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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The red to blue hue of plant organs is caused due to anthocyanins, which are water-soluble flavonoid pigments. The accumulation of these pigments is regulated by a complex of R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD-repeat (WDR) proteins (MBW complex). In Rosaceae species, R2R3-MYBs, particularly MYB10 genes, are responsible for part of the natural variation in anthocyanin colors. Japanese plum cultivars, which are hybrids of Prunus salicina , have high variability in the color hue and pattern, going from yellow-green to red and purple-blue, probably as a result of the interspecific hybridization origin of the crop. Because of such variability, Japanese plum can be considered as an excellent model to study the color determination in Rosaceae fruit tree species. Here, we cloned and characterized the alleles of the PsMYB10 genes in the linkage group LG3 region where quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the organ color have been mapped to other Prunus species. Allele segregation in biparental populations as well as in a panel of varieties, combined with the whole-genome sequence of two varieties with contrasting fruit color, allowed the organization of the MYB10 alleles into haplotypes. With the help of this strategy, alleles were assigned to genes and at least three copies of PsMYB10.1 were identified in some varieties. In total, we observed six haplotypes, which were able to characterize 91.36% of the cultivars. In addition, two alleles of PsMYB10.1 were found to be highly associated with anthocyanin and anthocyanin-less skin. Their expression during the fruit development confirms their role in the fruit skin coloration. Here, we provide a highly efficient molecular marker for the early selection of colored or non-colored fruits in Japanese plum breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The studied population of Prunus pumila L. has been introduced into Chelyabinsk Province, as its natural area of distribution is in North America. Of interest for researchers is the introduced population’s variability, induced by the effect of soil and climate factors natural for its new habitat.Materials and methods. A collection of 197 plants was employed to study the variability of P. pumila. Morphological characters were described in compliance with atlases dedicated to seed and fruit descriptive morphology, with some adjustments concerning specific features of the subfamily Prunoideae Focke. The confidence interval for means was calculated using the reliability criterion of t2 = 2.576. The degree of variation was assessed for the studied characters according to S. A. Mamaev’s scale.Results and conclusion. The average fruit weight was 2.49±0.11 g and varied from 1.25 to 5.15 g. The average stone weight was 0.25±0.01 g. Out of the number of morphometric traits, almost all linear characters of fruit and stone size had low variability (coefficient of variation [V]: 8–12%). Of those linear characters, only the peduncle length showed medium variability (V = 13–20%). The stone weight also had medium variability, while the fruit weight demonstrated high variability (V = 21–30%). The fruit shape was subglobose (40.3%), less frequently ovate (20.9%), ovoid (20.9%), broadly ovoid (9.7%), cordate (6.1%) or elliptic (2.0%). The ventral suture was usually barely noticeable, less frequently moderately (3.1%) or strongly expressed (1.0%). Polymorphism was observed in the pulp color, which was usually green-pink (72.8%). The P. pumila stone shape was elliptic (38.1%) or subglobose (34.0%), less frequently prolate (10.7%), ovoid (13.2%) or obovate (4.1%). The stone was symmetrically shaped from the ventral suture and sides, usually looking subglobose from the sides. The shape of the stone’s apex was rounded (85.3%) or, less frequently, obtusely mucronate (15.7%); its base was rounded (80.7%), often attenuate (15.7%), less frequently slightly slanted (3.6%). The stone surface texture was smooth (57.4%), often slightly costate (36.5%). There were several cases of a more costate surface of the stone (6.1%). Thus, the introduced population was found to have broad polymorphism of morphological characters in the fruit and the stone. A considerable increase was observed in morphometric indicators, including the size of fruit and stone, compared with those typical for the species in natural environments, which may be of special significance for breeders. The fusiform shape of the stone, characteristic of var. depressa Pursh. in its natural habitat, was absent in the introduced population.

