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Purpose: This study examines the three-dimensional concept of fear of crime and has three aims: 1) to investigate gender differences in the emotional, cognitive and behavioural dimensions of fear of crime 2) to investigate the impact of victimization on different dimensions of fear of crime in men and women and 3) to investigate the relation of incivilities to different dimensions of fear of crime. Design/Methods/Approach: Data for the study were gathered from the Fear of Crime Study which included participants living in the Croatian capital. The criteria variables included measures of the three dimensions of fear of crime (affective, cognitive and behavioural). Incivilities and prior victimization were predictors, while age and education were control variables. Findings: There was no difference between men and women in the perception of insecurity when walking alone in a neighbourhood after dark, either in the perceived likelihood of victimization or in perceived incivility. The findings suggest that there are some differences in the correlation pattern of the three analysed dimensions of fear of crime in the female and male samples. Hierarchical linear regressions show that in the male sample, victimization due to theft was positively related and sexual victimization was negatively related to perceived insecurity, while in women victimization added significantly only to protective strategies. In both the male and female sample, incivilities made a significant independent contribution to an explanation of the perception of endangerment, the likelihood of victimization and the seriousness of crime consequences. In addition, the contribution of some different patterns of incivilities to the dimensions of fear of crime was established for the male and female sample. Research Limitations/Implications: The research is limited to the Croatian capital. Future research should include a representative sample of the whole state. Practical implications: The results indicate the need for gender differentiation in programs for the greater safety of citizens. Originality/Value: The article gives a valuable insight into different dimensions and gender differences related to fear of crime. It also suggests the need for further clarity of operationalization. Namen prispevka: Ta študija obravnava tridimenzionalen koncept strahu pred kriminaliteto s tremi cilji: 1) raziskati razlike med spoloma pri čustvenih, spoznavnih in vedenjskih dimenzijah strahu pred kriminaliteto 2) raziskati vpliv viktimizacije na različne dimenzije strahu pred kriminaliteto med moškimi in ženskami 3) raziskati povezavo socialnega in fizičnega nereda na različne dimenzije strahu pred kriminaliteto. Oblike/Metode/Pristop: Podatki za raziskavo so bili zbrani iz študije strahu pred kriminaliteto, ki je vključevala udeležence hrvaškega glavnega mesta. Opisne spremenljivke vključujejo meritve na področju treh dimenzij raziskovanja strahu pred kriminaliteto (čustvenem, spoznavnem, vedenjskem). Socialni in fizični nered ter predhodna viktimizacija sta bili neodvisni spremenljivki, medtem ko sta bili starost in izobrazba kontrolni spremenljivki. Ugotovitve: Med moškimi in ženskami ni bilo nobene razlike v zaznavanju negotovosti, medtem ko so ponoči sami hodili po soseski, bodisi v zaznavanju verjetnosti viktimizacije ali zaznavanju socialnega in fizičnega nereda. Ugotovitve v primerjalnem vzorcu kažejo, da med moškimi in ženskami obstajajo določene razlike v treh analiziranih dimenzijah strahu pred kriminaliteto. Hierarhična linearna regresija kaže, da je bila pri moških viktimizacija zaradi tatvine pozitivno povezana, spolna viktimizacija pa negativno povezana z zaznano negotovostjo, medtem ko so pri viktimizaciji žensk statistično pomembni samo preventivni ukrepi. Pri moških in ženskah je socialni in fizični nered statistično pomembna spremenljivka pri razlagi zaznave ogroženosti, verjetnosti viktimizacije in resnosti posledic kriminalitete. Poleg tega nekatere oblike neprimernega vedenja vplivajo na strah pred kriminaliteto ne glede na spol. Omejitve raziskave: Raziskava je omejena na hrvaško glavno mesto. Prihodnje raziskave bi morale vključevati reprezentativni vzorec celotne države. Praktična uporabnost: Rezultati kažejo na potrebo po diferenciaciji spola v programih za večjo varnost državljanov. Izvirnost: Članek podaja pomemben vpogled v različne dimenzije in razlike med spoloma v povezavi s strahom pred kriminaliteto. Predlaga tudi potrebo po nadaljnji jasni operacionalizaciji preučevanih konceptov.

