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Descreveram-se os sinais clínicos e achados anatomopatológicos da intoxicação crônica por cobre em um ovino da raça Texxel e definiu-se a conduta diagnóstica correta para confirmação da enfermidade. Um ovino foi encaminhado ao setor de patologia com histórico de apatia, hemoglobinúria e morte em dois a três dias. No exame necroscópico, observaram-se icterícia e edema subcutâneo, fígado aumentado de volume e amarelado e rins escuros. No exame histológico, observaram-se necrose zonal aleatória e acentuada no fígado, necrose epitelial tubular, gotas hialinas e cilindros marrom-alaranjados em túbulos coletores dos rins. O histórico alimentar, a sensibilidade de espécie/raça, o quadro clínico, as alterações macroscópicas e microscópicas sugeriram o quadro de intoxicação crônica por cobre. A confirmação diagnóstica somente foi possível após a marcação de pigmentos de cobre pela técnica histoquímica de Ulzmann e pela quantificação de cobre em matéria seca de fígado e rins, cujos valores foram mais altos que o normal.The present work describes the clinical signs and anatomopathological findings of chronic copper toxicities in a Texxel breed sheep and defines the optimal diagnostic procedure for confirmation of the disorder. A sheep was sent to pathology analysis service with a history of apathy, hemoglobinuria and death within two to three days. Necropsy showed jaundice and subcutaneous edema, enlarged yellow liver and dark kidneys. The histologic examination showed random zonal necrosis, marked necrosis in the liver and tubular epithelial and orange-brown spotted hyaline cylinders in the collecting tubules of the kidneys. The dietary history, sensitivity of species/breed, clinical, macroscopic and microscopic alterations suggested the framework of chronic copper poisoning. Diagnostic confirmation was only possible after staining copper pigments trough the Ulzmann technique and quantification of copper in the dry liver and kidney, which were higher than normal levels.

The aim of this study was determined compared between morphological features and histological structures in the liver of two species of birds that differ in their classification and food habitat by using light microscope.This birds were domestic fowl (Gallus Gallus ), common moorhen(Gallinula chloropus ).Twenty birds were used to conduct the current study. These birds were collected from common markets at Basrah province. Themorphologicalresultshowed the liverin both species was large and bilobed organ.It was consist of two parts (right lobe was larger thenleft lobe).the left lobe issubdivided into two parts .The histological structure of the organ consist of several lobules separated from each other by tiny trabeculae of connective tissue and was covered by connective tissue capsule.The liver tissue composed of hepatic cells and blood sinusoidsin two species of birds.Thebasic unit of liver is hepatocyte which arranged in plates that radiated around the central vein and between these cords there is sinusoids lined by alayer of fenestrated endothelial cells and Kupffer's cells. The histochemical result revealed that the hepatocyte in the two species of birds were weakly positive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS) while they were positive to bromophenol blue reaction(MBB).

ABSTRACT The present study carried out to explore the anatomical morphology and histological structure, as well as some histochiemical aspects of the retina in Mabuya aurata lizard which is a carnivorous animal. On the other hand to investigate the retinal specializations with respect to nutritional nature. The result showed anatomically there was retinal thickness variation. The dorsal retina more thicker than the ventral one. On the other hand there was thickness variations in the same region (ventral or dorsal). Histologically the retinal pigment epithelial cells appeared as low cuboidal cells with polyhedral shape in cross section and stained positively with Alacian blue PH=1.One type of rod and tow types of cones (single & double) were appeared. The cone ratio was 77% while the rod 13%.The density of rods and cones differ in the different parts of the retina. PAS stain showed the parabloid in the cone and oil droplet also appeared. The thickness of outer nuclear layer also varied. The distinct feature of the retina in this animal was the thickness of inner nuclear layer which also varied. The outer and inner plexiform layers also showed thickness variations. The interplexiform cells appeared in the inner plexiform layer which seldom appeared in the vertebrates. The ganglion cells organized in 1-6 rows, on the other hand the ganglion cells nuclei showed variation in shape, volume and stains affinity. No secondary papillae appeared in the visual disc. The most important retinal specializations were the appearance of two foveae, the deep convexiclivate centrodorsal one and the 2 nd shallow concave dorsotemporal fovea, This is a seldom state in the lizards. The other specialization was the dorsal area centrales at which the retinal layers more thicker. The retina a vascular, but a highly vascular conus papillaris, which extend in the vitreous chamber, appeared. This structure restricted in the lizards only. I can Conclude that in the M.aurata lizard there were a unique anatomical and histological features which indicate that this animal Posses visual a cuity, high resolution power and sensitivity. These features classify this lizard diurnal in activity, in contrast with most other lizards which are nocturnal.