Abstract Background Lycium ruthenicum Murray is an important economic plant in China and contains higher levels of anthocyanins in its fruits than other Lyciums. However, the genetic mechanism of anthocyanin production in this plant is unknown. Results Based on previous transcriptome analysis, LrAN2 and LbAN2, encoding MYB transcription factors, were isolated from L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum, respectively. Both genes contained two introns, encoded 257 amino acids with two-Aa difference, and carried the unabridged HTH-MYB, MYB-like DNA-binding, and SANT domains. In the phylogenetic trees, LrAN2 and LbAN2 were found to be closely related to NtAN2, which regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in tobacco. Overexpression of LrAN2 and LbAN2 induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in all tissues of tobacco. The anthocyanin content in the leaves of transgenic lines with LbAN2 was lower than LrAN2. It indicated that the function of LbAN2 was weaker than LrAN2. The AN2 transcript could be detected only in the fruits of L. ruthenicum and increased during fruit development, accompanied by anthocyanin accumulation. In natural population, the alleles LrAN2 and LrAN2 were associated strictly with L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum, respectively. Moreover, an AN2 genetic diversity study suggested that Lyciums with yellow, white, purple, and jujube red fruits were derived from L. ruthenicum. Conclusions Two AN2 alleles, from L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum, were functional MYB transcriptor regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. The functional diversity and high expression level of LrAN2 could be the reason for high anthocyanin content in the fruit of L. ruthenicum. Lyciums with yellow, white, purple, and jujube red fruits were derived from L. ruthenicum based on AN2 sequence diversity. The results may be advantageous in identifying new varieties and breeding new cultivars.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most widely produced and economically important fruits in temperate regions. Fruit color development in apple is a major focus for both breeders and researchers as consumers associate brightly colored red apples with ripeness and a good flavor. In recent years, great progress has been made in the research of apple fruit color development, but its development mechanism has not been systematic dissected from the aspects of genetics, transcription or environmental factors. Here, we summarize research on the coloration of apple fruit, including the development of important genomic databases to identify important genomic regions and genes, genetic and transcriptional factors that regulate pigment accumulation, environmental factors that affect anthocyanin synthesis, and the current breeding progress of red-skinned and red-fleshed apples. We describe key transcription factors, such as MYB, bHLH, and WD40, which are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis and fruit color development in apple. We also discuss the regulation of apple color by external environmental factors such as light, temperature, and water. The aim of this review is to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. This information will provide significant guidance for the breeding of high-quality red-skinned and red-fleshed apple varieties. • This review discussed the development mechanism of apple fruit color from the perspective of multi-disciplinary and multi-factor integration. • This review analyzed genomic databases of apples over the years to identify genomic regions and genes related to fruit color development. • This review described key transcription factors, such as MYB, bHLH, and WD40, which are involved in the fruit color development in apple. • This review discussed the regulation of apple color by external environmental factors such as light, temperature, and water. • We not only systematically summarized previous studies, but also looks forward to the future cultivation of red-skinned and red-fleshed apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the PSY1 and PSY2 homologous genes were identified in five accessions of three pepper species Capsicum annuum, Capsicum chinense, and Capsicum frutescens, differing in fruit pigmentation pattern. Within the group of studied accessions, the variability of PSY1 and PSY2 genomic and cDNA sequences was determined. The PSY1 and PSY2 sequences were 82% similar and differed in the N- and C-terminal NAGLRYSD and KLTSSSL indels, as well as in the conserved motifs characteristic of the PSY2 and PSY1 homologs. The expression of PSY1 and PSY2 was analyzed in leaves, sepals, petals, and ovaries, as well as in the peel and pulp of the fruits at the three stages of ripening in all five analyzed accessions. The maximum level of PSY1 expression was shown in the petals and in the pericarp of mature fruits of C. annuum and C. frutescens accessions. In the C. chinense cv. Pimenta da Neyde, PSY1 was expressed only in leaves. PSY2 transcripts were found in all analyzed organs of all pepper accessions; the maximum level was in the leaves, and the minimum level was in the fruit pericarp. The obtained data suggest that the PSY1 and PSY2 homologs of pepper species retained conserved key functions in the carotenoid synthesis in fruits (PSY1) and photosynthetic tissues (PSY2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we studied the variation in leaf and fruit morphological traits and antioxidant contents in 43 local and foreign cultivars (cvs) grown under the same experimental conditions in the widely cultivated plum species Prunus domestica and Prunus salicina. The peel contribution of fruit bioactive compounds in a serving portion, correlations among the examined parameters, and group patterns in each plum species were also studied. The species and cvs were sufficiently separated. Compared to Japanese cvs, European cvs had less elongated leaves and smaller and sweeter fruit with less total phenol and antioxidant capacities. The Japanese cvs ‘Red ace’ and the widely grown ‘Black Amber’, together with the European ‘Tuleu Dulce’, ‘BlueFre’, and the landrace ‘Asvestochoriou’ make up groups with rich dietary sources of phytochemicals. The peel tissue contained higher total phenols and antioxidant capacities compared to the flesh, while the peel/flesh ratios varied widely among the cvs (6.6-fold). The variation in the antioxidant contents was lower among the cvs calculated per serving portion (3.7-fold); yet the peel tissue contribution was equal to that of the flesh (48.6%), signifying its high nutritive value. We observed increased sweetness in the fruit in the later-harvested cultivars, while cvs with more blue- and red-colored peel generally contained higher antioxidant contents mainly in the European plums. Moreover, larger fruit sizes were positively correlated with larger and more elliptic leaf shapes. In conclusion, the significant role of the genotype and the peel tissue as a source of bioactive compounds in plums were outlined with prospects of utilization in future breeding programs.

Purple eggplant fruits often turn brown during maturity stages, severely influencing their market value and shelf life. However, the metabolites and genes accounting for the fruit color changes are largely unknown. Here, metabolites and gene expression analyses were used to explore the candidates underlying the differences in fruit color changes between two eggplant genotypes, ‘14-345’ and ‘CGN23829’, with contrasting fruit color changes during fruit development. We found that flavonoids are the most differentially accumulated metabolites between ‘14-345’ and ‘CGN23829’. Higher contents of D3R and D3G are important for keeping the purple color at the maturity stage. Naringenin chalcone likely accounts for the color changes from purple to brown in ‘14-345’. Notably, at the physiological maturity stage, lower expression of early biosynthetic genes (EBGs) involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is important to keep lower contents of metabolites upstream of anthocyanins, thus leading to more purple coloring. Taken together, the results indicate that delphinidins and naringenin chalcone play important roles in determining eggplant fruit color changes at maturity stages, which is helpful for further dissecting the mechanisms underlying fruit color differences and changes in eggplants.

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background NAC proteins contribute to diverse plant developmental processes as well as tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. The pear genome had been decoded and provided the basis for the genome-wide analysis to find the evolution, duplication, gene structures and predicted functions of PpNAC transcription factors. Results A total of 185 PpNAC genes were found in pear, of which 148 were mapped on chromosomes while 37 were on unanchored scaffolds. Phylogeny split the NAC genes into 6 clades (Group1- Group6) with their sub clades (~ subgroup A to subgroup H) and each group displayed common motifs with no/minor change. The numbers of exons in each group varied from 1 to 12 with an average of 3 while 44 pairs from all groups showed their duplication events. qPCR and RNA-Seq data analyses in different pear cultivars/species revealed some predicted functions of PpNAC genes i.e. PpNACs 37, 61, 70 (2A), 53, 151(2D), 10, 92, 130 and 154 (3D) were potentially involved in bud endodormancy, PpNACs 61, 70 (2A), 172, 176 and 23 (4E) were associated with fruit pigmentations in blue light, PpNACs 127 (1E), 46 (1G) and 56 (5A) might be related to early, middle and late fruit developments respectively. Besides, all genes from subgroups 2D and 3D were found to be related with abiotic stress (cold, salt and drought) tolerances by targeting the stress responsive genes in pear. Conclusions The present genome-wide analysis provided valuable information for understanding the classification, motif and gene structure, evolution and predicted functions of NAC gene family in pear as well as in higher plants. NAC TFs play diverse and multifunctional roles in biotic and abiotic stresses, growth and development and fruit ripening and pigmentation through multiple pathways in pear.

