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Recientemente publicamos el análisis de los apellidos del Padrón Electoral de 2010 de la República Oriental del Uruguay a través de distancias isonímicas, basado en sus 19 departamentos y las 171 comparaciones posibles entre estos, lo que mostró la formación de dos grandes agrupamientos en el sur, y otros pocos vinculados en el norte y este. El objetivo del presente trabajo es detallar el análisis de las distancias isonímicas utilizando la distribución de apellidos, no a nivel departamental, sino de los 221 municipios en los cuales se divide el país. Se estimaron las distancias isonímicas entre ellos, tomados dos a dos (24.310 comparaciones), se construyeron las matrices de distancia correspondientes y se correlacionaron con las de distancias geográficas. La correlación fue mayor para la distancia euclídea (r=0,253 ± 0,033), intermedia para la de Lasker (r=0,18 ±0,029) y menor para la de Nei (r=0,17±0,03), todas estadísticamente significativas (p, Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

Background Bed baths are a daily nursing activity to maintain patients’ hygiene. Those may provide not only comfort but also relaxation. Notably, applying a hot towel to the skin for 10 s (AHT10s) during bed baths helped to reduce the risk of skin tears and provided comfort and warmth in previous studies. However, it is still unclear whether autonomic nervous system is affected by bed baths. Thus, this study investigated the effect on the autonomic nervous activity of applying hot towels for 10 s to the back during bed baths. Methods This crossover study had 50 participants (25 men and women each; average age 22.2 ± 1.6 years; average body mass index 21.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2) who took bed baths with and without (control condition: CON) AHT10s on their back. Skin temperature, heart rate variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Subjective evaluations and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Japanese were also performed. Results A significant interaction of time and bed bath type on skin surface temperature was observed (p < .001). Regarding the means of skin surface temperature at each measurement time point, those for AHT10s were significantly higher than those for CON. Although the total state-anxiety score significantly decreased in both the bed bath types after intervention, the mean values of comfort and warmth were higher for bed baths with AHT10s than for CON (p < .05) during bed baths; AHT10s was significantly higher in warmth than CON after 15 min (p = .032). The interaction and main effects of time on HRV and BP and that of bed bath type were not significant. Conclusion Bed baths that involved AHT10s caused participants to maintain a higher skin temperature and warmer feeling than under the wiping-only condition; they also provided comfort during the interventions. However, the bed baths with AHT10s did not allow participants to reach a relaxed state; moreover, there was no change in autonomic nerve activity. This may be due to participants’ increased anxiety from skin exposure and the intervention being limited to one part of the body.

Dado que la anemia afecta el normal crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría recomienda la suplementación preventiva diaria con sulfato ferroso. Sin embargo, el tratamiento diario puede llevar a la sobrecarga tisular de hierro provocando daño sobre proteínas, lípidos y ADN. Con el propósito de eludir estos efectos no deseados, ha surgido como alternativa la posibilidad de implementar un tratamiento alternativo que consiste en la suplementación semanal. Por otra parte, la vitamina E, es el antioxidante no enzimático liposoluble más importante y esencial en la defensa celular. A raíz de esto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la vitamina E sobre el sulfato ferroso en sus dos formas de administración (semanal y diaria) en linfocitos de sangre periférica humana cultivados in vitro. Se llevó a cabo el ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis, y se realizaron 8 tratamientos que incluyen los respectivos controles y tratamientos combinados de sulfato ferroso diario y semanal con dos dosis de vitamina E. Se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la frecuencia de micronúcleos (F= 840,04; p= 0,0). Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demostraron un efecto protector de la vitamina E, disminuyendo el daño que el sulfato ferroso ocasiona. Sumado a esto, se corroboró que la administración del mismo en dosis únicas semanales provoca menor daño cromosómico que en dosis diarias., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

El objetivo de este trabajo es poner a prueba un método odontométrico para estimar el sexo a partir de la medida de los diámetros bucolinguales del cuello del canino superior y de ambos segundos molares permanentes, así como discutir su utilidad y aplicación en contextos mortuorios de cazadores-recolectores del Holoceno tardío, correspondientes al curso inferior del río Colorado, el curso medio del río Negro, la región de San Blas-Isla Gama y el área Interserrana. De los 41 individuos analizados con información sexual previa, obtenida mediante procedimientos osteológicos convencionales, fue posible estimar el sexo desde la métrica dental en el 87,8% (36 individuos). En el 83,3% de los casos, el sexo inferido coincide con la información previamente conocida. Las medidas obtenidas para el canino superior en primer lugar y para el segundo molar superior en segundo, ofrecen una alta confiabilidad para la estimación sexual, mientras que para el segundo molar inferior los porcentajes de casos correctamente estimados son relativamente menores. El método es útil para ser aplicado en individuos prehispánicos procedentes de la transición pampeano-patagónica oriental y noreste de Patagonia, y en menor medida, en aquellos recuperados en el área Interserrana de la región pampeana. Se destaca la importancia de la puesta a prueba de este método con anterioridad a su aplicación en restos bioarqueológicos de otras regiones vecinas., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

espanolEl objetivo fue conocer el estado nutricional y las caracteristicas ambientales y socioeconomicas de residencia de escolares del periurbano productivo de la ciudad de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Entre los ciclos lectivos 2014-2017 se relevo peso y talla y se calculo el indice de masa corporal de 3.696 escolares, de entre 3 y 14 anos de edad, residentes en seis localidades ubicadas en la periferia de la ciudad de La Plata. La informacion acerca del contexto de residencia se obtuvo mediante encuestas e indico un ambiente empobrecido, con escaso saneamiento, padres con bajo nivel de instruccion y empleo mayoritariamente no formalizado. Hubo 4,8% de retraso lineal del crecimiento, 0,5% de desnutricion aguda, 24,6% de sobrepeso y 18,2% de obesidad. La coexistencia de ambos extremos de malnutricion ilustra una paradoja nutricional en el entorno de la produccion de alimentos saludables. EnglishThe aim of this work was to know the nutritional status and the environmental and socio-economic characteristics of schoolchildren residing in the productive peri-urban area of La Plata city, Buenos Aires, Argentina. During the 2014-2017 school years, weight and height were measured and body mass index was calculated for 3,696 schoolchil-dren, between 3 and 14 years of age, residing in six localities situated in the peri-urban area of La Plata city. Information about the children’s context of residence was obtained through surveys, and it indicated an impoverished environment, with poor sanitation, parents with low level of education and mostly non-formalized employment. There was 4.8 % of linear growth retardation and 0.5% of acute malnutrition, 24.6% of overweight and 18.2% of obesity. The coexistence of both extremes of malnutrition illustrates a nutritional paradox in the environment of healthy food production.

Reseña bibliográfica de "El mestizaje en la Argentina. Indígenas, europeos y africanos. Una mirada desde la antropología biológica", libro escrito por Francisco R. Carnese.

La pesca y la agricultura requieren de un gasto de energía elevado, lo cual influye en los estilos de vida de las poblaciones que practican estas actividades. El objetivo del trabajo es comparar composición de la dieta, estado nutricional y actividad física de 19 campesinos y 14 pescadores ocasionales del municipio Yaguajay, Cuba. La frecuencia de consumo semanal de alimentos se obtuvo mediante un cuestionario. Se evaluó el estado nutricional y la actividad física con el cuestionario IPAQ, este último se aplicó a una submuestra, a la cual se le monitoreó su estado nutricional cinco meses después de la evaluación inicial. La dieta de ambos grupos se caracterizó por alto consumo de arroz, frijoles y viandas. El consumo de pescados y vegetales fue mayor en los pescadores. En la segunda medición, los pescadores aumentaron aproximadamente una unidad su porcentaje de grasa corporal, mientras que los campesinos perdieron aproximadamente 1 kg de peso. El 60% de los pescadores realizó actividad física alta y el 40 % media, para los campesinos los valores fueron 88, 9 % y 11,1% respectivamente. Los campesinos practicaban actividad física diaria, mientras que los pescadores pescaban ocasionalmente. A su vez, los pescadores tuvieron una dieta más saludable, aunque fue más frecuente en ellos la obesidad., Fishing and agriculture require a high energy expenditure that influences lifestyles of populations that practice these activities. The goal of the paper is to compare eating habits, nutritional status and physical activity of 19 farmers and 14 occasionally fishermen of the municipality Yaguajay, Cuba. Questionnaires of frequency of weekly foods consumption were applied. The nutritional status was evaluated. The physical activity was determined using questionnaire IPAQ short version in a subsample that were measured again five months later in order to evaluate nutritional status. In both groups diet was characterized by high consumption of rice, beans and “viandas”. The fishermen had more consumption of fish and vegetables. In the second mensuration, fishermen increased in approximately one unit their percentage of body fat, while farmers lost 1 kg of weight approximately. 60% of fishermen were classified with a category of high physical activity and 40 % with medium, and for farmers the frequencies are of 88, 9% and 11, 1% respectively. It’s concluded that farmers do physical activity daily; while the selected fishermen fish occasionally also they had a healthier diet but they are more obese than farmers., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

BACKGROUND: An increase in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentrations suggests vitamin K deficiency. Clinical intervention studies suggested that the vitamin K supplementation might contribute to preventing bone loss in postmenopausal women. Evidence on the relationship between serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels and bone parameters of quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is limited. We examined the correlation between serum ucOC concentrations and bone status as measured by QUS among middle-aged and older Japanese men and women. METHODS: The subjects were community-dwelling men (n = 358) and women (n = 503) aged ? 40?years in Japan. Heel QUS parameters, including the stiffness index, speed of sound, and broadband ultrasound attenuation, were measured. Serum ucOC concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Grip strength was measured in the dominant hand. Information on alcohol drinking, current smoking, exercise, and menopause in women was collected. RESULTS: Serum ucOC concentrations were significantly associated with age in both sexes. Serum ucOC concentrations in men were higher at ? 80?years than those in the age groups of 40-49, 50-59, and 60-69?years. Serum ucOC concentrations in women were higher in the age groups of 50-59 and 60-69?years than those at 40-49?years. Partial correlation analysis adjusting for covariates (age, body mass index, grip strength, alcohol drinking, current smoking, and exercise in men; age, body mass index, grip strength, alcohol drinking, current smoking, exercise, and menopause in women) showed that serum ucOC concentrations were negatively significantly correlated with all QUS parameters in women. Serum ucOC concentrations were not correlated with them in men. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin K deficiency, evaluated with higher serum ucOC, was correlated with poor bone status in women., Journal of physiological anthropology, 39(1), art.no.9; 2020