The objective of this investigation was to study the histological and histochemical structure of the Harderian gland in native chickens. Samples were obtained from 10 male and 10 female adult healthy native chickens. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin eosin, Verhoeff's, Masson's trichrome, alcian blue (pH 2.5), periodic acid-Schiff and Gomori's method for reticulum. The multilobular Harderian gland of native chickens was covered by a thin connective tissue which consisted of adipose tissue, parasympathetic ganglia, nerve bundles, collagen, elastic and reticular fibres. Plasma cells were present in interlobular areas. The Harderian gland was compound tubulo-alveolar type. The Harderian duct was lined by columnar epithelial cells of varying height. Goblet cells were not found in Harderian duct. Histochemical staining revealed that the all epithelial cells of both corpus glandulae and ducts contained both neutral and acidic mucins. No significant sex-based differences were found. It is concluded that the general histological and histochemical structure of the Harderian gland in native chickens is similar to that of domestic geese, but that there are also some differences.

Some adult eusocial bees have a pair of cephalic salivary glands (CSG) in addition to the thoracic labial or salivary gland pairs. This paper deals with variations in morphological features and secretion production of the CSG of females and males of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 and Scaptotrigona postica Latreille, 1807. The following life stages were studied: newly emerged, nurse, and forager workers; newly emerged and egg-laying queens; and newly emerged and sexually mature males. The histological results showed that the CSG differs between the two species in the following features: while alveoli and duct cells are cuboidal in workers and queens of A. mellifera, they change from cuboidal to flat in S. postica as the workers age. The glands of newly emerged males and females of A. mellifera are similar. However, as males become sexually mature, glands degenerate and practically disappear. The secretion from the glands of females of both species is oleaginous and gradually accumulates in the lumen of the alveoli in the beginning of the adult phase. Consequently, forager workers and egg-laying queens exhibit more turgid alveoli than younger individuals. Sudan black and Nile's blue staining indicated that the CSG secretion consists of neutral lipids. The possible role of gland secretion is discussed taking in account tasks performed by the individuals in the particular phases studied.

Abstract The current study is the first one, at least, in Mosul University, and perhaps, in other universities in Iraq, being a new topic, the sinus gland. Furthermore, an original and successful method was found and used to overcome an old and difficult problem regarding the sectioning of the eyestalks which are covered by a thick, hard and calcified cuticle that causes destruction of the sections. Five histological and nine histochemical staining techniques were employed. The results have clearly shown the presence of only one sinus gland in each eyestalk. It is an elongated ellipsoid structure, dorsoventral in position and composed of four principal elements, the capsule, axon terminals, stromal tissues, and blood sinuses and vessels. Four patterns of neurosecretory granules were distinguished and classified according to certain basic criteria.

Sugarcane vinasse is one of the main residues generated by the transformation of cane into ethanol. Because of the high organic content (COD), high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), low pH, the large amount that this residue is generated (15 l for every liter of ethanol produced) and their use as fertilizer on the sugarcane crop, this residue is potentially polluting to the soil ecossystem and by percolation to water ecossystem too. Thus, this study aimed to assess the toxicity of vinasse by analyzing Oreochromis niloticus gills exposed to different dilutions (1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%) in two bioassays. The gills were collected, fixed and analyzed using ultra morphological, histological, and histochemical techniques. After exposure to the vinasse, a statistically significant reduction of the ridges present on the surface of pavimentous cells was observed in one of the bioassays; such structures are responsible for mucus retention, which helps to protect the tissue. In addition, an intumescence of the cells was observed in the treatments with vinasse as well as an increase in the amount of chloridric cells. Some striking tissue changes detected in the treatments were epithelial detachment and loss of integrity of secondary lamellae, causing their rupture and consequent hemorrhage. In the first bioassay, the amount of these changes was statistically significant at the 5% dilution, and the focus of hemorrhage was significant at all dilution ratios. In the second bioassay, the epithelial disorganization was statistically significant only at the 2.5% dilution of vinasse. Moreover, for both bioassays performed, a significant increase in mucous cells was observed when compared with the control. Our results demonstrate the toxic action of sugarcane vinasse, which caused histopathological changes in the exposed animals at all four dilution tested. This highlights the need for caution in the disposal of sugarcane vinasse on the soil, especially due to its capacity for being leached or percolated into water resources, which could seriously damage aquatic fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Study, Toxoplasma gondii was diagnosed and isolated successfully from domestic (Stray) cats at Mosul city, Iraq using Latex test and the flotation method of fecal material. The study also included experimental induction of the condition by giving orally oocysts of T. gondii to albino mice at a dose of 1000 sporulated oocysts and leaving the mice for 14 days. All infected mice (15 with tissue cysts) were fed to 8 cats negative for latex and fecal flotation method. The pathogenesis of the isolated T. gondii has been followed through daily fecal examination which indicated the presence of oocysts at the 5 th post infection (p. i.) day. Postmortem examination of 2 cats was done at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days p. i. with preparation of histological section from the intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and brain. Additionally, histological techniques were done for the intestines and liver. Clinical sings were not seen in cats infected experimentally. Grossly, multifocal areas of necrosis and severe congestion were seen most prominently in the brain. Histiochemically, there was an increase in mucopolysaccharide in the intestine and in glycogen infiltration in hepatic cells.

