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Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article critiques the prescription of joint security units called for by civil war peace agreements as a means to integrate armed forces previously in conflict. Drawing on cases from Sudan, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic, this article offers a comparative assessment of the joint security units attempted in each country. As negotiators and mediators often employ templates from other contexts, the deficits exemplified by these cases call for rethinking the practice of establishing joint units in the doctrine of military integration, as well as in the wider practice of negotiating security arrangements in peace processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why does Russia need so many nonstrategic nuclear weapons (NSNWs), which are considered by some observers to be an irrelevant relic of the Cold War with little use in actual, present-day warfighting? The question is all the more acute given that Russia has conducted a sweeping military modernization program since 2008, significantly improving its general-purpose forces and thereby seemingly reducing the need to rely on nuclear weapons. Yet Russia's nonstrategic (also known as tactical) nuclear weapons continue to play a central role in its military doctrine -- and if anything, the weapons' role has increased in the post-Cold War security environment. Initially, they were viewed as a way of compensating for Russia's military-technological inferiority after the collapse of the Soviet Union, giving the country some breathing space until Russia would have the wherewithal to boost its conventional power -- especially in the research and development of high-precision conventional weapons that could be an alternative to nuclear munitions. Indeed, in recent years, Russia has increased its focus on developing nonnuclear deterrence capabilities. That said, NSNWs remain an integral element in the evolving Russian military strategy, combining a set of cross-domain deterrence options including strategic and nonstrategic nuclear, strategic conventional, and nonmilitary ways and means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-intensity conflict is a concept whose beginnings date back to the 1980s and it is defined as a political-military confrontation between contending states or groups below the intensity of conventional war and above the routine, peaceful competition among states. It frequently involves protracted struggles of competing principles and ideologies. Low-intensity conflict ranges from subversion to the use of the armed forces. It is waged by a combination of means, employing political, economic, informational and military instruments. Low-intensity conflicts are often localized, generally in developing countries, but contain regional and global security implications. The most significant content of the low-intensity con flict in the country being acted upon is insurgency, whether it is being helped or crushed. Insurgency is an organized, armed political struggle aimed at seizing power through revolutionary takeover and replacement of the existing government. This paper provides an overview of previous research on the topic of low-intensity conflict and presents its key components.

The root cause for the defeat of the Armenian forces in the second Nagorno-Karabakh War was flawed military doctrine inherited from the Soviet Union. This article analyzes the major problems faced by Armenia, uncovers the main reasons for unsuccessful innovation, tests empirical findings against some of the most authoritative theories in the field, and outlines current research on the conflict, while substantiating the analysis with established scholarship in the field of military innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial stages of the Second Anglo Boer War demonstrated the efficacy of the Boer tactical system, which produced some astounding results. Boer mobility, coupled with directive command, individual initiative, and logistical flexibility allowed the Boers to practice an effective form of manoeuvre warfare. The Boers neither reduced their way of war to writing nor produced manuals on their tactical or operational doctrine. Their doctrine existed as an institutional belief system evolved over centuries of conflict with the tribes of southern Africa and the British. The Boer military lacked insight at the strategic level, and early brilliant Boer successes at the tactical level were not enough to swing a strategic victory. This article aims to reveal the Boer way of war through its evolution and development at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels using the lens of the Second Anglo Boer War and the German South West African campaign 1915. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The little-known World War II battle for Termoli, code named Operation Devon, took place in early October 1943 and began with the only Allied amphibious landing on Italy's Adriatic coast. It was a joint operation between newly formed elite groups and regular units of the Allied armed forces. A brigade made up of two units of commandos and the 1st Special Air Service, known during this operation as the Special Raiding Squadron, was given the task of making the first landing. Despite the initial success of the operation, a drawn out and fierce battle ensued. With the help of archival material from the Imperial War Museum, London, and The National Archives, Kew, this article reconstructs the key elements of a battle that has received little scholarly attention, particularly in relation to the role of conventional forces in the fighting. In doing so, it provides an overview of the battle, analysing the main factors that led to a chaotic handover between special and regular infantry forces and what made the action ultimately successful. Finally, it reveals how the operation was part of an evolutionary process for special forces and helped to cement their role in UK military doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

