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The development of food crops commodities is one of the priorities of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-2019 of the Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia in terms of guarantee of food availability. West Sumatra Province is one of the central areas of production of food crops commodities in Indonesia. The objectives of this research are 1) to analyze food crops of West Sumatera Province; 2) to analyze the availability and completeness of facilities for the development of superior commodities of food crops; and 3) to formulate the strategy of developing the superior commodities of food crops. The data used in this research covers the area of harvest, the number of production, and the number of facilities area by time series (2011-2015). Data analysis used in this research include LQ, scalogram and SWOT analysis. The results showed rice commodity as a pre-eminent commodity in West Sumatera Province. There are six areas of development of commodities seeded rice that is in the hierarchy I. SWOT matrix analysis results obtained some superior commodity development strategies include; SO strategy 1) Establish and enhance the role of partnership with all stakeholders (government, farmers, traders, and cooperatives); 2) the use of agricultural cropping technology; WO strategy; 1) Development of agricultural development infrastructure (irrigation channel, village axis road) and application of agricultural technology (cultivation); 2) Institutional strengthening of farming capital; strategy ST: 1) Leading commodity marketing policy / regulation by West Sumatera Provincial Government, 2) Gapoktan and Farmers Household (RTP) Empowerment 1); WT strategy: 1) Development and training of management and marketing of agricultural products by government 2) Optimalization of institutional function and capital of farming to support improvement of marketing quality of agricultural products

The existence of public open spaces in the city center can be used to improve the quality of the environment and social relations of the community. Community social relations can be seen from the interaction between individuals in using space that shapes behavior patterns. Thus, the development of public space can be seen from the behavior of the people around. Blora District Square is one of the public open spaces in the center of Blora Regency, which has an important role as a provider of socio-cultural space to accommodate various kinds of community activities. To determine the effect of providing space on visitor behavior, it is necessary to conduct research on community behavior in Blora District Square. This study aims to identify community behavior in using Blora District Square as a public open space. The analysis in this study consisted of visitor characteristics, activity characteristics, movement patterns, and behavior analysis. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods with descriptive statistical and Behavior Setting analysis techniques. Behavior Setting analysis is used to determine the movement pattern with place-centered mapping and person-centered mapping techniques. The subject of this study is the user of Blora Regency square. The sampling technique used is Probability Sampling. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations related to the improvement of the quality of space in Blora Regency square in order to form better behavior patterns.

The rapid development in East Jakarta City has led to increased land requirements and causes unalignment of land use. Research objective are to analyze the alignment of spatial usage with the spatial plan and its control in East Jakarta City. The research methods used are spatial analysis based on image interpretation and Geographic Information System, descriptive statistic for seeking influence factors, description analysis for spatial control usage and its guidance. Results analysis for 6 (six) existing land use showed that alignment of existing land use has area of 12.430,5 ha or 76.5 % and unalignment of existing land use has area 3.812,7 ha or 23.5%. Factors that influence unalignment of existing land use, namely economic needs, housing needs, distance from the economic center, distance from the road, lack of socialization to the community, population density and the presence of public facilities. Analysis of the implementation of spatial usage control shows that the East Jakarta City Government has implemented 4 spatial usage control instruments namely the Spatial Detail Plan along with its Zoning Regulations, licensing, providing incentives and disincentives and sanctions but the implementation is still considered not maximally. Directives for improving spatial usage are carried out by maximizing and improving the implementation of four instruments for controlling spatial usage.

Pembangunan infrastruktur perkotaan di Indonesia dihadapkan pada masalah yang semakin kompleks, terutama dengan terkonversinya lahan terbuka menjadi ruang terbangun. Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan merancang bangun koridor Ambawang dengan infrastruktur hijau berbasis ketersediaan infrastruktur untuk mendapatkan ruang koridor yang ekologis, artinya adanya keseimbangan antara pembangunan dan perkembangan kota dengan kelestarian lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis dan memprediksi kecenderungan perkembangan ruang terbangun di koridor Ambawang. Menganalisis dan memprediksi perkembangan ruang terbangun pada koridor Ambawang dan faktor penyebab serta praktek terjadinya pertumbuhan permukiman di pinggiran metropolitan. Dalam penelitian ini akan digunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif melalui observasi lapangan meliputi identifikasi terhadap ruang terbangun dan infrastruktur di koridor Ambawang. Analisis kondisi eksisting dilakukan melalui interpretasi data foto udara dan peta-peta tematik tahun 2016 untuk mengetahui sebaran ruang spasial terbangun di koridor Ambawang. Dengan penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kebijakan dalam bentuk design guidelines (panduan rekayasa) untuk perencanaan dan perancangan infrastruktur ruang terbangun di koridor Ambawang. Kata kunci: Tata Guna Lahan, Dampak, Permukiman, Perkotaan, KoridorThe development of urban infrastructure in Indonesia is faced with increasingly complex problems, especially with the conversion of open land into unuseful space. This research is generally aimed to design the corridor of Ambawang with green infrastructure-based infrastructure to get ecological corridor room, meaning that there is a balance between development and city development with environmental sustainability. The purpose of this research is to analyze and predict the trend of development of waking space in Ambawang corridor. Analyzing and predicting the development of built-up space on the Ambawang corridor and the causal factors and practices of growth settlements in metropolitan outskirts. In this research will be used qualitative descriptive research method through field observation covering identification to build space and infrastructure in Ambawang corridor. The existing condition analysis is done through the interpretation of aerial photographs and thematic maps of 2016 to know the spatial space spreads built in the Ambawang corridor. With this research is expected to provide policy in the form of design guidelines (engineering guidelines) for planning and design of built space infrastructure in the corridor Ambawang.Keywords: Land Use, Impact, Settlement, Urban Sprawl, Corridor