Bagging regulates the fruit microenvironment and improves the quality and market value of fruits. It is a safe and ecofriendly technique to protect fruits from insect/pest infestation and multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In the current study, the influence of fruit bagging was evaluated on the development and quality of loquat fruits. Fruits from a healthy loquat orchard (Cv. Zaozhong No.6), located in Fujian, China, were enveloped in paper (T1), aluminum (T2), and aluminum–polyethylene bags (T3), while unbagged fruits were maintained as control (T0). In general, fruit bagging improved fruit quality in terms of fruit physiological and biochemical attributes and protected fruits from physical damage. In particular, aluminum–polyethylene bagging enhanced fruit weight, length, and width by 1.37-, 1.18-, and 1.13-fold, respectively. Loquat fruits bagged with paper bags exhibited the maximum soluble sugar and lowest titratable acid content. Fruits treated with paper and aluminum–ethylene bags showed twofold higher sugar–acid ratio as compared to control. Aluminum–polyethylene bagging caused 66.67%, 55.56%, and 33.33% reductions in skin burn, fruit rotting, and black spot of loquat. The fruits bagged in aluminum and aluminum–polyethylene did not show insect or bird damage, while unbagged fruits had 14.70% and 17.65% insect and bird damage, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that paper, aluminum, and aluminum–polyethylene bagging improved fruit health by 75%, 131%, and 144%, respectively, as compared to control. To delineate bagging type-dependent effects, principal component analysis was performed. Paper bagging was positively correlated with fruit firmness, rotting, soluble sugars, sugar–acid ratio, and proline content. Aluminum bagging was highly associated with improvements in titratable acids, cystine, and methionine. Aluminum–polyethylene bags were correlated with fruit weight, size, peel thickness, edible rate, and certain amino acids.

One of the important aims of the COST (Cooperation of Science and Technology) Action FA1104: "Sustainable production of highquality cherries for the European market" is to exchange information on the new achievements related to cherry production and cultivars. During the project some differences in the consumer preferences in the participating countries were compared. The results from Bulgaria, Chile, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Latvia, and Turkey show that the most important characteristics for the cherry consumers are the taste followed by skin color. The most preferable cherries are sweet, but fruits with not very sweet taste, large fruit size, red color, reniform fruit shape and medium long stalk are also preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, the ripening stage of tomato fruit is determined by the observed percentage of red color on the fruit surface based on color charts provided by USDA standards. However, multiple observers can assign different ripening stages to the same tomato fruit due to subjectivity and/or inaccurate evaluations. This practical challenge has not been extensively discussed in the literature, so we assessed the degree of agreement between human visual classification and model-based prediction using physicochemical properties such as color (L*, a*, b*, hue, and chroma), firmness, and carotenoid contents. In our exploratory data analyses, we clearly observed increasing a* and decreasing L*, hue, and firmness with respect to ripening stage, but the rate of change seemed different from cultivar to cultivar. To assess the degree of agreement, cross-validations were used to compare thirty linear regression models with various combinations of the predictors. The cross-validations indicated that predictions from a cultivar-specific model agreed well with human visual classifications. When the cultivar-specific model was considered with the color indices, we achieved up to 95.5% accuracy. When firmness, lycopene, and β-carotene were added to the model, the accuracy increased to 96.8%. These results suggest the reliability of non-destructive methods for auto-sorting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: A key question in plant dispersal via animal vectors is where and why fruit colors vary between species and how color relates to other fruit traits. To better understand the factors shaping the evolution of fruit color diversity, we tested for the existence of syndromes of traits (color, morphology, and nutrition) in the fruits of Viburnum. We placed these results in a larger phylogenetic context and reconstructed ancestral states to assess how Viburnum fruit traits have evolved across the clade. Results: We find that blue Viburnum fruits are not very juicy, and have high lipid content and large, round endocarps surrounded by a small quantity of pulp. Red fruits display the opposite suite of traits: they are very juicy with low lipid content and smaller, flatter endocarps. The ancestral Viburnum fruit may have gone through a sequence of color changes before maturation (green to yellow to red to black), though our reconstructions are equivocal. In one major clade of Viburnum (Nectarotinus), fruits mature synchronously with reduced intermediate color stages. Most transitions between fruit colors occurred in this synchronously fruiting clade. Conclusions: It is widely accepted that fruit trait diversity has primarily been driven by the differing perceptual abilities of bird versus mammal frugivores. Yet within a clade of largely bird-dispersed fruits, we find clear correlations between color, morphology, and nutrition. These correlations are likely driven by a shift from sequential to synchronous development, followed by diversification in color, nutrition, and morphology. A deeper understanding of fruit evolution within clades will elucidate the degree to which such syndromes structure extant fruit diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) generally do not present significant amounts of anthocyanins. However, the Aft and atv loci present in some wild tomato wild relatives are responsible for the presence of anthocyanins in these wild species. Suggested candidate genes for Aft and atv are SlANT1 and SlMYBATV, respectively. Herein, we reported variations in SlANT1 and SlMYBATV in two partially purple and three fully purple tomatoes, and the genetic requirements of both variations to induce full anthocyanin pigmentation. Twelve SNPs at SlANT1 leading to eight missense mutations and a 4-bp insertion at SlMYBATV leading to a premature termination codon were found in the purple tomatoes. Anthocyanin levels were 2–7 folds higher in fully purple tomato fruits than in partially purple tomato fruits and anthocyanin levels in the stems and leaves did not significantly differ between the two types. DNA markers of SlANT1 and SlMYBATV were developed and used for the genetic assessment of purple tomatoes. In two different F2 populations, segregating partial and full pigmentation, SlANT1 co-segregated with the presence of anthocyanin accumulation in fruits and the combination of SlANT1 and slmybatv was necessary for full purple pigmentation. These results will be useful for marker-assisted selection of anthocyanin-rich fruits in tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postharvest ultraviolet (UV) treatment is a promising method for enhancing the coloration of apple skin. However, the effects of this treatment on the bioactivities of apple skin components are not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate changes in antioxidant and proinflammatory cytokine inhibition activities as well as the components of apple skin extracts following UV-B treatment. The results showed that UV-B treatment had minimal effects on the quality parameters of the fruit, such as firmness, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity, but it stimulated the accumulation of cyanidin-3- O -galactoside (C3gal). Quercetin-3- O -galactoside (Q3gal), quercetin-3- O -glucoside (Q3glu), and ursolic acid were the major components that exhibited significantly increased content in UV-B–irradiated apple skin extracts presenting 24.9, 7.9, and 11.1-fold higher content than dark treatment, respectively, with this study the first to reveal that UV-B treatment alters ursolic acid content in apples. UV-B treatment also increased both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid antioxidant activities, although excessive UV-B intensity (>4 W m−2 s−1) decreased DPPH activity. Furthermore, UV-B–treated skin showed significantly suppressed nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production but not interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibition, which was not a specific effect of UV-B treatment as it is common effect of apple skin extracts. C3gal and Q3gal significantly inhibited IL-6 but not nitric oxide and TNF-α suppression. Overall, our findings indicate that UV-B intensity positively correlates with antioxidant activity resulting from the accumulation of C3gal, Q3gal, Q3glu, and ursolic acid. However, UV-B intensity did not correlate with anti-inflammatory effects, although the extract of UV-B–treated apple skin exhibited relatively strong inhibition of inflammation. • UV-B stimulated C3gal, quercetin glycosides, and ursolic acid of apple skin. • Q3gal and Q3glu are accumulated depending on the intensity of UV-B. • Stronger UV-B irradiation tended to reduce antioxidant activities. • Extracts of apples induced by UV-B further suppress NO and TNF-α production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Fragaria encompass fruits with diverse colors influenced by the distribution and accumulation of anthocyanin. Particularly, the fruit colors of strawberries with different ploidy levels are determined by expression and natural variations in the vital structural and regulatory genes involved in the anthocyanin pathway. Among the regulatory genes, MYB10 transcription factor is crucial for the expression of structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway. In the present study, we performed a genome wide investigation of MYB10 in the diploid and octoploid Fragaria species. Further, we identified seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fruit color in octoploid strawberry. In addition, we predicted 20 candidate genes primarily influencing the fruit color based on the QTL results and transcriptome analysis of fruit skin and flesh tissues of light pink, red, and dark red strawberries. Moreover, the computational and transcriptome analysis of MYB10 in octoploid strawberry suggests that the difference in fruit colors could be predominantly influenced by the expression of MYB10 from the F. iinumae subgenome. The outcomes of the present endeavor will provide a platform for the understanding and tailoring of anthocyanin pathway in strawberry for the production of fruits with aesthetic colors.

