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This study was carried out on the data obtained from 35 plot areas selected among the vertical distribution regions of maquis in study area located in Eastern Mediterranean region. The data were grouped in terms of altitude, dominant exposure, vegetation height, and mean age factors, and it is tried to reveal the change of maquis biomass depending on these factors. The data obtained shown significant variation and, for this reason, the mass values are expressed as mean values. The potential relationship between the mentioned factors and the amounts of stored biomass was examined by using t-test and variation analysis. The mean aboveground biomass amount was found to be 24,183 ton/ha, while mean belowground biomass that doesn’t contain fine root was found to be 41,062 ton/ha. According to these results obtained from mean values, the root/shoot ratio was calculated to be 1.7.

International audience

La prestigiosa historiadora Geneviève Dreyfus-Armand, gran conocedora del exilio de los republicanos españoles, en un ciclo de conferencia sobre las “Memorias del Olvido”, organizadas por la F.A.C.E.E.F Federación de Asociaciones y Centros de Españoles Emigrantes en Francia, denunciaba: “Durante mucho tiempo la participación de los españoles en la Segunda Guerra mundial -en particular en la Resistencia- al lado de los franceses, fue un hecho poco conocido. Ha sido generalmente olvidado por los historiadores mismos y, en todo caso ampliamente ausente en la memoria colectiva francesa […] Las razones de este «olvido histórico» radican principalmente en la manera en que Francia escribió su propia historia de esos años. En los recuerdos predominantes de la postguerra los franceses desconocieron la participación de los extranjeros en la Resistencia, para hacer prevalecer la imagen de un amplio consenso nacional contra la ocupación nazi, guiados por un jefe prestigioso [De Gaulle] o un partido de vanguardia [PCF]. Pero los mecanismos de esta disimulación, de este olvido, revisten un carácter particular en el caso de los españoles”(1) En este párrafo está perfectamente reflejada la razón de elegir este tema para mi Tesis. El objetivo de la tesis es conseguir el máximo de información bibliográfica y especialmente documental de archivos, que me permita extraer conclusiones, razonadas y aceptables, sobre cómo se desarrolló y la importancia absoluta y relativa de la participación de los republicanos españoles en la Resistencia francesa, tanto Interior como Exterior. El estudio de la Resistencia Interior, dada su amplia dimensión geográfica, se centra particularmente en el Sur de Francia, donde se concentraron una gran parte de los exilados republicanos (2, 3), y por tanto donde la participación española fue más activa, lo que permite realizar una extrapolación razonada de la participación global. Parto de la hipótesis de que la participación española existió tanto en la Resistencia Interior como en la Exterior. Que la misma no fue numerosa en valores absolutos, pero si en valor relativo ya que el porcentaje sobre el total de exilados españoles fue superior al porcentaje de participación de la población francesa. Que su participación influyó relativamente poco en la liberación de Francia, aunque tuvo actuaciones concretas brillantes. Que el pueblo francés desconoce esta participación, ya que la historiografía francesa la ha ignorado, salvo escasas excepciones. / NOTAS: (1) Dreyfus-Armand, 1995, 73 (2) Javier Rubio en su libro "La emigración de la Guerra Civil 1936.1939", muestra un mapa (el 8 pág. 277) donde se identifica claramente que a finales de 1939 los Departamento que más refugiados tenían eran los del sur de Francia: Pirineos Orientales y Hérault, cada uno con más de 25.000 refugiados, y Ariege y Aude, entre 10.000 y 25.000. El resto de los Departamentos, en su gran mayoría, se mueven entre 500 a1.000 refugiados. (3) Serge Ravanel que fue jefe de las Fuerzas Francesas Libres FFI de la Región 4, Toulouse, dice que la resistencia española nació en el Sur de Francia, en intervención (5:00-6:06) en el reportaje: 1940-1945. Españoles en la tormenta. resistencia en Francia. Video: Uned Documentales https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6kLKxOHINU (7/10/2016)

National audience

Prix du livre corse 2018 de la Collectivité de Corse, catégorie "ouvrages scientifiques", remis par l'Accademia Corsa di i Vagabondi , commission littérature du Cunsigliu di a lingua.; International audience; De Petru Santu Leca, le public ne connaît en général que Ninni Nanna (Sottu à lu ponte) et Ti tengu cara, deux chansons dont il écrivit les paroles et qui font désormais partie du répertoire « traditionnel » corse. Le poète fut pourtant prolixe et surtout l’une des chevilles ouvrières du mouvement culturel corsiste de l’entre-deux-guerres. Sa proximité avec Santu Casanova, l’écrivain phare de ces années-là – dont il était le neveu – et avec Paul Arrighi, une autorité en matière de culture et d’histoire insulaire – dont il était le beau-frère – ne l’avantagea pas pour autant. Directeur de revue, écrivant en corse et français, ses contributions aux nombreuses publications des mouvements félibriges, tant continentaux que corses, auraient dû lui profiter et lui donner une place particulière au sein de la littérature insulaire. Ce ne fut pas le cas, malgré le respect et l’admiration affirmés par ses pairs, poètes et chroniqueurs. Son caractère, une réserve manifeste et l’absence de recueil édité ont sans aucun doute nui à l’éclosion d’un auteur pourtant d’une qualité exceptionnelle. Grâce à l’exhumation de manuscrits préparés par Petru Santu Leca lui-même et à un travail de collecte dans les revues de l’époque, voici donc venu le temps de la (re)découverte d’un univers poétique qui emprunte au classicisme de son époque, aux musiques des trois langues pratiquées dans l’île (corse, français et italien), autant qu’à l’inspiration buissonnière des insulaires. Ces Fiori di machja, pour la première fois réunis en bouquet, aux couleurs vives, aux parfums toujours intacts sont aujourd’hui miraculeusement resurgis des limbes du passé.