This paper tries to look at the root cause of low ridership in public transport in the city of Malang, locally known as Angkutan Kota (Angkot), in a kind of non-traditional perspective. The decreasing interest of the people of Malang City towards the use of public transport was presumed partly due to the transportation tax and retribution policies that are somewhat not too restrictive. This study explains that 80% of people in Malang City consider the amount of Motor Vehicle Tax (PKB) is cheap and reasonable which is believed to drive people away from utilizing Angkot. On the other hand, surprisingly, parking fees for motorized vehicles for most people are considered quite burdensome. Thus, this study suggests that in addition to the need to improve the quality of public transport services, adjusting the amount of tax and the cost of parking for motorized vehicles in the city of Malang needs to be reconsidered to increase the interest of the people of Malang in using public transport.

Light rail transit (LRT) is an effective transportation in serving the needs of movement in urban area that can increase commercial land uses. The first construction of LRT in Palembang started in 2015 which became one of the national priority projects in Indonesia. The development had an impact on land use change around the LRT corridor. This paper attempts to identify land use change due to LRT development in Palembang. This study used an explorative approach to develop an understanding of land use change due to the development of LRT and Markov-cellular automata model to predict the change. The results of this study indicated that the prediction of land use change in 2025 around the LRT corridor tends to shift more into commercial land use, this will increase investment from commercial activities in the Palembang LRT Corridor.

First paragraph: A recent documentary film, Right to Harm, docu­ments the negative impacts large-scale con­centrated animal feeding operations, or CAFOs, are having on public health and the overall quality of life of people in rural communities (Wechsler & Speicher, 2019). The film also reveals the frustra­tion of concerned citizens who have asked their governments to address these negative impacts. When they ask for regulations to mitigate environ­mental impacts, they get regulations that effectively grant CAFOs a legal “license to pollute” (Gustin, 2016). When counties enact public health ordi­nances to protect residents from the health risks posed by CAFOs, state governments take away the right of local control (Steever, 2019). When under­cover reporters reveal animal abuse in CAFOs, state governments pass “ag-gag laws” that make the covert investigation of animal abuse a crime (American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals [ASPCA], n.d.). When neighbors who have been adversely affected win nuisance lawsuits against CAFO operators, governments pass ever-stronger “right to farm” laws (Fajen, 2019), essentially giving CAFO operators the “right to harm.” Thus the title of the film. . . . See the press release for this article.

Focusing explicitly on the regional dimensions of technological change, this paper examines the technological evolution of Irish NUTS-3 regions. Employing an index of average relatedness, it is shown that over an extended 25-year period (1981–2005) that the production of technological knowledge exhibits a strong path dependency whereby regions are technologically predisposed to diversify into those areas of the knowledge space that are proximate to their current specialization. Implications for the Smart Specialisation thesis are then discussed.

Social participation has become a relevant topic in environmental agendas in recent decades. The first Ecological Land Use Planning Program (ELUPP) implemented in Mexico under a participatory approach was the ELUPP of the Jalisco Coast (ELUPPJC), decreed in 1999. This paper analyses participatory processes in the ELUPPJC from a long-term perspective to identify obstacles to their implementation from the perspective of different stakeholders. Data were obtained through document analysis and semi-structured interviews, first in 2001 shortly after the ELUPPJC was decreed, and subsequently in 2015 after decisions had already been taken based on the ELUPPJC. The findings show that the factors currently limiting social participation are similar to those identified in 2001. These limitations are related mainly to the lack of dialogue and negotiation among stakeholders. The adoption of bottom-up strategies to build local ELUPPs by some of the communities in the study site provides an essential lesson for participatory processes.

All democracies have developed methods that help the country successfully implement the financial institution of the budget. Among the key factors are balanced and transparent budget accountability to the public and the obligation to submit bills, management control, which they have recently called risk management and external auditing.

This paper identifies the key determinants of spatial variability of productivity, focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the service sector across England. Due to the hierarchically structured data, multilevel analysis is applied to distinguish the effects of a firm’s internal variables and (sub)regional factors on productivity. Using cross-sectional data for 10,400 SMEs from the UK government’s Small Business Survey, 2015, the results show that firm-specific determinants significantly influence productivity. The findings also indicate that location, local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) and where firms operate play a pivotal role in determining SME productivity. In particular, at the LEP level, increasing labour supply, promoting local funding and improving broadband speed potentially enhance firm productivity.

