Search

Adverse drug associated mucocutaneous reactions having a preponderance to occur above 1% include urticaria, angioedema, photosensitivity, fixed drug eruptions and Erythema Multiforme (EM). EM is an acute inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membranes that causes a variety of skin lesions-hence named ‘multiforme’. The aetiological spectrum of EM is wide and is attributed to infectious agents, drugs and food additives. EM is diagnosed based on stringent clinical findings which are pathognomic as microscopic evaluation carries least significance. We report a case of a 38-year-old male who presented with a complaint of severe oral & cutaneous lesions making him difficult to eat & drink. History revealed the usage of clove to get rid of tooth pain following which he developed ulcers in the mouth which made him to visit a general physician where he was administered gentamycin. Later on oral lesions worsened along with the emergence of dermal lesions. In the present case, based on the patient history, clove was found to be a probable aetiological agent and the condition was further precipitated owing to the administration of gentamycin. The patient was successfully treated with corticosteroids adhering to systemic corticosteroid administrative protocols and no remissions and exacerbations were noticed in a year follow up.

Inguinal hernia repair is a clean surgical procedure and SSI rate is generally below 2%. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely recommended, but it may be a good choice for institutions with high rates of wound infection (>5 %). Typical prophylaxis is the intravenous application of first or second generation cephalosporins before the skin incision. However, SSI rate remains more than 2% in many centers in spite of intravenous antibiotic prohylaxis. Even a 1% SSI rate may be unacceptable for the surgeons who specifically deal with hernia surgery. A hernia center targets to be a center of excellence not only in respect of recurrence rate but also for other postoperative outcomes, therefore a further measure is required for an excellent result regarding infection control. Topical gentamycin application in combination with preoperative single dose intravenous antibiotic may be a useful to obtain this perfect outcome. Data about this subject is not complete and high grade evidence has not been cumulated yet. Prospective randomized controlled trials can make our knowledge more solid about this subject and help the ssurgeons who seek perfect outcome regarding infection control in inguinal hernia surgery.

Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) most commonly presents in young men when hair follicles enter through damaged epithelium and cause an inflammatory reaction. This results in the formation of fistular tracts. We reviewed studies based on a shared cohort of patients who presented at German military hospitals with PSD. The effect of the morphology of the sinus, perioperative protocol, and aftercare of the surgical treatment on the recurrence of PSD were evaluated. The drainage of acute abscesses before surgery, the application of methylene blue during surgery and open wound treatment were generally found to reduce the recurrence rate. A positive family history, postoperative epilation and primary suture as the healing method were found to elevate the recurrence rate. Long-term follow up of over 15 years was found to be a vital component of patient care as only 60% of the overall recurrences recorded had taken place by year 5 postoperatively.

Background/Aims: The aminolycoside Gentamicin is a widely used antibiotic, applied in equine medicine. Despite its clinical use, concerns remain regarding the potential toxic side-effects, such as nephrotoxicity. Early detection of renal damage is critical in preclinical drug development. This study was aimed to determine whether kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) may be early indicators in the assessment of Gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: In our study, a model of Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats treated for up to 7 days at 50 or 100mg/kg/day was used to monitor the expressions of novel biomarkers of renal toxicity during the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). Additionally, biomarkers were assessed in human kidney proximal epithelial cells (HK-2) treated with Gentamicin for 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 or 48h in vitro. Results: Repeated administration of Gentamicin to rats for 1, 3, or 7 days resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in the expression of KIM-1 and NGAL. The expressions of the two biomarkers changed prior to renal tubule damage and increases in serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, suggesting their usefulness for predicting Gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in vivo. Conclusions: In contrast, no significant increase in the expression of the biomarker genes and proteins were evident in HK-2 cells after treated by Gentamycin for up to 48h, suggesting that they may not be suitable endpoints for sensitive detection of nephrotoxic effects in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Motility is a feature of many pathogens that contributes to the migration and dispersion of the infectious agent. Whether gentamycin has a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) on the swarming and swimming motility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine whether short-term pretreatment of sub-inhibitory concentrations of gentamycin alter motility of E. coli and the mechanisms involved therein. Methods: After exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations (0.8 μg/ml) of gentamicin, the swarming and swimming motility of E. coli was tested in semi-solid media. Real-time PCR was used to detect the gene expression of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The production of SDH and fumarate by E. coli pretreated with or without gentamycin was measured. Fumarate was added to swarming agar to determine whether fumarate could restore the swarming motility of E. coli. Results: After pretreatment of E. coli with sub-inhibitory concentrations of gentamycin, swarming motility was repressed in the absence of growth inhibition. The expression of all four subunits of SDH was down-regulated, and the intracellular concentration of SDH and fumarate, produced by E. coli, were both decreased. Supplementary fumarate could restore the swarming motility inhibited by gentamycin. A selective inhibitor of SDH (propanedioic acid) could strongly repress the swarming motility. Conclusion: Sub-inhibitory concentrations of gentamycin inhibits the swarming motility of E. coli. This effect is mediated by a reduction in cellular fumarate caused by down-regulation of SDH. Gentamycin may be advantageous for treatment of E. coli infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The intratympanic application of the ototoxic aminoglycoside gentamicin has shown promising results as an ablative treatment for vertigo associated with Ménière's disease. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intratympanic gentamicin and to specifically analyse the effect of this treatment on high and low hearing frequencies in patients with unilateral definite Ménière's disease. Method Subjects were treated with intratympanic gentamicin and were evaluated on vertigo, tinnitus, mean pure tone audiometry threshold and speech discrimination score. Subjects were followed for evaluation for up to 2 years after treatment. Results The number of vertigo spells per month decreased and subjects experienced less tinnitus. During follow up there was an increase of hearing loss in the low (0.25-, 0.5-, 1-kHz) frequency range (13.3 dB; p = 0.03). There was no significant increase of hearing loss in the high (2-, 4-, 8-kHz) frequency range. A clinically significant change in speech discrimination score was found in 50 % of the subjects. Conclusion Our results indicate that intratympanic gentamicin especially affects the mean pure tone audiometry threshold in the low frequency range, which may have clinical implications. Though many of our results are (statistically) substantial the study was limited by the small cohort size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop some novel molecules effective against antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Methods: A series of azomethines (SB-1 to SB-6) were synthesized from β-phenyl acrolein moiety. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their UV ultra-violet (UV) spectroscopy (λmax: 200 - 400 nm), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR, vibrational frequency: 500-4000 cm-1), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, chemical shift: 0 - 10 ppm), 13C NMR (chemical shift: 0 - 200 ppm), mass spectrometry (m/z values: 0 - 500) and carbon hydrogen nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The new compounds were screened for antibacterial activity by test-tube dilution and disc diffusion methods using gentamicin as reference standard. Results: The structures of azomethine were in full agreement with their spectral data. Among all the synthesized compounds, compounds SB-5 and SB-6 exhibited the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.5 μg/mL. At MIC of 250 μg/mL, all compounds SB-1 to SB-6 displayed significant antibacterial activity, compared to gentamycin (p < 0.05). SB-5 and SB-6 were active against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae; SB-3 was active against B. subtilis and S. aureus. SB-4 was active against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus while SB-1 and SB-2 were active against S. aureus. Conclusion: The synthesized compounds possess antibacterial activities compared to those of gentamycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Masquelet technique for the treatment of large bone defects consists of a 2-stage procedure. In the first stage, a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement spacer is inserted into the bony defect of a rat's femur and over a period of 2-4 weeks a membrane forms that encapsulates the defect/spacer. In a second operation the membrane is opened, the PMMA spacer is removed and the resulting cavity is filled with autologous bone. Different kinds of bone cements are available, with or without supplemental antibiotics. Both might influence the development and the characteristics of the induced membrane which might affect the bone healing response. Hence, this comparative study was performed to elucidate the effect of different bone cements with or without supplemental antibiotics on the development of an induced membrane in a critical size femur defect model in rats. A total of 72 male SD rats received a 10mm critical size defect of the femur which was stabilised by a plate osteosynthesis and filled with either Palacos+Gentamycin, Copal Gentamycin+Vancomycin, Copal+Gentamycin+Clindamycin or Copal Spacem. The induced membranes were analysed after two, four and six weeks (wks) after insertion of the cement spacers (n=6/group). Paraffin embedded histological sections of the membrane were microscopically analysed for membrane thickness, elastic fibres, vascularisation and proliferation by an independent observer blinded to the group setup. The thickness of the induced membrane increased significantly from 2 wks (553 μm) to 6 wks (774 μm) in group Palacos+Gentamycin whereas membrane thickness decreased significantly in groups Copal+Gentamycin+Clindamycin (682-329 μm) and Copal Spacem (916 μm to 371 μm). The comparison between the groups revealed significantly increased membrane thickness in group Palacos+Gentamycin and Copal Gentamycin+Vancomycin in comparison to group Copal+Gentamycin+Clindamycin six weeks after induction. However, the fraction of elastic fibres was significantly increased in groups Copal+Gentamycin+Clindamycin (71%, 80%) and Copal Spacem (82%, 81%) after 2 and 4 weeks in comparison to the groups Palacos+Gentamycin (56%, 57%) and Copal Gentamycin+Vancomycin (63%, 69%). Those differences however were partly diminished after 6 wks. The ratio of immature (vWF+) to more mature (CD31+) blood vessels increased significantly in groups Palacos+Gentamycin and Copal Gentamycin+Vancomycin whereas no significant alterations were noted in groups Copal+Gentamycin+Clindamycin and Copal Spacem. For the first time we demonstrated that thickness and proportion of elastic fibres in induced membranes were influenced by the type of cement and the kind of supplemental antibiotics being used. Whether these alterations of the induced membrane have an effect on bone healing remains to be proven in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentamicin (Gent) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic being used in livestock sector. Gent residues could cause some genetic disorders by nonsense mutations. This study aimed to develop IgY-based ELISA for the detection of Gent in animal products. Gent was conjugated with Bovine serum albumin (BSA) by carbodiimide method for further immunization in the laying chickens. PEG-6000 extraction method was employed to extract IgY from the egg yolk. The titer of anti-Gent-IgY attained the peak of 1:256,000 after the 5thbooster immunization. Checkerboard titration confirmed that, anti-Gent IgY in 1:2,000 dilution could give an Optical Density (OD) 1.0 at 2 µg mL−1of Gent-OVA coating concentration. IgY-based indirect competitive ELISA (Ic-ELISA) showed that, the IC50value of anti-Gent IgY was 2.69 ng mL−1and regression curve equation wasy= −16.27x + 56.97 (R2= 0.95,n= 3), confirming that, the detection limit (LOD, IC10value) was 0.01 ng mL−1. Recoveries from fresh milk, pork and chicken samples were ranged from 69.82% to 94.32%, with relative standard deviation lower than 10.88%. Our results suggested that generated anti-Gent IgY antibodies can be used in routine screening analysis of Gent residues in food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gentamycin on KCl-induced contractions of myometrium isolated from both non-pregnant and pregnant cows. Myometrial strips were isolated from non-pregnant and pregnant cows and suspended in a jacketed organ bath filled with Krebs' solution at 37°C (pH 7.4) continuously bubbled with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide; isometric contractions were recorded using an isometric force displacement transducer. After manifestation of spontaneous contractions, KCl (60 mM) was applied to the bath and the effects of gentamycin (300 µM, 600 µM) on the amplitude (g) and frequency of KCl-induced contractions were evaluated in 10-minute intervals. Data were statistically analysed using Student's t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Gentamycin inhibited the frequency and amplitude of KCl-induced contractions in a concentration dependent manner. At 300 µM and 600 µM, gentamycin significantly inhibited the amplitude and reduced the frequency of contractions of myometrium isolated from both pregnant and non-pregnant cows. However, an increase in the extracellular Ca+ ion concentration virtually reversed this blockade. The results of this in vitro study indicate that gentamycin inhibits KCl-induced contractions of myometrium isolated from both non-pregnant and pregnant cows.