In this study, possibility of using Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) fish skins as a new and alternative raw material source for leather industry was investigated. The structural and chemical properties of fish skins have a high impact on the preparation of special production recipes and the manufacturing of high performance valuable fish leathers. For this purpose, characteristic properties of Skipjack Tuna fish skins were evaluated by histological, histochemical and chemical methods. The chemical characteristics of fish skins were determined by analyzing fat content (%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (%), hide substance (%), volatile matter (%), total ash (%) and fatty acid methyl esters and total amino acid content through instrumental analysis. Histological and histochemical analyses were carried out by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Van Gieson staining techniques. As a result of histological and histochemical investigations, fish skins were found thin and tough due to their surface characteristics, had less collagen content compared to other raw materials commonly used in leather industry and the fibers were orientated in parallel but opposite to striated muscles differently from the other skins. Besides, the fat content, Kjeldahl nitrogen, hide substance, volatile matter and total ash of Katsuwonus pelamis fish skins were found 24.47±1.76%, 10.20±0.28%, 57.32±1.55%, 37.33±4.01% and 1.23±0.0002% respectively. The results of the study revealed that Katsuwonus pelamis fish skins could be an alternative raw material to be used in the production of high value added luxury leathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of gender on the histological and histochemical structures of different anatomical regions of the kidney in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Tissue samples from cranial, middle and caudal divisions of each kidney were obtained from 20 male and 20 female adult, healthy Japanese quail. The sections stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H & E), Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff's, Alcian blue (pH 2.5), Periodic acid-Schiff, and Gomori's method for reticulum. Unusual findings of the kidney in Japanese quail were the presence of three types of nephrons, all the connective tissue fibers in capsule and interlobular septa and AB-reactions of the proximal convoluted cells. No significant sexbased differences were found. The various histological structures of the kidney showed no significant differences among different divisions of the left and right kidneys. It is concluded that the general histological and histochemical properties of the kidney in Japanese quail were similar to those of chickens and some other species, but that there were also some differences. One of the major differences was brush border of interdigitating microvilli on luminal surface of collecting ducts in Japanese quail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This projevt was undertaken to detect histovhemically the different types of carbohydrates in a recently described species of caryophyllid, Khawia grypi sp. N. using four techniques namely, periodic – Schiff reaction (PAS), Alcian blue (AB) technique (both at Ph 205 AND 1) AND Bests carmine (BC) technique. Tegument reacted intensely with (PAS), and moderately with (AB) (both Ph 2.5, and I) and negatively reactev by using (BC) . The muscle bundles were intensely reacted when using (BC) and negatively reacteve when using (AB) (Ph 2.5). The mesenchymal tissue was intensely to moderately reacted in the three techniques except (AB) (at Ph1). The excretory canals were just positively reacted except the reaction was negatively reacteve when using (AB) (Ph2.5). It has been concluded from the preset study that the Carbohydrates which were detected in the body wall contribute in protection, movement, absorption, and storage of energy, and the mesenchyma is the main site for the storage and distribution and metabolism of carbohydrates.

The aim of this work was to explore the different types of carbohydrates histochemically in the trachea of local Awase sheep and to compare it with that of the local black goat. Ten tracheas from each sheep and goat were used for this study. Different histochemical methods were used to explore types and locations of carbohydrates in trachea’s wall of both animals. It was observed that the amount of mucus secreted from the anterior third of trachea was comparatively greater than that of the middle and posterior thirds due to its higher content of tracheal glands and goblet cells. The carbohydrate histochemistry of different constituents of the trachea showed that there was no noticeable difference between the two studied species. However, the glycogen was found in a greater amount in goat's trachea in comparison to sheep. The goblet cells and the mucous secretory units of the trachea showed a considerable amount of carboxylated glycoprotein together with a little amount of other forms of carbohydrates. The mucus that covers the lumen of the trachea contained almost all the carbohydrate substances with the exception of neutral glycoproteins. Chondrocytes contain glycogen, sulphated and neutral glycoproteins but didn't show any form of GAGs, whereas, the territorial matrix of the cartilage contains a mixture of carboxylated and sulphated GAGs with the predominance of the latter, but glycoproteins could not be detected. The interterritorial matrix contained mainly carboxylated glycosaminoglycans together with a little amount of glycoproteins. The columnar cells and the basal surface epithelial cells showed no reaction to any form of carbohydrates.

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Centronuclear myopathy is a rare congenital myopathy. According to the period of onset of signs and symptoms and the degree of muscular involvement three clinical forms are distinguished: severe neonatal; childhood onset; and adult onset. We describe herein the muscle biopsy findings of ten patients with the childhood onset form of the disease including three cases with ultrastructural study. The biopsies disclosed increased nuclear centralization that varied from 25 to 90% of the fibers, type 1 predominance, great variability in fiber diameters, involvement in the internal fiber's architecture, and focal areas of myofilament disorganization. The main histopathologic differential diagnoses included type I fiber predominance, congenital fiber type disproportion, and myotonic dystrophy. The histologic abnormalities in centronuclear myopathy may be due to an arrest of maturation on the fetal myotubular stage. The cause of this arrest remains elusive.A miopatia centronuclear (MCN) é uma forma rara de miopatia congênita. De acordo com a época do início dos sinais e sintomas e com o grau de envolvimento muscular são distinguidas três formas clínicas: forma neonatal severa; forma de início na infância; e de início na vida adulta. São apresentados neste estudo os achados histopatológicos de dez pacientes portadores da forma de início na infância da MCN. Os fragmentos musculares foram processados através de colorações de rotina e histoquímica, e em três casos foi realizado estudo ultraestrutural. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destacou-se o aumento da centralização nuclear na fibra muscular, que variou de 25 a 90%. Adicionalmente, foram observadas predominância de fibras do tipo I, variabilidade entre o diâmetro das fibras musculares, alterações da arquitetura interna das fibras musculares e presença de áreas focais de desorganização dos miofilamentos. Devido a estes aspectos, os principais diagnósticos diferenciais considerados foram as miopatias por predominância de fibras e por desproporção de fibras, e a distrofia miotônica. As anormalidades histológicas observadas na MCN podem ser devidas a uma parada no processo maturacional do músculo esquelético na fase miotubular fetal. A causa deste defeito ainda permanece sem explicação completa.

