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Wątki orientalne stanowią istotny komponent powstających na Zachodzie nurtów myśli ezoterycznej okresu międzywojennego, a ezoteryzm polski nie był pod tym względem wyjątkowy. W tym kontekście Indie zaczęły być postrzegane jako źródło odnowy, nadzieja na obudzenie i odrodzenie Europy. Ezoterykiem, który chętnie czerpał z tego źródła wątków był jeden z najbardziej wszechstronnych przedstawicieli polskiego środowiska ezoterycznego okresu międzywojennego, lwowianin Józef Świtkowski (1876–1942). Bogactwo jego zainteresowań, a także aktywność, jaką podejmował nie tylko zresztą na polu ezoteryki, sprawiła, że był on postrzegany zarówno jako ekspert w tym zakresie, jak i swego rodzaju "zwornik" ezoterycznego Lwowa. Był on twórcą jednej z najbardziej rozpowszechnionych interpretacji jogi, którą oparł w przeważającej mierze na myśli Rudolfa Steinera. Najważniejszą pracą dotyczącą jogi, jaką przygotował Świtkowski, jest "Wstęp w światy nadzmysłowe. Radża joga nowoczesna", w którym znalazł się pełny wykład jego poglądów na temat jogi - tak teoria, jak i wskazówki praktyczne.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of elbow joint position on the position of hand in selected yoga poses (cat pose, downward facing dog pose, upward facing dog pose). Then evaluate the suitability of verbal correction of elbow joint - that is often used in yoga classes. The theoretical part includes information about yoga, hypermobility, anatomy and kinesiology of elbow joint and hand and their mutual relationship. We include literature review of different views on the correct position of hand in poses where the upper limb is in supporting function. In 11 probands (10 females and 1 male) was measured the hyperextension (20.91 ± 4.68 degrees) of elbow joint on the dominant limb. Probands were at age of 27.6 ± 11.1 years. 3 of them regularly practice yoga, another 4 have met with yoga at least once. To evaluate the effect of elbow joint position on the position of hand we used pressure scan PEDIKOM to measure pressure distribution on palm. We also measured the angle of elbow joint before and after the correction using the goniometer. To evaluate palmar pressure changes we made a new evaluating scale. Hyperextended position was significant in cat pose (p < 0,05), in other two poses it was not (p > 0,05). The change of elbow joint position after correction was significant in all three...

Zmrzlý, D. Value added tax in the selected company. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2019. The aim of this work is to formulate recommendations for the application of the Czech VAT Act for subjects from the selected sector and the requirements for their practice. This thesis deals with the introduction of the system of this tax as well as the related legislation at the level of the European Union and the Czech Republic. The main part of the thesis analyses the sector of yoga providers including quantitative and qualitative research. Attention is also focused on VAT in the selected company from this sector. The activities of the company are analysed in relation to VAT and the correct procedure according to the law, as well as from the managerial, economic and technical point of view. The result is the creation of recommendations for correct application of the Czech VAT Act with regard to the specificities of the sector and discussion for the analysed company.

Disanje se samo po sebi odvija nesvjesno - po automatizmu. Udahnemo oko 20 tisuća puta na dan, a da o tome i ne razmišljamo. Načini na koje dišemo plitko ili duboko, brzo ili sporo, tijelu šalje određene poruke koje utječu na naše zdravlje. U posljednje vrijeme se susrećemo sa raznim vijestima kako vrhunski sportaši sve češće uz svoje svakodnevne treninge prakticiraju i vježbe disanja. U ovom radu bih željela predstaviti joga vježbe disanja te jogu kao znanost, prikazati istraživanja koja potvrđuju korisnost prakticiranja joge u kondicijskoj pripremi. Međutim, u hrvatskom sportu kao i hrvatskoj svakodnevnici joga je još uvijek poprilično velika nepoznanica. Iz tog razloga cilj ovog rada je predstaviti jogu, točnije kao alat za zdraviji i uravnoteženiji život. Želja mi je da ovim radom potaknem trenere da i sami uzmu u obzir svakodnevno prakticiranje joge, te da isto to iskustvo sportašima prenesu kao temelj za ostvarivanje njihovih potencijala i kapaciteta. Kako bih bolje razumjeli samu praksu joge i meditacije u daljnjem dijelu rada ćemo se upoznati sa osnovnim terminima joge kao što su procesi disanja, uloga dijafragme u disanju, prana i apana, sukha i dukha, bandhe, drishti, te ashtanga pranayame. Primjerima iz rada vidjeli smo kako jogijska praksa utječe i na atletske performanse sportaša. Prakticiranje joge dva puta tjedno ukazuje na velike benefite, a svakodnevno prakticiranje bi vjerojatno povećalo iste atletske performanse i za još nekoliko puta. Svakodnevno smo svjedoci smo sve manjih razlika u postignutim rezultatima sportaša, te kako jedna milisekunda može odlučiti o pobjedniku. Ovim radom ukazano je da bih se vježbe disanja i joga vježbe trebale koristiti kao svima dostupan način pripreme sportaša. Opisane vježbe disanja i joge mogu koristiti kako amateri tako i vrhunski sportaši. Kroz disciplinu joge, um, tijelo i organ govora rade zajedno u harmoniji. Bilo kakav napor u smjeru joge nikad nije uzaludan Breathing itself is done unconsciously - by automatism. We breathe about 20,000 times a day, and we do not even think about it. The way we breathe shallow or deep, fast or slow, sends certain messages to the body that affect our health. Recently we have come across news that top athletes are increasingly practicing breathing exercises with their daily training. In this paper I would like to present the yoga breathing exercises, yoga as a science and research that confirms the usefulness of practicing yoga in physical preparation. However, in Croatian sports as well as in Croatian country everyday yoga is still a great unknown. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to present yoga, more precisely Ashtanga Yoga, as a tool for a healthier and more balanced life. It is my wish that with this work I encourage trainers to take into account the daily practice of yoga, and to share this experience with athletes as the basis for their potential and capacity. In order to better understand the practice of yoga and meditation in the further part of the paper, we will get acquainted with the basic terms of yoga such as breathing processes, the role of diaphragm in breathing, prana and apana, sukha and dukha, bandha, drishti and ashtanga pranayame.

Uvod: V zadnjih nekaj desetletjih se je zaradi globalne širitve poučevanja joge razvilo veliko stilov joge, a pri vseh so se obdržale tradicionalne asane in poudarek na dihanju, koncentraciji ter sprostitvi. S staranjem povezana izguba gibčnosti ima velik vpliv na kvaliteto življenja, ker vpliva na izvajanje vsakodnevnih aktivnosti, povzroči upad funkcionalnih sposobnosti in začetek invalidnosti. Izboljšanje gibčnosti eden izmed najbolj očitnih in najhitreje doseženih učinkov joge. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na osnovi pregleda objavljene strokovne in znanstvene literature analizirati učinkovitost različnih oblik joge za ohranjanje in izboljšanje gibčnosti pri starejših odraslih. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila opisna metoda dela s pregledom ter analizo strokovne in znanstvene literature. Literatura je bila iskana v angleškem jeziku v podatkovnih bazah CINAHL, PubMED, ScienceDirect in PEDro. Samostojno ali v kombinaciji so bile uporabljene naslednje ključne besede: yoga, flexibility, elderly, older, back scratch, sit and reach. Rezultati: Na podlagi kriterijev je bilo v pregled literature vključenih pet raziskav. Vse pregledane raziskave so preučevale učinke joge na gibalno sposobnost starejših odraslih ter so za meritve te gibalne sposobnosti uporabile tudi testa doseg sede na stolu in dotik dlani za hrbtom. Razprava in sklep: Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da sta se gibčnost ramenskega obroča in zgornjega uda statistično izboljšali v vseh raziskavah, gibčnost spodnjega dela hrbta in prožnost zadnjih stegenskih mišic pa v štirih raziskavah. Ti učinki se ohranijo še več mesecev po prenehanju izvajanja programa joga. Ponovitev raziskav na večjih in bolj raznolikih vzorcih bi lahko verjetno potrdilo pozitivne vplive vadbe joge na izboljšanje gibalnih sposobnosti starejših odraslih. Introduction: Global dispersal has allowed for many styles of yoga to develop over the past few decades, but all have maintained traditional asanas, as well as a focus on breathing, concentration and relaxation. Aging-associated loss of flexibility has a major impact on the quality of life, as it affects day-to-day activities, leads to a decline in functional abilities and the onset of disability. Improvements in flexibility are one of the most obvious and immediate effects of yoga. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to analyze the effectiveness of different forms of yoga for maintaining and improving flexibility of older adults, based on a review of published literature. Methodology:A descriptive method of work with an overview and analysis of professional and scientific literature was used. Literature was searched for in English in CINAHL, PubMED, ScienceDirect and PEDro databases. The following keywords were separately or in combinations: yoga, flexibility, elderly, older, back scratch, sit and reach. Results: Based on the criteria, five articles were included in the literature review. All examined studies inspected the effects of yoga on flexibility of older adults and used sit and reach, as well as back scratch test. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the studies suggest that flexibility of the shoulder joint and upper limb has statistically improved in all studies. The flexibility of the lower back and thigh muscles has statistically improved in four studies. These effects persisted for several months after the end of the yoga programme. A repetition of studies in larger and more diverse patterns could probably confirm the positive effects of yoga training on improving flexibility of older adults.

U ovom radu prikazano je kakav utjecaj ima primjena vježbi iz joge na fleksibilnost zdjeličnog pojasa i stražnjih loža kod djece predškolskog i školskog uzrasta. Istraživanje je provedeno na dvije skupine djece, 10 predškolaca i 14 školaraca. Istraživanje je napravljeno s ciljem uvođenja relativno novih vježbi i sustava treninga fleksibilnosti u taekwondo. U nijednoj varijabli nisu dobiveni statistički značajne razlike u fleksibilnosti mjerenih varijabli, ali su vidljivi brojačani pokazatelji napretka kod svih ispitanika. Obziorm da je vrijeme perioda između mjerenja relativno kratak, opravdan je izostanak statistički značajnih razlika, dok brojačani pokazatelji ukazuju kako je primjena navedenih vježbi opravdana za navedeni uzrast.