Isomerization of 9,15,9′-tri-cis-ζ-carotene mediated by 15-cis-ζ-carotene isomerase Z-ISO is a critical step in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, which define fruit color. The tomato clade (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprises the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and 12 related wild species differing in fruit color and, thus, represents a good model for studying carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. In this study, we identified homologous Z-ISO genes, including 5′-UTRs and promoter regions, in 12 S. lycopersicum cultivars and 5 wild tomato species (red-fruited Solanum pimpinellifolium, yellow-fruited Solanum cheesmaniae, and green-fruited Solanum chilense, Solanum habrochaites, and Solanum pennellii). Z-ISO homologs had a highly conserved structure, suggesting that Z-ISO performs a similar function in tomato species despite the difference in their fruit color. Z-ISO transcription levels positively correlated with the carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the tomatoes. An analysis of the Z-ISO promoter and 5′-UTR sequences revealed over 130 cis-regulatory elements involved in response to light, stresses, and hormones, and in the binding of transcription factors. Green- and red/yellow-fruited Solanum species differed in the number and position of cis-elements, indicating changes in the transcriptional regulation of Z-ISO expression during tomato evolution, which likely contribute to the difference in fruit color.

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in promoting ripening in sweet cherry, a non-climacteric fruit. Exogenous application of ABA has been performed to study fruit ripening and cracking, but this growth regulator is not used for commercial production. To determine the potential of this growth regulator to improve sweet cherry fruit quality, ABA canopy spraying was assayed in four cultivars. Canopy spraying of S-ABA significantly: (1) enhanced sweet cherry fruit color in ‘Glenred’, ‘Lapins’ and ‘Bing’ cultivars, but not in ‘Royal Rainier’ (a bi-colored cultivar), and (2) decreased fruit size and firmness in ‘Lapins’, ‘Bing’ and ‘Royal Rainier’. Seasonally reproducible effects were seen in ‘Lapins’ (mid/late-maturing) but not in ‘Glenred’ (early-maturing). Canopy spraying of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) decreased color and increased fruit size in ‘Lapins’, but not in ‘Glenred’. Direct application of ABA on fruits attached to the tree, without application to the foliage, increased ‘Lapins’ fruit color without reducing size. These results suggest a localized fruit response to exogenous ABA application on fruit color development, but that a decrease in fruit size may be due to the effects of exogenous ABA on the tree canopy foliage.

Nitrogen is crucial for the productivity of agricultural systems, although there is a growing demand for alternative cultural practices that reduce the off-farm inputs of this fertilizer. Cover crops provide a suite of services; among these, they can affect soil nitrogen content. In addition, the use of manure can contribute to a decrease in nitrogen loads from external inputs. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in processing tomato grown under an organic system, the combined use of cover crops (i.e., Vicia faba var. minor, Triticum aestivum, and Raphanus sativus) or cattle manure, with reduced rates of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. The yield and some important qualitative characteristics of the tomato fruits were considered. V. faba was able to enhance the effects of the external input of nitrogen with respect to the yield. External inputs increased tocopherol content with respect to the control but only when it was integrated with manure. The content of carotenoids was not affected by commercial fertilizer alone; however, when it was supplied in addition to cattle manure or incorporation of R. sativus, a decrease in β-carotene was observed. Moreover, lycopene also decreased when T. aestivum or R. sativus were used as cover crops. We conclude that the sowing of nitrogen-fixing cover crops or the use of manure are good strategies for combining internal and external inputs for the sustainable production of processing tomato.