Fait individuel, l’adolescence est aussi un fait social conduisant le sujet à vivre des situations nouvelles. Cette adaptation à la nouveauté peut s’avérer difficile pour certains qui présentent alors des comportements socialement inadaptés. Parmi ces comportements, les incivilités et les violences scolaires tiennent une place notable. Ces violences, ces incivilités se constatent partout dans le monde, même si les faits prennent souvent des significations différentes selon les pays, la notion même de violence n’ayant pas le même sens d’une culture à une autre. En France, les faits ont particulièrement évolué depuis 10 ans. Les protagonistes sont de plus en plus jeunes, commencent dès l’école primaire et les condisciples sont beaucoup plus souvent les cibles que les personnels, enseignants ou administratifs. Après avoir présenté les faits relatifs au phénomène, cet exposé passe en revue les conduites différemment perçues par l’élève et par l’enseignant et celles constatées et reconnues par les élèves, prenant enfin en compte le rôle des familles comme inhibiteur potentiel des violences scolaires. À cet effet sont rapportés des résultats d’enquêtes concernant 70 enseignants et 550 collégiens ou lycéens. Adolescence is an individual as well as a social fact, which leads the subject to live new situations. To adapt to these new experiences may turn out to be difficult for some who will then have socially inadequate behaviours. Among these, bullying and violence at school are of the most important. These kinds of violence may be found everywhere around the world, even though these phenomena do not have the same meaning within different cultures. In France, things have changed a lot during the last ten years. The protagonists are getting younger and begin in elementary school. In addition, the other students are more often targets than school workers, teachers or administrative staff. After a brief presentation of facts relative to these phenomena of violence, this paper describes successively conducts that students and teachers perceive in a different way and those noted and admitted by students, taking into account the role families play as a potential inhibiting factor of violence at school. Results from surveys concerning 70 teachers and 550 junior high-school or high-school students are reported to this purpose.

This research examined to what extent physical factors, notably lighting and entrapment (blocked escape), and individual factors, notably gender, affect feelings of safety and the acceptability of reduced lighting levels. The authors reasoned that acceptability of reduced street lighting depends on perceived safety, which in turn depends on entrapment, lighting, and gender. Virtual representations of a residential street were used, systematically manipulating entrapment and lighting levels. As expected, people felt less safe in lower lighting and higher entrapment settings, and these settings were evaluated as less acceptable. Although women perceived a situation as less safe compared with men, the authors found no gender differences in acceptability, which extends previous research. Importantly, as hypothesized, perceived safety mediated the effect of lighting on acceptability levels, suggesting that people can accept lower lighting levels when social safety is not threatened.

