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The curricula that defines special needs education in Swedish grammar schools states that students with intellectual disabilities should be given the possibility to participate in the planning and shaping of teaching and learning activities. The purpose of the study is to examine conditions regarding special needs students’ influence and how this influence is mediated. The focus of the study is subject based classroom situations. The method for collecting data has been observations. The empirical data consists of around 16 hours of video recordings, in addition to field notes. The observations took place in two special schools and all together 10 pupils, 5 teachers, and two student assistants participated. The theoretical framework is based on sociocultural theory with a specific focus on mediation. By using the theoretical terms object and subject positioning, the study also focuses on how teachers and students position themselves and each other. The results show that the students with intellectual disabilities are given opportunities for influence, but not very frequently. The most important mediating factors to promote influence are the teachers´ trust in the students´ abilities and skills, and the teacher’s keen responsiveness to the students’ expressed personal will. Influence is mediated both through the possibilities of participation that teachers offer, and the teachers’ affirmation of the students’ requests. Furthermore, the study shows that students are more likely to gain influence in one-to-one meetings with the teacher, where the focus is on the student’s individual interests and preferences. In order to provide increased levels of influence to all students with intellectual disabilities, teachers need to plan the education with focus on democratic processes., I denna licentiatuppsats studeras förutsättningar för elevers inflytande i grundsärskolan och hur detta inflytande medieras i klassrumsinteraktionen i situationer med olika kunskapsinnehåll. Elevernas och lärarnas interaktion i klassrummet studeras genom videoobservationer. Studien utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Studiens resultat visar att elevinflytande sker på två sätt, dels genom att läraren erbjuder inflytande, dels genom att eleverna uttrycker en önskan om inflytande. När lärarna erbjuder inflytande blir deras tillit till elevernas förmågor och kunskaper en resurs som medierar för inflytande. Elevernas vilja att använda det inflytande som erbjuds blir också medierande resurser. När eleverna själva uttrycker sina önskemål blir såväl samma medierande resurser synliga som lärares lyhördhet inför elevernas vilja. När eleverna önskar inflytande använder de sig av tre strategier: igenkänning, motstånd och självständighet. De artefakter som finns fysiskt tillgängliga i klassrummet möjliggör för ett ökat elevinflytande. Uppsatsens kunskapsbidrag handlar om lärares och elevers tillit, lyhördhet och vilja som förutsättningar för elevinflytande. Ökad kunskap om och förståelse för klassrumsinteraktionens betydelse kan bidra till ett stärkt inflytande för elever i grundsärskolan.

The rapid development of a variety of molecular contrast agents makes the multimodality bioimaging highly attractive towards higher resolution, more sensitive, informative diagnosis. The key lies in the development of facile material synthesis that allows the integration of multiple contrast agents, ideally in a way that each of the components should be logically assembled to maximize their performances. Here, we report the one-pot programmable growth of multifunctional heterogeneous nanocrystal with tunable size, shape, composition, and properties. We demonstrated a facile one-pot hot-injection method to enable the highly selectively controlled growth of different sodium lanthanide fluoride nanomaterials in either longitudinal or transversal directions with atomic scale precision. This technique allows the upconversion luminescence signal, MRI signal and x-ray signal logically integrated and optimized within one single versatile nanoplatform for multimode bioimaging. These findings suggest that the facile strategy developed here have the promising to get the desired heterogeneous nanocrystals as an all-in-one contrast agent for integrated and self-correlative multimodal bioimaging.

Annexin A6 (AnxA6) has been implicated in cell signalling by contributing to the organisation of the plasma membrane. Here we examined whether AnxA6 regulates signalling and proliferation in T cells. We used a contact hypersensitivity model to immune challenge wild-type (WT) and AnxA6−/− mice and found that the in vivo proliferation of CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, was impaired in AnxA6−/− relative to WT mice. However, T-cell migration and signalling through the T-cell receptor ex vivo was similar between T cells isolated from AnxA6−/− and WT mice. In contrast, interleukin-2 (IL-2) signalling was reduced in AnxA6−/− compared with WT T cells. Further, AnxA6-deficient T cells had reduced membrane order and cholesterol levels. Taken together, our data suggest that AnxA6 regulates IL-2 homeostasis and sensitivity in T cells by sustaining a lipid raft-like membrane environment.