This study analyses informal settlements and the regional highway network in the Greater Cairo Region of Egypt to propose alternatives to reduce regional spatial fragmentation that may lead to spatial segregation. Findings indicate that the street structure of informal settlements provides a configuration that supports social interaction for their residents. While the regional highway network can act to physically disconnect the wider region by isolating or splitting neighbourhoods, some highways can act as an integrator. Analysis at the urban scale can identify points in the settlements’ street networks where they can be connected to the regional transport network, which could have an impact on regional consolidation.

Recent votes for populist parties and policies have been a focus for an increasingly significant body of academic research. In the UK this has particularly focused research on the drivers of the vote to leave the European Union (Brexit) in 2016. In spite of a growing body of work on the subject, the literature investigating the applicability of spatial econometric methods is surprisingly thin. This paper applies such methods to hitherto unused data for the West Midlands region, where we have an unusually rich set of small-area results. The work finds substantial spatial autocorrelation even after demographic differences are accounted for. Whilst focusing on a particular region, the rise of populism globally gives these findings a wider salience.

Biogas energy has been introduced into Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) through various incentives after their accession to the European Union in 2004. This paper contributes to an understanding of the determinants, challenges and perspectives of agricultural biogas plants in three CEECs (Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic). Using a combination of quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) methods, it particularly addresses varieties in public support for biogas sectors, how the relationships between biogas plants as new energy entities and their locations in rural peripheries are constructed, and how the operation of biogas plants influences local rural development. We found that as a result of various agriculture and agricultural policies in Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the second half of the 20th century, the preconditions for the incorporation of agricultural biogas plants into agriculture and rural space generally differ significantly. While in the Czech Republic and Slovakia agricultural biogas plants were usually established within large-scale agricultural farms, in Poland these are rather located off-farm. The most profound challenge for today’s biogas plants in all the CEECs studied lies in the transition from direct public incentives to a more self-sufficient business-oriented model focused on cooperation, participation and the involvement of local stakeholders in decision-making, as well as the energy utilization of locally generated agricultural waste and biowaste from households. By accommodation of these principles, agricultural biogas plants in CEECs might become a more useful and sustainable element of the rural energy transition.

In the era of big data, multiple data sources have been employed in the study of land use and transportation for urban and regional planning purposes. This paper offers an example of how multiple data sources (e.g., mobile signalling data, taxi trips and transit trips from smartcard data) can be used to estimate the spatial pattern of commute mode preference in Beijing, China. The comparative analysis investigates the spatial pattern of commute mode preference by taxi at a fine resolution in Beijing. This work indicates how the preference for taxis can be seen in the north-east of the inner city, but not around employment centres. Equally, a complementary relationship is found between a preference for taxis and public transit that provides useful insights into modal choice at an intra-urban scale. These findings are useful in urban planning and transport management.

Subnational economic governance has witnessed ongoing transformation as part of what is argued as a financialization of the policy process. Within England, recent reform has seen two specific tendencies: a transformation attempting greater integration between industrial structure and subnational spaces; and more entrepreneurial practices incorporating businesses as key actors. Here, city-regional agglomeration models have been adopted to activate internal resource. This paper explores the effect of these changes on policy continuity amongst constituent parts of the city-region through the concept of goodwill. It focuses on the Greater Birmingham and Solihull region of the UK and its relationship with a constituent locality: Southern Staffordshire. It argues reform has redrawn the subnational map with greater sensitivity around industrial structure. Adapting modes of financializing the governance process, however, using city-regions’ presumed benefits around competitiveness and efficiency, frame this sensitivity. A form of goodwill has thus emerged founded around compliance with orthodox city-regional interpretations, supplementing financial shortfalls yet reinforcing further space–policy separation.

This paper explores the potentials and limits of using European structural and investment (ESI) funds for rural development in one of the least developed areas of Central and Eastern Europe: Romania’s Sălaj county. The research draws on peripheralization as a key theoretical concept and on frame analysis as a heuristic framework for understanding the effects of policy instruments on development capacities in peripheral places. Desk research and semi-structured interviews reveal how local leaders identify the challenges they face and how they articulate development perspectives in relation to available policies. The key findings are twofold. First, that ESI-funded rural development instruments tend to favour place-blind interventions that do little to address peripheries’ economic weakness and lack of institutional capacity. Second, it can be observed that the implementation of ESI funds has so far only marginally stimulated new styles of policy action that shift local actors’ behaviour and expectations of the development policy system. To address growing intra-regional disparities, the case is made for more reflective policy design for strengthening institutional capacities and better integrating peripheries within their regional economies.

This paper estimates the impacts of opening of borders and intensity of cross-border cooperation (CBC) on regional growth across European border regions. The difference-in-difference estimations show that the opening of national borders for free movement of people is associated with a 2.7% increase in regional gross value added (GVA) per capita for the border regions of Europe. Using an extension of this estimation based on European Commission-supported CBC projects data for the 2007–13 period (through the INTERREG programme), the results suggest that the doubling of the number of CBC project partners (per 100,000 population) is correlated with an increase of 2.3% in regional GVA per capita. These results confirm the positive economic benefits of European integration by means of CBC. For future research efforts, these findings also encourage the research community to investigate more deeply the channels through which CBC affects the socioeconomic development of border regions.