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of immersion in stirred, high-concentration, artificial carbonic acid water on body cooling. METHODS: Seven healthy male students (23 ± 2 years old) participated in the experiment. Signed informed consent was obtained from all subjects before the experiment. The subjects changed into shorts and T-shirts and entered an experimental room (with room temperature controlled at 30 °C and relative humidity maintained at 70%) at least 30 min before starting the experiment. After starting the experiment, the subjects were asked to rest on an exercise bike for 5 min and then pedal for 20 min. The exercise load was set to reach 50% of each subject's presumed maximum oxygen intake at 5 min after starting exercise. Subjects then continued pedaling for 1 min to cool down. After this exercise, subjects sat on a chair and immersed forearms in tap water or artificial carbonic acid water (CO2 water) at 25 °C for 20 min. During immersion, tap water or CO2 water was stirred slowly with a pump. After immersion, subjects rested for 10 min. Skin temperature and skin blood flow (left forearm), as well as heart rate and ear canal temperature, were measured continuously. Thermal sensation and thermal comfort were measured intermittently. RESULTS: Skin blood flow of the immersed forearms was higher in CO2 water than in tap water during immersion. The blood flow in the last 5 min (average at rest was 100%) was significantly higher in CO2 water (290.85 ± 84.81%) than in tap water (104.80 ± 21.99%). Thermal sensation and thermal comfort were not different between conditions. Ear canal temperature significantly declined more in CO2 water (-?0.56 ± 0.31 °C) than in tap water (-?0.48 ± 0.30 °C) during immersion. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that immersion of the forearms in slowly stirred CO2 water at 25 °C reduces core temperature elevated by heat stress or exercise more effectively than does tap water at the same temperature. Immersion of the forearms in stirred CO2 water at 25 °C could be useful as a preventive measure against heat stroke from summer work or exercise., Journal of physiological anthropology, 39, art.no.2; 2020

Se analizó la prevalencia de obesidad general y abdominal (OA) en adolescentes escolares, con diferente proporción corporal, de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Este es un estudio transversal en el que se incluyeron 614 adolescentes (11-18 años, edad media 13,9±2,1; 51,8% niñas). Se obtuvieron datos de tres establecimientos secundarios públicos de la ciudad de Córdoba durante los años 2007-2014. La proporción corporal se estimó mediante el índice córmico (IC=talla sentado/talla total x 100), y se obtuvieron valores Z estandarizados según sexo y edad, y cuartiles (Q1-4) de estos valores. Los niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad general se calcularon en base al índice de masa corporal [IMC=peso(kg)/talla(m)2], siguiendo las referencias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y se obtuvieron valores Z por sexo y edad. La OA se determinó median- te el índice cintura-talla (ICT=perímetro de la cintura/talla); se definió OA cuando ICT≥0,5. En general, se observó que, comparados con individuos con IC menor, aquellos con IC más altos (con piernas relativamente más cortas) presentan valores Z medios mayores de IMC e ICT, junto con una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad general y OA. Este patrón fue estadísticamente significativo en las niñas, mientras que entre los niños también se observó, aunque menos marcadamente y sin alcanzar una significación estadística. Considerando los efectos adversos de la obesidad en la salud inmediata y en el futuro de los adolescentes, los individuos con niveles elevados de IC deberían ser especialmente monitoreados en estudios nutricionales y de crecimiento., We analyzed the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity (AO) in school adolescents with different body proportions, from the city of Córdoba, Argentina. This is a cross-sectional study which included 614 adolescents (11-18 years old, mean age 13,9±2,1, 51.8% girls). Data were obtained from three public high schools of Córdoba during the period 2007-2014. Body proportion was estimated via the sitting-height ratio (SHR=sitting height/total height x 100), obtaining standardized sex- and age-specific Z scores, and quartiles (Q1-4) of these values. Overweight and obesity were calculated from the body mass index (BMI=weight(kg)/height(m)2], and were defined according to the references provided by the World Health Organization, obtaining sex- and age-specific Z scores. AO was determined using the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR=waist circumference / height); AO was established when WHtR≥0.5. In general, it was observed that, compared with individuals with lower SHR, those with higher SHR (with relatively shorter legs) have higher mean BMI and WHtR Z scores, together with a higher prevalence of overweight, general obesity and AO. While this pattern is statistically significant in girls, it is also found in boys, although less markedly and without reaching statistical significance. Considering the adverse effects of obesity on the current and future health of adolescents, individuals with high levels of SHR should be given special attention in nutritional and growth studies., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

Background It is well known that light containing the blue component stimulates the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and plays a role in melatonin suppression and pupillary constriction. In our previous studies, we verified that simultaneous exposure to blue and green light resulted in less pupillary constriction than blue light exposure. Hence, we hypothesized that the nonvisual effects of polychromatic white light might be increased by blocking the green component. Therefore, we conducted an experiment using optical filters that blocked blue or green component and examined the nonvisual effects of these lights on pupillary constriction and electroencephalogram power spectra. Methods Ten healthy young males participated in this study. The participant sat on a chair with his eyes facing an integrating sphere. After 10 min of light adaptation, the participant’s left eye was exposed to white pulsed light (1000 lx; pulse width 2.5 ms) every 10 s with a blue-blocking glasses, a green-blocking glasses, or control glasses (no lens), and pupillary constriction was measured. Then, after rest for 10 min, the participant was exposed a continuous white light of 1000 lx with a blue- or green-blocking glasses or control glasses and electroencephalogram was measured. Results Pupillary constriction with the blue-blocking glasses was significantly less than that observed with the green-blocking glasses. Furthermore, pupillary constriction under the green-blocking glasses was significantly greater than that observed with the control glasses. Conclusions A reduction in the green component of light facilitated pupillary constriction. Thus, the effects of polychromatic white light containing blue and green components on ipRGCs are apparently increased by removing the green component.

Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a congenital malformation that shows the characteristics of a multifactorial pathology. In order to describe the genetic predisposition to this disorder, NAT genes were analyzed with special interest since they codify for N-acetyltransferases, the enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of arylamines, hydrazine drugs and a great number of toxins and carcinogens present in diet, cigarette smoke and the environment. The allelic transmission of NAT2 that determines the slow acetylator phenotype in 174 trios (case-mother/father) from ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) maternities in Argentina was evaluated. The *4, *5B, *6, and *7 variants by PCR-RFLP were analyzed. A higher risk for the 5B*5B* genotypes (OR=2. 24; p=0.050) was found, at the expense of the cases from Patagonia, without the influence of the maternal genotype., El labio leporino con o sin paladar hendido (NSCLP) es una malformación congénita que presenta las características de una patología multifactorial. Se consideran de especial interés los genes NAT que codifican para las Nacetiltransferasas, enzimas responsables de la biotransformación de arilaminas, fármacos de hidrazina, y de un gran número de toxinas y carcinógenos presentes en la dieta, el humo de cigarro y el medio ambiente. Lo expuesto anteriormente ha despertado la sospecha de un posible rol de NAT2 en la manifestación de LL/PH en el recién nacido expuesto. En este trabajo se ha evaluado la transmisión alélica de variantes que determinan el fenotipo acetilador lento en 174 tríos (caso, madre y/o padre) reclutados por el ECLAMC (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas) en maternidades de Argentina. Se analizaron las variantes *4, *5B, *6 y *7 mediante PCR-RFLP. Se halló un riesgo mayor en los casos con genotipos 5B*5B* (OR=2,24; p=0,050), a expensas de los casos de Patagonia, sin influencia del genotipo materno., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

En este artículo se evalúan la relación entre la secuencia de desarticulación de un ejemplar de Equus caballus) y el intervalo postmortem (IPM). Para tal efecto, se propone la ecuación de regresión lineal de Megyesi, Nawrocki y Haskell (2005) en la que se utilizan los datos de temperatura local y estado de conservación de Equus caballus para obtener el ADD (°C) acumulados por día) y así inferir el IPM. La utilización de datos comparativos forenses sobre restos animales y humanos obtenidos en otros contextos ambientales nos permite concluir que, pese al isomorfismo existente entre diferentes especies, los factores locales, principalmente la temperatura, producirían en Equus caballus un retraso significativo en la desarticulación durante los primeros siete meses postmortem. Aunque este estudio es preliminar, y son necesarias más investigaciones a nivel regional y microrregional, se concluye que entre el IPM esperado, derivado de la ecuación de Megyesi, y el IPM real no habría diferencias significativas, por lo que se espera que este tipo de mediciones puedan ser aplicadas en contextos discretos en donde las variables ambientales sean identificadas y cuantificadas., This paper presents the results on the relationship between the disarticulation sequence of Equus caballus) and the postmortem interval (PMI). For this purpose, we proposed the linear regression equation developed by Megyesi, Nawrocki and Haskell (2005) in which the local temperature data and state of conservation of Equus caballus are used to obtain the ADD (accumulated degree (°C) days) and infer the PMI. The use of forensic comparative data on animal and human remains recovered in other environmental contexts allows us to conclude that, despite the isomorphism between different species, local factors, mainly temperature, may produce a significant delay in the sequence of disarticulation of Equus caballus during the first seven months postmortem. Although this study is preliminary and further research at regional and microregional level is required, it can be concluded that there are no significant differences between the PMI expected, derived from Megyesi’s equation, and the real PMI, so this type of measurements can be expected to be applied in discrete contexts in which environmental variables are identified and quantified., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