A capra e a machja corsa : due margine non pensate dalle politiche publiche . Aggiornamento sulla gestione sanitaria e produttiva d’ell’allevamento caprino

International audience

International audience; The distance and dissension that characterized the relations between the internal and external resistance movements have had a deep and lasting impact on memories of the Second World War. For decades, the French ‘maquis’ played a central role in maintaining this dichotomy between the two Resistances. There were nonetheless links between them. The British, American and French archives reveal that some of the Free French worked tirelessly to support the internal Resistance and its maquis. Their negotiations on behalf of the internal Resistance during summit meetings are well known. This paper addresses a lower level of the hierarchy, examining how the Free French in charge of liaisons with the internal Resistance fulfilled their task. Therefore, the networks between Free France, the French maquis and the Allies are the focus of this study. By investigating the identities of those involved in this cooperation, it sheds light on the connections and solidarity which were built among the French maquis, London and Algiers.; L’éloignement et les dissensions qui marquèrent les relations entre résistance extérieure et résistance intérieure françaises ont laissé une forte empreinte dans les mémoires de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les maquis français occupèrent plusieurs décennies durant une place centrale dans cette mise en opposition des deux résistances. Il exista pourtant des porosités entre l’une et l’autre. Les archives alliées et françaises montrent ainsi que certains Français libres travaillaient sans relâche pour fournir à la résistance intérieure et à ses maquis l’aide nécessaire. Leurs négociations au sommet avec les Alliés sont bien connues. Cet article se situe à un échelon inférieur de la hiérarchie pour examiner, en-deçà des tractations gaulliennes, la manière dont les Français libres chargés des liaisons avec la résistance intérieure avaient mené leur tâche à bien. Les réseaux qui relièrent France libre, maquis français et Alliés seront donc au cœur de ce propos. On interrogera l’identité des acteurs impliqués dans cette coopération. Chemin faisant, il s’agit de faire émerger les interfaces et les solidarités qui caractérisèrent aussi les relations entre les maquis de France, Londres et Alger.

National audience; Le massif des Maures a vu naître l'un des premiers maquis de la région provençale en 1943 et l'un des plus importants. Par la suite, ce maquis va se déplacer dans le centre du Var puis, en 1944, gagner les Basses-Alpes. Responsable de très nombreuses actions, il fut aussi un réservoir de cadres pour les FTP de la région.

Araştırma sahasını oluşturan Silifke, Mersin'e bağlı bir ilçe olup 2 945,5 km2 yüz ölçümüne sahiptir. İlçenin güneyinde Akdeniz, doğusunda Erdemli, batısında Mut ve Gülnar ilçeleriyle, kuzeyinde Karaman ili bulunur. İlçede Göksu deltasının bulunduğu alan dışındaki yerler dağlık ve engebeli bir yapıya sahiptir. Sahada Akdeniz ikliminin bariz özellikleri görülmektedir. Yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 19,20C, yıllık ortalama yağış 569,2 mm'dir. Göksu nehri ilçenin en önemli içme ve sulama suyu kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Göksu deltasında alüvyal topraklar, dağlık kesimlerde ise kırmızı Akdeniz toprakları ile kahverengi orman toprakları yaygındır. Karakteristik bitki örtüsünü kızılçam ormanları ve maki bitki topluluğu olan çalılıklar oluşturur. Araştırma sahasının kırsal kesiminde en önemli geçim kaynağı tarım ve hayvancılıktır. İlçenin dağlık ve engebeli yerleri tarımsal etkinliklere elverişli olmadığı için buralarda daha çok hayvancılık yapılmaktadır. Sahada geçmişten günümüze kadar süregelen göçebe hayvancılık faaliyetlerinin yerini artık yarı göçebe hayvancılık ve besi hayvancılığı almıştır. Yapılan hayvancılık faaliyetleri daha çok yarı göçebe halinde yapılır. Kavra Dağı ve kuzey kesimleri yaylak olarak kullanılırken, kışlak olarak ise Kavra Dağı'nın, Kaleli Dağ'ın güneyi ve Karakisle mevkiindeki korunaklı alanlar kullanılır. İlçedeki en büyük yükseltilerden biri olan Kavra Dağı ve çevresi genellikle Gündüzler, Yenisu, Karahacılı ve Kargıcak nüfusu tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Kavra Dağı ve yakın çevresinde sadece hayvancılık yapanlar, tarım ve hayvancılığı beraber yapanlar ve sadece tarım yapanlar mevcuttur. Kavra Dağı ve civarında hayvancılık yapılmasını en fazla maki bitki örtüsünün geniş yer kaplaması ve hayvancılığı desteklemek amacıyla yapılan tahıl tarımı etkilemiştir. Bazı kesimlerde yeryüzü şekillerinin engebeli ve toprak örtüsünün sınırlı olması tarımsal etkinlikleri engellerken halkı hayvancılığa yönlendirmiştir. Yaylacı göçebeler ve yarı göçebelerin yanı sıra göçebe Yörük aşiretlerinden Sarıkeçililer de araştırma sahasını kışlak olarak kullanmaktadır.Anahtar kelimeler: Mersin, Silifke, Maki bitki örtüsü, Göçebe hayvancılık, Gündüzler Köyü, Kavra Dağı, Yaylak, Kışlak, Tarım, Hayvancılık. Silifke which forms the research field, is a county of Mersin city, and it is 2945,5km² in area. In South of the county,there is Mediterranean Sea, in east of the county, there is Erdemli county, in West of the county, there are Mut and Gülnar Counties and in its North, there is city of Karaman.Except for the area of The Göksu Deta, The ground is mountainous and rugged. In thefield, we see features of marine climate. Annual average temperature is 19,2 C° and annual average amount of rain is 569,2 mm. River of Göksü is the county's most important source for drinking and farming. İn The Delta of Göksu, we see alluvial soil and in mountainous areas we see red mediterranean soil and Brown forest soil. The most common flora consists of Ponderesa forests and bushes which are maki plants. In rural areas of the research field, the most important source of living is farming and animal breeding. Because the mountainous and rugged areas aren't suitable for farming, we see more examples of animal breeding in these areas. İn the field, Instead of nomadic breeding which was more common in the past, people are now focusing on semi nomadic breeding and breeding of livestock animals. The operations of animal breeding are more likely to be semi-nomadic and, the nearby areas of the villages( higher areas ) are used as pasture. The villages and lower and some sheltered areas are used for overwintering. The mountain of Kavra which is one the biggest elevations in the county, and its surroundings are used by villagers of Gündüzler, Yenisu , Karahacılı and Kargıcak. In the mountain and its surroundings, there are people who deal with only animal breeding and there are people who deal with both animal breeding and agriculture and there people who deal with only agricultere. The most important reasons of animal breeding in surrounding areas of Kavra Mountain are that the flora of the region is maki and also people deal with grain farming to support animal breeding. In some areas, because the surface is rugged and the soil is limited for agriculture, people headed for animal breeding. As well as the nomadic people and semi-nomadic people ,` Sarıkeçililer`, one of the nomadic tribes of `Yörük` people also use this field for overwintering. Keywords: Mersin, Silifke, Maki flora, nomadic animal breeding, Gündüzler Village, Mountain of Kavra, pasture, areas for overwintering, farming, animal breeding. 135