Disease prevention is a key issue in improving reproductive biotechnology for important and endangered aquatic species to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission and economic loss. This study investigated the effects of small-dose antibiotics on sperm viability and bacterial abundance in banana shrimp (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis) spermatophores during chilled storage and cryostorage. The experiment consisted of three treatments, no antibiotic (control), 0.1% penicillin-streptomycin (PS), and 0.1% penicillin-gentamycin (PG). Antibioics were added into a sperm extender containing banana shrimp spermatophores. In the chilled storage and cryopreservation trials, the most significant (P < 0.05) improvement in sperm survival was observed in 0.1% PS-treated spermatophores over a 30-day period at 2–4 °C and 6-month in a liquid nitrogen tank. Average sperm viability ranged from 46.3 ± 3.5 to 95.7 ± 0.6% and 78.8 ± 1.1 to 95.7 ± 1.0%, respectively. In the 0.1% PS-treated spermatophores, the numbers of culturable heterotrophic bacteria (CHB) fluctuated during 21-day chilled storage and decreased (P < 0.05) over 30-day storage compared to those in the control. The CHB count in cryopreserved spermatophores decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing storage time and was undetectable by day 7 of cryostorage. Pseudomonad bacteria were not observed in both chilled-stored spermatophores by 21 days post-storage and prefrozen spermatophores when 0.1% PS was incorporated into the sperm extender. The 0.1% PS treatment also inhibited the growth of culturable Vibrio in banana shrimp spermatophores during chilled storage and cryostorage. Several species of human and shrimp pathogens and spoilage bacteria, particularly Vibrio parahaemolyticus , V. metschnikovii , V. harveyi , Aeromonas media , A. sorbria , and Plesiomonas shigelloides were not found after 0.1% PS was added to the sperm extender. This study suggests that addition of 0.1% PS into the extender not only reduces the bacterial count of chilled and postthawed cryopreserved sperm of banana shrimp, but also had no adverse effect on sperm viability. • Penicillin-streptomycin (PS) was suitable for preservation of shrimp spermatophore. • 0.1% PS was effective on chilled storage and freezing of banana shrimp spermatophores. • 0.1% PS retained banana shrimp sperm viability during chilled storage and cryostorage. • PS supplement inhibited the growth of shrimp pathogens in preserved spermatophore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: То determine the efficacy of intraarticular injections of Gentamycin in gout arthtiris a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out. Material and methods: 27 patients answering the criteria of the definite gout diagnosis were randomly recruited from rheumatological clinic. The patients received an intraarticular injection of either 4- mg of Gentamycin in 4 ml of sterile 0.25% procaine or 5 ml of the vehicle alone. Results: It was found that weekly intraarticular injections of Gentamycin performed better than the inert vehicle alone over a 2-week period and were conjirmed during 4 week period of crossing-over. Conclusion: The possible mechanisms of Gentamycin activity are discussed. It is concluded, that intraarticular administration of Gentamicin offers signijicant benejit over placebo. The serious side effects were not obsen’ed. Therefore, the technique could be applied in the routine treatment of gout.

The present study aimed at studying the antibiotics profiles and drug resistance pattern of clinical isolates before and after plasmid curing to find out whether the resistance to multiple antimicrobials was plasmid borne. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli had 26.1% and 12.6% incidence of occurrence respectively while lowest incidence of occurrence was observed with Streptococcus sp (4.5%). Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to streptomycin (44.8%), erythromycin (5.2%), tetracycline (17.2%), gentamycin (15.5%) and cloxacillin (10.3%) while Klebsiella aerogenes were resistant to amoxicillin (86.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (73.9%), and gentamicin (39.1%). All isolated E. coli and Proteus mirabilis were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid while resistance to amoxicillin was 71.4% and 2.2% respectively. Klebsiella aerogenes was cured of its resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamycin and tetracycline but still retained it resistance to augumetin (17.7%) and amoxicillin (35.0%). All resistant isolated tested against nalidixic acid and gentamycin was observed to be sensitive after plasmid curing while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E. coli was observed to be cured of of tetrecycline resistance (66.7%).