De nouveaux métiers, à la charnière entre accompagnement des personnes, médiation et répression, ont émergé depuis une vingtaine d’années. Ces nouveaux métiers contribuent à rendre plus floue la frontière entre police et contrôle social. La question consiste alors à savoir si ces nouveaux agents contribuent effectivement à réguler les espaces collectifs, c’est-à-dire à prévenir les nuisances, à régler les conflits, voire à favoriser des formes de vivre-ensemble. Sur la base d’une étude du dispositif des correspondants de nuit de la Ville de Paris, cet article s’interroge sur la place qu’occupent ces acteurs à partir des savoirs et savoir-faire qu’ils sont capables de mobiliser, de leur inscription dans les quartiers et de leur insertion dans les partenariats. Il met en question les ambivalences, paradoxes, fragilités de ces nouveaux métiers et le difficile renouvellement des métiers de la sécurité publique., Over the past twenty years, a series of new jobs have emerged at the interface between social prevention, mediation and repression. These professions blur the boundary between policing and social control. The question is whether these new agents actually help to regulate collective spaces, in other words to prevent disorders, resolve conflicts and promote forms of living together. Based on a study of the night security agents in Paris (France), this article examines their role on the basis of the skills they are able to mobilize, their presence in neighbourhoods and their participation in local partnerships. The authors question the ambivalences, paradoxes and weaknesses of these new jobs and, therefore, the difficult renewal of public safety functions., Nuevos oficios, bisagra entre el acompañamiento de personas, la mediación y la represión, han emergido desde hace una veintena de años. Estos nuevos oficios contribuyen a hacer más borrosa la frontera entre policía y control social. La cuestión es entonces saber si dichos nuevos agentes contribuyen efectivamente a regular los espacios colectivos, es decir, a prevenir los perjuicios, a solucionar los conflictos, o a promover las formas de convivencia. Basado sobre un estudio del dispositivo de correspondientes de noche de la ciudad de París, este artículo examina el lugar que ocupan dichos actores, partiendo de los conocimientos y el “saber-hacer” que son capaces de movilizar, de su inscripción en los barrios y de su inserción en las cooperativas. El presente artículo pone en cuestión las ambivalencias, las paradojas, las fragilidades de estos nuevos oficios y la difícil renovación de las profesiones de la seguridad pública.

Purpose: This study examines the three-dimensional concept of fear of crime and has three aims: 1) to investigate gender differences in the emotional, cognitive and behavioural dimensions of fear of crime ; 2) to investigate the impact of victimization on different dimensions of fear of crime in men and women ; and 3) to investigate the relation of incivilities to different dimensions of fear of crime. Design/Methods/Approach: Data for the study were gathered from the Fear of Crime Study which included participants living in the Croatian capital. The criteria variables included measures of the three dimensions of fear of crime (affective, cognitive and behavioural). Incivilities and prior victimization were predictors, while age and education were control variables. Findings: There was no difference between men and women in the perception of insecurity when walking alone in a neighbourhood after dark, either in the perceived likelihood of victimization or in perceived incivility. The findings suggest that there are some differences in the correlation pattern of the three analysed dimensions of fear of crime in the female and male samples. Hierarchical linear regressions show that in the male sample, victimization due to theft was positively related and sexual victimization was negatively related to perceived insecurity, while in women victimization added significantly only to protective strategies. In both the male and female sample, incivilities made a significant independent contribution to an explanation of the perception of endangerment, the likelihood of victimization and the seriousness of crime consequences. In addition, the contribution of some different patterns of incivilities to the dimensions of fear of crime was established for the male and female sample. Research Limitations/Implications: The research is limited to the Croatian capital. Future research should include a representative sample of the whole state. Practical Implications: The results indicate the need for gender differentiation in programs for the greater safety of citizens. Originality/Value: The article gives a valuable insight into different dimensions and gender differences related to fear of crime. It also suggests the need for further clarity of operationalization.