Background Measurements of erect height in older people, hospitalized and bedridden patients, and people with skeletal deformity is difficult. As a result, using body mass index for assessing nutritional status is not valid. Height estimated from linear body measurements such as arm span, knee height, and half arm span was shown to be useful surrogate measures of stature. However, the relationship between linear body measurements and stature varies across populations implying the need for the development of population-specific prediction equation. The objective of this study was to develop a formula that predicts height from arm span, half arm span, and knee height for Ethiopian adults and assess its agreement with measured height. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 15 to April 21, 2016 in Jimma University among a total of 660 (330 females and 330 males) subjects aged 18–40 years. A two-stage sampling procedure was employed to select study participants. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire and measurement of anthropometric parameters. The data were edited and entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS for windows version 20 for cleaning and analyses. Linear regression model was fitted to predict height from knee height, half arm span, and arm span. Bland-Altman analysis was employed to see the agreement between actual height and predicted heights. P values

Background Salivary melatonin levels have been analyzed in many research fields, including physiological anthropology. Although various devices have been utilized for saliva collection, cotton swabs are among the most common. However, previous studies have reported that cotton swabs may interfere with melatonin assay results, whereas synthetic swabs may not. These studies compared only mean melatonin levels between passive and synthetic-polymer swab collection methods but did not evaluate relative and proportional biases. Our study examines the effects of using swabs made of materials other than cotton, such as polypropylene–polyethylene polymer, on salivary melatonin assay results using a Bland–Altman (BA) plot. The effects of the saliva collection method were analyzed using two concentrations of melatonin, lower ( 6 pg/ml), because the threshold of dim light melatonin onset was lower than 6 pg/ml in many studies. Results Differences detected between passive and polypropylene–polyethylene polymer swab methods of saliva collection were not significant in both lower ( 6 pg/ml) melatonin levels detected. All correlations between the collection methods were significant, and 95% confidence intervals for differences in melatonin levels in all samples detected using passive and non-cotton swab saliva collection methods included zero in the BA plots. Averages and differences between non-cotton and passive saliva collection obtained from the BA plots were not significantly correlated at lower and higher melatonin levels. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that swabbing methods, including the use of polypropylene–polyethylene polymer, do not affect salivary melatonin assay results. Therefore, the authors suggest that polypropylene–polyethylene polymer swab methods are appropriate for the assessment of dim light melatonin onset and dose response of the circadian system to light.

In 1980, Jonas Salk (1914–1995) encouraged professionals in anthropology and related disciplines to consider the interconnections between “planetary health,” sociocultural changes associated with technological advances, and the biology of human health. The concept of planetary health emphasizes that human health is intricately connected to the health of natural systems within the Earth’s biosphere; experts in physiological anthropology have illuminated some of the mechanisms by which experiences in natural environments (or the built environment) can promote or detract from health. For example, shinrin-yoku and related research (which first emerged from Japan in the 1990s) helped set in motion international studies that have since examined physiological responses to time spent in natural and/or urban environments. However, in order to advance such findings into planetary health discourse, it will be necessary to further understand how these biological responses (inflammation and the collective of allostatic load) are connected to psychological constructs such as nature relatedness, and pro-social/environmental attitudes and behaviors. The exposome refers to total environmental exposures—detrimental and beneficial—that can help predict biological responses of the organism to environment over time. Advances in “omics” techniques—metagenomics, proteomics, metabolomics—and systems biology are allowing researchers to gain unprecedented insight into the physiological ramifications of human behavior. Objective markers of stress physiology and microbiome research may help illuminate the personal, public, and planetary health consequences of “extinction of experience.” At the same time, planetary health as an emerging multidisciplinary concept will be strengthened by input from the perspectives of physiological anthropology.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis de indicadores estrés metabólico en una muestra de cráneos, mandíbulas y dientes recuperados en entierros secundarios de las Ruinas Jesuíticas de San Francisco (RSF), ubicadas en el Sitio Área Fundacional (Ciudad de Mendoza). La muestra analizada corresponde a poblaciones coloniales (siglos XVII-XVIII y XIX) y proceden de un sector de la Nave Central de las RSF. Se analizaron indicadores de estrés metabólico: hiperostosis porótica (HP), cribra orbitalia (CO) e hipoplasias de esmalte dental lineal (HEDL) en una muestra compuesta por un MNI de 22 individuos. Se calcularon las prevalencias de estos indicadores de estrés por XIXsexo, edad, cronología y sector de entierro. Se identificaron altos porcentajes de HP-CO e HEDL en forma generalizada, aunque con mayores valores en individuos masculinos, entre los juveniles y adultos de edad media, como así también en el periodo Colonial Temprano (siglos XVII-XVIII) y entre los individuos que se infieren con menor estatus socioeconómico. Los resultados se comparan y discuten en relación con las tendencias registradas en entierros primarios y secundarios de otros templos del norte de Mendoza, lo que contribuye a caracterizar el estado de salud y condiciones de vida de las poblaciones coloniales., This paper presents the results of the analysis of metabolic stress indicators in a sample of skulls, jaws, and teeth recovered from secondary burials in the ruins of the Jesuit Temple in the city of Mendoza (San Francisco Ruins, RSF). The sample analyzed corresponds to the 17th-18th, and 19th centuries, and comes from an area of the Central Nave of the temple (in the Foundational Area of Mendoza, Argentina). Metabolic stress indicators: porotic hyperostosis (PH), cribra orbitalia (CO), and linear dental enamel hypoplasia (LEH) were analyzed in a sample composed by a minimum number of individuals of 22. We analyzed the prevalence of these stress indicators by sex, age, chronology, and burial sector. High percentages of PH-CO and LEH were generally found, although with higher values in male individuals, among juveniles and middle-aged adults, as well as in the Early Colonial Period (17th-18th centuries) and among individuals of inferred lower socioeconomic status. The results are compared and discussed in relation to the trends recorded in primary and secondary burials of other temples in the north of Mendoza, thus contributing to the description of the state of health and living conditions of colonial populations., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

Desde una perspectiva biológica, este trabajo pretende realizar un nuevo aporte sobre un momento histórico relevante, el contacto interétnico entre europeos y nativos en Tierra del Fuego, mediante el estudio de la columna vertebral de 16 individuos adultos procedentes del cementerio de la Misión Salesiana “Nuestra Señora de La Candelaria”. La metodología utilizada recoge y analiza datos acerca del estado de preservación de la muestra, la presencia de nódulos de Schmörl y los signos artrósicos de las vértebras. Los patrones de distribución y las frecuencias de las lesiones observadas se sitúan dentro de los rangos registrados en otras regiones del mundo. From a biological perspective, this study aims to make a new contribution on a relevant historical moment, European-native contact in Tierra del Fuego, through the analysis of the vertebral column of 16 adults from the cemetery of the Salesian Mission “Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria”. The methodology used here collects and analyzes data about the preservation state of the sample, presence of Schmörl nodes, and osteoar-thritic signs. The frequency of lesions and the patterns observed fall within the ranges reported in other regions around the world. Fil: Moreno Estefanell, Luis. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España Fil: D'angelo del Campo, Manuel Domingo. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Campo Martín, Manuel. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España Fil: Garcia Laborde, Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina Fil: Cambra Moo, Óscar. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España Fil: González Martín, Armando. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España Fil: Guichon, Ricardo Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