In general, every development that enables undisturbed satisfying of todays generations' needs and doesn't unfavourabley influence future generations to satisfy their needs, represents sustainable development. No matter how it seems that economy and ecology are two different categories that don't have anything in common, in the developed world these two sciences are tightly connected, so in coexistence they greatly support the theory of sustainable development.

Internal migration has replaced fertility and mortality as the primary demographic process shaping the spatial distribution of populations within countries. While a rich comparative literature has examined the intensity, composition and spatial impacts of population movement in Europe, the spatial structure of internal migration flows is less well understood. We present a flow map of internal migration flows within 38 European countries using the most recent data available. The graphic reveals the major role of national capital cities in the internal migration system, and an array of distinctive patterns of internal migration fostering population concentration in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, and population deconcentration in Western and Southern Europe.

Creativity is one of the factors promoting the development of urban centres. Its significance provokes discussion on issues such as the creative city, creative industries and creative clusters, and it contributes to the increased demand for multidisciplinary research on economic, social and artistic policy. The paper is devoted to creative industries clusters located in Poland. Its main goal is to identify the factors that hinder the operation of the analysed clusters. The observed factors are broken down into endogenous and exogenous ones, as well as into those that emerged during cluster mobilization and others which surfaced later during the clusters’ existence. The survey was conducted among creative cluster coordinators, using computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) and computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). The results show that most of the problems mentioned by respondents are internal factors, of which the most important one is a misunderstanding of the idea of clustering and the resulting reluctance to share knowledge, as well as the dominance of competition over cooperation, frowned-upon movements of employees between cluster participants, and the consequent diminished trust. External barriers were revealed mainly in further periods of the clusters’ operation. The most important of them was a dependence on external funding. Respondents pointed to a lack of interest on the part of local government units, which makes it difficult to build a properly functioning triple helix. It should also be added that cluster policy in Poland has been moving away from clusters understood in geographical terms where spatial concentration and economic specialization were the key features. Currently, cluster policy is directed more towards managing cluster structures.

The topicality of the topic, something that has been given importance in recent years and its presence in everyday communication has stimulated its analysis. The paper will present an analysis of the sustainability of budget principles and budget procedures, using data analysis methods, by presenting and describing in detail all budget principles (principle of budget unity, completeness, accuracy, budget balance, specialization, duration, clarity and publicity) as and the procedures (budgeting, budgeting, execution and control of the budget) that the budget goes through.

The knowledge economy – defined here as production and services based on knowledge intensive activities – is widely recognized to have accelerated knowledge production and spillovers through a deepening of collaborative networks that can extend over extensive geographical distances. However, limited by data availability, the geography of China’s knowledge production and collaborative networks, segmented by different disciplines, has been little studied in economic geography or innovation studies. This paper draws on data on academic publications that were extracted from the China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJD) in order to construct knowledge production and collaboration networks for different disciplines in China. The results depict a series of maps that show that: (1) the ‘hard’ sciences (natural sciences and engineering) outperform much more than the ‘soft’ sciences (humanities and social sciences) both in article number and collaboration strength; and (2) large metropolises have overwhelming advantages in the terms of both paper production and the collaboration strength for all disciplines, despite varying among different disciplines. These uneven geographical patterns can be partially attributed to a high concentration of scientific resources in a few large cities, which was inherited from the Maoist period.

This study explores a tool used to assess economic development, technological innovation, environmental sustainability and liveability in urban areas. The research employs qualitative and quantitative analysis in the development of an index – the Sustainability–Innovation–Local Economic Development Index (Sustain-LED Index) – that considers macroeconomic and environmental indicators and associated policies implemented in the largest US metropolitan areas. The Sustain-LED Index could broaden the range of tools available to policy-makers for identifying and removing obstacles for improving the quality of life, reducing inequalities and diminishing the degree of pollution in urban areas. It could represent a supporting tool for local entities to design new policies for spurring local economic development and it could be used for designing new urban policies throughout a greater understanding of the economic, social and environmental consequences caused by urbanization.

The rural–urban digital divide literature addresses the digital inequalities experienced by rural communities. However, little attention has been paid to how rural small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can use improved broadband connection to address spatial inequalities. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies into SME business models can ultimately lead to productivity gains and potential regional development impacts. In seeking to explore how rural firms digitalize and the impact on spatial inequalities, the paper evaluates 14 case studies of Welsh rural SMEs. The findings highlight that adopting a dynamic business model that is increasingly digitalized is beneficial to all firms, and that there is a potential for digital technologies to address spatial inequalities for rural SMEs.