Abstract: Pineapple leaf was used in this study for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles based on the search for sustainable synthetic means. Indeed, this offered an economical and sustainable synthetic route relative to expensive and toxic chemical methods. The leaf extract was used and the corresponding nanoparticles obtained were subjected to UV–vis analysis at different times. The UV–vis was used to monitor the silver nanoparticle formation through sampling at time intervals. The formation of silver nanoparticles was apparently displayed within 2min with evidence of surface plasmon bands (SPB) between 440 and 460nm. The crystals was equally characterized using FTIR, X-ray diffraction methods and TEM. The different results obtained suggested the appearance of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) as determined by the process parameters with a particle size of 12.4nm. The sample was further screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli using Gentamicin as control. From the results, there is evidence of inhibition towards bacteria growth. It can now be inferred from the studies that biosynthesis of nanoparticles could be a gateway to our numerous health issues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There have been many studies investigating the genomic biomarker and/or molecular mechanism of nephrotoxicity using microarray. However, most of these researches were carried out by studying gene expression changes at one specific time point. As gene expression varies with time and disease stage, the current study investigated the time-series pattern of gene expression in a rat model using a typical nephrotoxic compound. Rats were administrated with 80 mg/kg gentamycin or saline by intramuscular injection for 14 consecutive days followed by a 28-d recovery. Rats were scarified on D2, D4, D8, D15 and Recovery Day (R29), when kidneys were obtained for whole-genome microarray analysis and histological examination. Urine was collected at each necropsy for kidney injury molecular-1 (KIM-1) analysis. The KIM-1 detection and histological examination confirmed the nephrotoxicity. After differentially expression genes (DEGs) identification, there were 4360 and 4323 regulated genes for females and males, respectively. However, few overlapping expression genes co-regluated at each time point were found. By principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster, the gene expression patterns were observed to be apparently associated with the disease stage. GO Annotation showed (1) immune response and related process, response to wounding, cell locomotion on D2; (2) cell death and apoptosis was also noted on D4; (3) processes of organic acid or carboxylic acid, apoptosis or cell death on D8 and D15; (4) processes of cell cycle, mitosis, division cell cycle on R29. In conclusion, the authors mapped the time-series gene expression patterns at the initiation, development and recovery stage of gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the impact of intramuscular injection of Astragalus polysaccharide (APC) for treating the splenasthenic diarrhea in canine. The study uses the four dogs for administration of intragastrictly physiological saline. Results shows the recovery of the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and hemoglobin to normal levels after the treatment.

Triderm® cream and ointment contain clotrimazole (CLO), betamethasone dipropionate (BET), and the poor UV absorbing gentamycin (GEN), in addition to the preservative benzyl alcohol (BEN) which exists only in a cream preparation. A green, selective colorimetric approach was elaborated to increase the sensitivity of GEN quantification in Triderm® preparations, which depends on the immediate formation of a pink ion-pair between GEN and erythrosine (ERY) reagent in an aqueous acidic medium. The ion pair was made soluble in water with the assistance of the surfactant agent poloxamer 188 which is presented in this manuscript as an efficient solubilizing agent for the hydrophobic ion-pair. This surfactant agent has the feature of not affecting the native color of ERY, additionally the ease of preparing its aqueous solution with no need for heating or long waiting. The resulting complex GEN-ERY was measured directly at 545nm. This colorimetric approach was coupled with the Unlimited Derivative Ratio (UDD), which is a new smart UV method employed for the concurrent quantification of BET and CLO in Triderm® preparations without any intervention from BEN, due to its capability to resolve an extremely overlapped ternary spectrum that has no extended part, iso-absorptive point or robust zero crossing point. The newly developed UDD method depends on filtrating and measuring the signal of BET and CLO through calculating the equality factor(F) for CLO and BET after dividing their spectrum by BEN spectrum, derivatizing the resulting ratio spectrum, then constructing a regression equation employing the F factor for each BET and CLO. The overlapping excipient BEN was quantified via the Double Divisor Ratio spectra derivative method (DDR) relying on using a divisor comprising of a mix of BET + CLO. The advanced spectrophotometric approach validity was checked by confirming the linearity, accuracy, precision, and specificity in accordance with the ICH directions. NO notable difference when statistically comparing the newly established approach to the reference approach., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Authors.)

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of Arabic gum (Ag) on hepatotoxicity induced by gentamycin in mice. Forty adult male Bulb/c mice were used. The animal were divided into four groups (Gs) each group 10 animals. G1 considered as control, G2 treated with gentamycin(40mg/kg/day) for 8 days (i.p.). G3 treated with Ag (10 gm/kg/day) for 8 days administrated orally. Then G4 treated with both gentamycin and Ag for 8 days. Biochemically, the results showed a significant decrease in levels of serum ALT and AST in G4 as compared with G2 . Moreover, serum Glutathione (GSH) in G4 also elucidate a significant increasing in its level, as well as a significant decrease in levels of malondialdihyde (MDA). Histopathologically, liver sections of animals in G4 revealed an ameliorative effects of Ag as compared with its compatible tissue sections of G2. Liver of mice treated with Ag (G3) showed an apoptosis in hepatocytes. In conclusion, treatment of hepatotoxicity by Arabic gum , showed melioration in histopathological changes in hepatic tissues in addition to have ability for induction of apoptosis and meliorating liver picture.

