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O presente trabalho aborda a necessidade de aplicação dos princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa nas ações de medidas de proteção. Em um primeiro momento, buscar-se-á apresentar o Estado Democrático de Direito e os direitos e garantias constitucionalmente estabelecidas, bem como definir o devido processo legal e os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa. Em um segundo momento, construir uma reconstituição da história do direito da criança no Brasil. Ainda, explanar acerca do procedimento das medidas protetivas e suas implicações. Em um terceiro momento, demonstrar-se-á a necessidade do contraditório e da ampla defesa nas medidas protetivas e as consequências da omissão dos princípios no processo. Por fim, o intuito da pesquisa é mostrar a necessidade da aplicação dos direitos constitucionais nos processos de medida protetiva, tendo em vista a gravidade que acarreta às partes a ausência do devido processo legal no processo.

Human life is inseparable from the problems to overcome this we need a rule that can prevent and impose sanctions on people who do things that are not in accordance with applicable norms or ethics. The law governing the protection of witnesses and victims as stated in the state sheet which is the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 31 of 2014 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. During this time many criminal cases have never been touched by the legal process. The purpose of this thesis is finding out the legal protection of witnesses and reporters in revealing narcotics criminal acts by the Pekanbaru City Police and know the effort to overcome the legal protection barriers to witnesses and reporters in revealing criminal acts by the Pekanbaru City Police. This type of research can be classified with research classified into sociological juridical research where the research examines the effectiveness of the law that is in force. From the research result, it is found that, first in protecting the rights of witnesses and victims, the government established an institution called the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK). Protection of witnesses and/or victims is declared to remain valid as long as it does not conflict with Article 44 of Law Number 13 year 2006 concerning protection of witnesses and victims. Second, the obstacles that occur are physical and psychological threats as well as criminalization efforts againts witnesses and victims or their families that make them afraid to give testimony before the court.

S exual abuse is committed not only by adults but also by minors. The legal process upon c hildren who have commit ted sexual abuse refers to the Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Court System . The purpose of this study is to find out the factors to be considered by the panel of judges in imposing penalty upon the perpetrators. The study employs both normative and empirical approaches. It is found with regard to the liability issue, the panel of judges relies on both juridical and non- juridical consideration. In sexual abuse case that was tried in Kebumen District Court, beside imposing imprisonment, the panel of judges also ordered the perpetrators to undergo work training as a substitute of fine.

The use of statistical and AI methods in civil litigation is an area likely to expand. As with many areas of social science, the data requirements are high but complex, because of the complexity of the legal process and the nature of the causal connections. This paper looks at the early stage of the process where the initial establishment of liability acts as a legal triage which affects the route through the litigation process. A simple model is used in which the training set is the assessment of the probability of liability given hypothetical scenarios in road traffic accidents. The model is augmented by additional “weight of evidence” assessments. The model, once built, is used as a decision support system for claim handlers on a routine basis. The methods can be seen as a way of utilising a special type of expert judgment elicitation.

Zachary Mollengarden and Noam Zamir want to take back to basics the principle associated with the Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Monetary Gold) judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Their “categorical” and mostly doctrinal claim, underpinned by policy concern about “the tensions between the bilateral presuppositions of the Statute and the increasingly multilateral nature of international affairs and international disputes” is “that the Monetary Gold principle is irreconcilable with the ICJ Statute's jurisdictional architecture.” The tension between bilateralism and community interests often provides an attractive analytical perspective, and points raised by the authors might be relevant in calibrating certain aspects of the principle. But its wholesale critique, while skillfully put, is ultimately unpersuasive. Careful consideration of basic instruments and issues is commendable but an exclusive focus that does not engage with the broader international legal process will miss its unmistakable and widespread endorsement of the Monetary Gold principle. Even the concern about the multilateral context ultimately counts against rather than in favor of their argument. Multilateral sensitivities can already be articulated within the four corners of Monetary Gold, and Mauritius/Maldives, delivered just as the ink was drying on the first draft of this essay, is a perfectly timed example for that.