India's aggressive military doctrine exploits the questionable space for a limited war under a nuclear overhang. This doctrine is designed to dilute, if not fully compromise, the notion of nuclear deterrence. Indian military high command has often boasted about waging a conventional war against Pakistan. India's unilateral decision to repeal Kashmir's special constitutional status has further exacerbated the volatility of the hitherto conflict-prone environment in South Asia. India's doctrine manifests in the offensive deployment of S-400 missile systems along Pakistan's border, further supplemented by the positioning of Dassault Rafale fighter jets. While it might temporarily alter the region's strategic stability equation, Pakistan must rebalance this shift in its strategic stability. There is a need to review the notion of strategic stability as it applies to the region's nuclear balance of power. This paper analyses India's aggressive military doctrine fuelling its desire to wage a limited conventional war against Pakistan, examines the effects of growing military asymmetry, evaluates the impact of the short but swift military action in February 2019, and finally endeavours to determine the stabilizing impact of the nuclear deterrent on South Asia's strategic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) and its various branches carry the prudent legacy of its ancient history. Since its creation in 1927, time and again, the PLA has acted as an effective arm of the vanguard party in establishing and securing the Heaven. Following the theoretical underpinnings of China's paramount leader Mao, today the PLA is a formidable force capable of conducting operations in every domain of war. However, under President Xi Jinping, the PLA has undergone considerable restructuring and modernization. This article aims to briefly understand and analyse such structural reconfigurations and modernization plans. It uses academic, journalistic, and Sino-American official sources in exploring the PLA's restructuring and modernization. It concludes that the PLA has undergone massive structural reconfiguration and modernization in terms of material and doctrine. It also highlights that the renewed deployments of the PLA under a renewed doctrinal awakening and a strategic thought could have a great impact on its future operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Space Capstone Publication, a doctrine for United States Space Force, which declares that space is a warfighting domain. Topics include it sets a tone for military space responsibility that is long overdue; it also had tremendous repercussions for force structure, budget decisions, public and international perceptions, and the culture of the new military service; and the article also discusses on Military Spacepower, Warfighting Domains and Dedicated Military Service.

Copyright of Lijecnicki Vjesnik is the property of Croatian Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fighting for Time: Rhodesia's Military and Zimbabwe's Independence. Melson also provides a good account of how the tactics, techniques, and procedures of the Rhodesian Security Forces (RSF) evolved as the war intensified. [Extracted from the article]

Why do some winning rebel groups build obedient and effective state militaries after civil war, while others suffer military defections? When winning rebels face intense security threats during civil wars, rebel field commanders are more likely to remain obedient during war-to-peace transitions. Intense security threats incentivize militants to create more inclusive leadership structures, reducing field commanders' incentives to defect in the postwar period. Intense security threats also reduce commanders' capacity for postwar resistance by forcing insurgents to remain mobile and adopt shorter time horizons in rebel-governed territory, reducing the likelihood that field commanders will develop local ties and independent support bases. The plausibility of the argument is examined using a new list of winning rebel groups since 1946. Two case studies—Zimbabwe and Côte d'Ivoire—probe the causal mechanisms of the theory. The study contributes to debates about the consequences of military victory in civil war, the postwar trajectories of armed groups, and the conditions necessary for civil-military cohesion in fragile states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of Military Geography in the curricula of military academies cannot be overemphasized, because geography plays a significant role during military operations of any nature. Military Geography encompasses