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Infantil. Codi: MI1040. Curs acadèmic: 2017/2018 Tal com afirmen alguns autors, l'ensenyament de la història i la cultura en educació infantil no té el renom ni la importància necessària. Aquesta manca d’història i cultura la podem observar en el currículum, ja que no trobem cap apartat que ens indique treballar aquests aspectes ni com ferho. Existeixen professors que creuen amb la necessitat d’ensenyar aquesta matèria en les aules d’Educació Infantil, però, d’altra banda, trobem també altres que no pensen que s’haja de tractar amb xiquets tan menuts. En aquest treball m’he basat en un fet històric de la postguerra de l’Estat espanyol com són els maquis, en una zona concreta, La Tinença de Benifassà. La creació d’aquesta proposta didàctica té com a finalitat donar a conéixer als infants de l’escola de La Pobla de Benifassà què va succeir en el seu poble i enfortir el lligam d’aquests amb la localitat. Es durà a terme mitjançant un treball per projectes, on es realitzaran sortides, xerrades i l’elaboració d’una exposició, entre altres. En tot moment es comptarà amb la participació de les famílies i la gent del poble. La metodologia escollida es tracta d’una manera d’ensenyar globalitzadora, socialitzadora, activa i participativa que motive als xiquets a aprendre i conéixer els seus costums.

Departament d'Història, Geografia i Art En aquest treball es pretén parlar de lo que va ser el fenomen del maquis a Espanya, i principalment a la zona on va actuar la Agrupació Guerrillera de Llevant i Aragó. Així, es parlarà del context internacional que es va donar durant aquests anys i que va influenciar de forma molt significativa per a la creació del maquis, ja que al haver vençut a les forces feixistes en Europa, es pensava que passaria el mateix en Espanya, lo que va fer que molts guerrillers creuaren la frontera de França per a dur a terme una lluita en Espanya i així, intentar acabar amb la dictadura franquista. Però finalment, la realitat va ser molt diferent, les forces europees no van voler intervindre en el que estava passant en Espanya, i els guerrillers es van quedar sols en la muntanya dedicant-se bàsicament a la supervivència. Tan mateix, els maquis van estar bastant organitzats a les ordres del Partit Comunista, per això es van crear agrupacions al llarg de tot el país, en relació a la zona geogràfica on actuaven. Per la seua banda, la AGLA va ser l'agrupació més organitzada i nombrosa de tota la geografia espanyola per diversos factors, però un dels més importants va ser la proximitat amb França, que permetia una relativa fluïdesa per a la entrada i sortida de guerrillers. Però com s'explica en el treball, la vida d'aquests homes i algunes dones en la muntanya no va ser gens fàcil, ja que al fet d'estar perseguits per les forces de Franco se'ls ajuntava la vida extrema de la muntanya. Es parlarà també d'aquelles dones que van formar part d'aquesta agrupació, que encara que moltes voltes des de la ombra, van ser fonamentals per a dur a terme la lluita i garantir la supervivència dels guerrillers. La majoria d'elles van actuar com a punts de suport, garantint la supervivència dels que estaven al monte, proporcionant menjar i altres productes de necessitat, que feien que moltes voltes arriscaren la seua vida al poder ser descobertes. Altres, encara que no moltes, cinc en el cas de la AGLA, van pujar a la muntanya i van conviure amb els guerrillers durant una bona temporada fins que es va ordenar la seua evacuació. El cas de la Pastora serà un cas especial, ja que, encara que s'inclou dintre de les 5 dones que van estar en la muntanya, ell es sentia com a un home i per això vestirà com un home i serà tractat com a tal durant el temps que estarà amb els guerrillers. La historia d'aquest personatge es realment interessant, digna de qualsevol pel·lícula, per aquest motiu existeixen novel·les com la de Alicia Giménez Bartllet, Donde nadie te encuentre, que té com a temàtica principal la vida d'aquest home, sobretot durant els dos anys que va estar sol en el bosc, sobrevivint. Una altra qüestió fonamental per a la història del maquis es la forta repressió que van aplicar les tropes de Franco per a aquestes persones, contraries a la seua ideologia, que van ser fortament castigades. Tal volta, la repressió que se'ls va exercir, fora un dels motius principals per el que va sorgir el fenomen del maquis en Espanya, ja que a causa de la repressió molts van tindre que exiliarse a França, on es van reorganitzar per a poder dur a terme una invasió. També com a conseqüència de la repressió van ser molts els homes que no van recórrer a l'exili, però sí van fugir a la muntanya en acabar la guerra, convertint-se posteriorment, en guerrillers del maquis. El fet de que aquestos guerrillers es refugiaren en la muntanya va contribuir a crear una imatge determinada per a la col·lectivitat. Doncs eren molts els masovers que tenien pànic absolut als maquis, ja que solien anar per els masos a demanar menjar i diners, lo que solia ficar en el compromís de delatar-los o ajudar-los. Tan mateix, molts d'aquestos masovers van ajudar de bon gust a la guerrilla per que compartien la seua ideologia. També, la imatge terrorífica que van pretendre donar els mitjans de comunicació, així com la guàrdia civil, va contribuir seriosament al menyspreu que van sofrir aquestes persones, que en un primer moment van voler lliurar a Espanya de les mans del feixisme, però que finalment la seua lluita es va convertir en un intent de supervivència i d'escapatòria de la repressió. In this paper, it is intended to speak of what was the phenomenon of the Maquis in Spain, and mainly in the area where the Guerrilla Grouping of Levante and Aragón (AGLA in Spanish) acted. Thus, we will talk about the international context that occurred during these years and that influenced very significantly for the creation of the Maquis, since having overcome the fascist forces in Europe, it was thought that the same would happen in Spain, which made many guerrillas cross the border of France to carry out a fight in Spain and thus, to try to end the Franco dictatorship. But finally, the reality was very different. The European forces did not want to intervene in what was happening in Spain, and the guerrillas were left alone in the mountain basically devoting themselves to survival. Likewise, the Maquis were fairly organized under the orders of the Communist Party, so groups were created throughout the country, in relation to the geographical area where they acted. For its part, the AGLA was the most organized and numerous grouping of the entire Spanish geography by several factors, but one of the most important was the proximity with France, which allowed a relative fluidity for the entry and exit of guerrillas. But as it is explained in the paper, the life of these men and some women in the mountain was not easy, since the fact of being persecuted by the forces of Franco was joined to the extreme life of the mountain. It will be also talked about those women who were part of this grouping that, although many times from the shadow, were essential to carry out the fight and guarantee the survival of the guerrillas. Most of them acted as supporting points, guaranteeing the survival of those who were on the mountain, providing food and other necessities, which caused many times to risk their lives in case of being discovered. Others, though not many, five in the case of the AGLA, climbed to the mountain and coexisted with the guerrillas during a good season until their evacuation was ordered. The case of thePastora will be a special case since, although it is included within the five women that were in the mountain, he felt like a man and for that reason he would dress like a man and he will be treated like such during the time he will be with the guerrillas. The story of this character is really enthralling, worthy of any movie, and for that reason there are novels such as that of Alicia Giménez Bartlett, Dondenadieteencuentre, which has as a main theme the life of this man, Another fundamental question for the story of the Maquis is the heavy repression that Franco's troops applied to these people, contrary to his ideology, which were severely punished. However, the repression that was exercised was one of the main reasons why the Maquis phenomenon arose in Spain, since due to the repression many had to exile in France, where they reorganized to be able to accomplish an invasion. Also as a result of the repression, many men were who did not resort to exile, but they fled to the mountain after the end of the war, becoming later, in Maquis guerrillas. The fact that these guerrillas took refuge in the mountain helped create a certain image for the community. There were many farmers who had absolute panic of the Maquis, since they used to go to the farms to ask for food and money, which used to put them in the commitment of reporting or helping them. However, many of these farmers helped the guerrillas in good taste because they shared their ideology. Also, the terrifying image that the media tried to give, as well as the civil guard, seriously contributed to the contempt suffered by these people, who initially wanted to hand Spain over from the hands of fascism. But finally, their struggle became an attempt to survive and escape from repression.