Scholars increasingly highlight the role of individual agency for economic development in areas facing socioeconomic transformations. Based on an analytical framework of governance entrepreneurship, this paper explores how entrepreneurial individuals influence local decision-making and alter governance arrangements when implementing new economic development projects. It provides a case study analysis of two peripheral towns in Austria in order to gain a deeper understanding of individual relevancies and behaviour in regional economic development. The findings demonstrate how entrepreneurial individuals (re)arrange governance by (re)combining horizontal and vertical pipelines, mixing informal and formal practices, seeking individual legitimization, and promoting regional rescaling. The analysis also reveals the temporal nature of governance entrepreneurship and suggests differentiating between a long-term governance transition and a temporary governance shift. Overall, the paper provides a middle-range theory of governance entrepreneurship that might contribute to a deeper understanding of agency in regional economic development.

Compensation to the state by nature polluters has emerged as an expected response to people's growing awareness of the role of nature in its life. Of course, where this is possible and to the extent possible, work is being done to minimize pollution by applying various measures, and where this is not possible, taxes are being introduced. The funds collected by the tax on this basis should be spent to the same extent for the protection and restoration of the environment. However, all these funds go to a single account, from where they are later allocated according to priorities, budget.

This paper examines how financialization changes the financial ecologies of urban water infrastructure provision, and the consequences of these impacts. It begins by illustrating the current state of research on the financialization of infrastructure, and then details the method for contributing towards this literature. A comparative approach, based on the financial ecologies of urban infrastructure, is introduced and explained. The changing financial ecologies of London (UK) and Mumbai (India) are presented by means of a twin approach that examines, on the one hand, new state-level initiatives that introduce municipal bonds into their respective countries, and, on the other, highly individualized financial constructs that aim to enable similar, large water infrastructure projects in the two cities. The findings include the importance of local knowledge and the expertise needed to translate these knowledges/risks between actors in the financial ecology. Faults in these processes lead to compromised decision-making, which is largely enabled by weak oversight. Closer scrutiny and more transparent tendering processes are recommended as policy tools to overcome these shortcomings.

Historical paths matter in port-city regions. Here, spatial patterns and governance arrangements are path dependent to the point that once certain paths have been established, these become hard to change. This defines a condition of institutional inertia that plays a significant role in preventing any form of spatial change. Naples is an exemplar of how different actors have historically developed their own routines and planning tools, resulting in the spatial and governance separation still visible today. How do path dependencies influence the port–city (and regional) relationship we are experiencing today? Nowadays, ports operate in an increasingly changing environment where spatial and economic developments can be better understood as the results of actors’ interactions across different scales. In order to cope with global urgencies, such as energy, economic and societal transition, European infrastructure policies are driving many port authorities towards infrastructural integration and governance cooperation. This offers significant opportunities to improve relations among ports, but it mostly leaves out the interconnections with cities and larger regions. Moreover, it also challenges consolidated beliefs and planning cultures which have planned ports and cities as disconnected entities, at least since industrialization. In Naples, local and national authorities find it difficult to define a sustainable consistency of interests. Today, the Central Tyrrhenian seaport system is the new institutional umbrella overseeing the three main ports of the region: Naples, Castellammare di Stabia and Salerno. This paper investigates whether this new governance entity results in either an opportunity for change or a reinforcement of existing path dependencies.

Shrinkage requires planners to move away from growth-oriented planning towards an adaptive approach. It is puzzling that even after decades of shrinkage, planners can still be stuck with a growth mindset that results in wasted resources and little gain. Existing research has done little to comprehend why planning policy adapts so slowly to shrinkage. The article revolves around the question: What shapes planning policy in shrinking regions? This question is addressed through a case study conducted in the Spanish region of Asturias. The study makes a first analysis of how ideas, interests and institutions influence policy change in shrinking regions. It finds that institutional structures and local interests can be serious obstacles to the adoption of adaptive planning approaches.

Inhabitants of rural areas are subject to several pressures such as depopulation, income gap and infrastructure scarcities compared with urban areas. An analysis of rural boroughs in Poland is carried at the LAU-2 (NUTS-5) level, based on sustainable development framework indicators with the use of logit models, in order to verify the existence of heterogeneities among rural boroughs caused by metropolitan area spillovers. The research shows that the deconcentration hypothesis holds only for rural boroughs within 40 km of large towns. The remaining rural boroughs have a profile of inner peripheries – they are subject to adverse demographic and development pressures, with limited infrastructure stock and public services availability. These remarkable differences between rural boroughs imply the need for a reconsideration of the criteria for regional Cohesion Policies. Namely, more location-dependent regional policy instruments should be designed instead of the currently prevailing approach based on NUTS-2 criteria.

To enhance the effectiveness of and return on public investments, using financial instruments in addition to grants has lately become an increasingly preferred policy instrument choice in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper examines the impact different financial tools bring about at a micro-level. This enables recommendations for policy-makers to be produced on the type of assistance that could be of best use to improve access to finance for micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises, and thus achieve long-term, sustainable economic growth. The analysis is based on counterfactual evaluation and difference-in-differences. The findings indicate that the use of European Union funds (both grants and financial instruments) has a beneficial influence on employment and sales. However, the results also illustrate that in order to achieve the goal of higher impact and certain productivity effects, subsidies should be allocated to the initially less productive small firms in the less developed regions. Another important outcome is that, to some extent, financing through financial instruments has more direct relevance to advanced productivity, and due to their revolving nature, they generate more positive impact on the Hungarian economy than do grants.