La diversificación de los platirrinos a escala macroevolutiva ha sido sistemáticamente estudiada en años recientes. Sin embargo, el origen de la diversidad fenotípica y de taxones observada a escalas filogenéticas menores, p. ej., dentro de los géneros, ha sido menos estudiada. En este contexto, la diversidad de los monos capuchinos ha sido discutida recientemente. Los trabajos previos reconocían un único género y principalmente cuatro especies. En cambio, algunos estudios recientes, empleando datos morfológicos y moleculares, han propuesto dividir el clado en dos géneros (Cebus y Sapajus) y doce especies. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar la variación morfométrica mandibular de las especies de monos capuchinos para discutir este problema. Los resultados obtenidos -empleando microtomografías computadas, técnicas de la morfometría geométrica en 3D y métodos comparativos filogenéticos- muestran que todas las especies estudiadas se encuentran superpuestas a lo largo del eje principal de variación en forma, y que la diferenciación de las especies que recientemente han sido asignadas a los géneros Cebus y Sapajus se relaciona con cambios no alométricos en forma. Muchas de las características asignadas al recientemente propuesto género Sapajus, incluyendo particularmente la robustez de la mandíbula, son observadas en individuos masculinos de especies de ambos géneros. Estos resultados sugieren que las características morfológicas descritas recientemente para diferenciar los géneros de capuchinos deben ser empleadas con cuidado como criterios para generar nuevas propuestas sistemáticas., The diversification of platyrrhines on a macroevolutionary scale has been systematically studied in recent years. However, the origin of the phenotypic and taxonomic diversity observed at small phylogenetic scales, e.g., within genera, has been less studied. In this context, the diversity of capuchin monkeys has recently been discussed. Previous works recognized a single genus and mainly four species. In contrast, recent studies, using morphological and molecular data, have proposed splitting the clade into two genera (Cebus and Sapajus) and twelve species. The objective of this work is to explore mandibular morphometric variation of capuchin monkey species to discuss this problem. The results obtained-using computed micro-tomographies, 3D geometric morphometric techniques, and comparative phylogenetic methods-show that all the species studied overlap along the main axis of shape variation, and that the differentiation among the species recently assigned to the genera Cebus and Sapajus is related to non-allometric shape changes. Many of the characteristics assigned to the recently proposed Sapajus genus, particularly, the robustness of the mandible, are observed in male individuals of species of both genera. These results suggest that the morphological characteristics recently described as useful for differentiating the capuchin genera should be cautiously used as criteria for generating new systematic proposals, Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de tres conjuntos bioarqueológicos altamente perturbados por la acción antrópica moderna, rescatados en el valle del río Negro (provincia de Río Negro). Su objetivo es dar a conocer los resultados del análisis cuantitativo, sexo-etario y tafonómico realizado sobre los conjuntos óseos recuperados en los sitios Fábrega, Negro Muerto 3 y Loma de los Muertos y evaluar el impacto de la incorporación de este registro a la discusión a nivel intra-sitio y regional. Los resultados de este trabajo permitieron incorporar un craneananuevo sitio con evidencias inhumatorias al esquema regional, ampliar y ajustar el número de individuos y espectro etario en otros sitios, además de incorporar información novedosa acerca de prácticas de modificación craneana y procesamiento de cadáveres. Los nuevos datos generados demuestran el potencial informativo, en términos paleodemográficos y culturales, del registro bioarqueológico altamente impactado por la acción antrópica moderna., This work focuses on the analysis of three bioarchaeological samples highly disturbed by modern anthropic action, which were recovered from the Negro river valley (province of Río Negro). Our objective is to present the results of the quantitative, sex-age, and taphonomic analyses carried out on the remains recovered in Fábrega, Negro Muerto 3, and Loma de los Muertos sites, and to assess the impact of incorporating this kind of disturbed samples into the intra-site and regional discussions. The results allowed the incorporation of a new mortuary site to the regional scheme, the expansion and adjustment of the number of individuals and age spectrum in other sites, and the incorporation of new information about cranial modification and post-mortem processing. The new data generated here demonstrates the informative potential of bioarchaeological record highly impacted by modern action., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos del análisis de la variabilidad morfológica de la bóveda del cráneo de muestras pertenecientes a poblaciones humanas que habitaron el delta del Paraná y la cuenca inferior del río Uruguay durante el Holoceno tardío, mediante el uso de técnicas de morfometría geométrica. En este sentido, el objetivo se está dirigido a presentar una primera aproximación a la problemática de las deformaciones artificiales de la bóveda del cráneo para las regiones anteriormente mencionadas. Se utilizaron técnicas de la morfometría geométrica y análisis estadísticos multivariados con el objetivo de cuantificar patrones de variación entre las deformaciones artificiales del cráneo, a fin de aportar, desde una nueva línea de análisis, a las investigaciones bioarqueológicas que se vienen desarrollando en el área. Para cumplir con este objetivo se llevó a cabo el análisis de 65 cráneos (40 femeninos y 25 masculinos) procedentes de nueve sitios ubicados en diferentes sectores del litoral: delta inferior del río Paraná, delta superior del río Paraná y margen oeste de la cuenca inferior del río Uruguay. Los resultados obtenidos permiten, por un lado, posicionar en un esquema general las relaciones entre prácticas deformatorias y cronologías absolutas de las poblaciones del delta del río Paraná y cuenca inferior del río Uruguay, y realizar comparaciones con los esquemas propuestos para otras regiones de Argentina. Por el otro, los análisis permitieron establecer la existencia de tendencias geográficas y temporales en la práctica de deformación intencional de cráneos., In this article we present the results from the geometric morphometric analyses of morphological variability of the cranial vault in samples belonging to human populations that inhabited the Paraná river delta and the lower basin of the Uruguay river during the late Holocene. The main goal was to present a first approach to the problems related to artificial cranial deformations in the regions mentioned above. Geometric morphometric techniques and multivariate statistical procedures were used in order to quantify patterns of variation among artificial cranial deformations with the aim of contributing from a new line of evidence to the bioarchaeological research that is being carried out in the area. Sixty-five skulls (40 female and 25 male) from nine sites located in different coastal areas were analyzed: the lower and upper delta of the Paraná river and the west bank of the lower basin of the Uruguay river. The results obtained enabled us, on the one hand, to establish relationships between deformation practices and the absolute chronology of the populations of the Paraná river delta in an overall scheme, and to compare them with those proposed for other regions. On the other hand, we were able to establish the existence of geographical and temporal trends in cranial vault deformation practices., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina

Background Falls are the leading cause of accidental injury and death among older adults. One of three adults over the age of 65 years falls annually. As the size of elderly population increases, falls become a major concern for public health and there is a pressing need to understand the causes of falls thoroughly. Main body of the abstract While it is well documented that visual functions such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereo acuity are correlated with fall risks, little attention has been paid to the relationship between falls and the ability of the visual system to perceive motion in the environment. The omission of visual motion perception in the literature is a critical gap because it is an essential function in maintaining balance. In the present article, we first review existing studies regarding visual risk factors for falls and the effect of ageing vision on falls. We then present a group of phenomena such as vection and sensory reweighting that provide information on how visual motion signals are used to maintain balance. Conclusion We suggest that the current list of visual risk factors for falls should be elaborated by taking into account the relationship between visual motion perception and balance control.

Background Previous research on balance mostly focused on the assessment, training, and improvements of balance through interventions. We investigated tools commonly used to study static balance. Differences in postural stability were analyzed using multiscale entropy (MSE) and feature analysis. Methods A force plate and inertial sensor were used to collect acceleration and center-of-pressure (COP) nonlinear signals. MSE was also used to detect fractal correlations and assess the complexity of univariate data complexity. Fifteen healthy subjects participated in the experiments. Each stood on a force plate and wore a sensor while attempting to maintain postural stability for 30 s in four randomized experiments to evaluate their static balance via a copositive experiment with eyes open/closed and with standing on one foot or both feet. A Wilcoxon-signed rank test was used to confirm that the conditions were significant. Considering the effect of the assessment tools, the influence of the visual and lower limb systems on postural stability was assessed and the results from the inertial sensor and force plate experiments were compared. Results Force plate usage provided more accurate readings when completing static balance tasks based on the visual system, whereas an inertial sensor was preferred for lower-limb tasks. Further, the eyes-open-standing-on-one-foot case involved the highest complexity at the X, Y, and Z axes for acceleration and at the ML axis for COP compared with other conditions, from which the axial directions can be identified. Conclusions The findings suggested investigation of different evaluation tool choices that can be easily adapted to suit different needs. The results for the complexity index and traditional balance indicators were comparable in their implications on different conditions. We used MSE to determine the equipment that measures the postural stability performance. We attempted to generalize the applications of complexity index to tasks and training characteristics and explore different tools to obtain different results. Trial registration This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan University and classified as expedited on August 24, 2017. The committee is organized under and operates in accordance with Social and Behavioral Research Ethical Principles and Regulations of National Taiwan University and government laws and regulations.

Background Current knowledge on genetic basis of aggressive behavior is still contradictory. This may be due to the fact that the majority of studies targeting associations between candidate genes and aggression are conducted on industrial societies and mainly dealing with various types of psychopathology and disorders. Because of that, our study was carried on healthy adult individuals of both sex (n = 853). Methods Three populations were examined: two traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and one industrial (Russians), and the association of aggression with the following polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR, rs6295 (5HTR1A gene), and rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) were tested. Aggression was measured as total self-ratings on Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Results Distributions of allelic frequencies of 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A polymorphisms were significantly different among the three populations. Consequently, the association analyses for these two candidate genes were carried out separately for each population, while for the 5HTR2A polymorphism, it was conducted on the pooled data that made possible to introduce ethnic factor in the ANOVA model. The traditional biometrical approach revealed no sex differences in total aggression in all three samples. The three-way ANOVA (μ + 5-HTTLPR + 5HTR1A + 5HTR2A +ε) with measures of self-reported total aggression as dependent variable revealed significant effect of the second serotonin receptor gene polymorphism for the Hadza sample. For the Datoga, the interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A was significant. No significant effects of the used polymorphisms were obtained for Russians. The results of two-way ANOVA with ethnicity and the 5HTR2A polymorphism as main effects and their interactions revealed the highly significant effect of ethnicity, 5HTR2A polymorphism, and their interaction on total aggression. Conclusions Our data provided obvious confirmation for the necessity to consider the population origin, as well as cultural background of tested individuals, while searching for associations between genes and behavior, and demonstrated the role of cultural attitudes towards the use of in-group aggression. Our data partly explained the reasons for disagreement in results of different teams, searching for candidate-gene associations with behavior without considerations of culturally desirable norms. Previous studies suggested that the 5HTR2A gene polymorphism associates with aggression and criminality. Our data extended these findings, demonstrating the role of rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) in aggression in adult healthy men and women from our samples. We found that G-allele carriers were rated higher on total aggression.

Background It is known that emotion regulatory responses of humans are changed by the experiences they have, but in particular, they are changed by becoming a mother. A recent study has found how a woman’s emotion regulatory response to a child’s crying changes after becoming a mother. However, mothers’ emotion regulatory responses other than those to children and the association between emotion regulatory response and parental stress are still unknown. Methods Eighteen healthy Japanese females (nine mothers and nine non-mothers) participated in the experiment. They performed an emotional Go/Nogo task, with facial expressions of others (angry, happy, and neutral faces) used as emotional stimuli. The percentage of correct responses, response time, and event-related potentials (ERPs) during the task was measured. Results This comparison revealed that the mother group had a larger P3 (Nogo-P3) amplitude than the non-mother group when Nogo trials were held. This indicates that in mothers, there was greater activation of the behavioral inhibition-related brain areas than in non-mother women when they inhibited inappropriate behavior following recognition of facial expressions of others. In addition, in the mother group, there was a negative correlation between parental stress levels and Nogo-P3 amplitudes evoked by angry faces. This suggests that there is a relation between the level of parental stress of mothers and their emotion regulatory responses to angry faces. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that mothers’ emotion regulatory processes may differ from those of non-mothers in response, not only to a child’s crying but also to expressions of emotions by others, and also suggest that the inhibitory recognition activity of mothers can be affected by parental stress.