This study was carried out on the data obtained from 35 plot areas selected among the vertical distribution regions of maquis in study area located in Eastern Mediterranean region. The data were grouped in terms of altitude, dominant exposure, vegetation height, and mean age factors, and it is tried to reveal the change of maquis biomass depending on these factors. The data obtained shown significant variation and, for this reason, the mass values are expressed as mean values. The potential relationship between the mentioned factors and the amounts of stored biomass was examined by using t-test and variation analysis. The mean aboveground biomass amount was found to be 24,183 ton/ha, while mean belowground biomass that doesn’t contain fine root was found to be 41,062 ton/ha. According to these results obtained from mean values, the root/shoot ratio was calculated to be 1.7., Ovo je istraživanje provedeno pomoću podataka dobivenih iz 35 područja određenih vertikalnom distribucijom prostora makije na istraživanom području smještenom u regiji istočnog Sredozemlja. Podaci su grupirani prema visini, dominantnoj izloženosti, visini vegetacije I prosječnoj starosti, te su se promatrale promjene na biomasi makije ovisno o tim faktorima. Dobiveni podaci pokazuju značajne varijacije te su iz tog razloga ukupne vrijednosti prikazane kao prosječne vrijednosti. Potencijalni odnos između spomenutih čimbenika i količine skladištene biomase provjeren je pomoću t-testa i analize varijacije. Prosječna vrijednost količine nadzemne biomase bila je 24.183 tona/ha, dok je prosječna vrijednost podzemne biomase, bez finog korijenja, bila je 41.062 tona/ha. S obzirom na rezultate dobivene iz prosječnih vrijednosti, omjer suhe mase nadzemnih organa i korijena iznosio je 1,7.

Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Historia y Cine celebrado en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid del 5 al 7 de Septiembre de 2016. Este estudio pretende mostrar el cambio operado en el imaginario cinematográfico español, partiendo del franquisrno hasta alcanzar la plena democracia, en esta doble visión que nos van a ofrecer del fenómeno de los maquis La paz empieza nunca (1960), de León Klimovsky y Silencio roto (2001), de Montxo Arrnendáriz. This study airns to show the change in the Spanish film irnagery, starting during the Francoism until the Democracy, in this double vision that we are going to see about the phenomenon of maquis in two films, La paz empieza nunca (León Klimovsky, 1960) and Silencio roto (Montxo Armendáriz, 2001).

Basé sur deux romans contemporains espagnols (Luna de Lobos, 1985 et Maquis, 1997), ce mémoire a pour objectif d’étudier comment les auteurs, Julio Llamazares et Alfons Cervera, prennent part à la construction de la mémoire collective de l’Espagne. Pour ce faire, les deux romans ont été comparés en se centrant sur la représentation d’un groupe de protagonistes : les maquisards. Cette étude est composée d’une partie théorique et d’une partie analytique. La première partie introduit les notions de mémoire collective et de post-mémoire. La seconde partie est une analyse systématique du corpus qui se focalise sur deux thèmes principaux. Premièrement, cette étude examine la représentation des protagonistes par rapport au thème de la déshumanisation. Ensuite, la représentation des protagonistes et des antagonistes par rapport au concept de l’héro éthique est développée. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que les deux auteurs ont réussi à mettre en lumière l’histoire des maquisards qui a été mise sous silence pendant des années sous la dictature franquiste. Master [120] en langues et lettres modernes, orientation générale, Université catholique de Louvain, 2017

A través del análisis en profundidad de un caso concreto del medio rural, correspondiente a los primeros años cuarenta del siglo pasado, este artículo aborda la forma en la que el régimen franquista aplicó los parámetros de la justicia militar, con toda su capacidad coercitiva, su ensañamiento y su arbitrariedad, a modalidades delictivas de rango menor –relacionadas con los hurtos en el campo– y vinculadas con el fenómeno de los “huidos en la sierra”. La trama estudiada se desarrolló en el Campo de Montiel, un territorio situado en la mitad sudoriental de la provincia de Ciudad Real, y el sujeto de la misma fueron la partida de los Chuchas, sus enlaces y encubridores. Aquel fue uno de los grupos armados pioneros contrarios al nuevo orden que se constituyeron en España al poco de finalizar la Guerra Civil, de ahí que también fuera uno de los primeros en sufrir los brutales rigores represivos de la dictadura., Through an in-depth analysis of a specific rural case from the early 1940s, this article addresses the question of the way the Franco regime applied military justice codes in all their cruelty and arbitrariness to minor offenses such as petty theft in rural areas and those related to the phenomenon of “those who had fled to the mountains”. The case studied here unfolded in Campo de Montiel, an area in the mid-southeast of the province of Ciudad Real, and concerns the Los Chuchas group, its connections and those who protected it. This was one of the first armed groups to be formed in Spain shortly after the Civil War in opposition to the new order and thus one of the first to suffer the brutal repression of the dictatorship

The lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks,l , is the soil property that mostly governs subsurface flow in hillslopes. Determinations of Ks,l at the hillslope scale are expected to yield valuable information for interpreting and modeling hydrological processes since soil heterogeneities are functionally averaged in this case. However, these data are rare since the experiments are quite difficult and costly. In this investigation, that was carried out in Sardinia (Italy), large-scale determinations of Ks,l were done in two adjacent hillslopes covered by a Mediterranean maquis and grass, respectively, with the following objectives: i) to evaluate the effect of land use change on Ks,l , and ii) to compare estimates of Ks,l obtained under natural and artificial rainfall conditions. Higher Ks,l values were obtained under the maquis than in the grassed soil since the soil macropore network was better connected in the maquis soil. The lateral conductivity increased sharply close to the soil surface. The sharp increase of Ks,l started at a larger depth for the maquis soil than the grassed one. The Ks,l values estimated during artificial rainfall experiments agreed with those obtained during the natural rainfall periods. For the grassed site, it was possible to detect a stabilization of Ks,l in the upper soil layer, suggesting that flow transport capacity of the soil pore system did not increase indefinitely. This study highlighted the importance of the experimental determination of Ks,l at the hillslope scale for subsurface modeling, and also as a benchmark for developing appropriate sampling methodologies based on near-point estimation of Ks,l .