Sodobni čas zahteva tako od otrok kot odraslih, da se nenehno prilagajamo vsakodnevnim spremembam, zahtevam, izzivom, lastnim in tujim željam, pogosto pa pozabimo, kako se za trenutek ustaviti ter biti vsaj hip s samim seboj. Otroci so vedno bolj preobremenjeni in postavljeni pred veliko osebnih izzivov. V času podaljšanega bivanja je zaželeno, da so vsebine raznolike in otrokom zanimive. V praksi se je izkazalo, da so otroci željni tudi drugačnih vsebin sproščanja, igranja in izrabe prostega časa. Preko različnih dejavnosti, gibanja in ustvarjanja lahko pridemo tudi do usvajanja novih učnih vsebin. Glavni cilj magistrskega dela je bil preveriti in ugotoviti, ali vplivajo sprostitvene tehnike po pouku na počutje in razpoloženje ter posledično tudi na motivacijo za nadaljnje učno delo učencev. V teoretičnem delu smo se osredotočili na sprostitvene dejavnosti v času podaljšanega bivanja v Prilagojenem izobraževalnem programu devetletne osnovne šole z nižjim izobrazbenim standardom, kamor so vključeni učenci z lažjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju. Predstavili smo značilnosti otrok z lažjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju, izpostavili osnovne elemente podaljšanega bivanja ter opisali značilnosti sprostitvenih tehnik. Sprostitvene dejavnosti smo razdelili na tri sklope, in sicer 1. ustvarjalni gib, 2. joga in masaža za otroke ter 3. vaje čuječnosti. Sprostitvene dejavnosti so vsebovale različne vaje gibanja, plesne in sprostitvene igre (npr. konjeniki, ogledalo, improvizacija, vodenje, uporaba posameznih delov telesa, gibalne zgodbe ipd.), pantomimo, masažo s pomočjo zgodbic in vodenja (npr. vremenska masaža, seznanjanje s števili, pisanje zgodbic, uporaba učnih vsebin), izvajanje jogijskih položajev, prirejenih za otroke (npr. gora in velikan, drevo, mačka, metulj, lev), vaje čuječnosti (npr. vaje dihanja, mišično sproščanje, okušanje). V empiričnem delu smo predstavili multiplo študijo primera. V vzorec je bilo vključenih pet petošolcev z lažjimi motnjami v duševnem razvoju. Pripravili smo desettedenski trening sprostitvenih tehnik, ki je potekal v času podaljšanega bivanja trikrat tedensko. Na podlagi primerjave in analize inicialnih in finalnih odgovorov smo evalvirali učinkovitost treninga in poznavanje sprostitvenih tehnik pri učencih. Rezultati so pokazali, da je nabor različnih vaj v vsakem sklopu pozitivno vplival tako na razpoloženje učencev kot tudi na motivacijo za nadaljnje delo ter učinkovitost pri pisanju domačih nalog. Na vzorcu multiple študije primera pa izpostavljamo najbolj uspešen, učinkovit sklop, zaradi česar lahko sklepamo, da bi sprostitvene tehnike imele pozitivne učinke tudi na ostale učence. Na osnovi analize rezultatov smo podali primere različnih dejavnosti, ki so lahko strokovnim delavcem v pomoč ali kot popestritev pri pedagoškem delu. Modern times require that children as well as adults constantly adjust to daily changes, requirements, challenges, our own wishes and the wishes of others, but we often forget to stop for a moment and spend time just with ourselves at least for a moment. Children are increasingly overburdened and faced with many personal challenges. During after-school programmes, it is preferable for content to diverse and interesting for children. Practice has showed that children also wish to have different relaxation, playing, and free-time activities. Through various activities, movement, and creativity, new things can also be learnt. The main goal of this master's thesis is to verify and determine whether relaxation techniques after school affect the well-being, mood, and consequently the motivation of students to continue learning. The theoretical part of the paper focuses on relaxation activities during the after-school programme within the Adapted Educational Programme of the nine-year primary school with a lower educational standard, into which students with mild intellectual disabilities are included. The characteristics of children with mild intellectual disabilities have been presented, the basic elements of after-school programmes have been highlighted, and the features of relaxation techniques have been described. The relaxation techniques have been divided into three sections, namely 1) creative movement, 2) yoga and massage for children, and 3) mindfulness exercises. Relaxation activities contained various movement exercises, dance games and relaxation games (e.g. cavalrymen, mirror, improvisation, guidance, the use of individual body parts, movement stories, etc.), pantomime, massage with the help of stories and guidance (e.g. weather massage, learning numbers, writing stories, the use of educational topics), carrying out yoga positions adapted to children (e.g. mountain and giant, tree, cat, butterfly, lion), and mindfulness exercises (e.g. breathing exercises, muscle relaxing, and tasting). The empirical part of the paper presented a multiple case study. The sample included five fifth-graders with mild intellectual disabilities. A ten-week relaxation technique training was organised, which was held three times per week during the after-school programme. On the basis of comparing and analysing initial and final answers, we evaluated the effectiveness of the training and how familiar the students are with the relaxation techniques. The results showed that the set of various exercises in each section of the programme positively affected the mood of the students and their motivation for further work as well as the effectiveness with regard to doing homework. In the sample of the multiple case study, we highlight the most successful and most effective part of the programme, which allows us to conclude that relaxation techniques could have positive effects on other primary school students as well. On the basis of the result analysis, examples have been given of various activities, which could help teachers and experts or make educational work more dynamic.

Kot pravi Horvat (1994) je vstop v šolo pomemben poseg v otrokov razvoj. Šola s svojimi oblikami dela in zahtevami na določen način predstavlja vrsto omejitev in hkrati razvoj posameznih gibalnih sposobnosti otrok. Procesi mielinizacije možganske skorje in hiter razvoj velikih možganov med šestim in desetim letom omogočajo razvoj koordinacije gibanja in najuspešnejše učenje gibalnih vzorcev (Horvat, 1994). Prav tako ima otrok izjemno veliko nakopičene energije, ki jo lahko usmeri in sprosti z različnimi oblikami gibanja. K tem prištevamo tudi jogo, ki se je v zadnjem obdobju po Sloveniji zelo razširila. Postavi se vprašanje, ali joga vpliva na gibalne sposobnosti otrok v 1. razredu OŠ, kar je tudi cilj magistrskega dela. Želeli smo ugotoviti, ali joga pozitivno vpliva na gibalne sposobnosti, ali se pojavljajo razlike med eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino in ali se pojavljajo razlike med dečki in deklicami znotraj eksperimentalne skupine pri gibalnih sposobnostih po izvedenem programu joge. Magistrsko delo je razdeljeno na teoretirčni in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej opisali zgodovino joge, njene značilnosti in prednosti ter opisali pozitivne učinke asan, ki smo jih tudi ponazorili. Nato smo se posvetili športnovzgojnemu kartonu in njegovim merskim nalogam ter na koncu opredelili še gibalne sposobnosti. V empiričnem delu smo podrobneje opisali raziskavo, v kateri je sodelovalo 38 učencev 1. razreda Osnovne šole Brinje, ki so bili razdeljeni na eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino. Eksperimentalna skupina je 8 tednov trikrat na teden po 20–30 min izvajala jogo v času jutranjega varstva, nato pa smo s pomočjo športnovzgojnega kartona ugotavljali, ali omenjena aktivnost vpliva na gibalne sposobnosti otrok in kako. Za ugotavljanje razlik med eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino ter kasneje med deklicami in dečki znotraj eksperimentalne skupine smo uporabili kontingenčne tabele in izračunali hi2. Rezultati so pokazali, da je eksperimentalna skupina izboljšala gibalne sposobnosti hitrost izmeničnih gibov, gibljivost v spodnjem delu hrbta in nog ter moč v rokah. Primerjava z rezultati kontrolne skupine pa je pokazala, da so učenci, ki so izvajali jogo, izboljšali le rezultate pri merski nalogi predklon na klopci (torej gibljivost v spodnjem delu hrbta in nog). Med eksperimentalno in kontrolno skupino drugače ni bilo statistično pomembnih razlik, smo pa ugotovili, da so imeli učenci eksperimentalne skupine v povprečju boljše rezultate pri merskih nalogah: dotikanje plošč z roko, skok v daljino z mesta, premagovanje ovir nazaj, predklon na klopci in vesa v zgibi. Rezultati med dečki in deklicami v eksperimentalni skupini so bili boljši v prid deklicam pri merskih nalogah dotikanje plošč z roko in dviganje trupa v 60-ih sekundah, kar pomeni, da so, v primerjavi z dečki, izboljšale hitrost izmeničnih gibov ter mišično vzdržljivost trupa. According to Horvat (1994), entering school is an important intervention in child development. The school, with its forms of work and requirements in a certain way, represents a series of restrictions and at the same time the development of individual motor abilities of children. The processes of myelinization of the brain cortex and the rapid development of the big brain between six and ten years allow the development of coordination of movement and the most successful learning of motion patterns (Horvat, 1994). Also, the child has an extremely large amount of accumulated energy that can be directed and released by various forms of movement. This includes the yoga, which has spread extensively in the last period in Slovenia. The question arises as to whether yoga affects the physical abilities of children in the first grade of elementary school, which is also the goal of the master's thesis. We wanted to determine whether yoga positively affects motor skills, or there are differences between the experimental in the control group and there are differences between boys in girls within the experimental group in the motility of the yoga program. The master's thesis is divided into a theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part, we first described the history of yoga, its characteristics and advantages, and described the positive effects of asanas, which we have also illustrated. We then devoted ourselves to the sports cartridge and its measurements, and ultimately defined the motor skills. In the empirical part we described in more detail a survey involving 38 pupils of the first grade of the Brinje Primary School, which were divided into an experimental and control group. The experimental group performed yoga during the morning protection three times a week for 20–30 minutes for eight weeks, and then with the help of a sports cartridge, it was determined whether this activity influenced the child's physical abilities and how. To determine the differences between the experimental and the control group, and later between the girls and boys within the experimental group, the contingency tables were used and the hi2 was calculated. The results showed that the experimental group improved the abilities of the speed of alternating movements, the flexibility in the lower back and legs, and the strength in the arms. A comparison with the results of the control group showed that the pupils who performed the yoga only improved the results of the measurement task of the precancer on the bench (ie, the flexibility in the lower back and legs). In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences between the experimental and the control group however, we found that on average, pupils of the experimental group had better results in the measurement tasks: touching the plates with a hand, long jump from the spot, overcoming obstacles back and in the hinge. The results of boys and girls in the experimental group were better for the girls in the measure task of touching the plates with the arm and lifting the hull in 60 seconds, which means that, compared to boys, the speed of alternating movements and the muscular endurance of the hull improved.