various social science sub-fields, among others political science, military history, military strategy and military intelligence. It should therefore be recognized as a force multiplier in terms of educating military students and as a research avenue by both military academic and military training professionals. Military Geography as a subject should not focus exclusively on the theory of geography with potential military operational application. It should much rather train soldier-academics to conform to a country's military doctrine for using geospatial information. This study evaluated the geography curricula of two military academies, abroad and in Africa, and one extra-continental civilian tertiary institution to identify generic elements needed in a fit for purpose Military Geography curriculum. The undergraduate Military Geography curriculum at the South African Military Academy was then assessed against their addressing these generic elements. Three limitations in the Military Geography curriculum were identified, namely inadequate Urban Geography coverage, lack of practical GIS and remote sensing application, and lack of accreditation credits to professional GIS bodies. Solutions were proposed to address the limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training on the Law of armed conflict (LOAC) employs different rationales to motivate soldiers and to induce their compliance with LOAC rules. Of these, none is as controversial, or as potentially contradictory, as the Golden Rule. This article analyzes the role of the Golden Rule in historical and contemporary LOAC training material, including manuals, pamphlets, circulars, and films. Research findings suggest that the Golden Rule message corresponds with changes in military training and doctrine that emerged as a result of Vietnam War violations. Furthermore, the Golden Rule is conceptually dynamic, having both positive and negative formulations that are tied to the larger concept of reciprocity. This article concludes with a discussion of possible contradictory interpretations of the Golden Rule and prospects for future research. Since this is the first systematic examination of the Golden Rule in LOAC training material, the author hopes that it will provide a foundation for further dialogue and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the scientific works by Mykola Kapustyansky, one of the most famous and authoritative representatives of the highest officers of the Ukrainian Revolution. He actively participated in the development of statehood and the Armed Forces during the National Liberation Competitions of 1917-1921, collaborated with Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky and Chief Otaman Symon Petliura, and participated in the military activities of the UNR Army. During the emigration in the 1920s and 1930s, Mykola Kapustyansky actively cooperated with the OUN and also engaged in military scientific activities. He wrote books, lectured, prepared military training courses, and published journals. His theoretical works are a very valuable source. They relate to the period of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, the Cossack-Polish Wars and the National Liberation War of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the analysis of the military and political situation in the 1920s and 1930s, and the prospects for the development of the Ukrainian military doctrine. Kapustyansky's works have a deep historical analysis, extensive factual material, assessments of socio-political figures and officers. This article has the following tasks: to find out the basic conceptual foundations of the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921 in the works of Kapustyansky, to tell about the research of general-hohorzhim of the Cossack-Polish armed wars, in particular the Khmelnytsky period, to identify the basic aspects of the military doctrine of M. Kapunsky. For the article the author used as sources of the book Kapustyansky Military Knowledge, Modern War and Our Tasks, Hike of the Ukrainian Armies to Kyiv-Odessa in 1919 and Ukrainian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian National Revolution. Also for historiography the author used the works of Ukrainian historians Mykhailo Kovalchuk, Igor Shandrivsky, Yaroslav Tynchenko. The methods of the study are comparative, descriptive, problem-chronological, and complex-analytical ones.

The need for the development and adoption of outer space doctrine becomes more and more evident. Daily space operations are conducted in a doctrinal void, and this void makes it difficult to predict how well-regulated space activities will be in current conditions and how sustainable it will be. Moreover, the tragic events of the present (pandemic outbreak) have shown that the world, despite all its adaptability, is not ready for such a scenario. Therefore, the issue of sustainability of all systems is relevant. The sustainability of outer space activities is no exception. Long-term sustainable space activities require a common approach to policy, theory and doctrine. This article describes how to achieve this balance. In spite of novelty of the processes described in this paper, they will be useful for establishing ideas on policy, theory, and doctrine in order to enable a coherent strategy for the development of space activities.