According to police records, many rape cases are closed because victims withdraw from the police investigation. However, little is known about the causes of victim withdrawal, and findings need to ...

The design of empirical research and theory-building projects in the sociolegal literature on criminalization is often premised on a presumed dichotomy between domestic and international planes of criminal lawmaking. However, in a global era in which domestic processes of criminalization are increasingly shaped by norms, institutions, and actors developed and operating outside national borders, criminalization research should develop a new theoretical frame for studying how international and domestic practices of criminal lawmaking interact with one another. This article builds from the theory of transnational legal orders and the recursivity of law to propose a transnational processual theoretical framework for the study of criminalization. This framework provides tools for investigating how criminal prohibitions are constituted through recursive interactions between actors operating in international, national, and local sites of legal practice. It draws on empirical studies to show how the processes of constructing, applying, and contesting definitions of international and transnational crimes are embedded in broader structures of power. The article demonstrates how a processual theory of transnational criminalization sheds light on important sociolegal questions about the driving forces and consequences of current efforts to harmonize the definitions of criminal activities across national jurisdictions.

Lawyers play an important role in mobilizing rights, yet the lawyer-client relationship can be challenging to navigate. This is especially true for immigrants who face barriers to accessing rights and protections. Undocumented status multiplies existing challenges, enhancing the need for an advocate. Based on sixty-six interviews with low-wage immigrant workers (thirty-one documented, thirty-five undocumented) from 2012 to 2014, I reveal how immigration status impacts why and how clients seek legal counsel, the expectations they have for their lawyers, and their eventual sense of satisfaction—or frustration—with their claim. As victims of an enforcement regime and legal system seemingly rigged against them, undocumented clients often have lower expectations of their lawyers and may doubt the integrity of the legal process itself. As a result, they often seemed resigned to follow their attorneys’ lead, minimizing conflict. However, undocumented status also limits labor mobility and generates uncertainty about the future, making claimants more willing to settle claims in order to move on. While they are often willing to come forward, many undocumented claimants nonetheless reject abstract notions of justice in favor of a more pragmatic attitude toward legal mobilization: a certain legal cynicism masquerading as client satisfaction.

This paper considers the role that the law of international responsibility, both State responsibility and responsibility of international organizations, plays in claims and disputes about covid-19. It proceeds by examining in turn the rubrics of the internationally wrongful act, content of responsibility, and implementation of responsibility. On most points, blackletter law is perfectly capable of answering the questions raised by claims related to covid-19. But evolutionary potential inherent in the normal international legal process should also be recognised, whether it manifests itself by further strengthening current rules, elaborating vague rules by application, filling gaps in current law by generating new practice or even, exceptionally, revisiting rules currently in force.

Since 2010, Chinese residents and Chinese French citizens have denounced unequal treatment in French society, especially focusing on the lack of preventative measures taken against racially targeted violent robberies. In 2016, a major demonstration brought together around 30,000 people, marking a turning point in the activists’ cause. The second generation took a clearly more active role in this protest and (re)framed the demonstrators’ claims to emphasize the structural racism that lies behind the violence aimed at their communities. Since then, the descendants of Asian migrants have developed initiatives to fight against stereotypes and related acts of violence. Based on qualitative research into different forms of collective action, this article highlights how some have engaged in online campaigns to highlight the stereotypes and everyday racism associated with Asian populations, and others have engaged with the legal process to see that petty crimes are recognized as acts of racism.