Aerobinių - jėgos bei jogos pratimų poveikis asmenų, sergančių antro tipo cukriniu diabetu, kūno kompozicijai, širdies-kraujagyslių sistemai ir gyvenimo kokybei. Raktiniai žodžiai: cukrinis diabetas, joga, aerobiniai pratimai, jėgos pratimai. Tyrimo tikslas: Palyginti aerobinių-jėgos pratimų bei jogos poveikį asmenų, sergančių antro tipo cukriniu diabetu, kūno kompozicijai, širdies-kraujagyslių sistemai ir gyvenimo kokybei. Tyrimo metodai: literatūros analizė, anketinė apklausa, SF-36 gyvenimo kokybės klausimynas, funkcinio organizmo pajėgumas - 6 minučių ėjimo testas, širdies-kraujagyslių sistemos vertinimas – ŠSD, sistolinis ir diastolinis kraujo spaudimas, antropometriniai rodikliai – ūgis, svoris, klubų ir liemens apimtis bei santykis, matematinė statistika. Rezultatai: tiek aerobinės-jėgos, tiek jogos programos grupėse statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo diastolinis kraujo spaudimas (p, The effects of aerobic-strenght and yoga exercises on subjects with type 2 diabetes, body composition, cardiovascular system and quality of life. Key words: diabetes, yoga, aerobic exercises, strength exercises. The aim of research – to compare the effects of aerobic-strength exercises and yoga on the body composition, cardiovascular system and quality of life of people with type 2 diabetes. Research methods: literature analysis, questionnaire, SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, functional capacity - 6-minute walk test, cardiovascular evaluation – heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, anthropometric indices - height, weight, hip and torso volume, mathematical statistics. Results: Both groups had a statistically significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (p

Background. In the modern world, people are short of time for physical and spiritual education, which may lead to major health problems. Due to passive lifestyle, many of them have a poor body composition, impaired circulation and reduced flexibility, which may contribute to physical disorders and susceptibility to chronic diseases (Chen, Tseng, Ting, & Huang, 2007). Hypothesis: lifestyle of yoga practitioners is healthier and health evaluation is better compared to those of non- practitioners. The aims of the research were to asses and compare the features of lifestyle and health evaluation of yoga practitioners and non-practitioners. Methods. The study included middle-aged participants (from 35 to 55 years). A total of 193 people were evaluated, 86 of them were practising yoga. Among these participants, 63 were women, 23 – men. The other 107 did not practise yoga, 58 of them were women, 43 – men. The questionnaire of the lifestyle of Lithuanian adults was used (Grabauskas, Klumbienė, & Petkevičienė, 2011). Results. The analysis of the results confirmed the hypothesis proposed at the beginning of the work. Yoga practitioners’ nutrition, physical activity, addictions and evaluation of their health was better than those of non- practitioners. Conclusion. Yoga practitioners have healthier lifestyle habits, they consume less animal fat, eat more fruits, cereals and cereal-based products. In addition, they are more physically active than non- practitioners, both men and women often exercise alone or in group practice sessions and without yoga they have more kinds of physical activity. A lower prevalence of addictions was observed among them; none of them smoked and they had a lower intake of alcohol beverages compared to yoga non-practitioners. Yoga practitioners are healthier and have a better value of their health and the quality of life. Keywords: yoga, lifestyle, health assessment.

Danes živimo zelo hiter tempo življenja pri katerem pozabljamo nase in soljudi. Pozabljamo na potencial, ki ga skriva človek. Človek je najbolj prefinjen mehanizem, ki ga poznamo, vendar upravljanja le tega se še da naučiti. Uporabe se lahko naučimo skozi jogo. Joga je zelo širok pojem, zato smo ji posvetili celotno poglavje, kjer je podrobneje razložena. Tudi človeški viri so zelo kompleksna tematika. Vsi tipi organizacij se srečujejo z vprašanjem vodenja ljudi oziroma organizacije človeških virov. Na tem mestu smo videli priložnost povezave dveh kompleksnih tematik, ki sovpadata, saj se organizacije srečujejo z mnogimi vprašanji za katere joga ponuja rešitev. V nalogi na začetku opredelimo človeške vire, kjer obravnavamo neotipljivi kapital, človeka in znanje. Na to se posvetimo razlagi upravljanja s človeškimi viri, ki zajema načrtovanje, zaposlovanje in razvoj zaposlenih. V poglavju investicija v človeške vire predstavimo človeške vire kot kapital podjetja, medosebne odnose, dobro počutje zaposlenih, trajnostni razvoj in politiko podjetja. Tretje poglavje zajema opis joge, njeno psihologijo in filozofijo. Nadaljujemo z zgodovinsko razlago joge in njenih poti ter jogo pripeljemo vse v današnji čas, kjer prestavimo različice joge danes. Joga nam med drugim nudi pet podanih načel, ki so pravilna sprostitev, pravilni telesni položaji, pravilno dihanje, pravilna prehrana, meditacija in pozitivno razmišljanje. Primere prakse joge pa najdemo tudi v organizacijah, te smo podali, zraven opisa koristi joge v organizaciji. Na koncu smo naredili kvalitativno raziskavo s pomočjo intervjuja ter opisali sodelujoče organizacije pri raziskavi, podali smo izvedbo raziskave, predstavili rezultate, preverili hipoteze in zapisali ugotovitve. Investicija v človeške vire se nam zdi danes nujna za uspešno poslovanje organizacije. Investiranje v človeške vire mnoge organizacije še vedno smatrajo kot strošek, vendar na tam mestu lahko uporabimo rek »kdor ne investira, ne profilira«. Strošek ali investicija, se lahko vprašamo pri marsikaterem izdatku. Pomembno si je postaviti prioritete in se zavedati pomembnosti ljudi znotraj organizacije. V kolikor se zavedamo pomembnosti ljudi v organizaciji, bomo izdatek za človeške vire poimenovali investicija brez premisleka. Investicije so lahko različne, vendar mi priporočamo jogo, saj je tako široka in fleksibilna vsebina, ki se jo da aplicirati v katerokoli organizacijo. Today we live a very fast life and at this tempo we often forget ourselves and fellow humans. We are forgetting about the potential that lies within each and every one of us. Our body is the most sophisticated mechanism we know, but it's proper management is yet to be learned. Properly using our body can be learned thru yoga. Yoga is a very broad concept, so we have devoted an entire chapter to this topic, where it is explained in more detail. Human resources are also a very complex topic. All types of organizations face the issue of managing people or organizing human resources. At this point, we have seen the opportunity of linking two complex themes that coincide, as organizations are confronted with many issues for which yoga offers a solution. In the beginning of this research we define human resources, where we deal with an intangible capital, man power and knowledge. The next part is devoted to explananing the management of human resources, which covers the planning, employment and development of employees. In the chapter on investment in human resources, we present human resources as capital of a company, interpersonal relations, employee well-being, sustainable development and company policy. The third chapter covers the description of yoga, its psychology and philosophy. We continue with the historical overview of yoga and its paths, and continue to our present time, where we present different types of yoga used today. Yoga, among other things, offers us five principles, which are proper relaxation, proper bodily positions, proper breathing, proper diet, meditation and positive thinking. Examples of yoga practice can also be found in organizations, which we have outlined, besides describing the benefits of yoga in the organization. In the end, we made a thorough research with the help of an interview and described the participating organizations in the survey. We presented the results and data from our research, examined the hypotheses, and recorded the findings. We believe that investment in human resources is necessary for running a successful organization. Investing in human resources is still considered by many organizations as an expense, but in this case we can say no risk no reward. Cost or investment, is a debate in most of expenses. It is important to set priorities and be aware of the importance of people within the organization. If we are aware of the importance of people in the organization, we will call the expenditure for human resources an investment without consideration. Investments may be different, but we recommend yoga, as it is both a wide and flexible content that can be applied to any organization.

Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti program joge za nosečnice. Diplomsko delo je monografskega tipa. V prvem delu naloge so s teoretičnega vidika predstavljene telesne spremembe, zdrava prehrana nosečnic, šport in joga v času nosečnosti. V drugem delu je opisan in slikovno predstavljen program joge za nosečnice, predstavljene so prednosti omenjenih vaj, za koga je izvajanje vaj oziroma asan (položajev v jogi) primerno, dodane pa so tudi dihalne vaje, sprostilne vaje in meditacija. Položaji v jogi so razdeljeni na pozdrav soncu, stoječe položaje, sedeče položaje, upogibe in zasuke. Prikazani so posamezni položaji, opisani načini izvedbe, razloženo je tudi, na kaj sam položaj v času nosečnosti vpliva oziroma kateri so njegovi pozitivni učinki. Diplomsko delo je uporabno kot informativno gradivo za nosečnice, ki so se že ukvarjale z jogo ali pa so se za ta korak odločile v času nosečnosti. Spoznajo lahko, da je vadba med nosečnostjo koristna, saj krepi tako samo telo kot tudi duha. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a programme of yoga for pregnant women. The thesis paper is monographic. The first part theoretically describes physical changes, a healthy diet, as well as physical activity and yoga during pregnancy. The second part consists of descriptions and images of a yoga programme for pregnant women it defines the advantages of the mentioned exercises, who each asana (yoga position) is suitable for, explains some breathing and relaxing exercises as well as meditation. Yoga positions are divided into sun salutation, standing positions, sitting positions, bending and twisting. Each position is depicted, there is an instruction how to achieve it and an explanation of its influence during pregnancy, i.e. its positive effects. This paper is suitable for informational use for pregnant women who have done yoga before as well as those who decided to start it during pregnancy. They can learn that yoga during pregnancy is beneficial as it strengthens both body and spirit.

The topic of this bachelor thesis is a yoga therapy and its impact on posture on women in productive age who suffer from vertebral algical syndrom (or VAS) The aim of this tesits was to find out in which way does yoga exercise impact a posture on women in productive age and if the yoga erxice influence back pain of women in productive age The bachelor thesis was divided into several parts. The first part is dedicated to VAS issue and terms like deep stabilization systém of the spine, breathing, posture and the spine itself. In the second part I aimed for yoga itself, where I have outlined yoga history, principlas of yoga practising, what is the meaning ang purpose of each yoga exercise, how to do the full yoga breath and what is the systém of "locks". The third part contains of a methodology and a description of the therapy and to the end also results of my research. In the end of thus thesis can be a discussion and a conclusion found. My qualitative research took 4 months in total and included 3 sfemale subjects in the age around 45. The therapy too place once a week, or once two weeks, and lasted for 60 minutes. Subjects had must done the exercise, which was done under supervision on therapy sessions, also at home every day to deepen the therapy effect. Each yoga exercise consisted of yoga breathing exercises, relaxing exercises, "greeting the sun" exercise and od classical asanas from Hatha yoga. Considering results of the practical part of my thesis I can say, that there came to total pain-relief or at least the pain decreased by each subject up. There also came to some improvements in movement coordination and to changes in posture holding in positive way up. This work might serve as a study materiál for general public, physiotherapist, yoga trainers or for those, who just too yoga lessons up.