The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the necessity and technical possibilities of creating a coherent and intelligent digital tool for small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SME) segmentation, with the support of regional development agencies’ (RDAs) databases. This tool would allow RDAs to improve the monitoring of the financial and innovation support mechanisms for SMEs and enable a classification of the regional population of SMEs in the specific interest categories, such as Regional Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3). As a result, the digitally supported methodology described in this paper contributes to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of regional support by analysing the impact of the received aid on the productivity of the innovative SMEs. Additionally, the paper provides a categorization of their industrial activity at a more detailed level. Finally, it is argued that those companies with the highest innovation potential could benefit the most from enhanced segmentation. Providing RDAs with data-driven decision tools means that more tailor-made innovation-support instruments can be designed (as opposed to unspecific support instruments). Moreover, the tools could make it easier to perform impact assessment (to justify the investment), from both a qualitative (e.g., a classification based on companies’ assets and merits in key areas for the region) and a quantitative (e.g., financial performance and indicators) point of view.

Due to its rapid population growth and urban development, the environment of Yokohama in Japan has significantly degraded. In response, substantial efforts have been made to address socio-environmental issues. One such initiative was a programme called G-30. Implemented in 2005, it aimed to reduce 30% of the amount of garbage waste by 2010, in comparison with that of 2001, by promoting ‘Recycle, Reduce, and Reuse’ (3Rs). Ultimately, the city reduced 43% of its garbage waste during that period. The Japanese government designated the city as one of the Environmental Model Cities in 2008, Environmental Future Cities in 2011 and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Future Cities in 2018, while the World Bank recognized it as one of the Eco2Cities in 2010. A place-based environmental education tool called the eco-picture diary has significantly contributed to the success of the G-30 programme and the designation of the above-stated eco-initiatives. Through documentation research and a series of interviews with stakeholders, the current study examines the eco-picture diary and its potential roles in promoting eco-initiatives, applying the change theory for place-based education. Findings suggest that the eco-picture diary, as a place-based environmental education tool, can promote eco-initiatives by broadening and deepening community social capital.

In recent decades, regional development has seen a wave of collective policy-making processes such as the European smart specialization approach or participatory approaches to tourism strategy formulation. These processes are confronted by several challenges based on behavioural patterns related to human agency. This paper conceptualizes collective regional policy-making processes in a behavioural perspective. It argues that concepts known from behavioural economics can contribute to our understanding of the agency-related challenges in collective regional policy-making processes, and that mitigating the role of human agency can help overcome these behavioural challenges. Case studies from three Austrian provinces show how major challenges to collective policy-making processes can be explained behaviourally, and how these challenges can be countered by mitigating strategies that employ expertise, moderation, indirect participation, delegation of prioritization and evidence.

Rural–urban migration is a common demographic phenomenon in developing countries. Over the last four decades, Indonesia has had the highest rate of urbanization among Asian countries, which has been driven primarily by rural–urban migration. This type of migration has strong economic and social impacts on individuals at both the origins and the destinations. The study analyses the patterns and impacts of rural–urban migration based on the migration motives of rural households. The difference-in-differences approach is applied to identify migration’s impact on the welfare of migrant households in rural areas based on migration motives. The study uses Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data from 2007 and 2014, which consists of 2007 household samples spread over 13 provinces. Migration is found to have a positive and significant impact on migrant household welfare based on investment motives, but an insignificant result regarding the impact of migration based on risk-coping motives. Also found is the difference in migration patterns between the two migration motives.

Many countries use spatial planning instruments to coordinate interests in land use and influence land-use change. In Switzerland, the cantonal structure plan (kantonale Richtplan) serves as the main spatial planning instrument at the cantonal level. Coordinating land-use interests and influencing land-use change requires ‘regional governance capacities’. This paper presents an analytical concept of regional governance capacities in spatial planning using the policy arrangement approach and drawing from the spatial planning implementation and evaluation literature. The canton of Zurich, with its embedded cases on the regional and local levels, serves as the case study for testing the analytical concept. Empirical evidence from qualitative interviews, observations and document analyses reveals a coexistence of various regional governance capacities within the canton of Zurich. Whereas regional governance capacities regarding the promotion of inner development in urban areas emerge as high, the results unveil mixed regional governance capacities when it comes to coordinating transport and land-use planning. To make judgements about regional governance capacities in spatial planning, it is essential to observe various spatial challenges, spatial scales and local examples.

The development zone (DZ) is a typical representative of China's regional economic development model. By comparing the development pattern of DZs in China from 2005 to 2017, we find that there was strong imbalance in 2005, but this trend decreased in 2017, mainly due to the rapid increase in the number of DZs in the central and western regions. Moreover, there is a significant correlation between the spatial pattern of the DZs and economic development. But compared with the spatial pattern of economic development, DZs have dispersed more strongly from 2005 to 2017. Indeed, the rapid dispersion of DZs has not fundamentally changed the imbalanced pattern of China's economic development from 2005 to 2017.