This paper explores how Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies obscure the traditional boundaries associated with the military realm. As the first examination of the conditions underlying the assimilation of 4IR technologies in Israel's armed forces, this paper makes several contributions. It expands the knowledge on the military assimilation of 4IR technologies and describes the interaction between military doctrine and technology using current evidence. It also enriches the evolving discussion on the strategic effect of emerging technologies. Finally, it demonstrates how emerging technologies involve neither straightforward spinoff or spin-on processes but a reciprocal transfer of know-how between the military and civilian sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1991, the Kazakhstani military and security apparatus has been seeking to define the primary threats it faces in the post-Soviet world and develop the capabilities needed to counter them. This article discusses the latest iteration of this process by analyzing Kazakhstan's security challenges, their reflection in its 2017 Military Doctrine, and, using Ministry of Defense training and exercise descriptions, its Ground Forces' success in developing the prescribed capabilities. By linking together the logic of threats, doctrine, and Ground Forces training, this article assesses that Nur-Sultan is preparing to counter a variety of amorphous threats, largely from within the bounds of its traditional security concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article postulates the importance of military geopolitics as the central pillar of Chilean geopolitical thought. For the author, this is the product of both the emphasis on advising and executing guidelines in this field and the theoretical reflection within the Chilean Army and Navy since the beginning of the 20th Century. From this perspective, the development of geopolitics has been linked to notions of strategy, political geography, and military planning. The article suggests four phases of development that depend on the country's political context and the state's greater or lesser access to decision-making. As a result, it is established that the national political context, the military autonomy, or the civil control of the Armed Forced, among other factors, have influenced the development of geopolitics in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explore possible impacts of the expansion of evangelicalism in Brazil on aspects of the Army such as hierarchy, discipline, sociability, doctrine, and in relations with what the military calls the "civil world". For this, the research uses quantitative data related to the religion of the cadets of the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (2002-2012) and the qualitative examination of the religious influence in the doctrine of the Escola Superior de Guerra (1974-2016). Exploratory conclusion points to more alignments than mismatches between military doctrine and evangelical religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e contribution describes an interdisciplinary area of development in the military in socialist Czechoslovakia with an emphasis on the period of the 1960s. Th e analysis focuses particularly on shift s brought about by the scientifi c revolution in the military regarding the structure of exercising the sperspective adopted by general and military sociology infl uenced by the social reform of the Prague Spring. Th e contribution also investigates the refl ections on the above-described trends in military-political documents from the year 1968 that were directly related to the daily duties of all the soldiers of the Czechoslovak People’s Armyoldier profession and its position within society. Th e analysis is based on the [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia 396 is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Instituto de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the last few years, global technology has seen an exponential advance. The TV channels that broadcast the favorite series every day have been gradually replaced by streaming platforms, 3G technology have become history, and the idea of reading a newspaper in the morning is long gone. Innovation cannot be stopped, and modern technologies can make our lives easier, safer, only if humanity manages to keep them under control. The transformation of emerging and disruptive technologies into military capabilities will produce paradigmatic changes in international relations and security studies. The states that will hold the supremacy in this technological field will dominate the modern world, worldwide the traditional models of security and defense being completely modified. The impact of these technologies will be found in the need to redefine classical security strategies, in changing military doctrines, in changing organizational solutions for defense institutions, in adapting the concepts of operations or even in the logic of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing military convoys in humanitarian missions allows for increased overall performance of healthcare logistical operations. To properly gauge performance of autonomous ground convoy systems in military humanitarian operations, a proper framework for comparative performance metrics needs to be established. Past efforts in this domain have had heavy focus on narrow and specialized areas of convoy performance such as human factors, trust metrics, or string stability analysis. This article reviews available Army doctrine for manned convoy requirements toward healthcare missions and establishes a framework to compare performance of autonomous convoys, using metrics such as spacing error, separation distance, and string stability. After developing a framework of comparison for the convoy systems, this article compares the performance of two autonomous convoys with unique convoy control strategies to demonstrate the application and utility of the framework.