Title: Pedagogy of yoga with regard to population health: a focus on rotational positions and their contribution to physiotherapy. Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to briefly summarize the general knowledge of the positive influence of yoga on the human musculoskeletal apparatus, and then to focus on the description of the rotation movements, consdiering both terms of yoga practice and the anatomical- kinesiological (physiotherapeutic) point of view. Three selected yoga positions will be examined; Bharadvádžásana, Maríčjásana and Parivrtta trikonasana, based on literature dealing with the practice of yoga asanas. In the practical section, the discrepancies between theory and practice will be evaluated, as well as the quality of yoga provided during the lessons in relation to population health. These discrepancies will be assessed from the perspective of a physiotherapist. Methods: It is a descriptive theoretical-empirical type of research. The methods used to collect data were - search research, observation, interview. Results: Discrepancies between the theoretical description in the literature and practice have been present. It was also confirmed that the rotational positions were part of all the attended yoga lessons. The assumption that the lecturers know the health of their trainees has not...

A human has available for eye movements six extraocular muscles of which function is to ensure the right position of eyes to meet conditions for binocular seeing. This bachelor thesis is carried out in the form of research with a focus on extraocular muscles, their clinical meaning for physiotherapeutic practices and possibilities to influence them in non-pharmaceutical ways. The general part describes anatomy of extraocular muscles and relevant structures including the main differences by which they differ from the other striated muscles. The chapter about the eye kinematics divides the eye movements according to functional and kinesiological criteria. Also you can find here the laws by which the movements are controlled. The special part presents displays of various pathologies involving extraocular muscles and their clinical consequences. Here you can find some information about common vision problems andt their relations with extraocuar muscles. The extra chapter is the problem of the relationship between extraocular muscles and cephalea. Moreover, these part presents the possibilities of non-pharmaceutical treatment of the extraocular muscles dysfunctions by using muscle trigger points release techniques, yoga techniques or Bates methode. You can find the case interpretations of two patients...

Title: Effects of therapeutic physical education program on body posture in the elderly Objectives: Demonstrate effect of yoga exercises, breathing exercises, Feldenkrais method, and others stretching exercises on Upper Crossed Syndrome in group of seniors Methods: This bachelor thesis has a quasi-experimental character. It is a quality research of empirical character. The research group included six female retirees. Age average - 75,2 years. Observation postural assessment by Klein, Thomas and Mayer, Cramptons tests and Matthias test were the main methods of the research. Structure of this intervention was based on yoga exercises, breathing exercises, Feldenkrais method and others stretching exercises in range of 8 lessons. Results: The results of this study confirms the influence of therapeutic physical education program on Upper Crossed Syndrome in group of seniors. In physical intervention which took 8 weeks were found positives results by: observation postural assessment by Klein, Thomas and Mayer 6 of 8 tested persons, in Cramptons tests only 1 of 6 positives results and in Matthias test were found 5 of 6 positive changes. In the end we could confirmed effect of therapeutic physical education on body posture. Mainly on Upper Crossed Syndrome in group of seniors by 8 weeks of intervention. Key...

Title: Pedagogy of Yoga Asanas in Relationship to the Public Health Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to describe selected forward bend asanas according to the literature, compare the performance and instructions given during lessons with our research. We would like to find out whether a student's health condition is being asked of and considered by the tutor and whether there is a connection between the education of the tutor and their ability to provide appropriate directions. Evaluation of the possibilities for the use of yoga in physiotherapy. Methods: It is descriptive research of theoretical and empirical character, where research, observation, guided interview and comparison of acquired data were used. Results: Among the chosen asanas we found discrepancies in literature research. There were discrepancies among the theoretical background of asanas and their pedagogy in yoga classes. Two thirds of tutors do not ask about an individual's health limitations. A connection between tutors' education in yoga and ability to provide appropriate directions during classes has been not confirmed nor was a connection between medical education in the tutor and their ability to lead quality class. 20% of classes included less than three forward bend asanas and there was a class with none. Key words:...

Šajā maģistra darbā uzsvars tiek likts uz jogas skolotāja profesionālo kompetenci, strādājot ar jogas nodarbību dalībniekiem, kuriem ir dažādas (ieskaitot īpašas) vajadzības. Temata izvēli noteica autores personīgā interese un pieredze jogas nodarbību vadīšanā. Autore strādā ar cilvēkiem, kuriem ir īpašas vajadzības (ieskaitot dzirdes un runas traucējumus, redzes traucējumus un kustību traucējumus). Šī pētījuma nolūks ir izveidot ieteicamo jogas skolotāja kompetenču modeli un attīstīt to, ņemot vērā indivīdu atšķirības un vajadzības, katrā jaunā jogas nodarbības situācijā. Kompetenču modelis tiek veidots, izmantojot trīspusēju pieeju. Autore pēta kompetences, kas ir svarīgas gan no jogas, gan - pedagoģijas/andragoģojas, gan - dažādības skatu punkta. Kopmetences definētas un novērtētas, darbojoties ar cilvēkiem ar īpašām vajadzībām. Šis novērtējums ir paredzēts jogas skolotāja kompetences attīstīšanai., In this master theses the focus is directed on the professional competence of a yoga teacher when dealing with people in a yoga class who have diverse (incl. special) needs. This choice has been driven by the personal interest of the author and her experience of teaching yoga. The author is working with adults having special needs (including hearing and speech impairment, vision impairment and mobility impairment). The intention of this study is to establish the set of competencies suggested for a yoga teacher and develop it with every single new case in a yoga class, with the respect of the differences and needs of individuals. The set of the competencies to be established is threefold. The author would be examining the competence required from the perspective of yoga, of pedagogy/andragogy and of diversity. The competences would be established and evaluated while working with the group’s members who have diverse needs. This assessment is intended to help to develop the competence of the yoga teacher.

The main theme of the bachelor thesis is Yoga for children and offers inspiration of exercises with preschool children for kindergartens teachers. The work consists of theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part describes development and movement needs of pre-school child. The next chapter deals with the history of Yoga for children, specifics, conditions, sort of exercises, the impact on the physiological and psychological development of the child and the possibilities of using yoga in pre-school education. The practical part evaluates the questionnaires filled out by teachers of kindergartens. The evaluation is displayed in graphs. A methodical guide for kindergartens teachers is compiled at the end of the work. The manual contains some methods of exercising yoga with children.

In my Bachelor Thesis I focused on the influence of steady yoga excercises with connection to the improvement of physical and mental health of preschool age children . This thesis was based on the three months lasting programme of regular yoga excercises. In the theoretical part i was analyzing the whole topic, including the definition of the used terms needed for this thesis like: the Preschool age children, Children´s yoga and the Quality of life (QOL). Practical part is describing the results of this influence on the target group. The programme was built on the basis of the yoga for the particular age group. I used the research method of Questionnaire PedsQL 4.0. Based on the results of my research I came to the conclusion that the regular yoga excercises has a real positive effect on the physical and psychosocial health of the preschool age children.

Powyższy problem jest przedstawiony na przykładzie wybranych kanonicznych Upaniszad. Punktem wyjścia analizy jest fragment z upaniszady Mundaka (2.2.8): „ujrzano go [brahmana], w tym co wyższe (para) i w tym, co (niższe)”. I właśnie potraktowanie łącznie absolutnego i względnego wymiaru rzeczywistości – co jest niezwykle rzadkie w tekstach kanonu – wymaga według mnie dogłębnej analizy. W badanych tekstach wymiary rzeczywistości para/apara są ściśle skorelowane ze stanami świadomości, w których są doświadczane. Prezentowane rozważania zatem również dotyczą tego, czy wszyscy praktykujący jogę zawsze mówili o doświadczeniach czterech stanów świadomości. Przedstawiam, jakimi terminami w tekście denotowane są wymiary para i apara, i czy tekst nie wskazuje jednak na ich hierarchię, a jeżeli tak, to w jakich kontekstach i ze względu na co. Odwołuję się do tych Upaniszad kanonu, które przynależą do linii Atharwawedy, czyli do Praśny, Mundaki i Mandukji., Diametros, Diametros 56 (June 2018)

Title: Pedagogy of yoga due to population heath and targeted to extension positions and their effectivness to physiotherapy Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to clarify and collect sufficient information in the theoretical part about the anatomical, kinesiological and biomechanical aspects of the bending positions. After that, I will try to elaborate the theoretical background of yoga, its history, philosophy and a detailed description of selected bending positions (Usthrasana, Bhudjangasana, Urdhva mukha shvanasana), which are based on yoga. Grounded on the research questions in the practical part, I will assess whether there are discrepancies between the theoretical basis of the positions and the way they are taught in the classes today. I will evaluate how are the lessons currently taught in open yoga classes, whether they include those positions or not. I will also point out the use of compensatory aids and the degree education plays in this field. An integral piece of the practical part will be a summary of whether yoga classes take into an account the health of the clients. Methods: This is the theoretical-empirical character of the work. The research method is the observation and form of interview with yoga instructors on publicly accessible yoga lessons. Results: It has been confirmed...

Title: Effect of yoga on postural stability in patients with multiple sclerosis Objectives: The aim of this theses is to determine the effect of yoga practice on postural stability and potential influence on stability during gait in patients with multiple sclerosis. Secondary aim of the theses is to evaluate the effect of pranayama, asana and relaxation practice on fatigue and anxiety in these patients. Methods: There were 8 patients with clinically diagnosed multiple sclerosis and EDSS ≤ 5 without any previous experience with yoga in the research. Patients participated in 3-month yoga program, which contained 90 minutes guided classes once a week. Each class consists of pranayama, asana sequence and relaxation. In addition patients also practice at home twice a week at least for 30 minutes. The following evaluations were performed at study entry and after 3 months of yoga practice. Postural stability was evaluated using computerized dynamic posturography Smart EquiTest Neurocom and its test protocols: Adaptation Test (ADT), Sensory Organisation Test (SOT), Motor Control Test (MCT), Limits Of Stability (LOS) and Unilateral Stance (US). Subjective perception of stability was evaluated using standardized questionnaires Falle Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) and Activities specific Balance...