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Administração Pública, especialização em Administração da Justiça Nos últimos anos, as questões relacionadas com a criminalidade, a violência e a insegurança têm vindo a ser objeto de debate e de preocupação generalizada por parte dos mais diversos atores sociais, entre os quais os partidos políticos, a imprensa e até mesmo os cidadãos. No entanto, poucos são os estudos que se têm debruçado sobre o crime na perspetiva dos agentes policiais cuja função é precisamente o de prevenir a ocorrência de atos delitivos. Estes, enquanto atores privilegiados, porquanto são eles que lidam com o problema da criminalidade de forma mais direta e interventiva, deviam ser mais auscultados de forma a perceber se os meios e recursos utilizados para a prevenção do crime e das incivilidades são os mais adequados, e se as políticas de segurança adotadas serão as mais funcionais. Este estudo debruçar-se-á precisamente sobre este aspeto, dando especial ênfase à atuação das polícias municipais em geral, e da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa em particular, relevando a importância do seu papel na cena da prevenção dos delitos, coadjuvando desta forma com as outras forças policiais. Com base num inquérito por questionário, procurou-se compreender a perceção da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa no âmbito das seguintes dimensões de análise: i) a evolução da criminalidade; ii) as respostas mais adequadas na prevenção do crime; iii) as atividades da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa que impactam uma ação preventiva. Os resultados apurados permitiram alcançar que a evolução da criminalidade não é percebida de acordo com as estatísticas criminais registadas pelas entidades policiais, que as respostas consideradas mais adequadas para a prevenção prendemse mais com a criação de regras e não tanto pela aplicação de punições, nem pelos melhoramentos feitos no ambiente físico, e que as atividades da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa percecionadas como mais eficazes na ação preventiva materializam-se nos policiamentos comunitários, nas ações de sensibilização às populações e nas ações de fiscalização realizadas no âmbito dos ilícitos de mera ordenação social In recent years, issues relating to crime, violence and insecurity have been the subject of widespread debate and concern for a diverse variety of social actors, including political parties, the press and even citizens. However, few studies have targeted the police officer’s perspective whose job is precisely to prevent the occurrence of criminal deeds. These privileged actors take up center stage due to the reality of dealing with crime in a more direct and interventionist manner, thus earning their right to being heard in the complex process of managing the means and resources used in crime prevention and incivilities; whilst probing adopted public safety policies’ accomplishability. This privileged source of information should span, also focusing on law enforcement personnel’s motivation process while pursuing their professional duties and competences. This investigation will focus specifically on this subject, emphasizing the role of the municipal police in general and the Lisbon Municipal Police in particular, underlining the importance of the Lisbon Municipal Police in crime prevention, in close cooperation with others police forces. Based on a form survey we will try to understand the perception of Lisbon Municipal Police officers under the following scopes of analysis: I) current crime trends, ii) appropriate answers in crime preventing; iii) actions by the Lisbon Municipal Police that result in a more preventive action. The results achieved allowed to realize that: the evolution of crime is not perceived in parallel with the crime recorded data managed by the police; the most adequate responses perceived concerned effective rule-making instead of the mere forceful application of penalties or urban landscape improvements; and that the most effective preventive actions of Lisbon Municipal Police perceived were the ones regarding community policing, raising people’s awareness and law enforcement actions taken under administrative social offenses inspections.

In dit onderzoek worden de emotionele, cognitieve en gedragsmatige dimensie van 'angst voor criminaliteit' vanuit een theoriegestuurde benadering onderzocht. In het bijzonder wordt nagegaan of en in welke mate het kwetsbaarheids- en incivilitiesmodel een verschillende invloed hebben al naargelang de dimensie van 'angst voor criminaliteit' die wordt gemeten. Daartoe wordt een kwantitatief onderzoeksdesign gehanteerd, waarbij gebruik wordt gemaakt van onderzoeksgegevens die door de Onderzoeksgroep Criminologie en Rechtssociologie (UGent) in de loop van 2007 werden verzameld in het kader van een onderzoek naar criminaliteit, slachtofferschap en onveiligheid bij de bewoners van vijf Gentse buurten. De gehanteerde data (N = 918) is representatief voor de bewoners met Belgische nationaliteit van de buurten Sint-Macharius, Rooigem, Galgenberg, Zuid en Nieuw-Gent. Aan de hand van verschillende bloksgewijze binomiale logistische regressieanalyses wordt per buurt nagegaan of en in welke mate de beide verklaringsmodellen in staat zijn de drie dimensies van 'angst voor criminaliteit' te voorspellen. De toetsen suggereren dat de beide modellen samen relatief goed in staat zijn om de emotionele dimensie te voorspellen, in tegenstelling tot de cognitieve en gedragsmatige dimensie. Ondanks de beperkte operationalisering van de drie dimensies van 'angst voor criminaliteit' toont dit onderzoek aan dat het erkennen en in rekening brengen van de multidimensionaliteit van 'angst voor criminaliteit’ tot andere resultaten leidt in theorietoetsend onderzoek. De resultaten geven aan dat de operationele keuzes die men maakt een impact hebben op de relaties die men terugvindt.