The cinema, both as documental source and as a part of History, provides a specific point of view on the “Maquis” subject. The present manuscript focus on the evolution of this character since the fifties until nowadays, which has changed accordingly to the different political landscapes that had gone through Spain: during early Franquism their image starts as wrong and regretted individuals that yields to partizans and assasins; in the late Franquism their image achieved a reasonable recognisement. The study of the Censorship files during this period illustrates how the paths followed by the projects about these guerrilla were. During the Transition, the Maquis turn up sometimes into survivals, even in heroes. Most directors have claim a place in history for the fight of this antifranquism guerrilla, first biased to pass through the franquism censorship and lately in the Democracy in a plain way. El cine, como documento y como parte de la historia, brinda un enfoque específico sobre los maquis que abarca desde los años cincuenta hasta la actualidad, y el estudio de los expedientes de Censura durante el franquismo ilustra cómo fueron los caminos seguidos por los proyectos sobre los guerrilleros hasta su consecución. En este artículo se aborda la evolución del estereotipo según las circunstancias políticas acorde con la ideología predominante: en el franquismo se parte de una imagen de individuos equivocados y arrepentidos, pasando por bandoleros y asesinos. Ya en la Transición, los maquis se tornan en algunos casos en supervivientes, e incluso en héroes. La mayoría de los directores cinematográficos, bien de manera oblicua para traspasar las normas censoras o bien de forma diáfana ya en la Democracia, han reivindicado para la historia la lucha de la guerrilla antifranquista.

Bu çalışma Tarsus Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü Çamalan Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisindeki makilik alanların biyokütle miktarlarının belirlenmesi için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada farklı bakı, yükselti ve vejetasyon boyunda yer alan tam kapalı makilik alanlar örneklenmiştir. Toplamda 35 örnek alanda 100 m2'lik maki örtüsü toprak seviyesinden tıraşlama olarak kesilmiştir. Her örnek alanda 4 m2'lik kısım toprak altı biyokütlenin miktarını belirlemek kök derinliğine kadar kazılmıştır. Toprak üstü biyokütle meşcere bileşenleri itibarıyla ayrılarak her bir bileşenin ağırlığı belirlenmiştir. Toprak altı biyokütle 2 mm'nin üstündeki kalın kök kısmını temsil etmektedir ve 4 cm'den ince ve 4 cm'den kalın kökler şeklinde sınıflandırılarak tartılmıştır. Yaş tayini için her alandan 3 veya 4 adet gövde kesitleri toprak seviyesinden kesilerek alınmıştır. Yaprak oranını tahmini için örnek daldan yaprak ve odun kısımları ayrılarak tartılmıştır. Her bir bileşenden alınan örnekler üzerinden kabuk miktarları ve yaş-kuru oranları tespit edilmiştir.Örnek alanlar 488-1.155 m yükseltiler arasında yayılmaktadır ve kapalılık %75-90 arasında değişmektedir. Örnek alanlarda toprak üstü kuru biyokütle 74,99 kg/100 m2 ile 471,93 kg/100 m2; toprak altı kuru biyokütle 173,45 kg/100 m2 ile 945,67 kg/100 m2 arasında değişmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda kök/sak oranının yaklaşık 1,7 gibi yüksek bir değer olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Toprak üstü ve toprak altı maki biyokütlesindeki geniş varyasyon alanın kapalılığı, aktüel durumu, makilerin boyu, birim alandaki dip çap özelliklerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca insanların yakacak odun temin etmesi, hayvan otlatma baskısına maruz kalma derecesine bağlı olarak da değişebilmektedir. This study has been carried our to determine biomass amounts of maquis in Tarsus Forest Forest Directorate, Çamalan Planning Unit.In this study, maquis plots with canopy closure more than 70% were sampled in different exposures, elevations and vegetation heights. In totally 35 sample plots, maquis vegetation of 100 m2 was cleared at soil level. For each sample plot, area of 4 m2 was excavated up to root depth to determine below-ground biomass. Above-ground biomass was grouped according to vegetation components and weighed. Belowe-ground biomass represents coarse roots (>2 mm) and divided into two parts (>4 cm

We describe the morpho-anatomical features of the ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) formed by Lactifluus rugatus on Cistus, a genus of about 20 species of woody shrubs typical of the Mediterranean maquis. The description of L. rugatus mycorrhizas on Cistus is the first ECM description of a species belonging to Lactifluus subgen. Pseudogymnocarpi. The ECM identity was verified through molecular tools. Anatomically, the characteristic of L. rugatus mycorrhiza is the presence of abundant, long “bottle-shaped” cystidia on mantle surface. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of milkcap mycorrhizas are acystidiate. This is the third Lactarius/Lactifluus mycorrhiza to have been described associated with Cistus, the others being Lactarius cistophilus and L. tesquorum. The phylogenetic distance between all these taxa is reflected by the diversity of the principal features of their ECMs, which share host-depending ECM features known for Cistus, but are otherwise distinguishable on the host roots. Comparison of Lactifluus rugatus ECM with those formed by L. vellereus and L. piperatus on Fagus reveals elevated intrageneric diversity of mycorrhizal structures. Such a diversity is supported by analysis of ITS sequences of relevant species within European Lactifluus species. Our study extends knowledge of Cistus mycorrhizal biology and confirms the informative value of mycorrhizal structures in understanding phylogenetic relationships in ECM fungi.