Designing artificial macromolecules with absolute sequence order represents a considerable challenge. Here we report an advanced light-induced avenue to monodisperse sequence-defined functional linear macromolecules up to decamers via a unique photochemical approach. The versatility of the synthetic strategy-combining sequential and modular concepts-enables the synthesis of perfect macromolecules varying in chemical constitution and topology. Specific functions are placed at arbitrary positions along the chain via the successive addition of monomer units and blocks, leading to a library of functional homopolymers, alternating copolymers and block copolymers. The in-depth characterization of each sequence-defined chain confirms the precision nature of the macromolecules. Decoding of the functional information contained in the molecular structure is achieved via tandem mass spectrometry without recourse to their synthetic history, showing that the sequence information can be read. We submit that the presented photochemical strategy is a viable and advanced concept for coding individual monomer units along a macromolecular chain.

Wearable devices with independent computing and networking capabilities change the proximity of people and visual information to self-presentation and self-perception. This article examines the disruptive effect that wearable technologies like the Digital Eye Glass present in documenting and representing the self in a surveillant world. We look at how the power relationships in self-presentation and self-interpretation are changed by sousveillant apparatus, and we explore how these practices of "looking" mediate the subject and power in the changing ethics and politics of human-to-human and human-to-computer interaction.

This article considers a mathematical model for tumour growth based on an acid-mediated hypothesis, i.e. the assumption that tumour progression is facilitated by acidification of the region around the tumour-host interface. The resulting destruction of the normal tissue environment promotes tumour growth. We will derive and analyse a reaction-diffusion model for tumour progression that includes different aspects of pathological and healthy cell metabolism to check tumour growth. Our results can provide insights into the governing dynamics of invasive processes that may suggest possible intervention strategies, leading to the design of new and better experiments or treatments.

OBJECTIVE. To describe the design and implementation of a culturally mediated case management model at Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service (Winnunga) for Indigenous clients who consume alcohol at problematic levels. METHODS. Our research took place from March 2008 to March 2010 in the Australian Capital Territory and built on previous research partnerships between Winnunga and The Australian National University’s National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health. We conducted a review of existing models to determine elements for consideration in the community controlled setting, and conducted staff surveys to assess current levels of skill and confidence around alcohol screening, brief intervention and care planning. Using the information from the review and staff surveys, we then undertook staff capacity building to build confidence and skills in conducting alcohol screening, brief intervention and care planning. This process was driven by Winnunga’s social health team. To meet Medicare benefits schedule requirements, and frame the study within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Chronic Disease Package framework, we included team care arrangements, care planning and health checks. RESULTS. Elements of case management were suggested by staff and incorporated into the final model. Forty staff in the health service participated in identifying training needs for the development of the case management model and undertook a range of training before the model was implemented. Staff working within the social health team decided that the focus of the case management was to build a stronger future for their clients, hence the name of the case management model ‘Walan Girri’ (Wiradjuri language for strong future). The model included a package of screening instruments and brief intervention, related polices and discussion of ‘mob’ and ‘country.’ Changes in Winnunga management and staff, the composition of the research team and the way Walan Girri evolved l

We present the orbital structure of MnTiO3 with polarization dependent x-ray absorption and resonant x-ray emission spectra accompanied with electronic structure calculations. The results clearly indicate a strongly anisotropic O 2p-Mn 3d orbital hybridization whereas the Mn 3d hole state shows a highly delocalized characteristic ascribed to the 3d-4p mixing. The extended Mn 4p orbital could enhance the exchange interaction between Mn (3d)-O (2p)-Mn (3d) leading to an asymmetric charge distribution in Mn-O bonds. The delocalized characteristic of Mn 3d holes is indispensable to the mechanism of spin-dependent-metal-ligand hybridization to explain magnetically induced ferroelectricity.