Title: Pedagogy of yoga due to population health targeted to inverse positions and their effectivness to physiotherapy Objectives: In the theoretical part of this thesis the aim is to research the pedagogy of selected inverted positions (Šíršásana, Sarvángásana, Prasárita Pádottánásana) and to subsequently evaluate their contribution to physiotherapy. In the practical part of the the thesis the aim is to determine the level of pedagogy of applied yoga in selected fitness centers of Prague and Hradec Králové in relation to public health. Methods: The thesis has a descriptive theoretical and empirical character. The theoretical part of the thesis is a form of research. The practical part of the thesis is conducted in the form of a blind experiment when an instructor of a public lesson is observed and then an interview is conducted. Results: Significant discrepancies in the pedagogy of selected inverted positions were found among the authors of yoga publications, but also between literature and yoga practice in public yoga lessons. Inverse positions are not part of each open lesson. Selected inverse positions were trained during only 13 lessons of the 20 lessons that were involved to the research. Only two of twenty lecturers had health education both of them did the right yoga pedagogy but the...

BACHEROL THESIS ABSTRACT Author's first name and surname: Kateřina Krupičková Bacherol thesis supervizor: Ing. Eva Konopáčová Oponent: Title of bacherol thesis: Role of physiotherapy in psychosomatic disorders Yoga and its use in psychosomatics Abstract: This bachelor thesis covers the topic of psychosomatic medicine and the use of yoga in the treatment of psychosomatic diseases. This thesis is a combination of theoretical and research part. The theoretical part is divided into three sections. First one contains theoretical basis of psychosomatic medicine and the issue of psychosomatic diseases (definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnostics, therapy etc.). The second section outlines the role and possibilities of physiotherapy in psychosomatic medicine - an overview of physiotherapeutic methods that can be used in the treatment of psychosomatic diseases. The last section covers the topic of yoga, its history, different types and briefly describes techniques that yoga offers. The research part of this bachelor thesis contains one case report of a patient that has been diagnosed with a psychosomatic disease (chronic cervical spine pain). It also contains methodology of this work, its objectives, criteria for patient selection, review of the literature, initial examination and training units. The aim...

V današnjem modernem času, ki je nasičen s sodobno tehnologijo in materialnimi dobrinami, je vse več otrok, ki so nemirni, napeti, razdražljivi, glasni in vse prepogosto že v zgodnjem otroštvu izpostavljeni stresu. Manjka jim notranjega miru, tišine in sprostitve. Že majhnim dojenčkom kupujemo glasne in svetlikajoče se igrače, ki prekomerno stimulirajo njihova čutila in rušijo notranjo umirjenost. Kmalu jih vključimo v različne popoldanske aktivnosti, kar marsikaterega otroka utrudi in obremeni. V svojem diplomskem delu sem želela ugotoviti, kako določene sprostitvene metode lahko pripomorejo k večji umirjenosti in manjši napetosti otrok v predšolskem obdobju. V teoretičnem delu sem opisala, kako sprostitev vpliva na psihično in fizično počutje tako otroka kot odraslega. Poudarila sem pomen tišine in pravilno tehniko dihanja. Dihanje je zelo pomembno, saj nam omogoča, da živimo, polno in učinkovito dihanje pa je neposredno povezano z našo sproščenostjo. Predstavila sem nekaj tehnik sproščanja in poglobljeno opisala sprostitvene metode, ki sem jih izvajala z otroki. V empiričnem delu sem predstavila sprostitvene dejavnosti, ki sem jih izvajala z 4–5 let starimi otroki v vrtcu. Projekt sprostitvene dejavnosti v vrtcu sem razdelila na štiri sklope vizualizacijo, tibetančke za otroke, jogo in masažo. Vsako tehniko smo z otroki izvedli petkrat. Temeljni namen projekta je raziskati odzive otrok na sprostitvene dejavnosti ugotoviti, ali spol otrok vpliva na odzivnost otrok pri izvajanju sprostitvenih dejavnosti ugotoviti, ali se lahko z rednim izvajanjem sprostitvenih dejavnosti izboljšajo odnosi med otroki in katera sprostitvena tehnika najbolj pomirjujoče vpliva na otroke. Ugotovila sem, da redno izvajanje sprostitvenih dejavnosti pozitivno vpliva na otroke in vzdušje v skupini. Ugodne vplive sem zaznala preko odziva otrok. Otroci so opazno postali bolj umirjeni in sproščeni, lažje jih je bilo motivirati za aktivnosti, ki so se izvajale v skupini, posledično se jim je podaljšal čas koncentracije. Med otroki je bilo zaznati manj prepirov, igra je potekala bolj umirjeno in v večji tišini. Odziv dečkov pri tibetančkih je bil nekoliko izrazitejši kot pri deklicah. Obratno sem opazila pri jogi in masaži, kjer je bilo zaznati intenzivnejši odziv pri deklicah. In today’s modern times with modern technology and material assets available at every step, increasing numbers of children are restless, tense, irritable, loud, and too often exposed to stress in early childhood. They lack inner peace, quiet and relaxation. We buy loud and bright toys for infants that over-stimulate their senses and disturb their inner-calmness. Soon after that, we engage them in various afternoon activities that may cause tiredness and stress. The aim of my thesis was to determine how certain relaxation methods can lead to increased calmness and reduced tension in pre-school children. The theoretical part describes the impact of relaxation on the psychological and physical well being of children and adults. I also underlined the importance of silence and the correct breathing technique. Breathing is very important as it allows us to live, whereas full and effective breathing is directly related to our relaxation. I presented several relaxation techniques and described the calming methods I used with children in detail. The empirical part discusses the calming activities I used with 4–5 years-old children in kindergarten. The calming project in kindergarten was divided into four parts: visualisation, Tibetan exercises for children, yoga and massage. We repeated each technique five times. The main purpose of the project is to explore the children's responses to calming activities, determine whether the gender of children has an impact on the participation in calming activities, establish whether regular calming activities improve relationships between children and to determine one relaxation technique that has the most calming effect on children. I found that regular calming activities have a positive impact on children and on the atmosphere in the group. I detected positive experiences through the children’s response. They became more calm and relaxed, were easily motivated for the activities that were carried out in groups and consequently, they were concentrated for a longer period of time. In addition, children were fighting less frequently and their play-time was calmer and quieter. However, the boys were responding more to the Tibetan exercises than the girls and the girls were responding more to yoga and massage.

Z magistrsko nalogo smo želeli predstaviti vpliv na duševno zdravje, ki ga ima trimesečna vključenost joge na udeležence. Zanimala nas je primerjava z drugimi vadbami (pilates, aerobika, nadaljevalna joga) in tečajem jezika, tako da bo raziskava ponudila odgovor, ali obstajajo razlike med različnimi skupinskimi aktivnostmi in jogo in morebiten ugoden vpliv joge na posamezne komponente duševnega zdravja, natančneje na zmanjšanje depresivne in anksiozne simptomatike, na zmanjšano stopnjo stresa ter povečanje v čuječnosti in blagostanju. V raziskavi je eksperimentalno skupino predstavljalo 62 začetnikov joge, skupine, s katerimi smo primerjali začetnike, pa 14 udeležencev vadbe pilatesa, 19 udeležencev vadbe aerobike, 27 udeležencev tečaja jezika ter 36 udeležencev nadaljevalne joge. Udeleženci so rešili naslednjo baterijo testov: WHO-5 – Kazalec blagostanja, DASS-21 – Vprašalnik za merjenje depresije, anksioznosti in stresa, FFMQ – Pet facetni vprašalnik čuječnosti. Pri interpretaciji rezultatov smo si pomagali še z analizo dodatnih vprašanj, kjer so udeleženci podali evalvacijo vadbe/tečaja. Rezultati so potrdili ugoden vpliv joge na vse omenjene komponente, tako je prišlo do znižanja simptomov depresije, anksioznosti, stresa ter do pomembnega zvišanja blagostanja ter povišanja posameznih komponent čuječnosti (opazovanje, nereaktivnost, opisovanje). Skupine so bile glede na stopnjo duševnega zdravja homogene, saj se ob prvem testiranju v večini niso pomembno razlikovale v stopnji duševnega zdravja. Do pričakovanih razlik je ob 1. testiranju prišlo med eksperimentalno skupino in nadaljevalno skupino joge, in sicer je imela prva pomembno višje vrednosti stresa, ter nižje vrednosti blagostanja in čuječnosti (podskala nereaktivnost). S pomočjo primerjav med skupinami smo ugotovili, da že sama fizična aktivnost različnih telesnih vadb, lahko je to aerobika, joga, pilates, pripomore k zmanjšanju simptomov depresije, anksioznosti in stresa ter na zvišanje blagostanja, vendar pa je vpliv joge superioren. Pomembna razlika ob 2. testiranju je bila zgolj med eksperimentalno skupino in kontrolno skupino jezika. Nadalje smo ugotovili, da tako joga kot pilates vplivata na zvišanje čuječnosti. Zaključimo lahko, da se je duševno zdravje udeležencev začetne skupine joge izboljšalo. Raziskava ima pomembno vrednost za delavce v zdravstvu, ponuja namreč alternativo, dopolnilno zdravljenje simptomov depresije, anksioznosti, stresa, najbolj razširjenih motenj. In the master's thesis we wanted to present the influence of a three-month yoga exercise on mental health of the participants. We were interested in a comparison with other exercises (pilates, aerobics, advanced yoga) and language course to find out if there are differences between different group activities and yoga and the possible positive impact of yoga on individual components of mental health, more specifically on the reduction of depressive and anxiety symptoms, on a reduced degree of stress and an increase in mindfulness and well-being. The study included 62 beginners of yoga (experimental group), who were compared to 14 pilates participants, 19 participants in aerobics training, 27 participants in the language course and 36 participants in the advanced yoga. The participants have solved the following battery of tests: WHO-5 – World Health Organization Well-Being Index, DASS-21 – Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales, FFMQ – Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. To interpret the results, we also helped with the analysis of additional questions where the participants gave an evaluation of the exercise / course. The results confirmed the beneficial effect of yoga on all of these components, thus reducing the symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and a significant increase in well-being, as well as an increase in individual components of mindfulness (observing, non-reactivity to inner experience, describing). The groups were homogeneous according to the level of mental health, as they did not significantly differ in the level of mental health at the time of the first test. During the 1st test the expected differences between the experimental group and the advanced group of yoga came into being, having the first significantly higher values of stress and lower values of well-being and mindfulness (non-reactivity to inner experience). By means of comparisons between groups we found that the physical activity itself, whether aerobics, yoga, pilates, helps to reduce the symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and an increase in well-being, but the influence of yoga is superior (favorable influence on all investigated components). Furthermore, we have found that yoga and pilates influence the increase in mindfulness. We can conclude that the mental health of the participants of the initial yoga group improved, but we also saw a favorable trend in the group of aerobics and pilates. The research has an important value for health workers it offers an alternative, supplemental treatment of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, the most common disorders.