International audience; New Caledonia is renowned as one of the world's most significant biodiversity hotpots. The nutrient-deficiency and cations imbalances of ultramafic soils, which cover a third of the island, harbor a disproportionally high proportion of the plant diversity and endemism of New Caledonia. This review explores how ultramafic soils have influenced the exceptional endemism and richness of New Caledonia trough the concomitant occurrences of habitat patchiness, climatic instability, environmental gradient, and edaphic heterogeneity of ultramafic soils. We focus on the unique `maquis' vegetation where selective pressures by nutrient deficiency and trace element surplus are at their acme. We aim to synthesize our current understanding of diversification and speciation of lineages that have been phylogenetically studied to date. Fragmentation of the peridotite mantle in isolated massifs, and as such spatial heterogeneity of ultramafic soils types, appear to promote plant endemism and speciation. Repeated independent dispersal events of pre-adapted species and persistence of paleo-endemic lineages have contributed to the phylogenetic diversity and the endemism of the ultramafic flora. Finally, historical climatic instability has caused shifts of rain forest species in refugia thereby favoring the extension of maquis species.

The Labyrinth Of The Faun (2006) by Guillermo del Toro is a film built on two planes that intertwine constantly: the real plane that matches with the 1944 Spanish post-war when a group of military men commanded by Vidal merciless chase the maquis in the area, and the imaginary plane, thought by Ofelia in parallel, as a sort of escape in front of the negative events she is enduring or that surround her life. When the surrounding evilness is extreme, to escape to a world of fantasy becomes a way out in order to survive; anyway it is only a partial solution as the negative reality will burst to a large or lesser extent into this imaginary world and, unfortunately, this will not be avoided. Guillermo del Toro creates a fiction that, even if originated by evilness, adopts a shape closer to the goodness: a fairy tale. Nevertheless, not everything is goodness in this a priori idyllic world., El laberinto del fauno (2006) de Guillermo del Toro es una película con dos planos que se entrecruzan constantemente: el real, que se corresponde con la España de posguerra de 1944, en el que unos militares capitaneados por Vidal persiguen sin piedad a los maquis de la zona, y el imaginario, ideado por Ofelia en paralelo como evasión ante los acontecimientos negativos que vive o que la rodean. Cuando la maldad circundante es extrema, huir a un mundo de fantasía se convierte en una salida para sobrevivir, pero sólo es una solución parcial, porque la realidad negativa irrumpirá con mayor o menor medida en ese mundo imaginario y no siempre se podrá evitar. Guillermo del Toro plantea una ficción que tiene su origen en la maldad, pero adquiere una forma mucho más cercana a lo contrario, un cuento de hadas, sin embargo, no todo va a ser bondad en ese mundo inicialmente idílico.

Al terminar la Guerra civil espanola, varios pequenos grupos de hombres armados continuaron la lucha contra el nuevo regimen de Franco. Estos guerrilleros, conocidos como los maquis, muchas veces vivian en las regiones montanosas, pero ocasionalmente habia grupos de maquis urbanos tambien. La historia de estos guerrilleros ha recibido atencion en los ultimos anos en estudios historicos, novelas, y peliculas.1 Secundino Serrano (2001:16) destaca una ironia en cuanto a los maquis: «en lugar de promover su conocimiento, la resistencia armada fue desplazada del discurso historico para hacer creibles nuevas estrategias, entre ellas la conocida como ‘politica de reconciliacion nacional’» lo que otros criticos llaman el «pacto de olvido» (vease Vilaros, 1998:12-20) o «amnesia colectiva» (Junke, 2006:104). Ha habido un cambio paulatino, sin embargo, y Luengo (2006:131) nota que «el 20 de noviembre de 2002 el Parlamento espanol condeno por vez primera la dictadura de Franco de forma unanime. La primera proposicion no de ley contenia tambien una referencia a los guerrilleros que, una vez acabada la Guerra Civil, siguieron luchando dentro de Espana». Con el paso de los anos, la generacion de sobrevivientes de la Guerra Civil espanola desaparece poco a poco, y el esfuerzo de mantener la memoria historica de aquellos anos y de aclarar la historia con nueva informacion y nuevas perspectivas ha llamado la atencion tanto en Espana como en

The consistency and reliability of Ellenberg’s indicator values (Eiv) as ecological descriptors of the Mediterranean evergreen vegetation ascribed to the phytosociological class Quercetea ilicis have been checked on a set of 859 phytosociological releves × 699 species. Diagnostic species were identified through a Twinspan analysis and their Eiv analyzed and related to the following independent variables: (1) annual mean temperatures, (2) annual rainfall. The results provided interesting insights to disentangle the current syntaxonomical framework at the alliance level demonstrating the usefulness of ecological indicator values to test the efficiency and predictivity of the phytosociological classification.

Le Val d’Aran est l’un de ces territoires où frontière géographique et frontière culturelle diffèrent. Situé sur le versant nord des Pyrénées, dans l'espace culturel occitan, cette petite région frontalière montagneuse qui appartient administrativement à l’Espagne, est difficile à atteindre du côté espagnol, mais aisément accessible par la France. Cette situation géographique et cette configuration orographique du Val d'Aran ont été des éléments déterminants dans le choix de ce territoire par les Républicains espagnols pour lancer l'Opération Reconquête de l'Espagne et tenter de renverser le régime franquiste. Cette opération, réalisée en octobre 1944, visait à établir un gouvernement républicain provisoire en Val d'Aran, avec l’aide de la guérilla espagnole(les maquis) qui collaborait, en exil, avec la Résistance française du sud de la France. L’opération a duré onze jours et la présence des maquis a été particulièrement importante dans la zone du Baish Aran. L’arrivée inattendue de ces résistants et leur rapport avec les populations locales constituent aujourd’hui l’objet de notre recherche. Bien que l’invasion du Val d’Aran soit un des épisodes historiques de l’après-guerre espagnol le moins étudié, il a été largement évoqué par des témoins et des militaires qui ont participé à l’opération, tous masculins. Il n’a pour l’heure jamais restitué le point de vue des femmes des villages, qui ont aussi vécu pendant ce laps de temps un changement radical dans leur vie quotidienne. Entretiens directs de ces femmes et vidéos de leurs témoignages, constitueront de précieux outils méthodologiques aptes à nous faire découvrir, valoriser et conserver la mémoire orale autour de cet événement historique majeur, relaté ici dans la perspective du genre. L’analyse des récits relatifs à tous ces différents vécus, non seulement alimentera les sources documentaire et biographique de l’enfance de ces femmes, mais elle mettra aussi en lumière leur sentiment d’appartenance au lieu, notamment par leurs relations quotidiennes avec leur territoire, ainsi qu’avec la frontière. In the Aran Valley, the political and administrative border does not coincide with the cultural boundaries. The Spanish Valley situated in the Atlantic Pyrenees and within the Occitan cultural realm has a peripheral and quite inaccessible location in relation to Spain, while it has easy access from the French side. The particularities of this territory where highly valued by the Spanish Republican army to design the Spanish Reconquest campaign during the early years of Franco’s dictatorship. The invasion of the Aran Valley is one of the historical episodes of the Spanish post-war that is has been less studied. It was the most serious attempt, in October of 1944, of establishing a provisional Republican government in the Aran Valley with the support of the Spanish guerrilla (the maquis), who also have been collaborating in the exile with the French resistance in southern France. The operation lasted 11 days and the maquis’ presence had been particularly important in this area. Its unexpected arrival and their contact with the local population are the subject of our research. This historical episode always has been explained from the point of view of the “maquis” or the francoist soldiers who participated in the operation, but never from the viewpoint of the valley residents. Our focus is to unfold the narratives of those who experienced a real alteration of their everyday life, an more particularly women. Recorded interviews are the methodological tools used to discover, to value and to preserve the oral memory of this event, always with a gender perspective. The analysis of these life’s stories of these women that were children at that time offers us a new narrative of the events, as well as a resource to understand the daily relationships and their particular sense of place. The objective and contribution of this research is thus the recollection of testimonies of the immaterial patrimony and the study of everyday life practices from a gender point of view in a key historical moment of the valley history. The importance of the recovery of the oral historical memory goes together with the breaking off of secrets around the post-war and the Spanish democratic transition.