The aim of the present study was to determine the histological structure and histochemical properties of the pancreatic ducts in the goose Anser anser. Pancreatic ducts of 6 male and 6 female geese were examined. Crossman's triple stain and Masson's trichrome stain were used for histological examination, and periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff/alcian blue, and aldehyde fuchsin/alcian blue stainings were performed for histochemical examination. Dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts were found that transfer pancreatic secretion into the duodenum of the goose, and these channels were found to have a histologically similar structure. No differences were detected between male and female geese. Duct wall was observed to consist of mucosa, muscle, and adventitial layers. In addition to dark principal, light and basal cells were observed in a simple columnar epithelium layer lining the duct. Glands, including centroacinar cells, were also detected in all layers of duct. Furthermore, lymphoid follicles were observed in the connective tissue of the mucosa. Sulfated and carboxylated mucosubstance-secreting cells were found in the duct as well as neutral, acidic, and mixed mucosubstance-secreting cells. We conclude that the results of our study may contribute to future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of low-intensity Helium-Neon laser irradiation on wound healing in clinical open wounds on bovine calves was evaluated. 1cm2 of healing tissue was collected aseptically on day 10th, 20m and 30,h (4 calves at each interval in both groups) post treatment and subjected to histological and histochemical studies for assessing the influence of low level laser therapy on rate of wound healing. Histological studies showed intense proliferation of mature fibroblast and reduced cellular infiltration along with extensive neovascularisation in laser treated group of calves as compared to control group. Histochemical studies revealed that deposition of collagen, elastin, reticulin fibers along with mucopolysaccharide was more in laser irradiated group as compared to control group calves. It was concluded that laser irradiation is beneficial for wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous mucus is the first physical and chemical barrier of fish. This slime layer is secreted by mucous cells located in the epidermis and is mainly composed of glycoproteins that have their origin in the diet. Therefore, food deprivation can potentially change the abundance and glucidic nature of skin mucous cells, thus changing the mucus properties. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Changes in the number and glucidic nature of epidermal mucus cells were analysed using standard techniques. The outcome of this study shows that food deprivation caused a rapid decrease in the density of epidermal mucous cells in Atlantic salmon. Lectin histochemistry revealed a change in the presence and stainability of some sugar residues in the mucous cells of unfed fish compared with fed fish. Given that the primary reason for mucus secretion in fish is for protection against infections, we speculate that the changes in the mucus properties caused by nutritional stress may affect their disease resistance. This fact is particularly important for fish that spend a period of time deprived of food, either as a part of their natural life cycle, or as part of farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a high rate of chronicity and concerns 170 million individuals worldwide. Extrahepatic manifestations are frequently observed in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Although extrahepatic manifestations do exist with all hepatitis viruses, they are more commonly associated with chronic HCV infection. This study aimed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of chronic HCV infection on the coronal tissue of the human dental pulp. Methods: Thirty sound impacted teeth were obtained from healthy individuals as healthy controls. The patient group included another 30 sound impacted teeth obtained from chronic HCV–infected patients. The coronal pulp tissues were carefully removed, fixed, and processed to be stained with hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue (2.5)/periodic acid–Schiff, van Gieson, and fibronectin. Results: The tissue sections of chronic HCV patients revealed disorganized pulp tissue, chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate, thickening, stenosis and occlusion of large-sized blood vessel arteriole, and collapsed venule and lymphatic system. The acidic, neutral, and mixed mucins were increased, whereas the amount of collagen was decreased, accompanied with marked decrease in the distribution and quantity of fibronectin glycoprotein. Application of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there were statistically significant changes between the 2 groups (P ≤ .05). Conclusions: The coronal tissue of the dental pulp, like any other body tissues, is affected by chronic HCV infection, with an inappropriate cellularity, vasculature, and extracellular matrix proteins. The clinician should be alerted to these histologic changes and their subsequent implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The current work aimed to investigate the different toxic effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in subchronic exposure. Two groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to CPF alone in a dose of 30mg/kg body weight, or CPF dose as previous plus glutathione (GSH) in a dose of 100mg/kg body weight, for 90 days, twice weekly, orally. Another two groups of rat were given corn oil (control) or GSH. There is a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration, haematocrit percentage, thrombocytic indices, total protein and albumin levels in CPF-exposed group. CPF induced hyperglycemia and significant increase in total cholesterol, but a significant decrease in triglyceride levels was obtained. A significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation was obtained while a significant decrease of the total antioxidant was recorded. The decrease in glycogen content and some histopathological changes were observed in liver after CPF exposure. Furthermore, co-administration of GSH can restore some of these alterations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this investigation was to study the histological and histochemical structure of the Harderian gland in native chickens. Samples were obtained from 10 male and 10 female adult healthy native chickens. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin eosin, Verhoeff's, Masson's trichrome, alcian blue (pH 2.5), periodic acid-Schiff and Gomori's method for reticulum. The multilobular Harderian gland of native chickens was covered by a thin connective tissue which consisted of adipose tissue, parasympathetic ganglia, nerve bundles, collagen, elastic and reticular fibres. Plasma cells were present in interlobular areas. The Harderian gland was compound tubulo-alveolar type. The Harderian duct was lined by columnar epithelial cells of varying height. Goblet cells were not found in Harderian duct. Histochemical staining revealed that the all epithelial cells of both corpus glandulae and ducts contained both neutral and acidic mucins. No significant sex-based differences were found. It is concluded that the general histological and histochemical structure of the Harderian gland in native chickens is similar to that of domestic geese, but that there are also some differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Chitosan is an antilipidemic dietary supplement used as a diet aide. The present study investigated the effect of sex–toxicity relationship between male and female mice orally given two dose levels (150 and 300mg/kg) for 35days. Chitosan treatment caused significant elevation in transaminases (ALT, AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and in serum urea and creatinine in dose dependent manner; no sex differences between-treated groups. Lipid profile parameters significantly decreased and significant increase in glycolytic enzymes activities in all treatment groups. Female mice treated with chitosan (300mg/kg) had significant reduction in lipid profile parameters than the same dose of male group. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities significantly enhanced without sex differences, while glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and hexokinase (HK) significantly elevated in the higher dose of females than male. Histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues showed moderate to severe histopathological changes depend on the dose and gender difference. Image analysis resulted significant depletion in glycogen and protein contents especially in female more than male. These results indicated that female mice were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chitosan than males when administered with the higher dose for a long period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment and exposure through food and water as well as occupational sources can constitute a potential threat to human health. The mechanisms of heavy metal damage include the production of free radicals that alter mitochondrial activity, affecting cellular types like neurons and muscular fibres. We examined whether rats exposed subchronically via drinking water to low doses of heavy metals can produce alterations in muscle. Results showed that the proportion of ragged red fibres increased in muscle of rats exposed to lead and thallium, likewise slight changes in enzymatic activity of muscular fibres were also observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study on the effect of Deprenyl, a highly specific monoamine oxidase beta-inhibitor, on lipofuscin accumulation in rat brain. It is stated in the study that the free radical theory of aging suggests that the cellular membrane is damaged by free radicals, leading to a accelerated aging and even death. It notes that lipofuscin accumulates with age and monoamine oxidase beta-inhibitors reduce hydroxyl radicals. Details on the research methodology used are also included.