Knowledge updating is an essential learning activity for professionals. This study adopted Vygotsky's (1981) triadic model of learning mediated by tools as a theoretical framework to examine inter-relationships that may exist between subject, educational tool and object. This mixed methods study investigated knowledge updating practices of Australian health professionals. The findings demonstrate there are multiple often conflicting relationships that influence adoption, access and uptake of educational tools among professionals. By examining the inter-relationships, this study has provided a more nuanced understanding of factors that impact upon professional knowledge.

Purpose - Solutions to complex environmental problems rely on the innovative knowledge and expertise of many professions whose members accept their responsibilities towards the environment. The study described here canvases Information Systems (IS) professionals for their perspectives, knowledge and expertise within the domains of Green IT and Green IS. Design/methodology/approach - Following a review of the Green IT and IS literature, two topics were identified for a Q-study conducted among IS professionals: Topic 1 focussed on which technologies, systems and applications offer the greatest opportunity in solving environmental problems, and Topic 2 on what sets of issues affect these green opportunities. Activity Theory was used to interpret the factors emerging from the Q-study. Findings - Three categories of activities were identified on Topic 1 involving ICT support for "teleworking and teleconferencing", "monitoring, optimising, and modelling" and influencing human understanding and behaviour". The Topic 2 responses were quite varied. Research limitations/implications - A Q-study is both subjective and exploratory not seeking consensus but rather the breadth of opinion on a topic. The findings on topic 1 indicate three directions for future research and topic 2 identified many issues to consider in pursuing Green outcomes. Practical implications - The varied issues identified on Topic 2 reveal the interconnection of environmental projects with economic and social issues. Originality/value - Following this study of IS professionals we call on other professions to consider applying the expertise of their respective fields to the environmental cause.

An efficient solvothermal method was developed to prepare CeO2 microcrystals with different shapes using a polyol-ethanol mixed solvent as the reaction medium. The as-synthesized product was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). It was found that different kinds or amounts of polyols and the concentration of oleic acid have significant impacts on the well-defined CeO2 microcrystals. The as-synthesized CeO2 microcrystals displayed different optical absorption properties and different photocatalytic performances for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV and visible light irradiation, which was used to model sunlight.

Introducción. Se presentan los resultados de una investigación a propósito de las nuevas formas que adopta la comunicación interpersonal en la web 2.0. Objetivos. El objetivo ha sido abordar las transformaciones de las comunicaciones interpersonales mediadas por ordenador, en concreto, verificar si la relación con desconocidos es una práctica frecuente; cuál es la percepción de quién es desconocido en la Red y qué confianza suscitan los desconocidos. Metodología. Se ha trabajado a partir de datos de una encuesta realizada en España a 1121 jóvenes (proyecto I+D+i Referencia CSO2008 - 01496). Conclusiones. Entre otras conclusiones, destaca que más de la mitad (53,1%) de los jóvenes considera el trato con desconocidos como forma normalizada de relación y que los que se relacionan con desconocidos tienen un perfil diferente de aquellos que no lo hacen: entienden las comunicaciones interpersonales como más sinceras, más controlables, más personales., Introduction. This article presents the results of a research study on the new forms of interpersonal communication that young people establish in the Web 2.0. The general objective is to identify the transformations that have occurred in interpersonal computer - mediated - communication. The particular objectives are: a) to determine whether communication with strangers is a common practice among young people; b) to establish young internet users' perception of "stranger"; and c) to establish the degree of trust young people place on strangers. Methods. The study (whose reference code is CSO2008 - 01496) is based on a survey carried out in Spain among 1121 young participants. Results. More than half (53.1%) of young people consider online communication with strangers tobe a normal type of social relation; the profile of the internet users who talk to strangers on the internet is different from that of the people who do not talk to strangers online, as this latter group conceives interpersonal communications as more sincere, more controllable and more personal.