Arterijska hipertenzija spada među najčešće zdravstvene probleme suvremenog načina života. Značajan je rizični čimbenik i za razvoj drugih kardiovaskularnih bolesti.Osim lijekova, u terapiji arterijske hipertenzije vrlo važnu ulogu igraju i promjene u načinu života, odnosno usvajanje zdravih životnih navika. Uz prehranu, jedna od njih je i tjelesna aktivnost. Cilj ovoga rada je pregled i sistematičan prikaz rezultata preglednih radova koji su analizirali objavljene rezultate istraživanja učinka vježbanja joge kod osoba s arterijskom hipertenzijom. U analizu su uključeni pregledni radovi dobiveni pretraživanjem bibliografske baze Medline korištenjem ključnih riječi „joga and hypertension". Uključeno je 5 preglednih članaka s ukupno 121 analiziranim člankom. Rezultati ukazuju na moguću učinkovitost vježbanja joge kod osoba s hipertenzijom, ali još ne omogućuju jednoznačan zaključak. Arterial hypertension is one of the most commom health problems associated with modern lifestyle. It is also a significant risk factorin development of other cardiovascular diseases.Beside the antihypertensive drugs, the therapy of arterial hypertension also includes lifestyle modifications, i.e., adoption of healthy habits. Beside nutrition, one of the main recommended habits is physical activity. The aim of this thesis isreview and systematic presentation of theresults of review articlesthat analysed the results of the studies oneffects of yoga exercisein persons with arterial hypertension. The bibliographic database Medline was searched using key words 'yoga and hypertension'. Five review articles with a total of 121 articles were analysed. The results indicate a potential efficiency of yoga exercise in persons with hypertension, but final conclusions are still not possible.

Pastaruoju metu populiarėja sveika gyvensena, ja užsiima vis daugiau žmonių. Vienas iš pagrindinių užsiėmimų, prisidedančių prie šio gyvenimo būdo – joga. Ji padeda gerinti žmogaus fizinę ir mentalinę sveikatą. Šiuo metu joga gali užsiimti visi, tačiau norint tai daryti teisingai, reikia profesionalo pagalbos. Šiuo metu ji teikiama jogos centruose. Žmonės, kurie gyvena toli nuo jogos centrų arba dirba tuo pačiu laiku, kaip ir jogos centrai, negali dalyvauti jogos treniruotėse. Jie netenka galimybės gauti profesionalų jogos mokymą, o be jo jogos praktika yra tik mėgėjiška. Taip pat žmonės nori užsiimti joga ir savarankiškai namuose. Šiuo metu jie jogos konsultacijų namuose gauti negali. Šio darbo metu siekiama sukurti judesių sekimo komponentą virtualiam jogos treneriui. Kuriamo judesių sekimo komponento pagrindinė dalis – judesių sekimo algoritmas. Jis remiasi Hausdorfo atstumo ir Prokrusto analizės principais ir efektyviai lygina dvi žmogaus pozų sekas. Darbo metu remiamasi prielaidomis, kylančiomis iš taikymo srities – jogos. Jų pagalba esami algoritmai optimizuojami, taikomi apytiksliai metodai, gerai aproksimuojantys matuojamas metrikas sekant žmogaus judesius. Programinė įranga, realizuojanti šiuos algoritmus, sukurta darbo metu ir įvertintas jos efektyvumas bei tikslumas, ji lyginama su kitais egzistuojančiais sprendimais. Sukurtas judesių sekimo komponentas gali būti taikomas ir kitose srityse, kur reikalingas tikslus judesių atlikimas, pvz., reabilitacijai., Healthy life style is getting more and more popular. More and more people embrace it. One of the main activities contributing towards this life style is yoga. It improves human’s physical and mental health. Nowadays everyone can practice yoga, but assistance from a professional trainer is required to do it correctly. The assistance could be provided in a yoga center. People who live in remote areas or work at the same time as yoga centers cannot take part in those yoga trainings. They lose the ability to get professional yoga training. Yoga could be done incorrectly without a trainer and therefore it is only at amateur level. People want to practice yoga at home as well. A professional trainer is not available there. The goal of this work is to create a motion tracking component for a virtual yoga trainer. The main piece of motion tracking component is motion tracking algorithm. It is based on principles of Hausdorff distance and Procrustes analysis and compares two sequences of human poses efficiently. Assumptions based on yoga applications are made in this work. They allow optimizing existing algorithms, applying approximate methods that fit well to measure metrics for human movements. Software that implements these algorithms is created in this work and its efficiency and precision are assessed, algorithm implementation is compared to other existing solutions. The motion tracking component could be applied in other areas – health promotion, rehabilitation and other areas that require correct completion of a physical action.

Darbo tikslas: nustatyti ŠSD rodiklius Pilates ir jogos treniruočių metu. Tyrimo metodai: pulsometrija, maks. ŠSD skaičiavimas, Intensyvumo, nuo maks. ŠSD, skaičiavimas. Rezultatai: Pilates ir jogos treniruočių metu vidutinis ŠSD intensyvumas buvo vidutinėje intensyvumo zonoje. Vidutinis intensyvumas %, nuo maks. ŠSD, Pilates treniruočių metu buvo 60,4%, jogos treniruočių metu - 61,8%. Didžiausia Pilates treniruočių dalis (47,6%) buvo praleista mažo intensyvumo zonoje. Didžiausia jogos treniruočių dalis (52,7%) buvo praleista vidutinio intensyvumo zonoje Išvados: 1. Pilates treniruočių metu vidutinis ŠSD buvo 119,6 tv/min, jogos treniruočių metu – 122,3 tv/min. Tarp jogos ir Pilates vidutinio ŠSD treniruočių metu gautas statistiškai nereikšmingas skirtumas (p > 0,05). 2. Pilates ir jogos treniruočių metu vidutinis intensyvumas buvo vidutinėje, nuo maks. ŠSD, intensyvumo zonoje. Tarp jogos ir Pilates vidutinio treniruočių intensyvumo, nuo maks. ŠSD, gautas statistiškai nereikšmingas skirtumas (p > 0,05). Pilates treniruočių metu didžiausia treniruočių dalis buvo praleista mažo intensyvumo zonoje, jogos – vidutinio intensyvumo zonoje., Objective: determine heart rate response to yoga and Pilates practice Methods: heart rate monitoring, maximum heart rate measurement, heart rate intensity measurement. Results: Both yoga and Pilates practices were moderate intensity of maximum heart rate. Average heart rate intensity in Pilates practice was 60.4%, in yoga - 61.8% of maximum heart rate. The biggest part of Pilates practice time (47.6%) was spent in low heart rate intensity zone. The biggest part of yoga practice time (52.7%) was spent in moderate heart rate intensity zone. Conclusions: 1. During Pilates practice average heart rate was 199,6 beats per minute, during yoga - 122,3 beats per minute. No statistically signifcant difference was found between Pilates and yoga practice average heart rates (p > 0,05). 2. During both yoga and Pilates practice average intensity of maximum heart rate were in moderate intensity zone. Majority time of Pilates practice was spent in low intensity of maximum heart rate zone. Majority time of yoga practice was spent in moderate intensity of maximum heart rate zone. No statistically signifcant different was found between results (p > 0,05).

Thesis on Power yoga exercise flexibility as compensation for players selected sports games will be dedicated to power yoga and its use as a compensation practice. Power yoga as compensation will be used for floorball players and football players. The main intention is to conclude whether it is power yoga as suitable compensatory exercises flexibility for floorball players and football players. To compare the values obtained from a battery of exercises before and after practice power yoga and conclude that the sport is power yoga beneficial, or vice versa. Furthermore, this work will deal with the influence of power yoga on the overall health of players and points out that the importance of compensation. The theoretical part will be explained and adequately describes the necessary concepts- power yoga, compensation, flexibility, sport games, floorball, football, training, training schedule. In the practical part will be used batteries five selected exercises. The scope of these exercises will be measured before and after practicing power yoga, change how the results will be recorded in both the floorball players and for football players. Then to establish a conclusion whether it was power yoga suitable as compensation for the sport. In the final part will be compared with the results of floorball...

The concept of the cultural context became firmly established in the anthropological discourse in the second half of the 20th century, inter alia as a result of the inspiration furnished by linguistic pursuits. Contextual research, both in linguistics and in anthropology, refers by the very nature of things to the patterns of behaviour which were formed in the past. The development of the particular ethnic languages which generated peculiar systems of communication of a particular group of users was associated during a relatively long period of time with the development of relatively dissimilar cultures, whose carriers quite frequently recognised familiar solutions, transmitted from one generation to another, as the only legitimate and worthwhile ones. The principle “one’s own – foreign” demanded to honour not only the output of one’s own community but also to treat it as model output, which was supposed to be disseminated among other people (cultural expansion) or at least to be protected against foreign influence (cultural safeguarding). Inter-group contacts, which resulted in the percolation of subjects, patterns of behaviour, and ideas between cultures, which were familiar for a long time, which assume various forms, and which nowadays are disseminated on an unprecedented scale, were not held in all periods in such high estimation as they are today. Therefore the development of the particular cultures, relatively isolated ones and left to their own devices to a considerable extent, proceeded at various rates and brought about the diversity which on the one hand the adherents of globalisation attempt to minimise, and on the other hand – to use in pursuit of optimal, commonly effective solutions. The accomplishments of scientific and technical civilisation continue to unify the material layer of many cultures of the world, suggesting in an indirect way that in other dimensions such unification is not only possible but even inevitable. However, we are dealing with processes and mechanisms whose functioning eludes control and sometimes makes itself manifest in unexpected ways. Therefore as we examine closer this complex phenomenon, which became the object of the attention of the participants of the conference and as we study the possible range of adaptation of yoga in Europe, it is worthwhile to remember about the diverse cultural contexts which nowadays influence the extent to which its particular elements/aspects/ dimensions are understood and accepted.