Abstract: This research was carried out on seven Damascus goats, to study the relationship between milk production, during advancing lactation, and the changes in secretory mammary cells frequency and cellular activity. Biopsies were obtained from the mammary gland at the three stages of lactation, early, mid and late, for histological and histochemical studies. The histological structures of the mammary gland showed clear differences between lactation stages—being more developed in the early and the mid stages, compared to the late stage of lactation. The number of the alveolar secretory cells increased from the early to the mid stage of lactation by 12.9% and then was reduced at the late stage by 35.9% from that at the mid stage. The milk yield increased by 51.3% from the early to the mid stage, and then was reduced at the late stage by 71.4% from that of the mid stage. The total sectional areas of plate equal to 1.22mm2/plate of the alveoli were the smallest during late lactation (0.36mm2/plate) compared to that during the early and the mid stage of lactation (0.50 and 1.17mm2/plate, respectively). Numerous loci of alkaline phosphatase enzyme (AP) were apparent on the outer surface of the alveolar secretory cells at the early and the mid stages of lactation—suggesting that this enzyme plays an important physiological role in the apical membrane of the alveolar epithelial cells during lactation. Dense protein staining of these cells as well as increased frequency of DNA expression denote great development and increased numbers of these cells at early and mid stages of lactation. This was accompanied by a high level of milk secretion reaching 939.3±130 and 1421.4±123.4ml/head/day, respectively. In contrast, at the late stage of lactation, the size of alveoli was reduced and few alveoli showed weak AP activity, weak protein manifestation and the lowest frequency of DNA loci. This coincided with the reduction in milk yield (407ml/head/day). It could be concluded that the stages of the lactation influence the cell number and activity of the mammary parenchyma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this investigation was to study morphological aspects of the Harderian, paraorbital, gland in domestic geese. Tissues were obtained from 9 male and 9 female adult domestic geese and processed for light microscopy. Tissue sections were stained with Mallory's trichrome, silver impregnation, methyl green-pyronin, periodic acid Schiff, alcian blue (pH 2.5), alcian blue/periodic acid Schiff (pH 2.5) and Sudan black B staining techniques. Results revealed the Harderian gland of domestic geese was covered by a capsule, which contributed trabeculae that divide the organ into lobes and lobules. The glandular epithelium was multilobular, compound tubuloalveolar. The secretion of Harderian gland was mucous and the secretion type was apocrine; the gland emptied to the inner surface of the nicticating membrane by a single duct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We evaluated the inhibition of striatal cholinesterase activity following intracerebral administration of paraoxon assaying activity either in tissue homogenates ex vivo or by substrate hydrolysis in situ. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or paraoxon in aCSF was infused unilaterally (0.5 μl/min for 2 h) and ipsilateral and contralateral striata were harvested for ChE assay ex vivo. High paraoxon concentrations were needed to inhibit ipsilateral striatal cholinesterase activity (no inhibition at <0.1 mM; 27% at 0.1 mM; 79% at 1 mM paraoxon). With 3 mM paraoxon infusion, substantial ChE inhibition was also noted in contralateral striatum. ChE histochemistry generally confirmed these concentration- and side-dependent effects. Microdialysates collected for up to 4 h after paraoxon infusion inhibited ChE activity when added to striatal homogenate, suggesting prolonged efflux of paraoxon. Since paraoxon efflux could complicate acetylcholine analysis, we evaluated the effects of paraoxon (0, 0.03, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 μM, 1.5 μl/min for 45 min) administered by reverse dialysis through a microdialysis probe. ChE activity was then monitored in situ by perfusing the colorimetric substrate acetylthiocholine through the same probe and measuring product (thiocholine) in dialysates. Concentration-dependent inhibition was noted but reached a plateau of about 70% at 1 μM and higher concentrations. Striatal acetylcholine was below the detection limit at all times with 0.1 μM paraoxon but was transiently elevated (0.5–1.5 h) with 10 μM paraoxon. In vivo paraoxon (0.4 mg/kg, sc) in adult rats elicited about 90% striatal ChE inhibition measured ex vivo, but only about 10% inhibition measured in situ. Histochemical analyses revealed intense AChE and glial fibrillary acidic protein staining near the cannula track, suggesting proliferation of inflammatory cells/glia. The findings suggest that ex vivo and in situ cholinesterase assays can provide very different views into enzyme–inhibitor interactions. Furthermore, the proliferation/migration of cells containing high amounts of cholinesterase just adjacent to a dialysis probe could affect the recovery and thus detection of extracellular acetylcholine in microdialysis studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents the results of a study which investigated whether the muscles of overfed rats adapted differently to training than those of normally fed rats. The experimental protocol involved two diets, two swimming regimes, and a sedentary control group. The histochemical and morphological properties of the rats' gastrocnemius and heart muscles were analyzed, and the differences which were found are discussed.