We propose a generic mediated encryption (GME) system that converts any identity based encryption (IBE) to a mediated IBE. This system is based on enveloping an IBE encrypted message using a user's identity into another IBE envelope, using the identity of a security mediator (SEM) responsible for checking users for revocation. We present two security models based on the role of the adversary whether it is a revoked user or a hacked SEM. We prove that GME is as secure as the SEM's IBE (the envelope) against a revoked user and as secure as the user's IBE (the letter) against a hacked SEM. We also present two instantiations of GME. The first instantiation is based on the Boneh-Franklin (BF) FullIBE system, which is a pairing-based encryption system. The second instantiation is based on the Boneh, Gentry and Hamburg (BGH) system, which is a non pairing-based encryption system.

Resistance to chemotherapy in cancer patients has been correlated to the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters including P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that actively efflux chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells. We examined the mutidrug resistance reversing property of stemofoline derivatives in drug-resistance human cervical carcinoma (KB-V1) and human leukemic (K562/Adr) cell lines that overexpress P-gp. Didehydrostemofoline and eleven of its derivatives were synthesized and the cytotoxicity and their effect on doxorubicin, vinblastine and paclitaxel sensitivity in drug resistant (KB-V1 and K562/Adr) and drug sensitive (KB-3-1 and K562) cell lines by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were determined. We found that three out of the twelve stemofoline derivatives including OH-A1, NH-B6 and NH-D6 showed commitment efficiency to increase sensitivity to doxorubicin, vinblastine and paclitaxel in KB-V1 cells and increase sensitivity to doxorubicin, and paclitaxel in K562/Adr cells whereas the effects have not been seen in their parental sensitive cancer cell lines (KB-3-1 and K562). These results indicate that stemofoline derivatives reversed P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro, and thus could be developed as effective chemosensitizers to treat multidrug-resistant cancers. The molecular mechanism of modulation of P-gp would be further determined.

Activation of the damage-associated molecular pattern receptor P2X7 by extracellular ATP induces the shedding of cell surface molecules, including CD23, from leukocytes. The mechanisms involved in this process however remain poorly understood. Using a flow cytometric assay, we demonstrated that ATP-induces the rapid shedding of CD23 from the surface of human multiple myeloma RPMI 8226 and peripheral blood B cells with a t1/2 of 7 min. The P2X7 antagonist, AZ10606120, impaired ATP-induced CD23 shedding by 89%. Moreover, P2X7-induced CD23 shedding was impaired by a broad-spectrum metalloprotease inhibitor, BB-94, by 63% and the ADAM10 inhibitor, GI254023X, by 67%. RT-PCR confirmed the expression of ADAM10 in B cells. P2X7-induced CD23 shedding was not dependent on changes in extracellular Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations, and was unaffected by a panel of enzyme inhibitors targeting various kinases and phospholipases previously implicated in P2X7-mediated signaling events. ATP also induced the rapid shedding of the ADAM10 substrate, CXCL16, with a t1/2 of 1 min. AZ10606120 impaired ATP-induced CXCL16 shedding by 86%. Moreover, P2X7-induced CXCL16 shedding was impaired by BB-94 by 77% and GI254023X by 87%. This data indicates that human P2X7 activation induces the rapid shedding of CD23 and CXCL16, and that this process involves ADAM10. Thus, P2X7 may represent a novel target in disorders involving CD23 or CXCL16.