The building right can be given on land with ownership rights and the granting of rights to build on land with ownership rights is made with the deed of the official land deed maker (hereinafter referred to as the PPAT Deed) instead of the deed made before a Notary (hereinafter referred to as the Notary Deed), where the Deed The PPAT will be registered at the land office. A notary in the view of society is considered an official, a place for someone to obtain reliable legal advice, a place for making strong legal documents in a legal process that will be carried out, especially in making a deed of agreement for hotel development. This study aims to determine the authority of the notary in making a notarial deed of land use rights on land for hotel development, second, how is the existence of a notarial deed in granting building use rights over land of ownership for hotel construction. The type of this research is normative legal research, data sources based on primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach. The technique of collecting legal data is literature study. The results in the research are the task of the notary office is to formulate the wishes or actions of the parties into an authentic deed, so that to carry out its duties a notary must adhere to the applicable regulations, secondly the existence of a notary deed in granting development rights over land of ownership rights for hotel development, the existence of a notary deed in granting the right to build on land owned for hotel construction has a positive character because there are very important requirements, namely an evidence of ownership of land, as well as the building on it in a formal or written form of a certificate

RESUMEN El artículo examina el estado del diálogo convencional en Chile, tomando como referencia tres sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos que consideran igual número de problemas muy sensibles de nuestra transición a la democracia: nos referimos, en primer lugar, a la impugnación de la amnistía a las violaciones de derechos en dictadura; en segundo lugar, a la desmedida extensión de la competencia de los tribunales militares para juzgar civiles; y en tercer lugar, al conflicto mapuche a través de un proceso penal resuelto en lo convencional. Si bien el Estado ha asumido, en general, las obligaciones que le han impuesto las decisiones de la Corte, veremos que no lo ha hecho de manera oportuna, obediente y completa. Además, en lo interno está muy lejos de aplicar el control de convencionalidad en forma plena, es decir, desplazando la norma por la contenida en el pacto. Este es el mayor déficit que existe en el proceso de integración del Estado chileno a la jurisdicción de derechos humanos. ABSTRACT This article examines the state of the conventional dialogue in Chile, taking three sentences of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights as a reference by considering also three very sensitive problems of our transitions towards democracy: we refer, in the first place, to the impugnation to the human rights violation, to the excessive extension of the competence of the military courts for processing civilians, and to the Mapuche conflict through a legal process resolved conventionally. While it is true that the State has assumed, in general, the obligations imposed by the decisions of the court, it can be seen that it has not done it in a timely, appropriate and obedient manner. Furthermore, internally it is far from applying conventionality control completely, i.e., displacing the norm by that contained in the pact. This is the greatest deficit in the integration progress of the Chilean State to the Human Rights jurisdiction. RESUMO Este artigo analisa o estado do diálogo convencional no Chile tendo como referencia três sentenças da Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos que consideran o mesmo número de problemas muito sensíveis da nossa transição à democracia: em primeiro lugar, faz-se referência à impugnação da anistia às violações de direitos na ditadura; em segundo, à extensão sem controle da competência dos tribunais militares para julgar civis; em terceiro lugar, ao conflito mapuche por meio de um processo penal resolvido no convencional. Embora o Estado tenha assumido, em geral, as obrigações que as decisões da Comissão lhe impuseram, vemos que não tem sido de maneira oportuna, obediente e completa. Além disso, no interno, está longe de aplicar o controle de convencionalidade de forma plena, isto é, substituindo a norma pela contida no pacto. Esta é a maior deficiência que existe no processo de integração do Estado chileno à jurisdição de Direitos Humanos.

This study aims to determine the legal politics of dismissing the President and / or Vice President in Indonesia. The research method used normative research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach and analyzed descriptive qualitative. The results show that the dismissal of the President and / or Vice President in Indonesia is based on an understanding of a democratic state and an understanding of the rule of law . The application of the concept of a democratic state is carried out through a prior statement of opinion by the DPR and dismissal by the MPR. Meanwhile, the application of the rule of law is carried out through a legal process (forum previlegiatum), namely through examination of trials and decisions in the Constitutional Court. The choice of law is intended to strengthen the presidential system which adheres to the fixed term principle of the position of President and / or Vice President and to ensure the implementation of a stable state government.

The law sanctions all forms of violence when there is an impact on the physical and psychological integrity of the person who is subjected to it. This principle also applies in health care facilities. In the event of violence a legal process is launched in order to both sanction the behaviour and compensate the victim. Interview with Gilles Devers, a lawyer at the Lyon bar.