Background Bright light (BL) has been shown to be effective in enhancing both cognitive and physical performances. Alterations in nighttime melatonin levels have also been observed. However, evaluations of light-induced changes in the preceding biochemical processes are absent. Therefore, the impact of a single morning BL exposure on sensorimotor and visuomotor performance, as well as tryptophan (trp) and trp metabolites, was evaluated in this study. Methods In a crossover design, 33 healthy volunteers were randomly exposed to 30 min of

Background Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is sympathetically activated and induces thermogenesis during cold exposure, thereby influencing energy expenditure and body fat levels. The very low frequency (VLF) components of pulse rate variability could be a form of thermogenic sympathetic nervous activity, but no clear relationship has yet been reported between VLF activity and BAT density. We therefore aimed to evaluate the association between them. Methods We enrolled 20 adults in winter and 20 matched adults in summer. We assessed BAT densities based on total hemoglobin concentrations ([total-Hb]) measured with near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. We calculated VLF activity from pulse rate variability measurements. Results BAT density ([total-Hb]; winter 70.5 ± 17.0 μM, summer 57.8 ± 18.3 μM) and VLF activity (winter 6.7 ± 0.8, summer 6.1 ± 0.9) were significantly higher in winter than in summer (P

Background The marked increase in the size of the brain, and consequently, in neural processing capability, throughout human evolution is the basis of the higher cognitive function in humans. However, greater neural, and thus information processing capability, comes at a significant metabolic cost; despite its relatively small size, the modern human brain consumes almost a quarter of the glucose and oxygen supply in the human body. Fortunately, several vascular mechanisms ensure sufficient delivery of glucose and oxygen to the active neural tissue (neurovascular coupling), prompt removal of neural metabolic by-products (cerebral vasoreactivity), and constant global blood supply despite daily variations in perfusion pressure (cerebral autoregulation). The aim of this review is to provide an integrated overview of the available data on these vascular mechanisms and their underlying physiology. We also briefly review modern experimental approaches to assess these mechanisms in humans, and further highlight the importance of these mechanisms for humans’ evolutionary success by providing examples of their healthy adaptations as well as pathophysiological alterations. Conclusions Data reviewed in this paper demonstrate the importance of the cerebrovascular function to support humans’ unique ability to form new and different interactions with each other and their surroundings. This highlights that there is much insight into the neural and cognitive functions that could be gleaned from interrogating the cerebrovascular function.

Background High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a serious acute mountain sickness that mainly occurs in non-acclimatized individuals after rapid ascent to high altitude. The precise etiology of HAPE remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether NR3C1 gene polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to HAPE. Methods The exons of NR3C1 gene were sequenced by a ABI 3730 DNA analyzer in 133 HAPE patients and matched 135 healthy Han Chinese controls from the Yushu area in Qinghai (the altitude greater than 3500 m). Results DNA sequencing showed the heterozygous substitutions at codon 588 (rs6194) in exon 6 and 766 (rs6196) in exon 9 of NR3C1 gene. The genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of NR3C1 SNP rs6194 showed significant differences in two groups (P

Background We investigated developmental changes in shortening of pro-saccade reaction time while maintaining neck flexion. Methods Subjects comprised 135 children (3–14 years) and 29 young adults (19–23 years). Children were divided into six groups in 2-year age strata. Pro-saccade reaction tasks for 30 s were performed in neck rest and flexion positions. Reaction times under each position were averaged in every 10-s period. Results Under neck rest position, reaction time in the 0–10 s period was significantly longer in the 3- to 4-year-old group than in the 5- to 6-year-old group and above. No significant age effect was found for reaction time in the 0–10 s period in the 5- to 6-year-old group and above. Although a significant effect of neck flexion was not observed until the 9- to 10-year-old group, significant shortening of reaction time with neck flexion was found in the 11- to 12-year-old group and above. Furthermore, this shortening was maintained until the first 20–s period in the 11- to 12-year-old group and during the entire 30 s in the 13- to 14-year-old and above. Conclusions These results suggest that brain activation with the maintenance of neck flexion, related to shortening of the pro-saccade reaction time, was found from a later age of approximately 11 years and above, compared with the age at which information-processing function in the pro-saccade was enhanced. In addition, brain activation with the maintenance of neck flexion was sustained longer with age.

En este trabajo se evalúa la relación entre la asimetría fluctuante facial (AFF) y los tratamientos hormonales, cirugías maxilofaciales, ortodoncia, traumatismos y malformaciones. En el marco del proyecto CANDELA, se tomaron cinco fotografías faciales de 3162 voluntarios entre los 18 y 85 años. Por fotogrametría se colocaron 34 landmarks o puntos en 3D y mediante el método Procrustes ANOVA se obtuvieron valores individuales de asimetría fluctuante facial. Se realizó una prueba de ANOVA de una vía y la prueba de Welch y Levene para conocer las diferencias entre media y varianza de los valores de asimetría facial y las variables respuesta. También, se caracterizó la variación morfológica del componente asimétrico de la forma facial mediante técnicas multivariadas sobre los grupos que resultaran diferentes significativamente. Las mujeres que reportaron haber recibido algún tipo de tratamiento hormonal mostraron mayores valores de asimetría fluctuante facial respecto al grupo sin tratamiento. Esta asociación se mantuvo una vez removido el efecto de la ancestría genética y sin interactuar con el resto de variables incluidas en el análisis. Los cambios morfológicos asociados a este factor se concentran en el mentón, maxilar labio inferior, región perifrontal, región nasal y orejas. Algunos trabajos anteriores dieron cuenta de la posible relación entre la asimetría facial y los niveles de hormonas, pero no hay estudios que sustenten la relación causal o directa entre la asociación aquí planteada. El presente trabajo es una evidencia más de la asociación entre el consumo de hormonas y modificaciones de caracteres faciales en para poblaciones urbanas mestizas latinoamericanas.