Abstract: Cytochrome oxidase (CYO) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining density varies across the cortical layers in many sensory areas. The laminar variations likely reflect differences between the layers in levels of metabolic activity and cholinergic modulation. The question of whether these laminar variations differ between primary sensory cortices has never been systematically addressed in the same set of animals, since most studies of sensory cortex focus on a single sensory modality. Here, we compared the laminar distribution of CYO and AChE activity in the primary auditory, visual, and somatosensory cortices of the mouse, using Nissl-stained sections to define laminar boundaries. Interestingly, for both CYO and AChE, laminar patterns of enzyme activity were similar in the visual and somatosensory cortices, but differed in the auditory cortex. In the visual and somatosensory areas, staining densities for both enzymes were highest in layers III/IV or IV and in lower layer V. In the auditory cortex, CYO activity showed a reliable peak only at the layer III/IV border, while AChE distribution was relatively homogeneous across layers. These results suggest that laminar patterns of metabolic activity and cholinergic influence are similar in the mouse visual and somatosensory cortices, but differ in the auditory cortex. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aim of the work: The present study aimed to compare between the anatomy, histology and histochemistry of two species belonging to two different families namely Muridae and Dipodidae. Muridae is the largest family of rodents in the world; it is represented in this work by fat sand rat Psammomys obesus. Four-toed jerboa Allactaga tetradactyla represents the other family, Dipodidae. Psammomys obesus lives in coastal presaharan region; the preferred habitat is saline marshes and wadis where halophytic plants were abundant. However, Allactaga tetradactyla, inhabites the salt marshes and clay desert areas of coastal plains. Material and methods: The investigated animals were collected from desert, weighed and transferred alive to the laboratory in separate cages then anaesthetized with ether, after which they were carefully dissected, organs are taken out and prepared for the histological and histochemical studies. The nucleocytoplasmic index of liver cells was calculated, kidney weighed and the relative thickness of cortex, outer and inner medulla was measured and total glomerular number was recorded. Results: The liver, as in mammalian species, is consists of five separate lobes. The mitotic index of Psammomys obesus is smaller than that found in Allactaga tetradactyla. This may be due to the increased activity of Allactaga tetradactyla. In the kidney, the cortex is classified into three regions namely superficial, midcortical and juxtamedullary zones. Both number and diameter of glomeruli, glomerular volume and relative glomerular blood volume is greater in Psammomys obesus than that in Allactaga tetradactyla. Conclusion: These observations indicate the ability of Psammomys obesus to produce highly concentrated urine than that of Allactaga tetradactyla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to characterize the distribution of myofibers in the gluteus medius muscle of inactive horses of the Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) breed at different ages by means of histochemical analyses, according to sex and depth of the biopsy. A total of 78 inactive horses (9 castrated males, 35 stallions, and 34 females) of the BH breed, aged 1 to 4 years, were used. A percutaneous muscle biopsy was obtained with a 6.0-mm Bergström-type needle, which allowed the removal of muscle fragments at depths of 20 and 60 mm. Myofiber types were determined based on myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) and nicotinamide dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) techniques. Morphometry of the fibers was determined based on cross-sectional area (CSA), mean frequency (F), and relative cross-sectional area (RCSA). The current study demonstrated that BH horses 3 and 4 years of age show a greater percentage of, and area occupied by, type IIA fibers and lower percentage of type IIX fibers in the gluteus medius muscle compared with horses 1 and 2 years of age. No difference was found between sexes in the frequency of and area occupied by the different fiber types at any of the depths and ages studied. In this study, females showed a greater CSA for all fibers in comparison with males, at 1 year of age. The results of the current study indicate that the gluteus medius muscle of inactive BH horses shows modifications in its structural and biochemical composition during the growth of the animals, leading to a better oxidative capacity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mesotheliomas are uncommon neoplasms that arise from the cells forming the serosal membranes of the body cavities. Approximately 90–95% of mesotheliomas arise in the pleural cavity and 5–10% in the peritoneal cavity. Rare mesotheliomas