This bachelor thesis summarizes possibilities of yoga utilization in rehabilitation of pediatric patients. The theoretic part lists basic terms necessary for understanding of this topic. Then it focuses on some yoga techniques, the influence of exercise on human body and its advantages. It also describes how a yoga lesson for children should look like and what approaches to avoid. The next part contains overview of published articles. The practical part of bachelor thesis includes three cases of patients with different diagnosis who attended eight week yoga course in FN Motol. Their examination contains kinesiology analysis, standardizes MABC-2 test and a PedsQL questionnaire. The effect of incorporating yoga into their therapy is described as positive.

This diploma thesis researches the effect of yoga group exercising on children diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder. The theoretical part provides an overview of knowledge about the developmental coordination disorder, it mentions the issue with nomenclature and summarizes the options of treatment. It also deals with yoga, especially it's use as a form of therapy for wide range of diagnosis in adults as well as in children population. The aim of the practical part was to find out if there is any improvement in motor and other abilities after group exercising of yoga. Children were examined by Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 and by selected subtests from Sensory Integration and Praxis test, specifically Postural Praxis, Bilateral Motor Coordination, Postrotary Nystagmus, Manual Form Perception and Localization of Tactile Stimuli. Parents of children filled Short Sensory Profile and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire. The study demonstrated improvement in MABC-2 test results, specifically in Aiming and Catching and Balance subtests. There was also significant improvement in these subtests of Sensory Integration and Praxis test: Postural Praxis, Bilateral Motor Coordination and Localization of Tactile Stimuli. Both questionnaires did not show any improvement.

The first pieces of information about yoga in the Polish lands are associated with the figure of Witold Lutosławski and his work Rozwój potęgi woli [The development of the power of will] (1909). However, the information about yoga appeared slightly earlier in Poznań-based medical press. “Nowiny Lekarskie” – a periodical of the Medical Department of the Poznań Association of the Friends of Science, appeared since January 1889. It featured articles by Wacław Zaremba and Franciszek Chłapowski. In an article by Zaremba which was part of a series known as Pogląd na stan sztuki lekarskiej w Indjach starożytnych [The opinion about the state of the medical arts in ancient India] and which appeared in issue no. 8 published in 1890, mentioned yoga in reference to ayurveda, when it compared the medical methods and practices of the East and the West concerning the materia medica (the knowledge about the medical properties of substances). Chłapowski (Sen Yoga fakirów indyjskich, issue no. 3 published in 1895) described hypnosis as a therapeutical method, comparing it with the states of awareness attained by practising yogins.

Wincentego Lutosławskiego (1863-1954) - filozofa, pisarza, publicystę, a przede wszystkim działacza społecznego, któremu - jak sam wierzył - Opatrzność powierzyła misję szczególną - poprowadzenia narodu polskiego do wolności, łączyła z Williamem Jamesem (1842-1910) - filozofem i psychologiem - długoletnia przyjaźń. Jej wymownym, choć jeszcze niezbadanym świadectwem są listy, które Lutosławski przez niemal siedemnaście lat pisywał do amerykańskiego myśliciela. W korespondencji tej, dotyczącej wielu spraw - począwszy od przyziemnych, choć dla Lutosławskiego ważnych problemów finansowych, przez relacje z przeczytanych książek, na fachowych filozoficznych kwestiach skończywszy - nie mogło, rzecz jasna dla każdego, kto choć pobieżnie zetknął się z pracami Lutosławskiego, zabraknąć wątków związanych z jogą. James, choć sam nie uległ coraz powszechniejszej w owych czasach fascynacji praktykami jogi, o systemie tym (zarówno o praktyce jak i o warstwie filozoficznej) wiedział sporo, znał też osobiście Swamiego Vivekanandę (uznawanego przez Lutosławskiego za jednego z najlepszych eksponentów jogi), był więc wdzięcznym i rozumiejącym odbiorcą jogiczych tematów poruszanych w listach przez polskiego filozofa. Artykuł jest wstępną próbą ukazania wątków jogicznych, pojawiających się w listach Lutosławskiego kierowanych do Jamesa. Zostały one umieszczone na szerszym tle myśli i poglądów, a także eksperymentów polskiego myśliciela. Pozwoliło to na ukazanie stopniowego wyłaniania się idei jogi jako systemu, umożliwiającego naprawę i odrodzenie Polski - systemu opisanego przez Lutosławskiego w jego pionierskim podręczniku jogi pt. Rozwój potęgi woli. Wincenty Lutosławski (1863-1954) - the Polish philosopher, writer, publicist, and above all social activist, whom - as he believed - the providence entrusted a special mission - to lead the Polish nation to freedom, maintained a long-term friendship with the American philosopher and psychologist William James (1842-1910). The eloquent, though still unexplored evidenced of this relationship are the letters that Lutosławski wrote for almost seventeen years to his friend. Lutosławski’s letters cover many various issues ranging from the mundane, though for the Polish philosopher important, financial problems to the sophisticated philosophical issues. One of the important themes appearing in the correspondence is also yoga, which Lutosławski discovered and, at least for some time, thought to be the solution for all his and his nation’s problems. Although James was never a yoga enthusiast and did not share Lutosławski’s passion for this discipline was well acquainted with the system, personally met Swami Vivekananda (recognized by Lutosławski as one of the best exponents of yoga) and was a sensitive and sympathetic reader of the Polish philosopher’s "yogic confessions". The article is an initial attempt to present the main yoga themes appearing in the letters addressed by Lutosławski to James. They were placed in a wider context of Lutosławski’s thought to show the gradual emergence of the idea of ​​yoga as a system designed to enable rebuilding and reviving the Polish nation, the system described by the Polish philosopher in his pioneering yoga book Rozwój potęgi woli [The Development of the Power of Will].

Straipsnyje analizuojama joginės, ar ypatingosios, percepcijos (yogipratyakṣa) prigimties samprata indiškosios epistemologijos kontekste. Remiantis pirminiais Indijos filosofinių mokyklų (darśana) sanskrito šaltiniais bei šiuolaikiniais kritiniais tyrimais bandoma atsakyti į klausimus: kaip įvairiose mokyklose aprašoma ir kategorizuojama joginė percepcija? Koks vaidmuo jai suteikiamas bendroje Indijos epistemologinėje schemoje (pramāṇavada)? Kaip ši percepcija verifikuojama ir jos pažinimas validuojamas ir kokia polemika šiuo klausimu vyko tarp skirtingų Indijos mokyklų? Kodėl ir kokiais argumentais remdamasi joginę percepciją atmeta ortodoksalioji mimansos (mīmāṃsā) mokykla? Tyrimui pasitelkiama kompleksinė – tekstologinė semantinė, hermeneutinė ir lyginamoji – metodologija. Daroma išvada, kad joginę percepciją pripažįsta ir į bendrą pažinimo sistemą inkorporuoja beveik visos filosofinės Indijos mokyklos: joga, samkhja, budistai, vedanta, njaja, vaišešika ir kt., tik skirtingai ją interpretuoja. Paradoksalu yra tai, jog vienintelė mokykla, demonstruojanti radikalų nepasitikėjimą jogine percepcija, yra vediškosios hermeneutikos ir ritualistinės egzegezės tradicija – mimansa ir jos atstovas Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (7 a.). Atskleista, jog mimansos mokykla neigia ne konkrečius pavienius joginio pažinimo teiginius ir ne pačią joginės percepcijos galimybę, bet tokio ypatingojo pažinimo loginio pagrindimo nenuoseklumą, perteikimo kitiems lingvistinį tikslumą ir antjuslinio pažinimo naudą legitimuojant apreiškimo (śruti) teiginius paprastiems žmonėms. Article is dedicated to the analysis of the nature of yogic or supernormal perception (yogipratyakṣa, yogijñāna) in the context of Indian epistemology. By relying on the primary Sanskrit sources of Indian philosophical schools (darśana) and contemporary critical studies the questions are raised: what role is granted to it in the general Indian epistemological scheme (pramāṇavada)? How yogic perception is described and philosophicaly legitimated? How it is scholastically verified and validated and what kind of controversy was going on among different philosophical schools? On what arguments such perception is refused by orthodox Mīmāṃsā school? A combined – textological semantic, hermeneutical and comparative – methodology is applied. Conclusion is made that yogic perception is recognized and integrated into general scheme of knowledge by almost all Indian schools, though they give different accounts of it. A radical scepticism and refutation of this kind of perception is displayed by the representative of vedic hermeneutics and ritualistic exegesis – Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (7 AD) of Mīmāṃsā school. However, what the followers of this school denied was not the potentiality of the yogic perception itself, but consistency of logical argumentation, the ability of transparent transmission of such knowledge to others, and the validity of such experience in the legitimisation of divine revelation (śruti).

Author: Bc. Barbora Valková Title: Modern fitness systems in outpatient physiotherapy Objectives: The main goal of this work is to describe a fitness systems that can be part of the therapy patients and to determine what these systems are used in physiotherapy. Methods: The research was conducted per a survey. I sent e-mails physiotherapists along with a request to fill. Regardless of the type of facility in which they work, age and length of experience. Survey consisted of two parts, demographic and special. Total survey questionnaire was completed by 137 physiotherapists. Results: The most commonly used system was Bosu. In addition to the described systems are still using TRX system, trampolines, functional circuit training and jungle. Other systems in the results are initially therapeutic systems and their use in fitness centers is low. They were also given access systems such as zumba, piloxing, cross fit, spinning and others. Their use during therapy did not show. Keywords: yoga, pilates, kettlebell, bosu, flowin

Title: Experiance with joga for tennis coaches Objectives of work: The aim of my thesis is to analyze the possitive effects of yoga on the mental and physical health of tennis players. The data is gained by quality data collection methods. The secondary objective is, on the basis of information obtained from short interviews with coaches, to create a theoretical model of categorization. Method: In this thesis we used the method of interview and narrative interview. The data collected from the interviews, was used to create a theoretical model of categorization. A method of narrative interview with elements of the interview was used as a key method of collecting data from selected subjects. Results: Following numerous interviews with various subjets including coaches and trainers, I have come to the conclution, that yoga has a positive effect on the mental and physical health of tennis players. The main effects of yoga include: increased confidence and concentration on the court, accelerated healing, reduced pain in the spine (notibly in lumbar region), therefore increasing the flexibility of joints and improving the performance of players. In terms of categorization on the effects of yoga, both in mental and physical health of tennis players, I classified the effects into two major categories: the...