Cornelian cherry in Poland belongs to the alternative fruit species. The fruits are suitable for fresh consumption, however they can be used for processing: juice, jams, jellies, syrups, tinctures. Fruits are abundant in mineral elements, vitamin C, organic acids, iridoids, anthocyanins and due to that they have health-promoting significance. In this experiment, the fruit quality of several 16-year-old ecotypes in the Lublin region was compared. They were compared in terms of the beginning of fruit ripening and fruit size (length, diameter, mass), fruit shape index, share of stone in the fruit, SSC, TA, SSC/TA, reducing sugar, dry matter content and anthocyanins content. The color of fruit was evaluated in two dates, visually and using HanterLab spectrophotometer. Cornelian cherry fruits began to mature at the beginning of August and at the latest at the end of August. With the increase of the maturity degree, the SSC, reducing sugars, TA, dry matter and anthocyanins increased significantly. There was no difference in the taste of light red fruits and dark red fruits, which were characterized by similar ratio of SSC/TA. Ecotype No. 11, as the earliest maturing, with big round fruits, dark red colored with the highest content of anthocyanins, could be distinguished. As well as ecotypes No. 4 and 5, ripening in mid-August, and having a high ratio of SSC/TA, providing a good taste. Studied ecotypes could be used in breeding programs to incorporate a wide range of quality and agronomic characteristics into a final cornelian cherry cultivar.

Pigments derived from red pepper fruits are widely used in food and cosmetics as natural colorants. Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient affecting plant growth and metabolism; however, its regulation of color-related metabolites in pepper fruit has not been fully elucidated. This study analyzed the effects of N supply (0, 250, and 400 kg N ha -1 ) on the growth, fruit skin color, and targeted and non-target secondary metabolites of field-grown pepper fruits at the mature red stage. Overall, 16 carotenoids were detected, of which capsanthin, zeaxanthin, and capsorubin were the dominant ones. N application at 250 kg ha -1 dramatically increased contents of red pigment capsanthin, yellow-orange zeaxanthin and β-carotene, with optimum fruit yield. A total of 290 secondary metabolites were detected and identified. The relative content of most flavonoids and phenolic acids was decreased with increasing N supply. Correlation analysis showed that color parameters were highly correlated with N application rates, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, and coumarins. Collectively, N promoted carotenoid biosynthesis but downregulated phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, which together determined the spectrum of red color expression in pepper fruit. Our results provide a better understanding of the impact of N nutrition on pepper fruit color formation and related physiology, and identification of target metabolites for enhancement of nutritional quality and consumer appeal., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Zhang, Zhang, He, Dong, Sun, Liu, Wang, Yang, Zhang, Lakshmanan, Chen and Deng.)

In fruits, cuticular waxes affect fruit quality traits such as surface color at harvest and water loss during postharvest storage. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of cuticular wax deposition in northern highbush blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in relation to fruit water loss and surface color during ripening and postharvest storage, as well as the effects of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated changes in cuticular wax deposition on these fruit quality traits. Total cuticular wax content (μg∙cm -2 ) decreased during fruit ripening and increased during postharvest storage. Transcriptome analysis revealed a transcript network for cuticular wax deposition in blueberries. Particularly, five OSC-Likes were identified as putative genes for triterpene alcohol production, with OSC-Like1 and OSC-Like2 encoding mixed amyrin synthases, OSC-Like3 encoding a lupeol synthase, and OSC-Like4 and OSC-Like5 encoding cycloartenol synthases. The expression of three CYP716A-like genes correlated to the accumulation of two triterpene acids oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, the major wax compounds in blueberries. Exogenous ABA application induced the expression of triterpenoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of β-amyrin and oleanolic acid, as well as increased the ratio of oleanolic acid to ursolic acid. These changes were associated with reduced fruit water loss. The content of β-diketones was also increased by ABA application, and this increase was associated with increased fruit lightness (measured as L* using CIELAB Color Space by a colorimeter). This study provided key insights on the molecular basis of cuticular wax deposition and its implications on fruit quality traits in blueberries., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nanjing Agricultural University.)

The Annurca type is an historical Italian apple fruit probably native to the Campania region. These fruits are harvested before a full maturity stage and go through an open-field reddening process. Products based on 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) are widely used in postharvest to improve apple quality and avoid disorders in controlled atmosphere. In this work, we tested the impact of 1-MCP in the traditional reddening system of Annurca type by analyzing three postharvest strategies, namely, fruits exposed for ten days to the traditional reddening and then cold-stored (RDG treatment); fruits treated in postharvest with 1-MCP and then cold-stored (MCP treatment); fruits treated in postharvest with 1-MCP, exposed for ten days to the open-field reddening and then cold-stored (MCP + RDG treatment). Using a full factorial design, we measured main physical and compositional traits and described the properties of the products by consumer testing at two storage times. The MCP + RDG treatment provided the most valuable results, by positively affecting fruit flesh firmness and several sensorial attributes (e.g., hardness, crunchiness, juiciness, sweetness), including a reduction of the mealiness. At the end of the cold-storage, MCP + RDG apples scored a higher consumer’s overall liking. The work demonstrated that the 1-MCP technology can be integrated into a traditional open-field postharvest process to improve fruit quality and, potentially, to extend the shelf life of Annurca apples.