The problem of depopulation in towns is present in most European countries. In Central and Eastern Europe it emerged primarily after the political transformation at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s. Despite the often-significant demographic decline, the problem did not immediately become part of agenda-setting in towns’ local strategies. This paper discusses the above topics, focusing on the principal reasons for trivialization of depopulation in local policies of towns in the Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. In the discussion an emphasis is placed on the fact that in this region the issue of depopulation and urban shrinkage ‘vied’ with another consequence of transformation: unemployment. Because the Silesian Voivodeship is one of the largest regional labour markets in Europe, the confrontation of the two phenomena in local and regional policy took an original course characterized by phenomena such as policy taboo, trivialization, informal agenda-setting and mismatch strategies. The paper shows that while all the mentioned attributes of urban policy with respect to depopulation may be regarded as negative, considering the gigantic scale of the unemployment and depopulation phenomena and lack of experience in urban governance, they were a ‘natural’ reaction of the local authorities to the accumulated problems. It also indicates that in the studied region issues such as strongly marked morphological polycentricity and its (post)mining and (post)industrial nature were also not without significance.

This paper analyses the most commonly used methods to identify industry clusters by applying them to Brussels’ media industry data. The results are compared and benefits as well as limitations are highlighted. The resulting implications for industry cluster research and policy-making are subsequently discussed. It is found that a mixed-methods approach (compared with the application of a single method) can reveal important patterns of industry cluster formation, and that future research should make purpose-driven choices on methods based on known limitations and benefits within the research process.

Sweeping changes wrought by globalization and disaggregation of global value chains by multinational companies poses challenges to territorial theories of competitiveness. Contemplating notions propounded by economic geographers and strategic management scholars, the paper examines firm-level competitiveness at the intersection of spatially mobile versus spatially bound geographies. It aims to understand if linkages between actors within sticky local ecosystems are sufficient for firm internationalization from emerging economies. The paper empirically uncovers how cognitive ties at both local and global levels contribute to the internationalization of firms from emerging economies such as India that have a lower level of development and which suffer from institutional voids.

The type of industrial relations and the regulatory framework, especially the level that determines working hours (national / industrial / enterprise) are the constitutive elements that determine the working hours regime. The analysis of the regulatory framework is crucial for understanding disparities in the distribution of working time in one country but not without including other social and economic factors that may shape and influence the incidence of work longer than legally prescribed (full) working time. It was found that the form of wage distribution and the amount of overtime premium (and / or the amount of free hours earned) can affect both supply and demand for overtime.

During a period of regional structural change, the socio-institutional structure and the techno-economic structure are temporarily decoupled due to the relative inertia of the former compared with the rapid changes in the latter. The lag in the coevolution of the socio-institutional and techno-economic structures generates inefficiencies and instabilities, causing transitional failure. In exploring the rationale for policy intervention, this paper examines the actors that aim to influence socio-institutional changes in Medellín, Colombia. It finds that the private sector, under the informal leadership of the Grupo Empresarial Antioqueño, has played the role of institutional entrepreneurs to influence socio-institutional changes. In regions located on the knowledge periphery, in which the socio-institutional structure has not yet fully coevolved with the novel techno-economic structure, policy-makers can induce socio-institutional changes by learning from regions that have already transitioned to the novel techno-economic paradigm.

Sustainable development, as a complex and multidimensional process that has three basic dimensions: economic, social and environmental, conditions that today science and knowledge become the basic productive force of society. This paper will primarily focus on the importance of good management of macroeconomic indicators for achieving sustainable development of interconnectedness and the possibility of influencing the subject factors to improve efficiency and economy in achieving sustainable development.

Interest in urban gardening is growing as a means of enhancing social contact and reusing urban spaces. This practice in fact has positive effects in social and environmental terms. Positive effects include the increased social integration of people at risk of exclusion (elderly people, above all), the reduction of anthropic pressure on natural resources (the soil in particular) as well as the green requalification of vacant spaces. Because of these effects, urban gardening has spread especially in extensively urbanized and metropolitan areas where land consumption and pollution are more intensive, and also social distress and loneliness are more diffuse. Milan, New York and Barcelona are just a few examples of large metropolises where urban gardening is widely spread. On the contrary, urban gardens are not very common in mountainous areas, within which the reduced anthropic pressure and the permanence of communities of people who still help each other act as inhibitors. The regional graphic in this paper illustrates the spatial distribution of urban gardens in South Tyrol, a mountainous region in the north of Italy. Here, urban gardens are few and unevenly distributed. They are mainly concentrated in large municipalities and the provincial capital situated at a relatively low altitude above sea level (five of the eight municipalities with urban gardens which have answered to the investigation are situated on average at 250 m). They are absent in mountain municipalities above higher altitudes (from 1000 m upwards).