Presentamos los resultados del análisis de isótopos estables en la fracción orgánica (δ13Cco y δ15N) e inorgánica (δ13Cap) del registro óseo o dental de 22 individuos subadultos humanos hallados en el sitio arqueológico Los Amarillos (período de Desarrollos Regionales e Inca, provincia de Jujuy). Para el análisis isotópico se consideraron los estudios longitudinales en poblaciones actuales, los cuales han mostrado que durante los primeros meses de vida se detectan valores isotópicos afectados por el amamantamiento. Estos estudios requieren acotar al máximo los rangos etarios de los individuos bajo análisis, lo cual, muchas veces es dificultoso dados los múltiples procesos tafonómicos que pueden fragmentar la muestra, así como también por los límites que presentan los métodos analíticos disponibles. No obstante, se ha podido inferir una edad de destete temprana, lo cual habría favorecido la disminución de los intervalos entre nacimientos, proceso acorde con el aumento demográfico propuesto para el período cronológico asociado a la ocupación del sitio arqueológico., We show the results of stable isotope analysis of the organic (δ13Cco and δ15N) and inorganic (δ13Cap) fractions of bone or dental remains of 22 sub-adult human individuals found in Los Amarillos archaeological site (Regional Development and Inca periods, province of Jujuy). For reference, longitudinal studies in current populations were considered, which showed that during the first months of life isotope composition values are affected by breastfeeding. These studies require that the age ranges of the individuals under analysis should be set with utmost precision, which is often difficult given the multiple taphonomic processes that may have fragmented the sample, as well as the limits of the analytical methods available. However, our results suggest that the sub-adult individuals analysed were weaned at a very early age, which could have favoured decreasing birth intervals. This evidence provides support to an earlier proposition that a demographic increase took place during the period of occupation of Los Amarillos., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Las investigaciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en la Depresión del río Salado durante las últimas tres décadas, permitieron profundizar en el conocimiento de los grupos prehispánicos que vivieron allí durante el Holoceno tardío. Como resultado de los trabajos de campo en la microrregión, se conocen tres sitios con restos humanos (La Guillerma Ñandú, La Guillerma 1 y La Guillerma 5), totalizando un número mínimo de seis individuos inhumados de manera aislada. En esta contribución se suma, a la información precedente, el primer estudio bioarqueológico de un esqueleto recuperado por Carlos Ameghino en el arroyo El Siasgo a principios del siglo XX. El objetivo es presentar los resultados del análisis bioarqueológico de este esqueleto, así como el fechado radiocarbónico obtenido. Se busca así aportar a la revisión de un caso de singular importancia histórica a través de la aplicación de un marco teórico y metodológico renovado. Como resultado de los análisis bioarqueológicos se pudo establecer que los restos corresponden a un individuo juvenil, de entre 12 y 15 años, que habría sido inhumado en posición primaria y que presentaba el cráneo deformado de manera circular. Se obtuvo, para este esqueleto, un fechado de ca. 3500 años AP, que es el más antiguo para la depresión del río Salado. Los análisis isotópicos reflejan que la dieta del individuo fue mixta e incluyó la ingesta, en pequeñas cantidades, de alimentos marinos. Finalmente, estos resultados son integrados a la información bioarqueológica disponible para el área., The archaeological research developed in the Salado River Depression during the last three decades has offered knowledge about pre-Hispanic people who lived there along over the Late Holocene. As a result of fieldworks, human remains had been recovered from three archaeological sites (La Guillerma Ñandú, La Guillerma 1, and La Guillerma 5), resulting in a minimal number of six individuals, who had been buried separately. In this paper new information is presented, the first bioarchaeological study of the skeleton recovered by Carlos Ameghino in arroyo El Siasgo at the beginnings of the XX century. The aim of this work is to present the results of the bioarchaeological analysis of this skeleton, and the radiocarbon dating obtained. It thus, seeks to the review of a singular historical case in the light of a renewed theoretical and methodological framework. From the bioarchaeological analysis, it was known that the human remains belonged to a juvenile (between 12 and 15 years old); that he appeared to have been buried in primary inhumation, and that his skull showed artificial cranial deformation. The dating obtained for the remains was ca. 3500 years BP, which constituted the oldest dating for the Salado River Depression. The isotopic analysis showed a mixed diet that included the consumption -in low amounts- of sea food. Finally, the results of this research are integrated with other bioarchaeological data from the area., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Los nódulos de Schmörl (NS) son hernias verticales del disco intervertebral que generan depresiones en ambas caras de los cuerpos vertebrales. Las causas propuestas como generadoras de NS son numerosas: edad, sexo, predisposición génica, patologías preexistentes, morfología vertebral, procesos evolutivos y actividades ocupacionales. El área toraco-lumbar se vería más afectada por recibir parte de la carga correspondiente al bipedismo, lo cual sumado a defectos en los tejidos articulares y, en menor medida, a actividades ocupacionales explicarían en su conjunto la dinámica de las hernias discales verticales. Este trabajo tiene como propósito analizar las relaciones entre sexo, edad, severidad y ubicación de los NS en una muestra contemporánea de carácter documentada, integrada por 100 individuos pertenecientes a la Colección Lambre, alojada en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Todos los individuos son adultos, con edades entre 22 y 101 años, 67 de los cuales son de sexo masculino y 33 de sexo femenino. Los NS fueron registrados según su ubicación y severidad y analizados en relación al sexo y la edad de muerte de los individuos. La prevalencia estimada para el total de la muestra fue de un 27 %. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las prevalencias por sexos ni se encontró una correlación entre la cantidad de lesiones y la edad de los individuos. La zona vertebral más afectada fue la toracolumbar con muy escaso compromiso cervical y sacro. Las lesiones fueron leves en su mayoría, presentándose con mayor frecuencia en el centro de la vértebra, indistintamente en su cara superior e inferior. La prevalencia total es coincidente con estudios de poblaciones contemporáneas, aunque existe una gran disparidad en torno a esta frecuencia, Schmörl’s nodes (NS) are vertical hernias of the intervertebral disc that generate depressions on both sides of the vertebral bodies. The causes underlying the development of NS are numerous: age, sex, genetic predisposition, preexisting pathologies, vertebral morphology, evolutionary processes, and occupational activities. The thoracolumbar region is the most affected because it supports the greatest axial loading due to bipedalism, which added to defects in the joint tissues and, to a lesser extent, occupational activities, might explain the whole dynamics of vertical disc hernias The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between sex, age, severity, and location of NS in a contemporary and well-documented skeletal sample, composed of 100 individuals belonging to the Lambre Collection, housed in the Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of La Plata, Argentina. All the individuals are adults with ages between 22 and 101 years, of which 67 are males and 33 females. The NS were recorded according to their location and severity, and analyzed in relation to the individuals’ sex and age at death. The estimated prevalence of NS for the total sample was 27%. No significant differences were found regarding prevalence by sex; neither a correlation was found between the number of lesions and the age at death of the individuals. The thoracolumbar region is the most affected part of the vertebral column, with very little cervical and sacral involvement. The lesions were mostly mild, occurring more frequently in the center of the vertebrae, indistinctly in their upper and lower faces. The total prevalence is coincident with studies of contemporary populations, although there is great disparity as regards this frequency., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Tulumba es una región del noroeste cordobés poco abordada desde la biodemografía. Un estudio previo señala variaciones en preferencias conyugales entre parientes y entre linajes, comparándose fines del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX. En este trabajo se propuso continuar ese análisis diacrónico. Las fuentes utilizadas fueron: para comienzos del siglo XIX (1806-1815) registros parroquiales de bautismos del curato de Tulumba, separados en “españoles” y “castas”; para la primera década del siglo XX (1901-1910) actas de nacimientos del Registro Civil y Capacidad de las Personas de Villa Tulumba. Se observó, mediante isonimia, una preferencia por el casamiento entre parientes notoriamente mayor en el siglo XX y, entre grupos del XIX, la mayor en españoles. Por su parte, en todos los casos se encontró una frecuencia de casamientos entre linajes familiares mucho más elevada que la esperada, con alta o muy alta significación estadística, repitiéndose mayor preferencia en el siglo XX y, dentro del XIX, mayor en españoles que en castas. Se interpretaron estos resultados como consecuencia, en parte, de una estrategia patrimonial debida a las decrecientes oportunidades que brindaba la región en el siglo XX, respecto del XIX, sin descartar el posible efecto de preferencias conyugales por origen geográfico. En la convulsa época de comienzos del siglo XIX, la más notoria preferencia de los españoles por casarse con parientes o entre determinados linajes podría reflejar una forma de protección ante la inminencia de las luchas inde-pendentistas y guerras civiles. Tulumba is a region in the northwest of Cór-doba province that has hardly been studied from a biode-mographic viewpoint. Previous research shows variations in marital preferences between relatives and between line-ages, comparing the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. This work has sought to continue that diachronic analysis. The sources used were as follows: for the early-nineteenth century (1806-1815), baptismal registers belong-ing to the parish of Tulumba, separated into “Spanish” and “Mixed”, while for the first decade of the twentieth century (1901-1910), birth certificates from the Registro Civil y Ca-pacidad de las Personas de Villa Tulumba were surveyed. A significantly higher preference was observed, through isonymy, for marriage between relatives in the twentieth century; and, in the nineteenth-century groups, a higher preference among the Spanish. Meanwhile, in all cases, the frequency of marriage among certain family lineages was higher than expected, with high or very high statistical significance, and again with a higher isonymic trend in the twentieth century; while, in the nineteenth century, it was also higher in the Spanish than in the Mixed group. These results were interpreted as arising in part from a strategy that could have been useful to preserve the patrimony, prompted by the declining opportunities the region presented in the twentieth century compared to the previous one, without rul-ing out the possible effect of marital preference driven by geographical origin. During the turbulent times of the early-nineteenth century, this more marked preference showed by the Spanish for marrying relatives or among certain lineages may reflect a form of protection, given the imminence of the struggle for Independence and the civil wars. Fil: Küffer, Claudio Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina Fil: Colantonio, Sonia Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina

Background Time perception associated with durations from 1 s to several minutes involves activity in the right posterior parietal cortex (rPPC). It is unclear whether altering the activity of the rPPC affects an individual’s timing performance. Here, we investigated the human timing performance under the application of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) that altered the neural activities of the rPPC. Methods We measured the participants’ duration-discrimination threshold by administering a behavioral task during the tDCS application. The tDCS conditions consisted of anodal, cathodal, and sham conditions. The electrodes were placed over the P4 position (10-20 system) and on the left supraorbital forehead. On each task trial, the participant observed two visual stimuli and indicated which was longer. The amount of difference between the two stimulus durations was varied repeatedly throughout the trials according to the participant’s responses. The correct answer rate of the trials was calculated for each amount of difference, and the minimum amount with the correct answer rate exceeding 75% was selected as the threshold. The data were analyzed by a linear mixed-effects models procedure. Results Nineteen volunteers participated in the experiment. We excluded three participants from the analysis: two who reported extreme sleepiness while performing the task and one who could recognize the sham condition correctly with confidence. Our analysis of the 16 participants’ data showed that the average value of the thresholds observed under the cathodal condition was lower than that of the sham condition. This suggests that inhibition of the rPPC leads to an improvement in temporal discrimination performance, resulting in improved timing performance. Conclusions In the present study, we found a new effect that cathodal tDCS over the rPPC enhances temporal discrimination performance. In terms of the existence of anodal/cathodal tDCS effects on human timing performance, the results were consistent with a previous study that investigated temporal reproduction performance during tDCS application. However, the results of the current study further indicated that cathodal tDCS over the rPPC increases accuracy of observed time duration rather than inducing an overestimation as a previous study reported.

A fin de indagar la incidencia de los cambios acaecidos en los ámbitos urbano y rural, el objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar y comparar la expresión del crecimiento infanto-juvenil en los partidos bonaerenses de La Plata, Brandsen, Magdalena y Punta Indio. Se realizó un estudio antropométrico transversal en 7875 niños/as de 4,0-12,9 años de edad. Fueron relevados peso corporal, estaturas total y sentado, pliegues subcutáneos tricipital y subescapular, y se calculó el Índice de Masa Corporal. La información socio-ambiental de residencia fue obtenida mediante una encuesta autoadministrada. Para estimar diferencias entre partidos fueron calculadas frecuencias y comparadas mediante pruebas de Chi2 y Tukey. Los datos antropométricos fueron analizados aplicando modelo lineal, considerando edad, sexo y localidad y sus interacciones. Los resultados indicaron que los niños de Punta Indio presentaron mayor tamaño corporal y ponderal junto con mayor reserva adiposa subcutánea, al tiempo que mayor porcentaje de padres y madres contaban con trabajo formal y niveles educativos más altos. Se concluye que Brandsen, Punta Indio y Magdalena, circundantes al área metropolitana de La Plata, presentan sensibles diferencias socio- ambientales, aunque compartan semejanzas en el paisaje y tradición agropecuaria. Esa heterogeneidad se vería reflejada en la variabilidad del crecimiento de la población infantil., The aim of this study was to characterize and compare changes in child and adolescent growth in the districts of La Plata, Brandsen, Magdalena, and Punta Indio, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and determine their impact in urban and rural areas. A cross-sectional, anthropometric study was performed on 7,875 children aged 4.0- 12.9 years. Body weight, standing and sitting height, tricipital and subscapular subcutaneous skinfolds were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Socio-environmental information regarding residence was obtained through a selfadministered survey. Differences among districts were calculated with frequencies, and data were compared using Chi2 and Tukey Tests. Anthropometric data were analyzed using linear model considering the variables age, sex, and district and their interactions. The results indicated that children from Punta Indio had greater weight and body size, greater subcutaneous fat reserves, and a higher percentage of fathers and mothers had formal employment and a higher educational level. We can therefore conclude that Brandsen, Punta Indio, and Magdalena, all surrounding the metropolitan area of La Plata, present considerable socio-environmental differences, although they share similarities in their landscapes as well as in their agricultural traditions. Such heterogeneity might be reflected in growth changes in the child and adolescent population, Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