Highlights • Raspberry genotypes differed significantly in regard to fruit ethylene production. • Shelf life was not correlated with the ethylene production rate in the genotypes. • Color change during storage was not correlated with fruit ethylene production. • 'Heritage' had the highest total anthocyanin content at harvest and after storage. • Color stability was not correlated with anthocyanin content or fruit color at harvest. Abstract In order to determine the role of ethylene in post-harvest darkening of berries among raspberry genotypes the relationship between ethylene production, color stability, anthocyanin content, postharvest quality, and shelf life was examined in five raspberry genotypes during storage at + 1 °C and + 7 °C. The genotypes differed significantly in regard to fruit ethylene production, which ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 ng kg−1 s−1 after harvest. A negligible increase in ethylene production during storage was observed in 'Heritage' and 'Nantahala', while a pronounced increase occurred in 'Crimson Treasure' and breeding selection NY 10–24. Shelf life was, however, not correlated with the ethylene production rate in the genotypes. Fruit surface color at harvest did not predict darkening in storage. NY 10–24 was darker than the other genotypes at harvest. During storage especially 'Heritage' but also NY 10–24 darkened significantly resulting in darker fruit surface color than in the other genotypes. 'Heritage' had the highest total anthocyanin content at harvest. Anthocyanin concentration increased during storage with the mean increase across all genotypes after 8 d being 45% at + 1 °C, and 80% at + 7 °C, while an increase of 128% was observed in 'Heritage' at + 7 °C. Optical density of fruit juice was highly correlated with the concentration of anthocyanins in the whole fruit samples. Both berry sugar and titratable acidity content differed significantly between the genotypes. The highest sugar to acid ratio was found in 'BP1', being about two times higher than in 'Heritage' or' Crimson Treasure'. While sugar content did not change, titratable acidity decreased during storage. This study demonstrated that genotypic differences in fruit ethylene production rate did not explain differences in color change (darkening) during storage or in shelf life of primocane raspberry genotypes, nor was color stability in storage directly correlated to anthocyanin content or fruit color at harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cornelian cherry in Poland belongs to the alternative fruit species. The fruits are suitable for fresh consumption, however they can be used for processing: juice, jams, jellies, syrups, tinctures. Fruits are abundant in mineral elements, vitamin C, organic acids, iridoids, anthocyanins and due to that they have health-promoting significance. In this experiment, the fruit quality of several 16-year-old ecotypes in the Lublin region was compared. They were compared in terms of the beginning of fruit ripening and fruit size (length, diameter, mass), fruit shape index, share of stone in the fruit, SSC, TA, SSC/TA, reducing sugar, dry matter content and anthocyanins content. The color of fruit was evaluated in two dates, visually and using HanterLab spectrophotometer. Cornelian cherry fruits began to mature at the beginning of August and at the latest at the end of August. With the increase of the maturity degree, the SSC, reducing sugars, TA, dry matter and anthocyanins increased significantly. There was no difference in the taste of light red fruits and dark red fruits, which were characterized by similar ratio of SSC/TA. Ecotype No. 11, as the earliest maturing, with big round fruits, dark red colored with the highest content of anthocyanins, could be distinguished. As well as ecotypes No. 4 and 5, ripening in mid-August, and having a high ratio of SSC/TA, providing a good taste. Studied ecotypes could be used in breeding programs to incorporate a wide range of quality and agronomic characteristics into a final cornelian cherry cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of different drying methods on chemical and physical characteristics of date palm (Phoenix dacylifera L. cv. Medjool) fruits was assessed. Drying methods were natural(control), sun, fan, and forced warm air.Fruit moisture content prior drying ranged between 30 and 60%. Fruit from natural dryinghad lighter color, lower firmness and optimal moisture content (23-25%) ,compared to the other treatments. Additionally, phenolic compounds, fructose, sucrose and mineral content from natural drying were significantly higher than those from other treatments,except for potassium concentration. Overall,the natural drying method was the best method for 'Medjool' date compared to the other three treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids are tetraterpenes (40-carbon isoprenoids) derived from the five-carbon isoprene units, isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP). These molecules are the major determinants of fruit pigmentation in many plant species, including tomato. The IDP isomerase (IDI) catalyzes the isomerization of IDP to DMADP. Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the dimerization of two diterpenes from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene, which is the rate-limiting step in carotenoid biosynthesis. Mutations in the tomato PSY1, yellow flesh, are widely used for breeding yellow tomatoes. We report a series of allelic variations in yellow flesh, and in the newly identified apricot, which has yellow fruit as a result of a mutation in IDI1. In HPLC analysis, both the cultivars showed yellow ripe fruits that lacked carotenoids. However, unlike wild type and yellow flesh, apricot mutants had reduced carotenoid levels in flowers. The allelic variations in yellow flesh were determined to have a deletion in the promoter region and a nonsense mutation in the PSY1 gene, whereas apricot contained a 'T' insertion that resulted in premature termination codon in the IDI1 gene. DNA markers to identify allelic variations in two yellow flesh and three apricot mutant lines were developed. These markers and germplasms would be useful for breeding yellow tomatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new classification of rain forest plants into eight fruit syndromes, based on fruit morphology and other traits relevant to fruit‐feeding insects. This classification is compared with other systems based on plant morphology or traits relevant to vertebrate fruit dispersers. Our syndromes are based on fruits sampled from 1,192 plant species at three Forest Global Earth Observatory plots: Barro Colorado Island (Panama), Khao Chong (Thailand), and Wanang (Papua New Guinea). The three plots differed widely in fruit syndrome composition. Plant species with fleshy, indehiscent fruits containing multiple seeds were important at all three sites. However, in Panama, a high proportion of species had dry fruits, while in New Guinea and Thailand, species with fleshy drupes and thin mesocarps were dominant. Species with dry, winged seeds that do not develop as capsules were important in Thailand, reflecting the local importance of Dipterocarpaceae. These differences can also determine differences among frugivorous insect communities. Fruit syndromes and colors were phylogenetically flexible traits at the scale studied, as only three of the eight seed syndromes, and one of the 10 colors, showed significant phylogenetic clustering at either genus or family levels. Plant phylogeny was, however, the most important factor explaining differences in overall fruit syndrome composition among individual plant families or genera across the three study sites. Abstract in Melanesian is available with online material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve environmental sustainability of tomato cultivation and the quality of the harvested fruits, we tested (a) the digestate from anaerobic fermentation of buffalo slurries as partial replacing of NP fertilizers and (b) the biodegradable mulching to improve the nutrients and water availability for crop and to control weeds. In 2017–2018, a private farm of Campania region hosted a trial with four treatments deriving from the combination of two experimental factors: (1) fertilization strategy (standard farm NPK fertilization vs. digestate combined with reduced rates of NP fertilizers); (2) soil mulching (biodegradable mulching vs. no mulching). We measured fresh and dry aboveground biomass (fruits and stem + leaves), yields, fruits quality. Results pointed out: (1) combination of digestate with reduced rates of NP fertilizers did not decrease yields compared to complete mineral fertilization; (2) yields were improved in 2017 by synergic effects of soil mulching and combination of digestate and reduced rates of NP fertilizers; (3) in both the years, digestate combined with reduced rates of NP fertilizers and soil mulching determined the significant improving of fruits quality parameters interesting the processing industry, namely, fruit color, and firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity while antioxidant activity, contents of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, and lycopene showed responses variable with year or cultivar.

