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International audience; Species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used in ecology to map the probability of species occurrence on the basis of predictive factors describing the physical environment. We propose an improvement on SDMs by using graph methods to quantify landscape connectivity. After (1) mapping the habitat suitable for a given species, this approach consists in (2) building a landscape graph, (3) computing patch-based connectivity metrics, (4) extrapolating the values of those metrics to any point of space, and (5) integrating those connectivity metrics into a predictive model of presence. For a given species, this method can be used to interpret the significance of the metrics in the models in terms of population structure. The method is illustrated here by the construction of an SDM for the European tree frog in the region of Franche-Comte' (France). The results show that the connectivity metrics improve the explanatory power of the SDM and emphasize the important role of the habitat network

Submitted by Boris INFORMAT (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-04-26T01:10:59Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 1.pdf: 6740441 bytes, checksum: 376f653e712036932f3dedb8096f6cd0 (MD5) Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 2.pdf: 7164151 bytes, checksum: fd80983f40b9c26cd92ba3262be99b47 (MD5) Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 3.pdf: 7806087 bytes, checksum: 339c7dd6faa19968bfd24f83a6066885 (MD5) Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 4.pdf: 1086166 bytes, checksum: e680d85c4db3846ba00c67bb4cbcbad6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-26T01:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 1.pdf: 6740441 bytes, checksum: 376f653e712036932f3dedb8096f6cd0 (MD5) Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 2.pdf: 7164151 bytes, checksum: fd80983f40b9c26cd92ba3262be99b47 (MD5) Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 3.pdf: 7806087 bytes, checksum: 339c7dd6faa19968bfd24f83a6066885 (MD5) Andrea Franco de Oliveira Tese completa parte 4.pdf: 1086166 bytes, checksum: e680d85c4db3846ba00c67bb4cbcbad6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-01 Studies about relation between landscape and freshwater have been enhanced by the scientific community as by the proponents of public policies, in order to meet the demands generated from the discussion on the ways this environmental system can be modified and the identification of political and ecological implications of these changes. The stronger and more diversified uses of watercourses and landscape in their watersheds, the greater the need to define ways of planning, supervision and ecological management of these ecosystems. The complete understanding of the functioning and ecological processes that occur in a watershed requires simultaneous knowledge of their aquatic and terrestrial systems, biodiversity, physiography, geology as temporal and spatial preservation. Knowledge and understanding on the area of interest is vital for proposals of environmental legal instruments, such as Protected Areas (UCs1). It is preeminent that the rationale of these proposals has as its main axis ecosystems and landscapes functioning in order to ensure greater integration and connectivity between water (freshwater, brackish and saltwater) and land in its multiple uses. This thesis has been developed based on this context, proposing and implementing integrative methodologies, whether in landscape ecology (EP) or the interrelation between the freshwater and terrestrial environments. The study main objective was the development of processes for environmental planning in BHs by diagnosing, understanding and analyzing the landscape and ecosystems of rivers and streams functioning and dynamics, supported by geotechnologies. According to gathered results, BHGM occupies an area of 1260.36 km² with 204.69 km² of perimeter. It is a more oblong than circular basin (KC = 1.6144 and IC = 0.4747 km / km²) indicating a lower susceptibility to flooding during normal rainfall events, except in anomalous intensities. The base mapping conducted indicated that the basin had 34.86% of anthropic use and 64.04% of remaining forest. The data indicated a predominance of the potential vegetation type of dense umbrageous sub-montane rain forest class (40%) and lowlands class (39%). There has been established 269 units for basin landscape which represents the data integration with geomorphology, geology, vegetation type and land use, and vegetation co ver (base year) which joined to the landscape metrics data formed the integrative thesis proposal for ecology landscape. This has been used as a planning tool in the proposition of ecological corridors and areas for potential sampling water quality in the basin. Regarding the environmental quality index were adopted visual rate index (IAV), the physical-chemical bacteriological multimetric index and biotic extended index (IBE). The comparison among indexes have confirmed results for most points showed in the reference areas, and at least for two indexes on intermediate and impacted points. There have also been proposed two scenarios for the basin, one considering conditions and compensatory measures concerned to the prior license for the petrochemical complex of the State of Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ) and other without any consideration of the above mentioned. The first indicated the completion of restoration projects following the guidelines of the synthesis map for integrated landscape restoration. Os estudos de relação entre a paisagem e a água doce vêm sendo aprofundados pela comunidade científica e pelos propositores de políticas públicas, principalmente, para atender às demandas sobre as maneiras que este sistema ambiental pode ser alterado e na identificação das implicações políticas e ecológicas destas mudanças. Quanto mais se torna intenso e diversificado o uso dos corpos hídricos e da paisagem em bacias hidrográficas maior é a necessidade de se definir formas de planejamento, gerenciamento e gestão ecológica desses ecossistemas. O completo entendimento do funcionamento e dos processos ecológicos que ocorrem em uma bacia hidrográfica exige conhecimento simultâneo de seus sistemas aquáticos e terrestres, da biodiversidade, da fisiografia, da geologia e de sua conservação, temporal e espacial. Este entendimento e conhecimento da área de interesse são vitais para proposições de instrumentos ambientais legais, como Unidades de Conservação (UCs). É muito importante que a fundamentação destas propostas tenha como eixo principal o funcionamento dos ecossistemas e das paisagens, de forma a garantir uma maior conectividade e integração entre água (doce, salobra e salgada) e terra, e seus múltiplos usos. A presente tese foi desenvolvida com base neste contexto, apresentando e aplicando metodologias integradoras, seja na ecologia de paisagem (EP), seja na relação entre os ambientes dulcícola e terrestre. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de processos para planejamento ambiental em BHs, através do diagnóstico, compreensão e análise do funcionamento e dinâmica da paisagem e de ecossistemas de rios e córregos, apoiados no uso de geotecnologias. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a BHGM ocupa uma área de 1260,36 km² e 204,69 km² de perímetro. É uma bacia com forma mais alongada que circular (KC = 1,6144e IC =0,4747 km/km²) que indica uma menor susceptibilidade a enchentes em condições normais de precipitação exceto em eventos de intensidades anômalas. O mapeamento base (2007) realizado indicou que a bacia possuía 34,86% de uso antrópico e 64,04 % de remanescente florestal. Os dados de fitofisionomia potencial indicaram predominância da classe Florestas Ombrófila Densa Submontana (40%) e de Terras Baixas (39%). Foram estabelecidas para bacia 269 unidades de paisagem (integração da geomorfologia, geologia, fitofisionomia e uso da terra e cobertura vegetal (2007)) que junto com os dados de métrica de paisagem constituíram a proposta integrativa da tese para ecologia de paisagem. Em relação à qualidade ambiental foram adotados o índice de avaliação visual (IAV), o índice multimétrico físico-químico bacteriológico e o índice biótico estendido (IBE). A comparação entre estes índices demonstrou a confirmação entre os seus resultados para a maioria dos pontos amostrados nas áreas de referência e de pelo menos dois índices para os pontos intermediários e impactados. Foram propostos também dois cenários para a bacia: um considerando as condicionantes e medidas compensatórias vinculadas à licença prévia do complexo petroquímico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (COMPERJ); e outro, sem considerar estas condições. O primeiro indicou a realização da restauração ecológica, seguindo as diretrizes do mapa síntese, integrada para restauração da paisagem.