This exploratory study looks into the theoretical models and measurement of fear of crime. Using multilevel modeling on data from the European Crime and Safety Survey 2005 the efficacy of vulnerability characteristics, victimization experience and incivilities perception on the prevalence, frequency and intensity measures of fear of crime is assessed while controlling for country-level characteristics. Results show that variables from all three individual-level models are significantly associated with experiencing fear of crime and additionally reveal that the basic argumentations of the victimization and incivilities model can be extended regarding the frequency and intensity of fear of crime. The arguments of the vulnerability model are only limitedly applicable to the frequency and intensity measures. Results show that victimization is a consistent predictor of fear of crime prevalence, frequency and intensity. Future research should continue examining the victimization-fear nexus.

Cette recherche s'intéresse aux perceptions des personnes itinérantes sur leur judiciarisation et leurs incarcérations. La judiciarisation s'opère suite à la remise de constats d'infractions en lien avec les règlementations municipales de la ville, celles de la Société des Transports de Montréal ainsi que le Code de Sécurité Routière. Elle relève donc de la procédure pénale, par opposition au code criminel et concerne des infractions mineures, souvent en lien avec des incivilités. Ultimement, la judiciarisation conduit à l'emprisonnement faute de paiement de l'amende. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les perceptions à partir d'une compréhension des effets au plan matériel, des relations entretenues avec les différents acteurs socio-judiciaires et du regard que les personnes portent sur la justice à partir de leur expérience. Ancrée dans un cadre théorique fondé sur la reconnaissance (Honneth, 2000), l'expérience de judiciarisation et de l'incarcération est conçue et révélatrice d'un rapport entre la personne itinérante et le système de justice. Pour réaliser cette étude, deux méthodologies complémentaires ont été utilisées. La première s'appuie sur 29 entrevues réalisées avec des personnes itinérantes, portant sur leurs expériences de judiciarisation et sur leur expérience de rue. La seconde a consisté en une analyse statistique descriptive des dossiers judiciaires des 29 personnes, dossiers comprenant l'ensemble des infractions reprochées (criminelles et pénales) ainsi que le processus judiciaire suivi par chacune., This research explores homeless individuals' perception of their penalization and incarceration experience. Penalization of homeless individuals is an increasingly frequent phenomenon, due to a rise in the number of statements of offense served following infractions to municipal by-laws, to Société des Transports de Montréal by-laws or to the Code de Sécurité Routière. Penalization differs from criminalization : whereas criminalization results from the application of the Criminal Code, penalization follows for minor infractions or incivilities. Ultimately, penalization leads to incarceration : as they default on fines, individuals are increasingly sentenced to jail terms. The objective of this research is to better grasp how homeless individuals perceive penalization. It focuses on its effects on their material life, on their relationship with the system's actors and on their perception of the judicial system through their interaction with it. Ingrained in the conceptual framework of recognition (Honneth, 2000), the experience of penalization and incarceration sheds light on the relationship between homeless individuals and the justice system. This research makes use of complementary methodologies. The first one, draws on 29 interviews conducted with homeless individuals regarding their penalization and street life experience. The second one consisted of a descriptive statistical analysis of the 29 individuals' legal records, which included criminal and penal infractions and the procedural steps associated with each infraction.