El objetivo del presente artículo es comparar distintos métodos de cálculo del porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por antropometría y bioimpedancia (BIA) en una población infanto-juvenil jujeña y analizar la variación de la masa grasa (MG), masa magra (MM), y de los índices de masa grasa (IMG) y masa magra (IMM). Se realizó un estudio transversal en 232 escolares de 12 a 17 años de la ciudad de San Salvador de Jujuy. Se relevaron datos de talla, peso y pliegues tricipital y subescapular. Se determinó el Índice de Masa corporal (IMC) y el %GC por BIA (Maltron BF-900) y antropometría (ecuaciones de Deurenberg y Slaugther). Se calculó media y desvío estándar y las diferencias por sexo y edad se establecieron mediante análisis de la varianza. Se realizó una correlación de Pearson entre los distintos métodos utilizados para estimar el %GC y la concordancia se analizó con Bland-Altman. Las mujeres presentaron valores superiores de IMC y pliegues bicipital y tricipital y mayores porcentajes de sobrepeso y obesidad. Los %GC más altos se obtuvieron con BIA en mujeres y con Slaugther en varones. Las mujeres registraron valores promedio significativamente más altos del IMG que los varones con los 3 métodos. La correlación más alta del %GC se observó entre BIA y Deurenberg, seguida por Slaugther y Deurenberg; sin embargo, no se observó concordancia entre los 3 métodos. Dada la accesibilidad de la estimación del %GC con la ecuación de Deurenberg se propone la aplicación de esta metodología en estudios epidemiológicos de obesidad., The objective of the present study is to compare different methods of calculating body fat percentage (BF%) by anthropometry and bioimpedance (BIA) in an infant-juvenile population, and to analyze the variation of fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and FMI and FFMI index. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 232 schoolchildren aged 12-17 years in the city of San Salvador de Jujuy. Height, weight, bicipital and tricipital skinfolds were measured. Body Mass Index (BMI) and BF% by BIA (Maltron BF-900) and anthropometry (Deurenberg and Slaugther equations) were determined. Mean and standard deviations were calculated, and the differences by sex and age were established by analysis of variance. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated, among different methods used to estimate BF%. The agreement between methods was analyzed with Bland-Altman. Females presented higher values of BMI, bicipital and tricipital skifolds, and higher percentages of overweight and obesity. The highest BF% was obtained with BIA in girls and with Slaugther in boys. Girls had significantly higher mean values of FMI than boys with all 3 methods. The highest BF% correlation was observed between BIA and Deurenberg, followed by Slaugther and Deurenberg. There was no agreement between the 3 methods. Given the accessibility of the BF% estimation with the Deurenberg equation, the application of this methodology is proposed in epidemiological studies of obesity., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Agonist and antagonist muscle co-contractions during motor tasks are greater in the elderly than in young adults. During normal walking, muscle co-contraction increases with gait speed in young adults, but not in elderly adults. However, no study has compared the effects of speed on muscle co-contraction of the ankle joint during dynamic postural control in young and elderly adults. We compared muscle co-contractions of the ankle joint between young and elderly subjects during a functional stability boundary test at different speeds.Fifteen young adults and 16 community-dwelling elderly adults participated in this study. The task was functional stability boundary tests at different speeds (preferred and fast). Electromyographic evaluations of the tibialis anterior and soleus were recorded. The muscle co-contraction was evaluated using the co-contraction index (CI).There were no statistically significant differences in the postural sway parameters between the two age groups. Elderly subjects showed larger CI in both speed conditions than did the young subjects. CI was higher in the fast speed condition than in the preferred speed condition in the young subjects, but there was no difference in the elderly subjects. Moreover, after dividing the analytical range into phases (acceleration and deceleration phases), the CI was larger in the deceleration phase than in the acceleration phase in both groups, except for the young subjects in the fast speed conditions.Our results showed a greater muscle co-contraction of the ankle joint during dynamic postural control in elderly subjects than in young subjects not only in the preferred speed condition but also in the fast speed condition. In addition, the young subjects showed increased muscle co-contraction in the fast speed condition compared with that in the preferred speed condition; however, the elderly subjects showed no significant difference in muscle co-contraction between the two speed conditions. This indicates that fast movements cause different influences on dynamic postural control in elderly people, particularly from the point of view of muscle activation. These findings highlight the differences in the speed effects on muscle co-contraction of the ankle joint during dynamic postural control between the two age groups.

Background There is a dearth of sleep questionnaires with few items and confirmed reliability and validity that can be used for the early detection of sleep problems in children. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire with few items and assess its reliability and validity in both children at high risk of sleep disorders and a community population. Methods Data for analysis were derived from two populations targeted by the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): 178 children attending elementary school and 432 children who visited a pediatric psychiatric hospital (aged 6–12 years). The new questionnaire was constructed as a subset of the CSHQ. Results The newly developed short version of the sleep questionnaire for children (19 items) had an acceptable internal consistency (0.65). Using the cutoff value of the CSHQ, the total score of the new questionnaire was confirmed to have discriminant validity (27.2 ± 3.9 vs. 22.0 ± 2.1, p

Background We have been studying the thermoregulatory responses of Korean breath-hold women divers, called haenyeo, in terms of aging and cold adaptation. During the 1960s to the 1980s, haenyeos received attention from environmental physiologists due to their unique ability to endure cold water while wearing only a thin cotton bathing suit. However, their overall cold-adaptive traits have disappeared since they began to wear wetsuits and research has waned since the 1980s. For social and economic reasons, the number of haenyeos rapidly decreased to 4005 in 2015 from 14,143 in 1970 and the average age of haenyeos is about 75 years old at present. Methods For the past several years, we revisited and explored older haenyeos in terms of environmental physiology, beginning with questionnaire and field studies and later advancing to thermal tolerance tests in conjunction with cutaneous thermal threshold tests in a climate chamber. As control group counterparts, older non-diving females and young non-diving females were compared with older haenyeos in the controlled experiments. Results Our findings were that older haenyeos still retain local cold tolerance on the extremities despite their aging. Finger cold tests supported more superior local cold tolerance for older haenyeos than for older non-diving females. However, thermal perception in cold reflected aging effects rather than local cold acclimatization. An interesting finding was the possibility of positive cross-adaptation which might be supported by greater heat tolerance and cutaneous warm perception thresholds of older haenyeos who adapted to cold water. Conclusions It was known that cold-adaptive traits of haenyeos disappeared, but we confirmed that cold-adaptive traits are still retained on the face and hands which could be interpreted by a mode switch to local adaptation from the overall adaptation to cold. Further studies on cross-adaptation between chronic cold stress and heat tolerance are needed.

El análisis de las caries dentales en muestras bioarqueológicas permite estudiar la proporción de carbohidratos que tuvo la dieta de dichas poblaciones. La revisión de las investigaciones de este tipo realizadas en Argentina permite indicar que hay dos maneras de analizar y presentar los resultados, en función del número total de individuos y/o del total de piezas dentales por muestra. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis de la distribución de las caries dentales en cuatro muestras bioarqueológicas del Holoceno tardío de distintas regiones de Argentina empleando estas dos maneras de procesas los datos, definidas aquí como índices, con el fin de comparar, interpretar y discutir los resultados obtenidos. Para ello, se relevaron las caries presentes y se calcularon los índices en función del número de individuos (IA) y del total de piezas dentales (IB) por muestra. Se realizaron gráficos de caja y una prueba de χ2 a para evaluar la existencia de diferencias en la distribución de los valores de caries utilizando ambos índices. Finalmente se realizaron correlaciones entre los índices y los datos provenientes de estudios isotópicos de 13C y 15N. Se pudo observar que no existen diferencias significativas en los valores de caries entre los distintos grupos cuando se considera el IA y el IB, sino que por el contrario las tendencias son las mismas. Asimismo, ambos índices se asocian con la variación de 13C, y la variación del IA se asocia con los valores de 15N. Se resalta la importancia de utilizar ambos índices complementariamente ya que estos proveen distinto tipo de información y se recomienda también que en las investigaciones se expongan los datos que permitan calcularlos para que los datos generados sean comparativos., The prevalence of dental caries on bioarchaeological samples enables the study of the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet of past populations. A review of previous researches in Argentina shows two ways of analyzing and presenting the results, either in relation to the number of individuals, and/or regarding the number of teeth in the sample. The aim of this work is to analyze the distribution of dental caries in four Late Holocene archaeological samples from different regions of Argentina using both indexes, in order to compare, interpret, and discuss the results obtained. To this end, caries were registered and indexes were calculated on the basis of the number of individuals (IA) and the total tooth count (IB) per sample. Boxplots and a χ2 test were performed to evaluate the existence of differences in the distribution of caries values using both indexes. Finally, correlations between the indexes, and 13C and 15N isotope data were calculated. The results show that there are no significant differences on dental caries values among the different groups studied when considering both IA and IB; conversely, the trends are similar. Moreover, both indexes are associated with 13C variation, and the variation of IA is correlated with 15N values. We conclude that both indexes should be used complementarily due to the different kind of information they provide, and we encourage future researchers to report caries prevalence using both indexes in order to make their results comparative., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Los modelos bioantropológicos y arqueológicos proponen cambios en la demografía, en la organización social, en las dinámicas poblacionales y en las redes de interacción social entre los grupos cazadores-recolectores del norte de la Patagonia y del sur pampeano durante los últimos 1000 años. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar, desde la perspectiva de la antropología dental, si los individuos recuperados en el curso inferior del río Colorado (transición pampeano-patagónica oriental, provincia de Buenos Aires), inhumados durante el Holoceno tardío (ca. 3000-250 años AP), pertenecieron a diferentes poblaciones biológicas o si, por el contrario, compartieron un pool génico común a lo largo de ese período. Para alcanzar este objetivo se realizaron análisis métricos de la dentición permanente de 21 individuos adultos de ambos sexos, procedentes de tres sitios arqueológicos. Los resultados indican una similitud en la dispersión de los valores obtenidos, lo que permitiría inferir cierta continuidad fenotípica. En este sentido, no se observan segregaciones claras entre grupos de individuos, de manera que es posible plantear que no habrían existido divergencias biológicas entre los grupos humanos que inhumaban a sus ancestros en el área durante todo el lapso considerado. Estos datos contrastan con la información generada en áreas vecinas (p. ej., Pampa occidental), lo que indicaría que durante el Holoceno tardío final (ca. 1000-250 años AP) se habrían desarrollado diferentes procesos y dinámicas poblacionales (p.ej., regionalización) a nivel macro-regional., Bioanthropological and archaeological models propose changes in demography, social organization, population dynamics, and social network interactions among hunter-gatherer groups of northern Patagonia and southern Pampas over the last 1000 years BP. Following this argument, the aim of this paper is to examine, from a dental anthropological perspective, whether the individuals recovered in the lower course of the Colorado river (eastern Pampean-Patagonian transition, Buenos Aires province, Argentina), buried during the late Holocene (ca. 3000-250 years BP), belonged to different biological populations or, on the contrary, whether they shared a common gene pool throughout this period. To achieve this goal, dental metrics were performed on adults from both sexes, recovered from three archaeological sites. The results indicate a similarity in the dispersion of the values obtained, which would allow the inference of certain phenotypic continuity. In this sense, no clear segregations among groups of individuals are observed, so that it is possible to argue that biological differences would not have existed among the human groups that buried their ancestors in the lower course of the Colorado river during the period considered. These data contrast with the information generated in neighboring areas (e.g., western Pampas), indicating that during the final late Holocene (ca. 1000-250 years BP) different processes and population dynamics (e.g., regionalization) developed at a macro-regional level., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Background Exposures to melanopsin-stimulating (melanopic) component-rich blue light enhance arousal level. We examined their effects in office workers. Main body of abstract Eight healthy university office workers were exposed to blue and orange lights for 30 min during lunch break on different days. We compared the effects of light color on autonomic arousal level assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) and behavioral alertness by psychomotor vigilance tests (PVT). Heart rate was higher and high-frequency (HF, 0.150.45 Hz) power of HRV was lower during exposure to the blue light than to orange light. No significant difference with light color was observed, however, in any HRV indices during PVT or in PVT performance after light exposure. Short conclusion Exposure to blue light during lunch break, compared with that to orange light, enhances autonomic arousal during exposure, but has no sustained effect on autonomic arousal or behavioral alertness after exposure.