• Anthocyanins but not carotenoids determine the color of sweet cherry fruits. • The difference between red-yellow and red sweet cherry may be attributed to seven anthocyanins. • The content of 85 flavonols differed between red and red-yellow sweet cherries. • Fifteen key structural genes were involved in the flavonoid metabolic pathway. The color of a fruit is an important contributor to the perception of its nutritional value. It is widely acknowledged that the color of sweet cherry changes obviously during ripening. Variations in anthocyanins and flavonoids account for the heterogeneous color of sweet cherries. In this study, we showed that anthocyanins but not carotenoids determine the color of sweet cherry fruits. The difference between red-yellow and red sweet cherry may be attributed to seven anthocyanins, including Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, Cyanidin 3-xyloside, Peonidin-3-O-glucoside, Peonidin-3-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Kuromanin), Peonidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside, Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and Pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside. The content of 85 flavonols differed between red and red-yellow sweet cherries. The transcriptional analysis identified 15 key structural genes involved in the flavonoid metabolic pathway and four R2R3-MYB transcription factors. The expression level of Pac4CL, PacPAL, PacCHS1, PacCHS2, PacCHI, PacF3H1, PacF3H2, PacF3′H, PacDFR, PacANS1, PacANS2, PacBZ1 and four R2R3-MYB were positively correlated with anthocyanin content (p s < 0.05). PacFLS1, PacFLS2 and PacFLS3 expression was negatively correlated with anthocyanin content but positively correlated with flavonols content (p s < 0.05). Overall, our findings suggests that the heterogeneous expression of structural genes in the flavonoid metabolic pathway accounts for the variation in levels of final metabolites, leading to differences between red 'Red-Light' and red-yellow 'Bright Pearl'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• rin+/rin nor+/norA increases fruit shelf life longer than rin +/ rin and nor +/ norA. • nor+/norA, nor+/nor and rin+/rin impair internal fruit color. • rin+/rin nor+/norA impairment of fruit color is similar to that of rin +/ rin. • ogc+/ogc hp+/hp attenuates impaired fruit color of rin+/rin nor+/norA. The objective of this work was to quantify the effects of tomato ripening mutant alleles rin, nor and norA in fruit shelf life and in the internal and external fruit color, and the possible effects of their joint deployment with alleles that enhance fruit color ogc and hp. A randomized complete block design trial with three replications was used to test twelve tomato genotypes (all in genotypic background Floradade), which comprised four inbred lines (Floradade-normal genotype, TOM-559- norA/norA, TOM-613- nor/nor and TOM-614 -rin/rin) and eight hybrids [F1(TOM-559 x TOM-613)- nor/norA, F1(FloraDade x TOM-559)- nor+/norA, F1(FloraDade x TOM-613)-nor+/nor , F1(FloraDade x TOM-614)- rin+/rin , F1(TOM-559 x TOM-614)- rin+/rin nor+/norA , F1(TOM-613 x TOM-614)-rin+/rin nor+/nor , F1(TOM-591 x TOM-614)-rin+/rin nor+/norA ogc+/ogc and F1(TOM-589 x TOM-614)- rin+/rin nor+/norA ogc+/ogc hp+/hp ]. Our results indicate that deployment of the double heterozygous combination rin+/rin nor+/norA is effective towards improving fruit shelf life, not only with relation to the normal genotype, but also relatively to the single heterozygous genotypes rin +/ rin or nor +/ norA. Possible deleterious effects of the double combination rin+/rin nor+/norA on external and on internal fruit color are similar to those presented by the single heterozygous genotype rin +/ rin (widely deployed in commercial hybrids), and may be attenuated by simultaneous deployment of alelles ogc and hp in the combination rin+/rin nor+/norA ogc+/ogc hp+/hp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coloring is an important appearance quality of fruit. In order to evaluate the relationship between metabolites and fruit color, we analyzed the metabolites and transcriptional profiles of two different Cerasus humilis cultivars: “RF” (cv. Zhangwu, red fruit) and “YF” (cv. Nongda No.5, yellow fruit). The results of identification and quantification of metabolites showed that there were significant differences in the contents of 11 metabolites between RF and YF. Transcriptomics was used to analyze the expression patterns of genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and subsequently, the regulation network of anthocyanin biosynthesis was established to explore their relationship with color formation. QRT-PCR, performed for 12 key genes, showed that the expression profiles of the differentially expressed genes were consistent with the results of the transcriptome data. A co-expression analysis revealed that the late genes were significantly positively correlated with most of the different metabolites. The results of the study provide a new reference for improving the fruit color of Cerasus humilis in the future.

In plants, carotenoids define fruit pigmentation and are involved in the processes of photo-oxidative stress defense and phytohormone production; a key enzyme responsible for carotene synthesis in fruit is phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1). Tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprise cultivated (Solanum lycopersicum) as well as wild species with different fruit color and are a good model to study carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. In this study, we identified homologous PSY1 genes in five Solanum section Lycopersicon species, including domesticated red-fruited S. lycopersicum and wild yellow-fruited S. cheesmaniae and green-fruited S. chilense, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii. PSY1 homologs had a highly conserved structure, including key motifs in the active and catalytic sites, suggesting that PSY1 enzymatic function is similar in green-fruited wild tomato species and preserved in red-fruited S. lycopersicum. PSY1 mRNA expression directly correlated with carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the analyzed tomato species, indicating differential transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the PSY1 promoter and 5′-UTR sequence revealed over 30 regulatory elements involved in response to light, abiotic stresses, plant hormones, and parasites, suggesting that the regulation of PSY1 expression may affect the processes of fruit senescence, seed maturation and dormancy, and pathogen resistance. The revealed differences between green-fruited and red-fruited Solanum species in the structure of the PSY1 promoter/5′-UTR, such as the acquisition of ethylene-responsive element by S. lycopersicum, could reflect the effects of domestication on the transcriptional mechanisms regulating PSY1 expression, including induction of carotenogenesis during fruit ripening, which would contribute to red coloration in mature fruit.