We report on the coherent control of terahertz (THz) spin waves in a canted antiferromagnet yttrium orthoferrite, YFeO3, associated with a quasiferromagnetic (quasi-FM) spin resonance at a frequency of 0.3 THz, using a single-incident THz pulse. The spin resonance is excited impulsively by the magnetic field component of the THz pulse. The intrinsic dielectric anisotropy of YFeO3 in the THz range allows for coherent control of both the amplitude and the phase of the excited spin wave. The coherent control is based on simultaneous generation of two interfering phase-shifted spin waves whose amplitudes and relative phase, dictated by the dielectric anisotropy of the YFeO3 crystal, can be controlled by varying the polarization of the incident THz pulse with respect to the crystal axes. The spatially anisotropic decay of the THz-excited FM spin resonance in YFeO3, leading to an increasingly linear polarization of the THz oscillation at the spin resonance frequency, suggests a key role of magnon-phonon coupling in spin-wave energy dissipation. 2013 American Physical Society.

Evolving technologies and globalisation presents educators with the challenge of creating learning experiences to help students develop competencies to enable them to function successfully in a dynamic society. Today's learner is expected to be multiliterate - able to analyse and construct multi-modal texts. A qualitative embedded multi-case study was conducted to investigate the learning experiences and multiliteracy outcomes for students engaged in an educational program with a media studies focus. The program, designed for a secondary school English curriculum, was underpinned by multiliteracies pedagogy and delivered within a technology-mediated environment. This paper reports a single class case drawing upon examples from small group cases embedded within the class. The findings suggest that educational programs underpinned by multiliteracy pedagogy supported by technology can provide meaningful learning experiences for students whilst achieving multiliteracies focused learning outcomes. For this to occur important factors such as teacher technology competencies and expertise, access and integration of technology and facilitation of effective learning scaffolds should be considered.

In SSYM 2001, Boneh, Ding, Tsudik and Wong presented encryption and signature schemes based on the identity-based mediated RSA (ID-MRSA), in which the users are not allowed to decrypt/sign messages without the permission of a security mediator (the SEM). This allows a simple key revocation. Subsequently, in CT-RSA 2003, Ding and Tsudik presented a security proof for these schemes. In particular, they stated that 'IB-mRSA/OAEP encryption offers equivalent the semantic security to RSA/OAEP against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks in the random oracle model if the key generation function is division intractable'. To make the key generation function division intractable, Ding and Tsudik used a division intractable hash function to generate division intractable public keys. In this paper, we show that using a division intractable hash function does not necessarily mean that the key generation function is division intractable. We also modify the ID-MRSA so that the generated keys are always division intractable. We also show that these modifications do not passively affect the efficiency of the ID-MRSA.

Question: Climate change processes could influence the dynamics of biotic interactions such as plant competition, especially in response to disturbance phenomena such as invasional processes. Are competitive effects of native species on an invadermediated bywater availability? Location: Glasshouse facility, New SouthWales, Australia. Methods: We constructed competitive hierarchies for a representative suite of species from coastal dune communities that have been invaded by the Asteraceae shrub, bitou (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata). We used a comparative phytometer approach, where the invader species was grown with or without a suite of native species in glasshouse trials. This was used to construct competition hierarchies under two water stress conditions: non-droughted and droughted. The treatments were designed to simulate current and potential futurewater availability respectively. Results: We found that the invader experienced fewer competitive effects from some native species under water stress, particularly with regard to belowground biomass effects. Native species were often poor competitors with the invader, despite their adaptation to periodic water stress in native coastal environments. Of the native species with significant competitive effects on the invader, functionally similar shrub species were the most effective competitors, as expressed in below-ground biomass. The relative position of species in the hierarchy was consistent across water treatments based on below-ground bitou biomass, but was contingent on water treatment when based on above-ground bitou biomass. Conclusions: The competitive effects of native species on an invader are affected by water stress. While the direction of response to water stress is species- specific, many species have small competitive effects on the invader under droughted conditions. This could allow an increase in invader dominance with climate change.