In the Aran Valley, the political and administrative border does not coincide with the cultural boundaries. The Spanish Valley situated in the Atlantic Pyrenees and within the Occitan cultural realm has a peripheral and quite inaccessible location in relation to Spain, while it has easy access from the French side. The particularities of this territory where highly valued by the Spanish Republican army to design the Spanish Reconquista campaign during the early years of Franco’s dictatorship. The invasion of the Aran Valley is one of the historical episodes of the Spanish post-war that is has little been studied. It was the most serious attempt, in October of 1944, of establishing a provisional Republican government in the Aran Valley with the support of the Spanish guerrilla (the maquis), who also have been collaborating in the exile with the French resistance in Southern France. The operation lasted 11 days and the maquis’ presence was particularly important in this area. Its unexpected arrival and their contact with the local population are the subject of our research. This historical episode always has been explained from the point of view of the “maquis” or the francoist soldiers who participated in the operation, but never from the viewpoint of the valley residents. Our focus is to unfold the narratives of those who experienced a real alteration of their everyday life, and more particularly women. Recorded interviews are the methodological tools used to discover, to value and to preserve the oral memory of this event, always with a gender perspective. The analysis of these life’s stories of these women that were children at that time offers us a new narrative of the events, as well as a resource to understand the daily relationships and their particular sense of place. The objective and contribution of this research is thus the recollection of testimonies of the immaterial patrimony and the study of everyday life practices from a gender point of view in a key historical moment of the valley history. The importance of the recovery of the oral historical memory goes together with the breaking off of secrets around the post-war and the Spanish democratic transition. Le Val d’Aran est l’un de ces territoires où frontière géographique et frontière culturelle diffèrent. Situé sur le versant nord des Pyrénées, dans l'espace culturel occitan, cette petite région frontalière montagneuse qui appartient administrativement à l’Espagne, est difficile à atteindre du côté espagnol, mais aisément accessible par la France. Cette situation géographique et cette configuration orographique du Val d'Aran ont été des éléments déterminants dans le choix de ce territoire par les Républicains espagnols pour lancer l'Opération Reconquête de l'Espagne et tenter de renverser le régime franquiste. Cette opération, réalisée en octobre 1944, visait à établir un gouvernement républicain provisoire en Val d'Aran, avec l’aide de la guérilla espagnole(les maquis) qui collaborait, en exil, avec la Résistance française du sud de la France. L’opération a duré onze jours et la présence des maquis a été particulièrement importante dans la zone du Baish Aran. L’arrivée inattendue de ces résistants et leur rapport avec les populations locales constituent aujourd’hui l’objet de notre recherche. Bien que l’invasion du Val d’Aran soit un des épisodes historiques de l’après-guerre espagnol le moins étudié, il a été largement évoqué par des témoins et des militaires qui ont participé à l’opération, tous masculins. Il n’a pour l’heure jamais restitué le point de vue des femmes des villages, qui ont aussi vécu pendant ce laps de temps un changement radical dans leur vie quotidienne. Entretiens directs de ces femmes et vidéos de leurs témoignages, constitueront de précieux outils méthodologiques aptes à nous faire découvrir, valoriser et conserver la mémoire orale autour de cet événement historique majeur, relaté ici dans la perspective du genre. L’analyse des récits relatifs à tous ces différents vécus, non seulement alimentera les sources documentaire et biographique de l’enfance de ces femmes, mais elle mettra aussi en lumière leur sentiment d’appartenance au lieu, notamment par leurs relations quotidiennes avec leur territoire, ainsi qu’avec la frontière.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SEDYVIN; International audience; New Caledonia (NC) is a biodiversity hotspot sheltering terrestrial ecosystems of high ecological and conservation value including tropical dry forests, rainforests, and maquis. However, uncontrolled bushfires threaten this exceptional biodiversity. A science-based fire management policy could reduce the impact of unwanted fires and help facing climate change. However, to date, data on the location, extent, causal factors and spatial patterns of fires had not been collected. We compiled a 13-year-long (1999–2011) spatially-explicit fire database for NC using MODIS and Landsat data. Using boosted regression trees we disentangled the role of anthropogenic factors, physiography, weather and vegetation on fire activity. We also characterized the location of fires and the vegetation composition at the fire edges, in order to determine which ecosystems were especially vulnerable. Fire size distribution was typically asymmetric with many small fires (500 ha). Ignitions were preferentially located close to villages, cities or roads, at low elevation and linked to high values of fire weather index. Fires were larger at the end of the dry season and during El Niño events. Most fires were bushfires burning in savannas, thickets and maquis, while rainforests were rather ‘avoided’ by fire. However, bushfires generally propagated towards forests of high-conservation value, thus increasing the potential for forest edge erosion. As savanna-forest and maquis-forest mosaics are dominant in the landscape, we discuss the extent to which NC could become a ‘fire trap’ where fire cannot be easily extirpated. Based on our spatially-explicit information on fire activity, we make recommendations for a sustainable forest and fire management policy which would balance the traditional use of fire and the conservation of the most valuable ecosystems. In particular, it may help by reducing the damages of large and destructive bushfires ignited during drought peaks.