National audience; Forest edges are key components of rural landscapes because they influence ecological processes at the interface between habitats. There is a variability of forest edges, according to their physiognomy, orientation, history and topography, but few methods are available to identify these different types of edges and to map them at a large spatial scale. We propose to identify edge segments based on morphological subdivision of forest boundaries. These segments are mapped and characterized by request on other spatial data. A procedure based on ArcGis tools, applied on the output from GUIDOS tools, is used to identify edge segments. We provide examples of forest edge segments descriptors obtained from a digital elevation model and from a landcover map. Results showed the feasibility of the automatic mapping of edge variability over a broad scale. It opens new perspectives to build up a new tool for analyzing landscape dynamics and their effects on biodiversity.; Les lisières forestières sont des composantes clés des paysages ruraux car elles influencent des processus écologiques à l’interface entre les milieux. Les lisières varient selon leur physionomie, leur orientation, leur histoire et leur topographie, mais peu de méthodes sont disponibles pour identifier ces différents types de lisières et pour les cartographier sur une large étendue spatiale. Nous proposons d’identifier et de cartographier des segments de lisières basés sur la subdivision morphologique des contours de forêt. Ces segments sont caractérisés par euxmêmes et par requêtes sur d’autres données spatiales. Une chaîne de traitements basée sur des outils d’ArcGis, appliquée sur la sortie des outils GUIDOS, est utilisée pour identifier les segments de lisières. Nous fournissons des exemples de variables descripteurs de segments de lisières forestières obtenus à partir d’un modèle numérique de terrain et d’une carte d’occupation du sol. Les résultats montrent la faisabilité à cartographier automatiquement la variabilité des lisières sur une grande zone géographique. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour construire un nouvel outil d’analyse de la dynamique des paysages et de leurs effets sur la biodiversité.