La incorporación de la oralización en el proceso laboral ha implicado una dinámica diferente a la que antes se tenía; pero este no ha sido el único cambio en la reforma laboral. Por lo tanto, nuevas formas especiales de conclusión del proceso se han incorporado a este nuevo sistema procesal. Así, el empleador o el empleado pueden ejercer su derecho de acción para recurrir a otros mecanismos que resuelvan el disenso en la relación laboral. Este nuevo método legislativo ha traído consigo que se establezcan dos posiciones antagónicas: por un lado, están quienes sostienen la viabilidad de aplicar el test de disponibilidad basada en la autonomía privada y la iniciativa de parte en el proceso; y, por otro, aquellos que argumentan, bajo el principio de irrenunciabilidad, el rol protector que debe tener el juez frente a estos procesos.

In the children criminal justice system in Indonesia, there are two systems of sanctions namely criminal sanctions and sanctions actions. A child who commits a criminal offense may be subject to criminal sanctions or sanctions. Imposing sanctions for children becomes something oriented towards coaching and protecting children. However, the imposition of sanctions for children can not be effective because of conflicting legal rules, law enforcement officials who have different paradigms in guarding the legal process against children, facilities and infrastructure that are incomplete and inadequate, making it difficult to enforce sanctions on children as well as the poor stigmatization of society against children in conflict with the law.

The obligation of States to provide full reparation for internationally wrongful acts, including by full compensation, is one of the bedrock principles of international law The article challenges this principle for cases where compensation is crippling for the responsible State or its peoples, which can occur when State responsibility is implemented before international courts and tribunals The International Law Commission's decision not to qualify full reparation for instances of crippling compensation in its influential Articles on State responsibility was an unpersuasive legal position to adopt in 2001, and its rationale has aged badly However, the failure by States and other actors to challenge it in the following two decades signified its endorsement by the international legal process Nevertheless, the case against the permissibility of crippling compensation in modern international law can still be made, both on a case-by-case basis and at the level of customary secondary rules of State responsibility

In practice, in Indonesia children adoption has become a public phenomenon in society and is part of the family law system because it involves individual interests in the family. In the case of adoption, parents need to pay attention to the best interests of the child and be implemented based on local customs, applicable laws and regulations, this has been regulated in Article 39 of the Child Protection Act. Adoption of children is divided into two types, namely adoption of children between Indonesian citizens (domestic adoption) and adoption of Indonesian citizens by foreign citizens (adoption between countries). Appointment of children must be done by legal process, through the establishment or decision of the Court. The research method is normative juridical research. Based on the research results, the inheritance Indonesian citizens rights in the Indonesian inheritance law case are implemented based on Islamic law, adopted children do not inherit from adoptive parents and remain the biological parents. Under customary law, the inheritance of adopted children depends on customary law in the area. By law adoption children do not inherit from adoptive parents, and adopted children remain the heirs of their biological parents.

To help reduce potentially devastating outcomes from spinal complications and venous thromboembolism, it is essential for the bedside nurse to have a comprehensive understanding of risk factors and assessments. The orthopedic nurse carries a responsibility for accurately assessing, documenting, and mobilizing the team when abnormal changes occur. Nurses act as patient advocates. The bedside nurse must communicate with the physician. If a patient or family sues the health care team, after a careful screening of the case for merit, the legal process begins. A health care provider should never give in to the temptation to alter medical records.

Adoption is a legal process by which a child becomes part of a new family with parental responsibility transferring from birth parents to adoptive parents. It is a major decision for all involved. Paediatricians can be involved in the process in a variety of ways seeing the child for a health assessment, reviewing the available medical information on birth parents and adoptive parents and in meeting with the prospective adoptive parents to discuss the health information. This paper describes my personal practice in these meetings.

