throughout the troposphere over midlatitude East Asia. The southerlies also act to intensify the low-level monsoonal circulation, strengthening moisture transport from the tropical ocean to the midlatitudes. In addition to the mean-state changes, the precipitation interannual variability in this region also intensifies, partly due to the enhanced low-level moisture and partly associated with enhanced large-scale circulation anomalies, such as the northwestern Pacific anticyclone. The enhanced background precipitation, along with the intensified interannual variability, may lead to more rainy summers in a warmer climate, with instances where historically extreme precipitation events become more frequent, posing challenges for water resource management and agriculture in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic–inorganic composites have important applications, especially in the area of bonded abrasives. They exhibit mechanical performances that cannot be achieved with organic materials alone and present an extremely stable performance, even at elevated temperatures. In this summary of our studies, we focus on the exceptional mechanical properties achieved by incorporating inorganic particles into a crosslinked matrix consisting of phenolic resin. A crosslinker such as hexamethylenetetramine reacts with the phenolic resins to form a stable 3‐dimensional matrix to "glue" the inorganic particles together. In order to achieve such uniform dispersion of the seemingly incompatible reacting components, a plasticizer, or wetting liquid, is usually employed. We have developed several environmentally appropriate wetting liquids that have proved to be superior to the traditionally used toxic substances. Some of the reactive wetting liquids used even enhanced the mechanical properties of the resulting composites by contributing additional crosslinks to the final reacted systems. A combination of techniques including the use of low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to characterize the curing process and assess the changes in mechanical properties at the molecular level. Detailed studies characterized the effects of moisture on the curing process and changes in mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme global warming can produce hydroclimate changes that remain poorly understood for sub-tropical latitudes. Late Palaeocene-early Eocene (LPEE; ~58-52 Ma) proto-Mediterranean zones of the western Tethys offer opportunities to assess hydroclimate responses to massive carbon cycle perturbations. Here, we reconstruct LPEE hydroclimate conditions of these regions and find that carbon cycle perturbations exerted controls on orbitally forced hydroclimate variability. Long-term (~6 Myr) carbon cycle changes induced a gradual precipitation/moisture reduction, which was exacerbated by some short-lived (<200 kyr) carbon cycle perturbations that caused rapid warming and exceptionally dry conditions in western Tethyan continental areas. Hydroclimate recovery following the greatest short-lived global warming events took ~24-27 kyr. These observations support the notion that anthropogenically driven warming can cause widespread aridification with impacts that may last tens of thousands of years. Hydroclimate reconstructions reveal that geological global warming disrupted periodical precipitation patterns and induced dry conditions in sub-tropical areas. Anthropogenic global warming may cause similar aridification in Mediterranean zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of pectin from Saba banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana (BBB Group) "Saba") peels produced crude pectin that requires further purification. Two downstream processes (alcohol washing (AW) and acid demethylation (AD)) were compared. AW involved gelatinous precipitate washing with 85% alcohol and pressing to squeeze out liquids, while AD involved a sequential AW of the dried pectin with 60% acidified alcohol, and 60% and 95% alcohol solutions. Results showed that both methods produced low methoxyl pectins with similar color, yield, and moisture content, with no significant (p > 0.05) differences observed. AD, however, produced pectin with better quality in terms of ash content and anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content relative to the control. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that the samples contain ‐OH, C‐H, COO−, COO, and C‐O groups, but only AD has COO‐R due to structural modification. Overall, AD has the potential to improve the quality of crude ultrasound‐extracted pectin from Saba banana peels. Yet, pre‐extraction processing methods are necessary to meet FAO color standards for pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis reveals that the occurrence of summer Monsoon Depressions (MDs) over the North Arabian Sea is doubling during 2001–2022 compared to the 1981–2000 period. This increase stems from changes in the region's dynamic and thermodynamic conditions. The heightened genesis potential parameter with sea surface temperature and moisture flux transport and its convergence over the North Arabian Sea inducing MDs formation, contrasting to the Bay of Bengal. The dynamic processes involved in its formation, a combination of barotropic and dynamical instability, are leading to increased rainfall over northwestern India. Strong East Asian jet variability, with an anomalous anticyclone in the north and weak cyclonic anomalies in the south, induces prevailing easterly wind anomalies along the monsoon trough. This leads to a poleward shift (~1.13°) in the low-level jet, significantly altering dynamic and thermodynamic parameters in the northern Arabian Sea region leading to a notable increase in MDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]