arise in the pericardium and in the tunica vaginalis. Unlike many neoplasms, mesotheliomas grow in a diffuse distribution and tend to encase the organs in the various body cavities. A combination of histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features are often necessary to accurately diagnose mesotheliomas. These techniques are highlighted in this review article on mesothelioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the p63 gene in normal human tooth buds at different gestational stages. This is the first detailed study of p63 expression in normal human prenatal tooth primordia. The material consisted of sections of the midaxial tissue block from the cranial base of three human fetuses of gestational ages (GA) 11, 15, and 21 weeks. The sections included tooth primordia representing cap stages and bell stages of human tooth morphogenesis. In the present study, immunostaining was carried out using the primary antibody, monoclonal mouse anti human p63 protein, clone 4A4. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin Mayer. p63 immunoreactivity was identified by microscopy. The study showed a positive reaction of p63 in both the cap stage and the bell stage. In both stages, positivity was observed in the cells of the oral mucosa, the inner and outer enamel epithelium, and in the primary and secondary dental lamina. In the early cap stage, there is a strong positive reaction to p63 in the enamel knot, but not in the late cap stage. We suggest that p63 may have an important regulatory function in the enamel knot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terfezia claveryi ascocarps present a fully latent tyrosinase, whose activity can be measured only after activation with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or trypsin. The effect of SDS concentration on tyrosinase activity is represented by a sigmoidal curve, while activation shows a hyperbolic response. The progress curves obtained when the reaction was started by the addition of low amounts of trypsin or SDS revealed a lag phase. The stability of T. claveryi tyrosinase with both activating agents was also studied, and different profiles were obtained for trypsin and SDS. The first in vivo evidence that SDS activation of tyrosinase is a reversible process in contrast with the irreversibility of trypsin activation is reported in this paper for the first time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Progression of the infection by host‐specific strains of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium arthrosporioides of Orobanche aegyptiaca (Egyptian broomrape) tubercles attached to tomato roots was tracked using light, confocal and electron microscopy. Mycelia transformed with the gene for green fluorescent protein were viewed using a confocal microscope. Fungal penetration was preceded by a rapid loss of starch, with approx. 10 % remaining at 9 h and no measurable starch at 24 h. Penetration into the Orobanche tubercles began by 12 h after inoculation. Hyphae penetrated the outer six cell layers by 24 h, reaching the centre of the tubercles by 48 h and infecting nearly all cells by 72 h. Most of the infected tubercles were dead by 96 h. Breakdown of cell walls and the disintegration of cytoplasm in and around the infected cells occurred between 48 and 96 h. Lignin‐like material increased in tubercle cells of infected tissues over time, but did not appear to be effective in limiting fungal penetration or spread. Callose, suberin, constitutive toxins and phytoalexins were not detected in infected tubercles, suggesting that there are no obvious defence mechanisms to overcome. Both Fusarium spp. pathogenic on Orobanche produced fumonisin‐like ceramide synthase inhibitors, while fusaric acid was produced only by F. oxysporum in liquid culture. The organisms do not have sufficient virulence for field use (based on glasshouse testing), suggesting that virulence should be transgenically enhanced or additional isolates sought. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The main objective to this study is to demonstrate certain aspects of pathological and histochomical changes in the lungs of rabbits experimentaly infected with P.aeruginosa . Twelve white Newzoland rabbits of 12-16 weeks old were used . they were randomaly divided into two groups. The first group (6 animals ) were given single intraperitoneal, dose of 108 CFU of P. aeruginosa . The second group (6 animals ) maintained as a control and was inoculated with 1 ml of sterial normal saline by the same route of the first group. All the animals were sacrificed on day three post – inoculation. The pathological exmination showed acute suppurative reaction in pulmonary tissue together with lymphocytic aggregation around airways and blood vessels. The histochomical study revealed that the granules of goblet cells and submucesal glands of the lung in normal rabbits were of neutral mucopolysaecharides and little sialomucin, these substances changed to sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide and sialomucin in the infected animals.