Les lisières forestières sont des composantes clés des paysages ruraux car elles influencent des processus écologiques à l’interface entre les milieux. Les lisières varient selon leur physionomie, leur orientation, leur histoire et leur topographie, mais peu de méthodes sont disponibles pour identifier ces différents types de lisières et pour les cartographier sur une large étendue. Nous proposons d'identifier et de cartographier des segments de lisière basés sur la subdivision morphologique des contours de forêt. Ces segments sont caractérisés par eux mêmes et par requêtes sur d'autres données spatiales. Une chaîne de traitement basée sur des outils d'ArcGis, appliquée sur la sortie des outils GUIDOS, est utilisée pour identifier les segments de lisière. Nous fournissons des exemples de variables descripteurs de segments de lisières forestières obtenus à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain et d'une carte d’occupation du sol. Les résultats montrent la faisabilité de cartographier automatiquement la variabilité des lisières sur une large étendue. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour construire un nouvel outil d'analyse de la dynamique des paysages et de leurs effets sur la biodiversité., Forest edges are key components of rural landscapes because they influence ecological processes at the interface between habitats. There is a variability of forest edges, according to their physiognomy, orientation, history and topography, but few methods are available to identify these different types of edges and to map them at a large scale. We propose to identify edge segments based on morphological subdivision of forest boundaries. These segments are mapped and characterized by request on other spatial data. A procedure based on ArcGis tools, applied on the output from GUIDOS tools, is used to identify edge segments. We provide examples of edge segments descriptors obtained from a digital elevation model and from a landcover map. Results showed the feasibility of the automatic mapping of edge variability over a large scale. It opens new perspectives to build up a new tool for analyzing landscape dynamics and their effects on biodiversity.

Thirty-nine landscape metrics related to (1) conditions of terrestrial habitat, water quality, and ecosystem productivity, (2) potential pressures on or stresses to environmental resources, and (3) changes in conditions, were generated

Pollen dispersal is a critical process defining connectivity among plant populations. In the context of genetically modified (GM) crops in conventional agricultural systems, strategies based on spatial separation are promoted to reduce functional connectivity between GM and non-GM crop fields. Field experiments as well as simulation studies have stressed the dependence of maize gene flow on distances between source and receptor fields and on their spatial configuration. However, the influence of whole landscape patterns is still poorly understood. Spatially explicit models, such as MAPOD-maize, are thus useful tools to address this question. In this paper we developed a methodological approach to investigate the sensitivity of cross-pollination rates among GM and non-GM maize in a landscape simulated with MAPOD-maize. The influence of landscape pattern on model output was studied at the landscape and field scales, including interactions with other model inputs such as cultivar characteristics and wind conditions. At the landscape scale, maize configuration (proportion of and spatial arrangement in a given field pattern) was shown to be an important factor influencing cross-pollination rate between GM and non-GM maize whereas the effect of the field pattern itself was lower. At the field scale, distance to the nearest GM maize field was confirmed as a predominant factor explaining cross-pollination rate. The metrics describing the pattern of GM maize in the area surrounding selected non-GM maize fields appeared as pertinent complementary variables. In contrast, field geometry and field pattern resulted in little additional information at this scale.