The Cu(I) halide (X = I, Br, Cl) mediated reactions of Cbz-protected cis-2-phenylethenyl-3-hydroxypyrrolidine gave novel 3-halo-2,5-trisubstituted furans in good yields, via a cyclization-halogenation, ring-opening reaction sequence. In contrast, the reactions with CuCN gave mainly the corresponding 3-cyanofuro[3,2-b]pyrrole formed from a cyclization-cyanation reaction.

The compact synthesis of a new ring fused benzo[b]thieno derivative with an embedded nine-memberedring system via ring closing metathesis methodology is described. The preparation of the novel 11Hbenzo[b]thieno[2,3-c]pyrrolo[2,3-a]indol-11-one via palladium-mediated oxidative cyclisation of benzo[b]thien-2-oyl indole derivatives is also reported

Climate change can move the spatial location of resources critical for population viability, and a species resilience to such changes will depend upon its ability to flexibly shift its activities away from no-longer-suitable sites to exploit new opportunities. Intuition suggests that vagile predators should be able to track spatial shifts in prey availability, but our data on water pythons (Liasis fuscus) in tropical Australia suggest a less encouraging scenario. These pythons undergo regular long-range (to .10 km) seasonal migrations to follow flooding-induced migrations by their prey (native dusky rats, Rattus colletti ). However, when an extreme flooding event virtually eliminated rats for a three-year period, the local pythons did not disperse despite the presence of abundant rats only 8 km away; instead, many pythons starved to death. This inflexibility suggests that some vagile species that track seasonally migrating prey may do so by responding to habitat attributes that have consistently predicted prey availability over evolutionary time, rather than reacting to proximate cues that signal the presence of prey per se. A species vulnerability to climate change will be increased by an inability to shift its activities away from historical sites toward newly favorable areas. 2011 by the Ecological Society of America.

Introduction. Auditory hallucinations exist in psychotic disorders as well as the general population. Proneness to hallucinations, as measured by positive schizotypy, predicts false perceptions during an auditory signal detection task (Barkus, Stirling, Hopkins, McKie, & Lewis, 2007). Our aim was to replicate this result and extend it by examining effects of age and sex, both important demographic predictors of psychosis. Method. A sample of 76 healthy volunteers split into 15-17 years (n=46) and 19 years plus (n=30) underwent a signal detection task designed to detect propensity towards false perceptions under ambiguous auditory conditions. Scores on the Unusual Experiences subscale (UE) of the O-LIFE schizotypy scale, IQ, and a measure of working memory were also assessed. Results. We replicated our initial finding (Barkus et al., 2007): High scores on positive schizotypy were associated with false perceptions. Younger participants who scored highly on positive schizotypy reported significantly more false perceptions compared to other groups (p=.04). Older participants who had had an imaginary friend reported more false perceptions during the signal detection task (p< .01). Conclusions. Younger participants seem most vulnerable to the effects of positive schizotypal traits in terms of a signal detection deficit that underlies auditory hallucinations. Schizotypy may have greatest impact closer to the risk period for development of psychotic disorders.

This paper describes the design and implementation of a technology supported learning environment that enabled interaction and collaboration between a group of sixteen intermediate and advanced level university students of Italian and a group of seven Italian native speaker facilitators. For one semester students and facilitators worked together to complete two authentic tasks and interacted with each other through the communication tools and resources of an online learning management system. These resources included both asynchronous and synchronous communication tools such as an online threaded class discussion forum, a group discussion forum, chat and email. This paper discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the collaborative learning environment and the use of the different computer mediated communication tools throughout the duration of the project.

This chapter comprises a discussion paper that has as its stimulus or point of departure an observation by one of us, (Shaeda Isani), about a class of French law students, coming to terms with several documentary studies about common law coronial courts. This chapter uses this example to argue for the need for sophisticated methods and diverse understanding of media processes, if inter-disciplinary progress in 'law and media' is to be made. The chapter invites discussion beyond the legal domain, and simplified, old fashioned or singular accounts of media effects and processes.