International audience; Resumen. Alicia Giménez Bartlett ficcionaliza una historia verdadera, narra el recorrido de «La Pastora», muy famosa durante el periodo de resistencia al franquismo de los maquis catalanes por dos razones distintas. Aquel personaje que terminó por volverse mítico con el tiempo tenía una malformación de nacimiento: su identidad sexual no fue determinada sencillamente por el sexo, como suele pasar, dado que era hermafrodita. Sus padres decidieron declararla como chica para evitarle problemas en la mili pero sufrió durante toda su vida porque su apariencia no se correspondía con la identidad que le eligieron. La solución que encontró fue desaparecer: casi no fue a la escuela, vivió en los montes como pastora aislada con su rebaño, y cuando estalló el conflicto, primero ayudó a los maquis y, luego, el jefe le propuso entrar en la revolución y le incitó a ser quién pensaba ser en realidad: a saber, un hombre. Abstract. Alicia Giménez Bartlett fictionalise a true story, tell the itinerary of the very famous «La Pastora» during the resistance period to Francoism of the catalan's maquis for two different reasons: in fact, this character who ends becoming mythical over time had a birth malformation: his sexual identity didn't simply determined by sex as normally because he was an hermaphrodite. His parents decided to declare him as a girl to preserve her from problems in the army but she suffers during her own life because her appearence didn't match with the identity they chose for her. The solution she found was dissapear: she practically didn't go to school, she lived in the mounts as a pastor isolated with her flock, when the conflict exploded, first she helped the maquis and, then, the chief proposed her to take part of the revolution and encouraged her to become who (s)he really was.

In an analysis about Spanish cinema of the Transition (1973-1984) from the perspective of its ability to show the history and the contemporary reality of Spain, it was essential to understand the figure of the director Manuel Gutierrez Aragon, him being the author of a few significant films of the period. Despite valuing, first and foremost, the poetic or metaphorical dimensions of his film language, we suspected that his work is deeply rooted in Spanish society and history since the Civil War. Thus, we were interested in establishing a link between these roots’ realism and the more poetic, inventive side of a filmography always elusive to categorisations.Starting from an analysis of each film (Sánchez Noriega, ed., 2014), we carried out a cross approximation to inquire about the constants of his filmography, constants that are better grasped - in our view - from this "dialectical reality / inventiveness". In order to mitigate the subjectivity inherent in our discourse, we have allowed for scholarly essays and the filmmaker’s testimonies, in addition to our cinematic analyses.The core ideas of this cinematic discourse include: a realism nuanced by distortions which add a poetic quality to Gutierrez Aragon’s filmography; family memories since childhood and the natural spaces linked to them; the representation of the Spanish social and political situation, beginning in the Francoist forties and leading all the way into the tensions arising from the transition to democracy of the seventies; and the creation of characters when developing the figure of the traitor/hero and examining the acquisition of knowledge and persuasion. En un estudio sobre el cine español de la Transición (1973-1984) desde la perspectiva de su capacidad para mostrar la historia y la realidad española contemporánea era indispensable profundizar en la figura del director Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón, pues es autor de algunas de las películas más significativas de ese período. A pesar de que de este cineasta se valora más la dimensión poética o metafórica de su lenguaje cinematográfico, teníamos la intuición de que su obra posee unas fuertes raíces en la sociedad española y en su historia desde la Guerra Civil. Nos interesaba poner en relación el realismo de estas raíces con la vertiente más poética o fabuladora de una filmografía siempre esquiva a las categorizaciones. A partir de un trabajo de análisis de cada una de las películas (Sánchez Noriega, ed., 2014) hemos realizado una aproximación transversal para indagar en las constantes de esta filmografía, constantes que se aprehenden mejor –a nuestro juicio- desde esta “dialéctica realidad / fabulación”. A fin de mitigar la subjetividad inherente a un discurso de este tipo, además de nuestros análisis fílmicos hemos tenido en cuenta ensayos de estudiosos y los propios testimonios del cineasta. Hay que subrayar como ejes de este discurso fílmico el realismo muy matizado por distorsiones que proporcionan al cine de Gutiérrez Aragón una notable cualidad poética; la memoria familiar desde la infancia y los espacios naturales vinculados a ella; la representación del marco social y político desde la España franquista de los cuarenta a las tensiones de la transición a la democracia; y la construcción de los personajes donde son relevantes la figura del traidor/ héroe y el tema de la adquisición del conocimiento y el adoctrinamiento.

Two species of Pancheria (Cunoniaceae) described here, Pancheria minima J.C. Bradford and Pancheria ouaiemensis J.C. Bradford, draw attention to a recently recognized biodiversity pattern in New Caledonia. Montane maquis on acidic substrates, especially on the Roche Ouaieme, harbors numerous endemic species and is a rare and globally unique ecosystem. We cite 12 species, most described in the past several years, known only from the Roche Ouaieme in an area less than 10 km(2). Overall, 27 species are known only from montane maquis and currently not found in a well-protected area. The major local threat to montane maquis habitat is anthropogenic fire, with climate change a possible long-term problem. Those montane maquis species known from one or two localities, occupying very small areas, and with declining habitat quality are critically endangered or endangered based on IUCN Red List criteria. Adding the Roche Ouaieme to the reserve system of New Caledonia is recommended to protect and manage a representative area of montane maquis on acidic substrates. A research strategy is proposed to identify species most at risk, locate possible unknown areas of montane maquis, and update taxonomic knowledge. A review of characters that vary among Pancheria species is provided, and the inflorescence architecture is described and diagramed. Both new Pancheria species occur at upper elevations in shrubby habitats. P. minima is remarkable in that the size of plants, leaves and reproductive parts is highly reduced compared to other known species.

Nel romanzo di Alicia Giménez-Bartlett, Donde nadie te encuentre, il tema della fuga si articola su due direttrici. La protagonista fugge dalle discriminazioni di una società incapace di accogliere ed accettare la sua diversità. Allo stesso tempo, tutti i personaggi coinvolti nella narrazione sperimentano un graduale processo di allontanamento dagli ideali imperanti nella Spagna franchista. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è rileggere il testo alla luce di tali considerazioni, analizzando come in esso la scrittrice sviluppa il tema della fuga intesa come rottura totale e proiezione verso una nuova dimensione vitale alla quale tutti i personaggi sembrano aspirare.

Regression equations were developed to estimate shrub fuel biomass of a maquis formation in western Turkey. The relationships between some shrub characteristics and live, dead, available (for consumption), and total fuel biomass were determined by simple/multiple linear regression. Measured biomass values for live, available, and total fuels varied from 0.70 to 6.74 kg m-2, from 0.78 to 3.03 kg m-2, and from 1.06 to 7.72 kg m-2, respectively. The results obtained indicated that shrub fuel biomass could be satisfactorily predicted using the regression equations generated. The resulting equations were able to account for 60% to 89% of the observed variation (P < 0.05) in the fuel biomass categories studied. The results of this study should be invaluable in many forestry disciplines, including ecology, protection, and management.