У статті дається загальна характеристика законного представника неповнолітнього у кримінальному процесі України. У процесі життя і розвитку неповнолітнього його відносини з батьками та іншими особами, які можуть бути наділені повноваженнями законних представників, складаються по-різному. Саме прихильність, взаєморозуміння, довіра неповнолітнього до законного представника є прямим шляхом до їх активної, спільної та узгодженої участі в процесуальній діяльності, що, зрештою, сприяє забезпеченню прав і захисту законних інтересів неповнолітнього. Якщо неповнолітній перебуває під опікою установ та організацій, також можна надати йому можливість вибору законного представника з числа адміністрації, працівників цієї установи чи організації, педагогічному складу. Потерпілого неповнолітнього у кримінальному провадженні може представляти представник - особа, яка у кримінальному провадженні має право бути захисником. Що стосується представництва неповнолітніх потерпілих у кримінальному провадженні, то згідно зі статтею 59 КПК України, якщо потерпілим є неповнолітня особа, до участі в процесуальній дії разом з нею залучається її законний представник. Процедура проведення допиту неповнолітніх осіб заснова- на на загальних положеннях проведення допиту, регламентованих чинним кримінальним процесуальним законодавством. Законний представник здійснює лише представництво інтересів неповнолітнього допитуваного. Завданням захисника є захист прав та інтересів неповнолітнього й за допомогою засобів захисту можливість виявити обставини, які пом’якшують чи виключають кримінальну відповідальність неповнолітнього. Проаналізовано думки щодо природи законного представництва у справах за участю неповнолітніх як у кримінальному, так і у цивільному процесі. Визначено функції законного представника у кримінальному процесі та запропоновано зміни до Кримінального процесуального кодексу України.

Through the law, the state provides facilities for correct activities. The law must guarantee the creation of social justice for all Indonesian people. The inauguration of Indonesia as a state of law in Article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is mutatis-mutandis (the Government) is responsible for ensuring that every citizen is treated equally in the eyes of the law (justice for all), as well as the guarantee of every citizen to get access to justice (access to justice), which is mandated by the constitution. This research is focused on the concept of access (justice) to get justice in the Indonesian constitution. This study uses a normative juridical approach, the analysis used is descriptive qualitative with secondary data sources. The conclusion is that law enforcement officials such as the police, prosecutors, and judges as institutions whose functions are related to law enforcement and justice must be able to realize the Indonesian legal state through a fair legal process, as a reality, and not law enforcers who use their power arbitrarily. the authority that is contrary to the 1945 Constitution.

This article studies the phenomenon of the delegation of jurisdictional functions to the Colombian superintendencies and the possible transgression that this may have in terms of human rights, since judicial independence could be compromised as an essential value of the concept of justice. To do this, the institution of the separation of powers is analyzed, as well as the legal process that Colombia lived to separate these functions from the judicial branch. In sum, this phenomenon is examined in light of the control of conventionality that the judges must do in compliance with international human rights treaties. The conclusion of this study is that the delegation of jurisdictional functions in the Colombian superintendencies violates the fundamental and human right to be tried by an independent judicial operator.

Many are the cases in which the state apparatus present themselves in form of a bad administration or in a wrongful justice, that can affect the scope reserved to the protection of the private or the citizens. For instance the over power, the unjustified delays, the baffled decisions happening in both areas - administration and justice. Some crimes stipulated at the Italian Criminal Code show a possibility of self defense of the private in relation to the public employee that practices arbitrary acts on the exercise of his duties. In cases of unfounded accusations followed by acquittal after a lawsuit, the recovery of a reputation that has been compromised becomes harder. The accused’s honor is put in jeopardy, not only by the legal process alone, but also by the press harassment following the case. This will be the theme studied in the present article.

In this paper, we explore conceptual modeling as a means to improve theexplicit representation of key aspects of a legal procedure. We employ in tandeman ontology-based structural conceptual model and a behavioral process model ascomplementary views on a legal subject matter. We examine as a case a specifictype of appeal in the Brazilian legal system and establish a correspondence betweenelements in the models and fragments of the specific norms on which they aregrounded. These correspondences are expressed with identifiers using the BrazilianLexML identification scheme.