Introduction: Antibiotic prophylaxis is defined as the use of antimicrobials in the absence of symptoms of infection, with the aim of preventing or reducing the incidence of infection after surgery. We analyzed the incidence of surgical wound infection in patients in whom a protection of hemoprophylaxis conducted using cefazolin and gentamicin, and determine the frequency of surgical wound infection in patients in whom there was a deviation in the implementation of hemoprophylaxis protection. Methods: This retrospective-prospective study included 100 patients surgically treated at the The Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Clinical Center in Tuzla from December 2007 to February 2010, which examined the incidence of surgical wound infection after surgical treatment of fractures or degenerative changes in the hip, thigh and lower leg fractures. Results: In the first group, in patients who were treated with cefazolin were detected in 2 cases (5.7%) while the length of hemoprophylaxis was 7 days, patients who were treated with cefazolin and gentamicin were detected in 1 case (2.8%) and duration hemoprophylaxis was 7 days. In another control group tah was found 9 cases of wound infection (30%), and hemoprophylaxis duration was 10 days. Conclusion: The combination of cefazolin and gentamycin for a period of 5 days significantly reduces the incidence of infection and significantly shortened the time of antibiotics in group that is respected application protocol in accordance with international recommendation.

The frequent use of gentamycin (GM) ointment for the treatment of skin infections has led to an increase in the number of GM-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. We examined the ultrastructural characteristics of 14 clinical strains of S. aureus by transmission electron microscopy. Seven of these isolates were GM-resistant, and seven isolates were GM-sensitive. We found that the cell wall of GM-resistant strains (32.24 ± 5.99 nm) was significantly thicker than that of GM-sensitive strains (19.02 ± 2.72 nm). We genetically characterized these isolates by polymerase chain reaction, targeting the genes for three aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, aac(6′)- aph(2′′), aph(3′)- III, and ant(4′)- I. All GM-resistant strains tested carried the gene encoding aac(6′)- aph(2′′). However, we were unable to establish a link between a specific gene and cell wall thickening, because one GM-resistant strain was also positive for aph(3′)- III. We also demonstrated that a GM-resistant mutant strain, derived in vitro from a GM-sensitive S. aureus parent strain (209P), also exhibited a thickened cell wall. These results strongly suggest that a thickened cell wall is a common ultrastructural characteristic of GM-resistant S. aureus clinical strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the ameliorative effect of dietary inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups with six animals in each group. Groups 1 and 2 were fed basal diet while Groups 3 and 4 were fed diets containing 2% and 4% garlic respectively for 27 d prior to gentamycin administration. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of gentamycin (100 mg/kg body weight) for 3 d. The liver and plasma were studied for hepatotoxicity and antioxidant indices. Results: Gentamycin induces hepatic damage as revealed by significant (P<0.05) elevation of liver damage marker enzymes (aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase) and reduction in plasma albumin level. Gentamycin also caused a significant (P<0.05) alteration in plasma and liver enzymatic (catalase, glutathione and super oxygen dehydrogenises) and non-enzymatic (glutathione and vitamin C) antioxidant indices with concomitant increase in the malondialdehyde content; however, there was a significant (P<0.05) restoration of the antioxidant status coupled with significant (P<0.05) decrease in the tissues' malondialdehyde content, following consumption of diets containing garlic. Conclusions: These results suggest that dietary inclusion of garlic powder could protect against gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity, improve antioxidant status and modulate oxidative stress; a function attributed to their phenolic constituents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The transfer of aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamycin induced by dibenzo-18-crown-6 is studied by voltammetry at the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions ( ITIES). An assumption about the 1: 1 stoichiometry of the complexes formed is formulated. The method is proposed for use in the analysis of kanamycin and streptomycin in aqueous solutions. The optimal conditions of analysis of these aminoglycosides are found, the detection limits are 8.0 × 10 M for streptomycin and 2.0 × 10 M for kanamycin. The selectivity of streptomycin analysis by ITIES voltammetry in presence of potassium and sodium is studied. An amperometric ion-selective electrode is developed for the determination of streptomycin in drug formulations with a detection limit of 9.0 × 10 M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycoplasma conjunctivae are etiological agents of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), commonly known as pink-eye in domestic sheep, goats and other wild animals in many parts of the world. A few young Lohi lambs maintained at Livestock Experiment Station (LES), Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan showed clinical signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis, keratitis, severe lacrimation and varying degree of blindness. During January to March, 2011, a total of 36 ocular swabs were collected from IKC affected animals and were processed for isolation, identification, and characterization of M. conjunctivae. Sixteen (44.44 %) out of 36 samples showed turbidity in PPLO broth. Twelve (75 %) out of 16 broth samples showed colony growth on PPLO agar. All 16 (44.44 %) out of 36 turbid broth samples, 12 (75 %) out of 16 cultured on agar plate samples, and 21 (59 %) out of 36 sheep ocular direct swab samples were found positive for M. conjunctivae through polymerase chain reaction test by using M. conjunctivae-specific primer pair McoF1 and McoR1 and detecting a 750 base pair fragment on agarose gel. Topical application of 0.5 % sterile solution of gentamycin (100 mg/ml) (Gentafar 10 %, FARVET, Netherlands) proved suitable for the treatment of IKC in Lohi lambs as all clinical signs of IKC disappeared after 5 days of treatment with this antibiotic. This is the first report about the prevalence, molecular diagnosis, and treatment of M. conjunctivae in Lohi sheep affected with infectious keratoconjunctivitis at LES, Bahadurnagar, Okara, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a polyclonal antibody with high affinity and specificity for detecting gentamycin in animal-derived foods. The half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) and limit of detection (LOD, calculated as IC15) of the ELISA for gentamycin in phosphate buffer were 0.3 and 0.03 ng/ml, respectively. The assay showed low cross-reactivity with other aminoglycoside antibiotics except sisomycin (52.5%), which indicated that the assay had high specificity. The trichloroacetic acid solution was selected as extraction buffer for eight animal-derived foods to effectively eliminate the matrix effect and extract gentamycin. The recoveries for gentamycin from eight fortified food samples, at three concentrations of 8, 20, and 50 μg/kg, were ranged from 69% to 118% and the coefficients of variation were less than 12%. The LODs of this assay for gentamycin in eight chosen animal-derived foods were 3 μg/kg. The whole detecting process could be finished within 1.5 h. The ELISA allows for a rapid, sensitive, specific, accurate, and low-cost determination of gentamycin residues in animal-derived foods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