An enterprise as a subsystem or element of the environment and an enterprise as a system or a separate whole means an organization that is determined by the structure and form, in which the transformation of inputs into outputs is performed in order to make a profit. It follows that the company has a structural and functional dimension. The structural aspect is focused on observing and determining the ability to work, and the functional dimension on observing and determining the manner and consequences, the results of that work. The differences in management in the current or traditional and modern conditions are reflected in the changes in the way of thinking, the way of behaving and the orientation. Continuity of functioning, as well as reliance on one's own actions, which are important business conditions in the past, have been replaced by current and future expected conditions that mark discontinuity, complexity and dependence on decisions of others, ie on decisions from the environment. Of course, such changes are also reflected in planning, control and information, ie analysis of the balance sheet as a component of management. Management problems are structured differently, instead of simplicity, complexity has emerged.

Food and drinks represent a very important segment in tourist offers that mutually participate in development of a certain touristic region or a specifically defined form of tourism. In certain countries, there are good examples of how gastronomic offer influenced the positive development of different forms of tourism. Gastronomic tourism represents a subset of cultural tourism where history, tourism and food habits of a certain environment are revealed. Other than this form of tourism, there are other ones that are directly or indirectly tied to gastronomic tourism. Other than cultural, wine, religious and other forms of tourism cam be directly tied to gastronomic. The goal of this paper is to show the gastronomic potentials of the Srem district in Republic of Serbia and how they can influence the development of different, certain forms of tourism. The aim of this paper is to show the significance of certain gastronomic products that are prepared and their direct influence on certain forms of tourism of Srem district.

This study examines the effects of various types of consumers’ innovativeness on the consumer shopping styles. The results highlight that social, hedonic and cognitive innovativeness have an impact on consumer shopping styles, but functional innovativeness doesn’t influence consumer shopping styles. The study is based on sample of university students from Rawalpindi and Islamabad and its outcomes pave grounds for marketers to develop a better understanding for marketing new products and services. New product and services can be designed to magnetize innovative consumers. Integrated marketing communications should be planned according to the shopping styles of innovative consumers. Youngsters being a sizeable market segment in Pakistan, therefore, this study will guide the marketers to understand this segment better. This study discovers the association between different kinds of innovative consumer and consumer shopping styles.

Corporate governance (CG) is a corporate governance system for large companies which includes policies and procedures for corporate social responsibility (CSR). The present study examines the relationships between CG and CSR, and analyzes the studies that separate or combine the explanation of the two concepts.CG can be interpreted as the relationship between governors and stakeholders. Angyal (2009) and Auer (2017) agree that the two phenomena coexist and are connected at several points. The goals of the two phenomena are intertwined, compliance with other important requirements (environmental, labor law) besides the primary corporate goal. CG is a system based on the sharing of power and roles between owners, management and boards (board, supervisory board). The roles of ownership, supervision, and control are separated. The division of power means that the boards keep the management under strict control and the owners can account for the boards (Tasi, 2012). According to Tasi (2012), responsible CG involves careful management; financial planning and implementation; control mechanisms for the operation of the company; company transparency and business ethicsissues; publicizing corporate information and corporate social responsibility policies and practices. Angyal (2009) sees that CG and CSR are intertwined “neither intersection, nor intersection, nor parallelism, but coexistence”. (Angel,2009: 14). It does not agree with the incompatibility of corporate governance or corporate governance and social responsibility, in practice the former two are more common. Corporate governance encompasses corporate social responsibility policies, procedures, and can be interpreted as the relationship between governors and stakeholders. The authors of the studies analyzed agree that the two phenomena coexist and are connected at several points. The goals of the two phenomena are intertwined with compliance with other important requirements (environmental, labor law) besides the primary corporate goal. JEL Classification: G30; G39, M14

The Kedung Ombo Reservoir area, which is rich in natural resources, has the potential to be developed as an ecotourism area, but institutional issues and policy focus bias have hampered its development. This study aims to identify strategic variables in the region and find a description of the interdependent relationship between these variables, which is useful in determining the right policy. Research data were obtained through focus group discussions and workshops. Data analysis using Micmac method. The results of the study determine 31 (thirty one) strategic variables in the development of the Kedung Ombo ecotourism area which are grouped into typologies as follows: (1) determinant variables, consisting of: special regulations and permits; (2) relay variable, consisting of: community involvement, tourism business potential, infrastructure readiness, tourism awareness, transportation, tourists, tourist attractions, accommodation, tourism promotion, tourism services, private investment, governance, coordination, role of apparatus and information; (3) autonomous variables, consisting of: local entrepreneurial abilities, developer's understanding of local norms, natural beauty, environmental carrying capacity, and accessibility; and (4) dependent variables such as: tax income, retribution income, availability of funds for the community, preservation of local wisdom, expansion of employment opportunities, conservation of reservoir functions, forest preservation, welfare improvement, and poverty reduction. This research also produces a sequence of priority scales of these strategic variables which is very useful for policy makers in directing the focus of policies to ensure the successful development of the Kedung Ombo ecotourism in a sustainable manner.