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bisphosphonates (BIS) or concentrated growth factors (CGF) or a combination of them on bone defect healing., Materials and Methods: Bone defects of 3-mm width and 6-mm depth were prepared in 24 rabbit tibias unilaterally, then randomly divided into the following four equal groups: 1. Group I: No treatment 2. Group II: Treated by BIS 3. Group III: Treated by CGF 4. Group IV: Treated by BIS + CGF Animals were equally sacrificed at 4 weeks, and at 6 weeks then tibias were processed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson's trichrome (MTC) staining. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey test and unpaired Student's t -test., Results: In group IV, the quality of newly formed bone was better than any other group with increased mineralization and decreased collagen, followed by group III, then group I, while group II showed the least favorable results. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between groups., Conclusion: Mixing BIS with CGF showed the best healing, and bone quality results, followed by CGF-treated group, then control, and finally, BIS-treated group., Clinical Significance: Using CGF as a scaffold and mixing it with BIS could help accelerate the healing of bone defects, reduce healing time, and minimize the risk of infection.

The pathological and histochemical changes inthe lung of ten guinea pigs have been investigated after using viable Nocardia asteroides in a dose of 1.5*108 cfc, thebacteria was injected intrapulmonary. Lesions of pyogranuloma were developed. Histochemical studies showed that the granules of goblet cells and mucos glands of lung contain a mixture of neutral and sialomucin normal animal , these types of mucin changed to sialomucin and sulfomucin inthe infected animals.

We have studied the morphological aspects of a thirty-six week gestational age placenta in the Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome of Finnish type. The study, conducted with histological, histochemical, morphometric and ultrastructural methods, demonstrates the presence of primary disorders of placentation consisting of persistent embryonic villi, arrested ramification and chorionangiomatosis. The villous development is compatible with the first-second trimester of pregnancy. Vasculo-syncytial membranes are quantitatively increased. Histochemical findings document placental immaturity further: Perls' reaction was positive for the trophoblast basement membrane (this is normally not observed beyond the second trimester), Alcian Blue positivity at pH 1 was also evident and was observed in three month gestational age placentae and in controls. Periodic Acid Silver Methenamine and Thioaldehyde Fuchsin documented abnormal thickenings of the trophoblast basement membrane. Electron microscopic observation reveals that the trophoblast basement membrane is thickened. Osmiophilic bodies are distributed throughout the trophoblast basement membrane and also within the basement membrane like material. Abundant microfibrils are present in the villous stroma. Lamination of basement membrane like material is observed in a subendothelial position. On the basis of their findings and in conjunction with the data in the literature regarding biochemical alterations of renal glomerular basement membranes in Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Finnish type, the Authors suggest that a primitive membranopathy forms the basis for this pathological condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demonstration of histochemical characteristics in calcifying cartilage is fraught with methodological difficulties including the distinction of mineralized from unmineralized cartilage and the demonstration of cell detail in relatively hard tissue. This study uses the decalcified bone matrix-induced enchondral (endochondral) ossification system to demonstrate a technique of methylmethacrylate embedding, thin sections, and a combination of histochemical stains that distinguishes mineralized from unmineralized cartilage while preserving excellent cell detail. These techniques are applicable to other areas of enchondral ossification and are exemplified by the staining of growth plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1973 and 1988, 280 patients suspected of having Hirschsprung's disease were examined by rectal mucosal biopsies prepared by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Twelve of these patients were histologically diagnosed as having hypoganglionosis; rectal mucosal biopsies in all 12 showed the presence of a few small ganglia. Cases of hypoganglionosis were divided into three groups based on the findings of AChE-positive nerve fibers: type A: rectal suction biopsies taken in the neonatal period showed proliferation of AChE-positive nerve fibers similar to those seen in aganglionic bowel; type B: AChE-positive nerves were virtually absent from the lamina propria in the neonatal period, but during or after infancy there was moderate to severe proliferation of AChE-positive fibers in the lamina propria; type C: rectal mucosal biopsies performed even after infancy showed no proliferation of AChE-positive fibers in the lamina propria. An accurate diagnosis of type C can only be made by examination of the myenteric plexus in a full-thickness rectal biopsy specimen. On barium examination, definite caliber changes were seen in 7 cases, equivocal changes in 4 and none were seen in 1. Anorectal manometry showed an atypical rectosphincteric reflex in 5 cases and absent reflex in 7. Treatment depends on the degree of clinical symptoms and length of the involved segment of bowel and consists of a definitive pull-through operation or internal sphincter myectomy [2, 3]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]