At our institution, we observed an increase in the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) due to Gram-negative bacilli, including three cases of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, among patients who underwent renal transplantation. In addition to strengthening infection control measures, we chose to add gentamycin to the antibiotic prophylaxis regimen of patients undergoing renal transplantation. We assessed the number of HAI occurring within 30 days of renal transplantation during two time periods: (1) the preintervention period, between September 2009 and June 2010, and (2) the post-intervention period, between July 2010 and April 2011. The intervention consisted of the addition of gentamycin to the surgical antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. The percentage of patients with HAIs was 31% lower during the post-intervention period (p = 0.03), with the greatest reductions observed for urinary tract infections (p = 0.024). Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae was not isolated during this period. The investigated patients did not exhibit worsening renal function. Further studies are needed to assess antibiotic prophylaxis in renal transplantation patients at institutions where there is a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

This study sought to investigate the modulatory effects of dietary inclusion of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes on antioxidant status and renal damage induced by gentamycin in rats. Renal damage was induced in albino rats pretreated with dietary inclusion of ginger and turmeric (2% and 4%) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of gentamycin (100 mg/kg body weight) for three days. Assays for renal damage biomarkers (plasma creatinine, plasma urea, blood urea nitrogen and plasma uric acid), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reduced glutathione (GSH) content as well as renal antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were carried out. The study revealed significant (p < 0.05) increases in renal damage biomarkers following gentamycin administration with severe alteration in kidney antioxidant status. However, pretreatment with ginger and turmeric rhizome (2% and 4%) prior to gentamycin administration significantly (p < 0.05) protected the kidney and attenuated oxidative stress by modulating renal damage and antioxidant indices. This finding therefore suggests that dietary inclusion of ginger and turmeric rhizomes may protect against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The influence of topical intraoperative gentamycin on long term recurrence rate in primary pilonidal sinus surgery has not yet been investigated. METHODS: One hundred and eight-seven patients following excision of primary pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) and primary symmetrical midline closure were analysed regarding the use (group 1) or non-use (group 2) of topical application of an intraoperative gentamycin sponge after a median follow-up of 16 years by a specific questionnaire. RESULTS: The actuarial 15-year-recurrence rate in group 1 was 31% (34/111) compared to 26% (20/76) in group 2, which was statistically not different ( p = 0.99). Recurrences occurred with a median 2.7 (range 0.1-20.1) years after primary surgery, so time to recurrence did not differ between both groups (4.3 ± 0.8 years group 1 vs. 6.8 ± 1.5 years group 2; p = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: The suggested positive effects of topical gentamycin application on long term recurrence rate could not be confirmed. Astonishingly though, surgical infection does not seem to alter long term recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of bioflavonoid compounds i.e. rutin and naringin on gentamycin induced testicular oxidative stress in rats.Method: A total of 42 male wistar albino rats were divided in to 7 groups, each contains 6 rats. Gentamycin, 5 mg/kg, I.P was administered to the rats from day 1 to day 10. Rutin and naringin were given in different doses (5mg/kg, 10/kg) for a period of 35 days from day 1 to day 35 to the gentamycin treated animals. A sham control group animals with water, control group animals with gentamycin and vehicle control group animals with 0.1% sod CMC were also maintained until completion of 35 days. On 36th day bilateral orchiectomies were performed for all the animals. The testicular tissue was evaluated for various sperm parameters, biochemical estimations and histological changes.Result: Animals treated with 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg of rutin and naringin (Groups 4, 5, 6, 7) have shown significant and dose dependent reduction in MDA levels and increase in levels of antioxidant enzymes, SOD and Catalase when compared to control group animals (Group 2). Sperm count, motility, viability were also protected and normalized with rutin and naringin. Specimens from group 2 had a histological injury with disordered germinal cells. Drug treated groups shown improved testicular architecture. Rutin was more effective in all the parameters when compared to Naringin. Both the bioflavonoids were effective in reducing the gentamycin induced testicular oxidative stress.Conclusion: Rutin and Naringin pretreatment have shown protective and beneficial effect on gentamycin induced oxidative stress in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Gentamycin, a widely-used aminoglycoside antibiotic, is recognized as possessing significant nephrotoxic potential in human beings. Gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity is suggested to be mediated via reactive oxygen species. The present study investigated the possible antioxidant nephroprotective effect of lacidipine as a calcium-channel blocker in a gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity model in albino rats. Methods: Albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 received normal saline. Group 2 received gentamycin 80 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 14 days. Group 3 received lacidipine 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally 3 days before and 14 days concurrently with gentamycin. This dose does not affect the blood pressure of rats, as evidenced in the pilot study. Results: Gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by a marked reduction in creatinine clearance. Treatment with lacidipine improved creatinine clearance compared to the gentamycin- treated group. In addition, it reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, as an index of lipid peroxidation, with significant increases in superoxide dismutase enzyme in erythrocyte lysates and kidney catalase enzyme activities. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of lacidipine in prophylaxis against gentamycininduced nephrotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Gentamycin belongs to aminoglycosides' class of antibiotics. It displays environment-dependent bacteriocidal activity and rapid and inoculum-independent action. Aminoglycoside accumulation leads to the phenomenon referred to as the post-antibiotic effect (PAE). Broad antimicrobial spectrum of aminoglycosides includes Gram(-) rods (besides Haemophilus), Gram(+) cocci (Staphylococcus); Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other species including intracellular pathogenic bacteria such as Yersinia pestis and Brucella abortus. Aminoglycosides display weak activity against S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and anaerobic species. Aminoglycosides are ineffective against Enterococcus when used as a single drug, however they may be used when antibiotics destroying bacterial cell wall are applied concurrently; with exception of HLAR mechanism-possessing strains. Above-mentioned aminoglycoside features are of beneficial impact in term of treatment of severe nosocomial infections caused by Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria and also for empiric therapy together with beta-lactams, glycopeptides, quinolones, metronidazole and rifampicin. However, in the recent years increase of bacterial resistance against aminoglycosides is observed. According to ECDC (Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2013), relatively low percentage of resistant strains is observed for E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10-24%), while analogical value for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumanii reaches 50-60%. There are three distinct resistance mechanisms to aminoglicosides: in enzymatic mechanism amine and hydroxylic groups are modified by acetylotransferases, posphotransferases and nucleotidylic transferases; the other mechanism works through receptor alterations (changes of 30S ribosomal subunit, such as methylation performed by plasmid-encoded methylases) and, last but not least, by the transport mechanisms (impermeability of cell wall for drug or active efflux). It seems likely that the last two of above- -mentioned mechanisms might be at least partially overcame by local use of high antibiotic concentration. The local use of antibiotics is presently less frequently applied than previously, however it is acceptable to locally use registered, gentamycin- -containing products, such as collagen sponge that releases high concentration of this antibiotic. Aim Compare using in vitro methods, resistance and sensitivity of bone and wound pathogens against gentamycin released locally from collagen sponge and to establish experimental setting imitating in vivo conditions. To obtain these goals we used hydroxyapatite (HA) discs with preformed biofilm on it and we cultured it in rich medium. Additionally we tried to evaluate if resistance of planktonic cells could be overcame by application of high gentamycin concentration. Material and methods The MIC of gentamycin for clinical Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae planktonic and biofilmic forms was evaluated using microdilution method, E-test method and quantitative techniques using HA discs and polystyrene surface. As the gentamycin carrier, Garamycin® sponge (130 mg of gentamycin/200 mg of gentamycin sulphate - 1,3 mg/cm2 + collagen carrier (EUSA Pharma)). The 1 cm² sponge fragments containing 1300 μg/ml gentamycin concentration were applied. The HA discs of 9.6 mm diameter were performed by Wroclaw Technical University "Bad-Mat" laboratory from hydroxyapatite powder MT3300 (LOW-WET, Tomita Pharmaceutical Co.). The quality of product was confirmed by confocal microscopy and micro-CT tomography. Results and Conclusions Planktonic, gentamycin-sensitive strains (MIC>2 μg/ml) when transformed into biofilm displayed resistance profile (MIC=64-1024 μg/ml) that was overcame only by application of local, high drug concentration - as it happens when Garamycin® sponge is applied. All investigated strains, although they were in highly resistant biofilmic form were completely eradicated as compared to control samples that were not gentamycin- treated. The clinical trials indicate that local concentration of gentamycin remains high >1300 μg/ml up to 48 hours after implantation. Moreover, planktonic strains that displayed elevated MIC (4-96 times higher above sensitivity baseline) and were gentamycin-resistant were also eradicated by gentamycin released from sponge. Also gentamycin-resistant KPC K. pneumoniae strains (KPC+; MIC=3, 4, 12 μg/ml) were eradicated. Contrary, K. pneumoniae NDM-1+ strains (MIC=256) were not eradicated. Efficient effect was observed also for resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of MIC=96-128. These strains that displayed high resistance pattern (MIC<256 μg/ml for planktonic forms and MIC<2000 μg/ml for biofilmic forms), were not eradicated. The stress should be put on the fact that gentamycin-containing sponge in orthopedics, surgery and cardiac surgery is a somewhat exceptional because presently local application of antibiotics is being withdrawn. However, garamycin sponge seems to be feasible for eradication of bacteria from infected bones and wounds - if these bacteria display sensitivity or low profile of resistance (dependence of efficacy to MIC value needs further experiments) and if a sponge is applied according to manufacturer's guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to observe the clinical effect of gentamycin combined with sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of irinotecan-induced diarrhea. A total of 98 patients with stage IV cancers were recruited and divided into a prevention group (52 patients) and a control group (46 patients). All patients received the chemotherapy including irinotecan. The prevention group received gentamycin and sodium bicarbonate before the use of irinotecan for 4 days; the control group did not receive any prevention. The use of gentamycin and sodium bicarbonate resulted in significantly higher stool pH ( P<0.001), while the incidence of diarrhea by irinotecan was reduced (prevention group 13.70% versus control group 34.83%; P<0.001). Gentamycin combined with sodium bicarbonate appears to be useful in preventing the diarrhea induced by irinotecan and reducing the dosage of loperamide and fluid replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyze the current practice of neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) prophylaxis in Turkey. Materials and methods: A standard questionnaire that collected information regarding the name and location of the clinical setting, the name and dosage of the medication used to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis (if there was any), and the department and preference concerning which health workers should administer the agent (gynecologist, pediatrician, or midwife) was prepared and administered to 24 university hospitals as well as to 24 registered community hospitals that had both pediatric and obstetric units. Results: Neonatal conjunctivitis prophylaxis was administered by 58.3% of the respondents (university hospitals [66.7%] and community hospitals [50%]). The 2 most frequently used substances were gentamycin 18/28 (64.3%) and tobramycin 4/28 (8.3%). Other substances were tetracycline, silver nitrate, povidone-iodine, bacitracin + neomycin, and penicillin G. Conclusion: A nationwide consensus on the clinical department that should be involved, which health workers should administer the agent (gynecologist, pediatrician, or midwife), and which substance should be used for ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis must be reached. By using a similar survey other countries may also assess their current situation, and decrease the occurrence of neonatal conjunctivitis and neonatal blindness by administering the appropriate substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mdx mouse, a model of the human Duchenne muscular dystrophy, displays impaired contractile function in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. We explored the possibility that ryanodine receptor (RYR) expression could be altered in vascular muscle. The three RYR sub-types were expressed in portal vein myocytes. As observed through mRNA and protein levels, RYR2 expression was strongly decreased in mdx myocytes, whereas RYR3 and RYR1 expression were unaltered. The use of antisense oligonucleotide directed against RYR sub-types indicated that caffeine-induced Ca2+ response and Ca2+ spark frequency depended on RYR2 and RYR1. In mdx mice, caffeine-induced Ca2+ responses were decreased in both amplitude and maximal rate of rise, and the frequency of Ca2+ sparks was also strongly decreased. The gentamycin treatment was able to increase both the expression of RYR2 and the caffeine-induced Ca2+ response to the same level as that observed in wild-type mice. Taken together, these results confirm that both RYR1 and RYR2 are required for vascular Ca2+ signalling and indicate that inhibition of RYR2 expression may account for the decreased Ca2+ release from the SR in mdx vascular myocytes. Finally, we suggest that gentamycin can restore the Ca2+ signalling in smooth muscle from mdx mice by increasing RYR2 and dystrophin expression. These results may help explain the reduced efficacy of contraction in vascular myocytes of mdx mice and Duchenne muscular dystrophy–afflicted patients. Gentamycin treatment could be a good therapeutic tool to restore the vascular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is ubiquitously expressed in testicular tissue and plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. Pioglitazone (PIO) is one of the PPAR-γ agonists, having anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Patients on gentamycin treatment may undergo serious side effects such as testicular damage. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate the possible protective anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of PIO on gentamycin-induced testicular damage. Fifty adult male Wistar albino rats included in the study as the control group (CTL) received normal saline; a gentamycin-induced testicular damage group (GM) received gentamycin (100 mg/kg); PIO5, PIO10, PIO20 groups received PIO at a dose of 5, 10, and 20 mg/ kg, respectively, for 21 days, and gentamycin was started at day 15 of the experiment for 6 days. The parameters of spermatozoa and histopathological alterations in the testes were significantly improved in the PIO20 group. Moreover, MDA levels, inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic Bax expression were decreased. The activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 genes expression were increased. It was concluded that PIO20 could protect against gentamycin-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Anti-infective coatings have been developed to protect the surfaces of cementless implants from bacterial colonization that is known to be a prerequisite for device-related infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of brushite-coated arthroplasty surfaces on human osteoblasts and to evaluate the impact of concomitant exposure to gentamycin. We cultured human osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19) on brushite-coated and uncoated titanium alloy in the presence of gentamycin and analyzed cell function and vitality. Our results show that brushite-coated titanium alloy surfaces supported the function of osteoblasts and the expression of extracellular matrix even in the presence of highly dosed gentamycin. Brushite-coated titanium alloy surfaces supported osteogenic function, indicating that this coating could enhance implant osteointegration in vivo. Concomitant exposure to gentamycin slightly decreased osteoblastic activity in vitro, suggesting that there might also be negative effects in vivo. However, in vivo studies are necessary to validate these in vitro findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A series of metal(II) unsymmetrical Schiff-base complexes, {M(C10H6OCH:N(CH2)2N : C(CH3)CH : C(CH3)O), where M=Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)}, and their 2,2'-dipyridine (bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) adducts are synthesized and characterized by microanalysis, magnetic susceptibility, conductance, IR and UV-Vis spectra. The ligand coordinates using the N2O2 chromophore to give a two-metal-center four-coordinate square-planar geometry. IR and UV-Vis spectra are consistent with octahedral adducts. The compounds are non-electrolytes in nitromethane and magnetic moments indicate that the complexes are magnetically dilute. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds against ten bacteria and one fungus are reported. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes showed good activity against many of the organisms while their adducts are generally not sensitive. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the sensitive compounds are between 3.0-13.0 mg mL-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]