The thesis focus on any possibilities how to apply yoga for children with special needs into co-ordinated rehabilitation. It also notices the benefits of yoga to physical and mental conditions of the child with special needs. The theoretical part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is generally dedicated to the mental disabilities, its classification and its genesis. The second chapter defines the co-operated rehabilitation itself and It describes the kinds of rehabilitation. The third chapter view the yoga in the context of the co-operated rehabilitation. There is a description of yoga history, the principles of yoga and its influence on the human body and also on the children's body. I also devote this chapter to the yoga techniques which can be apply in the co-ordinated rehabilitation. The empirical part came from the quality research.The first tool of this research was the participating observation of three girls, which was done by the author of the thesis. The research was realized in the institution for disable people Nováček from September2015 to May 2017. The second tool of research was the case study, which help to obtain deep characterization of the case studies and at the same time it was observed how the case studies were developing with own specific process. The last used tool was the half-sturctured interview with two employes of the health care department which was evaluated by the method Open coding. The result of the research is the detailed manual of the yoga session which is suitable for all levels of the mental disability and can be used as the instructions how to apply yoga in the context of the co-ordinated rehabilitation in all types of long stay institutions for children with special needs.The research proved the positive benefits of yoga to physical and mental conditions of the child with special needs. The employes acknowledge in the interview that yoga take an important part in the co-ordinated rehabilitation plan and should be ranked among standard tools of the rehabilitation.

The article is devoted to the book entitled Rozwój potęgi woli by Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954), a philosopher and a national activist. The book, considered the first Polish yoga manual, appeared three times in print during the author’s lifetime: in 1909, 1910 and 1923. If one is to study the problem of Lutosławski’s attitude to yoga – and the author used to change his attitude – one must take into account the chronological sequence of editions. In Rozwój potęgi woli Lutosławski treated yoga as a method and not as a main educational goal, although he admitted that the exercises which were presented enabled him to recuperate. He crafted scholarly reflection about yoga by means of the study of a few people who managed to “remodel and transform their bodies”, but he was interested above all in the problem (which was relevant at that time) of the will of man in the context of his capabilities. He also planned to prepare an extended edition of his work (in two volumes), but after the first edition published in 1909 achieved success he decided to publish further editions which featured slight modifications (1910). In order to familiarise the Polish reader with the yogic system which arose in other cultural traditions he argued that Polish elements and Hindu elements, even though they were apart geographically, shared points of convergence. The fragment which is devoted to this is featured in all editions. However, in the edition which was published in 1923 its tenor was undermined by three new chapters (Fasting, Prayer, Divine service ) and the Preface to the Third Edition, in which the author explained that he agreed to Rozwój potęgi woli to be published on condition that the earlier text would be extended. The Preface to the Third Edition lacks emphasis of similarities; it emphasises differences; Lutosławski warned his Polish readers against choosing methods of action which are peculiar to other cultures, for these methods would prevent the realisation of the thing which he referred to as the national mission. In the Divine service chapter he stated that the yoga of the Hindu is not appropriate for Poles. The preface and the last three chapters of the third edition undermine the value of the recommendations provided by the author in the chapters which were developed at the beginning of the 20th century. In spite of this, due to his activities associated with publications and lectures, Lutosławski influenced the interest in yoga in the inter-war period.

In this paper the findings of literature review and explorative empirical research of yoga application in the work with victims of various forms of sufferings is presented. The largest notion of victim is accepted, which encompasses victims of crime, victims of human rights violations (including convicted persons), as well as victims of war, natural disasters and other sufferings. After determination of the notion of victim and yoga, the review and analyses of research findings and direct experiences with the application of yoga in victim support and victimisation prevention worldwide and in Serbia, is done. The author’s research findings as well as personal experiences with the application of yoga in the work with prisoners in prison for women in Pozarevac (Serbia), within the workshops that Victimology Society of Serbia implemented during 2012/2013, are presented as well. In the conclusions, contribution of yoga to holistic approach to victim support as well as important role that yoga may have in prevention of victimisation and criminalisation, is stressed. The importance of yoga for support of prisoners as the part of preparation for re-entry and with the aim to prevent recidivism, as well as to enable their more successful reintegration into the society, is particularly emphasised. The paper is based on the research implemented by the author for the purpose of writing the final essey at the course for yoga instructors on International yoga academy, Yoga Allience of Serbia. U radu se iznose rezultati teorijskog i eksplorativnog empirijskog istraživanja primene joge u radu sa žrtvama različitih oblika stradanja. Prihvaćen je najširi pojam žrtve koji obuhvata žrtve krivičnih dela, žrtve kršenja ljudskih prava (uključujući i osuđena lica), kao i žrtve rata, elementarnih nepogoda i drugih stradanja. Nakon određenja pojmova žrtva i joga, daje se prikaz i analiza istraživanja i iskustava u svetu i Srbiji u vezi primene joge u prevenciji viktimizacije, u pružanju pomoći i podrške žrtvama. Prikazani su i nalazi sopstvenog istraživanja, kao i autorkina lična iskustva u primeni nekih aspekata joge u radu sa zatvorenicama u Kazneno-popravnom zavodu za žene u Požarevcu, u okviru radionica koje je tokom 2012/2013. godine realizovalo Viktimološko društvo Srbije. Na kraju rada iznose se zaključci vezani za doprinos joge holističkom pristupu podršci žrtvama, i za važnu ulogu koju joga može imati u prevenciji viktimizacije i kriminalizacije. Posebno se ukazuje na značaj joge za podršku osuđenim licima u okviru pripreme za izlazak na slobodu, a u cilju sprečavanja recidiva i njihove uspešnije integracije u društvo.

Ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir visame pasaulyje vaikų netaisyklinga laikysena yra viena aktualiausių šių dienų. Statistikos duomenys rodo, jog laikysenos sutrikimų didėja, o vaikai turintys laikysenos sutrikimų laipsniškai yra vis jaunesni. Lietuvos ir užsienio autoriai labiausiai pabrėžia vieną svarbiausių faktorių įtakojančių įvairaus laipsnio laikysenos sutrikimų,- per mažas fizinis aktyvumas, kuris turi didžiulę įtaką vaiko pėdos formavimuisi. Kasmet vis labiau didėja vaikų skaičius su netaisyklinga laikysena ir plokščiapėdyste (Adaškevičienė, 1999). Joga tapo populiari tiek Europoje, tiek savo populiarumu neaplenkė ir Lietuvos. Yra nustatyta, kad joga kaip ir bet koks kitas fizinis aktyvumas turi didelę reikšmę tiek fizinei, tiek psichinei sveikatai. Tačiau ieškodama mokslinių darbų neradau jokios informacijos susijusios su Lietuvoje atliekiamais panašiais tyrimais apie jogos poveikį žmogaus laikysenai, plokščiapėdystei, bei emocijoms, būtent tai ir paskatino mane imtis šios srities tyrimo ir išanalizuoti jogos teikiamą naudą. Hipotezė: jogos užsiėmimai gali pagerinti moksleivių laikyseną, sumažinti plokščiapėdystę ir pagerinti jų emocinę būklę. Tyrimo objektas: jogos poveikis moksleivių taisyklingai laikysenai, pėdos išilginiam skliautui ir emocijoms. Tyrimo tikslas: nustatyti jogos pratimų poveikį 11-13metų moksleivių taisyklingai laikysenai, pėdos išilginiam skliautui ir emocijoms. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti 2 mėnesių trukmės užsiėmimų jogos pratimų poveikį pėdos išilginiam skliautui. 2. Nustatyti 2 mėnesių trukmės užsiėmimų jogos pratimų poveikį 11-13 metų amžiaus moksleivių laikysenai. 3. Nustatyti 2 mėnesių trukmės užsiėmimų jogos pratimų poveikį 11-13metų moksleivių emocijoms. Išvados: 1. Jogos užsiėmimai turėjo poveikį, tiriamųjų laikysenai, pagerėjo, pečių, stuburo, dubens, liemens, pilvo ir apatinės stuburo dalies rezultatai. Jogos užsiėmimai neturėjo poveikio tiriamųjų galvos ir kojų rezultatams. 2. Jogos užsiėmimai, turėjo poveikį statistiųkai reikšmingiems tiriamųjų pėdos išilginiam skliautui ir padėjo sumažinti plokščiapėdystę ir suplokštėjusį pėdos skliautą. 3. Jogos užsiėmimai turėjo teigiamą poveikį tiriamųjų emocijoms, po užsiėmimų jų nuotaikos pagerėjo, tiriamieji buvo linksmesni, noriai, bendravo, daugiau šypsojosi., Not only in Lithuania, but all over the world children's posture is one of the most pressing of these days. Statistics indicate that the postural disorders is increasing, and children with postural problems are gradually getting younger. Lithuanian and foreign authors most highlights one of the most important factors affect different degree of postural disorders - too low physical activity, which has a huge influence on the formation of the child's foot. Every year more and more increasing number of children with bad posture and flatfoot (Adaškevičienė, 1999). Yoga has become popular both in Europe and its popularity has not bypassed and Lithuania. It is estimated that yoga like any other physical activity it is of great importance both to the physical and mental health. However, to find scientific works I have not found any information related to Lithuania similar studies on the impact of human yoga posture, flatfoot and emotions, and that's what led me to take this area of research and analysis of the benefits of yoga. Hipothesis yoga classes can improve schoolchildren’s posture, reduce flatfoot and improve their emotional state. Research object yoga posture impact on schoolchildren’s, the longitudinal foot arches and emotions. The objective: to determine the impact of yoga exercises for 11-13 year-old students correct posture, longitudinal foot arches and emotions. The goals of the research was: 1. Set the 2-month sessions of yoga exercises on the longitudinal foot vault. 2. Set 2-month sessions of yoga exercises on 11-13 year olds posture. 3. Set 2-month sessions of yoga exercises on the 11-13 year-old schoolchildren’s emotions. Conclusions: 1. Yoga classes had effect of the study posture, improved shoulder, spine, pelvis, torso, abdomen and lower back results. Yoga classes had no effect on test results of the head and legs. 2. Yoga classes, had a statistically significant impact on the expertise of the foot longitudinal vault and helped reduce planus and flat foot vault. 3. Yoga classes had a positive impact on the emotions of subjects after exercise their mood has improved, subjects were to cheer about, but I interacted more smiled.