This article empirically examines how British 21st Army Group produced a functional doctrine by late 1944. How much weight to give Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery in the outcome remains unclear despite significant scholarly literature. This article shows his openness to the "bubbling up" of operational methods from subordinate commanders. He closely managed this process, actively promulgated its output, and determined when he had gleaned sufficient feedback from it. His doctrinal contribu- tion to the British Army's inal push against the Germans developed into British doctrine for many decades, and many Commonwealth countries followed the British lead. This article examines its roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1945 to 1961, the United States Army Historical Division collaborated with German officers to write a history of the Second World War. As relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorated and the U.S. Army prepared for a war against the U.S.S.R., the Historical Division and other parties endeavored to exploit the operational knowledge of these German officers while ignoring their attempts at mythologizing the past. This article argues, however, that a substantial intellectual baggage of racist, Social Darwinist, and generally anti-Russian beliefs underpinned even the "purely operational" German lessons that shaped U.S. Army doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comparatively analyzes the origins of the military doctrines in Israel and Iran, which are positioned at the poles of status quo and revisionism in the Middle East. In a conceptual hybridity, both parties stand strategically on the defensive but operationally combine defensive with offensive elements. These combinations are backed by powerful cultural motivations and organizational interests in each country. The implications enrich our understanding of the nature of military doctrine and indicate another contributing factor in regional destabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the characteristics of the doctrinal provisions of the military doctrines of Great Britain and France on nuclear missile weapons. The significance of nuclear missile programs in the foreign and domestic policy of Great Britain and France has been determined. It has been established that the doctrinal foundations of Great Britain are based on the concept of minimum nuclear deterrence. The main content of its provisions is the UK’s desire to preserve a minimal and at the same time effective possibility of nuclear deterrence as a “last resort”. The prevention of threats to the national security of both the state itself and the NATO states is carried out by preventing the most dangerous threats to national and international security. France’s nuclear missile doctrine was formed under the conditions of an autonomous and independent from NATO program, therefore doctrinal provisions at the present stage demonstrate the priority of French national security, at the same time nuclear missile policy is in solidarity with the policy of deterring and preventing NATO military threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ideally, military doctrines are not just written; they are implemented. However, there exists a theory gap on why new doctrines are sometimes successfully implemented and other times not. Based on ideas presented in previous research, this study develops a theoretical model for under what conditions new formal doctrines are most likely to be implemented. The model suggests that cultural coherence, authority and credibility are decisive for the implementation of new doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the role, place and importance of air power for the success of joint military operations in conduct of NATO deterrence activities and operations. Air power has been highly valued in defence, security and in warfare from its very beginning, since the establishment of the first Air Forces. With its modern development it has become crucial for achieving military goals, as well as national ones. The importance of air power is shown through its definition and comparison in the military doctrines of the air forces of certain countries and NATO, where it is obvious how important it is in the structure of national power, security and defence, as well as in collective security and defence of NATO. The emphasis is on the ongoing implementation of NATO military activities and operations and the projection of the Alliance's air power in deterring Russia's potential threats to its members in Northeast Europe, in the Baltic region. The current method of projection of air power and the use of its elements in these NATO military activities are discussed and presented. The special features and capabilities provided by the air power, which do not possess other military components and cannot compensate for these effects, give it a key role in supporting and conducting joint military operations, and in enabling the success of their implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper models 'no war, no peace' situations in a game theoretical framework where two countries are engaged in a standoff over a military sector. The first main objective is to identify rational grounds for such situations and, more precisely, for the explicit equilibria that lead to such situations. It is demonstrated that both countries gain the same payoff from being in this continuous state of perpetual hostility and, moreover, that 'no war, no peace' situations can be explained only if the countries perceive an equal measure of military advantage from controlling the area. Given this insight, the second objective of the paper is to provide insights about how 'no war, no peace' situations can be resolved. Two different pathways are suggested. The first is idealistic and based on mutual trust, whereas the second is based on deterrence, involving both countries imposing a threat of using armed force against the other country in their respective military doctrines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the evolution of product-based technological trajectories by linking technology and socioeconomic factors. Products evolve to adapt to market conditions in a manner similar to biological evolution, and form a constant trajectory under the influence of the current technological paradigm. This study analyzes the changes in technological trajectories after the emergence of a dominant design in the core weapon of the army—armored tanks. Based on a case study of the evolution of tanks between 1915 and 1998 and the application of principal component analysis (PCA, to transform technological characteristics of tanks into product performance) and K-means clustering (to classify the types of tanks based on the PCA), we find that tanks have evolved into a common pattern of product evolution and the main battle tank concept plays a role as the dominant design. In addition, military tactical doctrines and capability requirements are used to explain the socioeconomic factors at the core of the technological paradigm behind tank development. We argue that the interaction between science, technology, and the social element is responsible for product evolution. In the case of tanks, moreover, we show that the product evolution process follows continuous changes in the technological trajectory resulting from technological advances. This study also derives policy implications for weapons system acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)