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário O crime é uma das maiores preocupações das sociedades modernas e está intrinsecamente ligado às grandes cidades e às suas periferias. O crime aparece muitas vezes associado aos bairros sociais das nossas cidades e surge frequentemente na comunicação social acompanhado pelo medo que as pessoas têm dele. Este medo é incapacitante e deriva de múltiplos factores, sendo que pode resultar em mazelas psicológicas que acabam por minar as relações sociais que mantinham até então. É sobre esses factores condicionantes do medo do crime que se debruça este estudo. Utilizando a entrevista semi-directiva recolheram-se testemunhos de habitantes da periferia de bairros sociais e, através da análise de conteúdo, tentou-se aprofundar os conhecimentos existentes acerca deste fenómeno. Os resultados obtidos permitiram comprovar as ideias transmitidas pela revisão bibliográfica de que o medo do crime está extremamente dependente da comunicação social e das notícias que são veiculadas por este meio mas também de uma diversidade imensa de factores. Para além disso, concluiu-se que os habitantes das periferias de bairros sociais demonstram medo de serem vítimas de crimes e esse medo encontra-se associado às incivilidades – físicas e morais – presentes nesses locais. Concluiu-se, também, que a maior parte das pessoas sente medo porque não se considera capaz de lidar com situações de crime, nem que exista alguém que os possa socorrer caso esteja em perigo. ABSTRACT: Crime is one of modern society’s biggest concerns and is extremely related to the big cities and their surroundings. Crime is often related with our cities problematic neighborhood and its presence is usual in the mass media, usually side by side with its fear. This fear is incapacitating and drifts from several factors. It can result in psychological problems which deteriorates the social relations of the communities. This work study aims to those constraining factors. Data was collected using semi-directive interviews, in the surrounding area of two problematic neighborhoods, pretending to gather some knowledge from its inhabitants. Content analysis was used to analyze the corpus, in order to go deeper in the knowledge about the fear of crime. The results permit to testify the ideas transmitted by the literature about the connection between the mass media and the fear of crime, besides other factors. It is, also, possible to conclude that the inhabitants from the problematic neighborhood surrounding reveal physical and moral incivilities linked with the fear of crime, and that most of the people who fear crime doesn’t feel capable of dealing with crime situations, and that these persons can’t see any other people help them in a danger situation.

International audience; Crime and insecurity have been major political issues in France during the past 20 years, and especially during the presidential election campaign of 2002. This survey focuses on empirically based social science that is relevant to these issues. Key themes are crime trends and the influence of incivilities and of fear of crime. The political debate about crime and crime reduction since the 1970s is described and analysed. The paper describes and critically assesses the various measures of the crime phenomenon (vital statistics, victim surveys, self-report studies) and summarizes the information provided by these measures at various times. The various societal responses to crime and insecurity are reviewed, including police work (and police reform), incarceration trends, social prevention and the new partnerships at a local level. Moves to decentralize policy and practice in the field of control and prevention of crime are discussed. Finally, key publications, centres of criminological research and sources of funding are reviewed.; La délinquance et l'insécurité ont constitué un enjeu politique essentiel durant les 20 dernières années, et particulièrement durant l'élection présidentielle de 2002. Cet état de la littérature est focalisé sur les travaux de sciences sociales qui ont une assise empirique et qui sont pertinents sur ce sujet. Les thèmes essentiels abordés sont : les tendances délinquantes, l'influence des incivilités et du sentiment d'insécurité. Le débat politique qui a eu lieu depuis les années soixante-dix est présenté et analysé. L'article décrit et évalue de manière critique les mesures disponibles de la délinquance et la criminalité (statistiques sanitaires, de police, enquêtes sur les victimes et les auteurs). Il résume l'information tirée de ces sources. Les différentes réponses sociales à la délinquance et l'insécurité sont passées en revue, et notamment le travail de la police (ainsi que sa réforme), les tendances concernant les entrées en prison, la prévention sociale et les nouveaux partenariats locaux. Les évolutions qui tendent à décentraliser les politiques publiques dans le domaine de l'ordre public et de la prévention sont discutées. Enfin, les publications clés, les centres de recherche en criminologie et les sources de financement sont présentés.