Background Orbital index (OI) expresses the proportion of the orbital height to the orbital width and varies with race, regions within the same race and periods in evolution. This index is useful in forensic medicine, anthropology and surgery. However, the average OI among Ghanaian adults was unknown. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the orbital index of adult Ghanaians and classify them under one of the three predetermined groups. Method The study design was a retrospective cross-sectional. A systematic random sampling method was used for selecting 350 adult Ghanaian head computed tomography images available from 1 January to 31 December 2015 at KBTH Hospital. The orbital height and orbital width of each orbit were measured on a 3D CT skull. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results The study had more females than men (167, 47.71%, vs 183, 52.29%). The observed orbital index of Ghanaians in the study was 81.22 ± 4.22. The mean orbital index was 80.52 ± 4.66 in males and 82.15 ± 3.83 in females with their difference being statistically significant (p value

Comenzando por las clásicas preguntas “Quiénes somos”, “De dónde venimos” y “Hacia dónde vamos”, los autores presentan un extenso estado de la cuestión en el campo de la evolución humana, área que no deja de producir cambios, no solo por los hallazgos sino por las nuevas interpretaciones. La obra es de gran valor comunicativo por su forma y su contenido. El libro está muy bien escrito y los temas son tratados con profundidad sin abusar de tecnicismos, lo que lo hace comprensible para estudiantes de antropología, arqueología y biología y de todos aquellos interesados en la evolución humana. Considerando que estos estudios progresan muy rápidamente y que en pocos meses pueden tornarse obsoletas algunas informaciones o hipótesis previamente sostenidas, los autores incorporaron resúmenes de artículos recientemente publicados en revistas prestigiosas, con novedades que pueden prever, en un futuro inmediato, cambios significativos en estos estudios. Para finalizar, cabe mencionar que en la parte introductoria del texto los organizadores plantearon que uno de sus objetivos era cubrir la falencia de obras actualizadas, escritas en portugués, sobre evolución humana. El propósito fue alcanzado y el libro reúne además condiciones para ser recomendado a personas de habla española.

En el presente trabajo se analizan posibles respuestas diferenciales del crecimiento de los adolescentes, en particular, cambios de forma, con relación al grupo social, estimado por nivel educativo, de los padres y madres. Para cuantificar los cambios en la forma corporal se utilizó el método del somatotipo. La muestra se constituyó con 208 escolares, de ambos sexos, de 12 a 18 años pertenecientes a dos escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Antes del relevamiento antropométrico, padres y alumnos respondieron una encuesta semiestructurada sobre el nivel educativo alcanzado por los primeros, y sobre sus respectivas dietas, hábitos alimentarios y actividades recreativas y físicas. En este trabajo indagamos sobre posibles asociaciones entre el somatotipo de los alumnos y el nivel educativo alcanzado por los padres. Para calcular el somatotipo fueron relevadas variables antropométricas originales (peso, estatura, pliegue subcutáneo tricipital, subescapular, suprailíaco y de la pierna, los diámetros bicondíleos del húmero y fémur y los perímetros del brazo contraído y de la pierna). Además del somatotipo individual se obtuvo el somatotipo grupal por cada categoría de agrupamiento (sexo y edad). El grupo femenino exhibió, de acuerdo con lo esperado según la literatura, somatotipos más endomorfos que los varones. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el nivel educativo entre padres y madres de las distintas escuelas. Estos resultados podrían estar influyendo en los niveles de endomorfía de los participantes, la cual fue mayor en aquellos de la escuela cuyos padres presentaron menor nivel educativo., In this study, we analyze possible differential growth responses in adolescents, in particular, changes in body shape, in relation to their parents’ social group (estimated by educational level). To quantify changes in body shape the somatotype method was employed. We studied 208 schoolchildren of both sexes, 12 to 18 years old, from two public schools in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. The students and their parents filled out a semi-structured survey about educational level of the formers, diet, and physical and recreational activities. Different anthropometric variables, such as weight, height, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, and leg), elbow and knee breadth, and arm and calf circumference were assessed in order to estimate the somatotype by sex and age group to estimate both individual somatotype and also by sex and age group. Female group, according to the literature, showed more endomorphic somatotypes than male group. Significant differences were found for educational level between the mothers and fathers of the different schools. These results could be influencing the participants’ levels of endomorphy, which were greater in those whose parents had a lower educational level., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

El análisis de la geometría transversal de los huesos largos es un indicador de las fuerzas mecánicas a las que están sometidas las estructuras óseas, que refleja la actividad física, la salud nutricional y la variabilidad genética de los individuos. Aunque algunos análisis fueron realizados previamente en restos de individuos de la Patagonia austral, las conclusiones obtenidas parecen contradictorias respecto de la posible relación entre la morfología ósea de los huesos largos y la actividad física. El objetivo de este trabajo es profundizar en forma comparativa el análisis de la geometría de la sección transversal de las tibias de individuos de la Patagonia austral y el Centro-Norte de Mendoza, explorando la posible asociación entre el tipo de práctica económica realizada y el desarrollo de las estructuras óseas de los miembros inferiores. Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas entre la robusticidad de los miembros inferiores de poblaciones de la Patagonia y del Centro-Norte de Mendoza. Sin embargo, al analizar los resultados de acuerdo con la dieta, los individuos con dietas marítimas en la Patagonia austral presentaron tibias más robustas que aquellos con dietas terrestres. En los individuos del Centro-Norte de Mendoza, los restos de individuos con dietas asociadas al consumo de maíz mostraron menor robusticidad en relación con otros individuos de esa región. Finalmente, sólo un caso de la Patagonia austral mostró resultados que podrían indicar que fue afectado por un trastorno metabólico de la salud., Analysis of transversal geometry of long bones is an indicator of the work of mechanical forces over bone structures, informing about physical activity patterns, nutritional health, and genetic variability among individuals. Although some analyses were previously performed in human skeletons from southern Patagonia, contradictory conclusions were reported in regards to the relationship between long-bone morphology and physical activity patterns. The aim of this work is to comparatively increase the knowledge about the transversal geometry patterns in human remains of individuals from southern Patagonia and Center-North of Mendoza, studying the possible relationship between economic practices and the structure of low limbs. The results showed no difference in the robusticity of the tibias between individuals from southern Patagonia and Center-North of Mendoza. However, individuals with maritime diets from Southern Patagonia showed more robusticity than individuals with terrestrial diets. Moreover, individuals from Center-North of Mendoza with cornbased diets showed lower robustiticy than other individuals from the same region. Finally, only one case from southern Patagonia showed results that could be related to some metabolic disease., Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA)

Background Baseline heart rate variability (HRV) is linked to prospective cardiovascular health. We tested intensity and duration of weekly physical activity as predictors of heart rate variability in young adults. Main body of the abstract Time and frequency domain indices of HRV were calculated based on 5-min resting electrocardiograms collected from 82 undergraduate students. Hours per week of both moderate and vigorous activity were estimated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. In regression analyses, hours of vigorous physical activity, but not moderate activity, significantly predicted greater time domain and frequency domain indices of heart rate variability. Adjusted for weekly frequency, greater daily duration of vigorous activity failed to predict HRV indices. Conclusions Future studies should test direct measurements of vigorous activity patterns as predictors of autonomic function in young adulthood.