The color varieties of sweet paprika are conquering the Colombian vegetables markets, not only because of their fancy colors, but also because they are one of the best sources of ascorbic acid and carotenoids as well as phenolic compounds, important in the human diet. Therefore, basic studies related to the growth and development of the available imported varieties under greenhouse conditions on the Bogota Plateau are required. In a completely randomized block design with five replicates, biometric parameters of the hybrids Plinio, Menta RZ and Orangery were evaluated, showing that the latter one was statistically different for leaf area, leaf area index and number of leaves during the 20 study weeks, while the dry matter in the leaves, stems and roots showed no differences between the varieties. Although, 'Orangery' exhibited the highest percent of final allocation of accumulated dry matter in the fruits, being, in general, the most promising hybrid for cultivation under the research conditions.

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties such as total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total anthocyanin (TA), total antioxidant capacity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Fe 2+ chelating assays in thirty-eight genotypes of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. grown in Iran. The results showed that the range of fruit and seed weight was 1.08–2.69 and 0.31–0.64 g, respectively. Also, the range of antioxidant capacity based on DPPH was 28.59–93.15 %. The highest TP content of peel and pulp of fruit was 1179 and 820.85 mg gallic acid (GAE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW) basis, respectively. The highest TF content of peel and pulp of fruit was observed in Mi2 and U2 genotypes, respectively. Genotype M4 had the highest TA content. According to the correlation, TP had a positive and significant correlation with the antioxidant capacity based on DPPH and FRAP assays, and TF content. The results of factor analysis showed that the five main factors were explained a total of 86.69% of the variance. Also based on cluster analysis, the thirty-eight genotypes were located in 4 main clusters and five locations were located in 2 main clusters. The present research reveals the potential of E. angustifolia L. genotypes studied for improvement of nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the importance of frugivorous primates as seed dispersers is well established, the question of the extent to which they exert selective pressure on fruit color phenotypes is contested. Numerous studies have identified suites of primate fruit colors, but the lack of agreement among them illustrates the difficulty of identifying the match between primate foraging behavior and the extent of primate-plant coevolution. This may indicate that primates do not shape fruit traits, at least in a consistent direction, or that the evolution of fruit color is affected by a complex array of selection pressures in which primates play only a part. Here, we review the role of primates in shaping fruit color in the context of primate color vision phenotypes, and fruit phenotypic constraints and selective pressures. To test the hypothesis that fruit color is subjected to selection pressures by primates, we offer six testable predictions aimed at disentangling the complex array of factors that can contribute to fruit color phenotypes, including animal mutualists, animal antagonists, and developmental and phylogenetic constraints of fruits. We conclude that identifying the importance of primate seed dispersers in shaping fruit visual traits is possible, but more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to assess the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on quality and storage life of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and performed in two experiments including foliar application and postharvest dipping of fruits in salicylic acid solutions. In the first experiment, pomegranate trees were sprayed at concentrations of 0, 1, 3 or 9 mM L-1. After two months of storage at 5 °C, ionic leakage, total soluble solids, and decay of pomegranate fruit was examined. The results showed that ionic leakage and fungal decay decreased and total soluble solids increased in treated fruits compared to the control. In the second experiment, fruits were dipped in SA at concentrations of 0, 1 or 3 mM L-1 and stored at 5 °C for two months to investigate the effects of salicylic acid on chilling injury (Cl), decay, and chemical attributes of stored samples. The results revealed that postharvest application of SA significantly increased total antioxidants and decreased chilling injury and decay of treated fruits. However, it did not significantly affect total phenol, total soluble solids, total anthocyanin and colour of fruits compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First purchases of fruit are mainly dependent on aspects of appearance such as color. However, repeat buys of fruit are determined by internal quality traits such as flavor-related volatiles. Differences in volatile profiles in white- and red-fleshed peach fruit are not well understood. In the present study, peach cultivars with white- and red-fleshed fruit were subjected to sensory analysis using electronic nose (e-nose) to evaluate overview volatile profiles. Approximately 97.3% of the total variation in peach color-volatiles was explained by the first principle component 1 (PC1) and PC2. After analyzing sensory differences between peach fruit samples, 50 volatile compounds were characterized based on GC-MS. Multivariate analysis such as partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to identify volatile compounds that contribute to difference in white- and red-fleshed peach fruit cultivars. A total of 18 volatiles that could separate peach fruit cultivars with different colors in flesh during ripening were identified based on variable importance in projection (VIP) score. Fruity note latone γ-hexalactone had higher contents in red-fleshed cultivars, while grassy note C6 compounds such as hexanal, 2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol showed great accumulation in white-fleshed peach fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the long-term performance under two farming systems of Capia pepper, a summer vegetable in high demand, consumed fresh, as paste, dried, or roasted. The trial was conducted for 9 years on certified organic and conventional plots of Ege University, İzmir, Turkey. In both farming systems, pepper was the main summer crop, but the preceding crop varied between the farming systems and over the years. Certified organic seeds and seedlings of Yalova yağlık-28, an open pollinated variety, were used for Capia pepper production. Yields were statistically similar in the conventional (45,217 kg ha−1) and organic (43,645 kg ha−1) systems; however, significant yield variations occurred with respect to the annual conditions. The farming system significantly influenced fruit quality. The average fruit weight was 99.7 g in the conventional plots compared with 88.8 g in the organic. The fruit pericarp was thicker in the organic (5.1 mm) than in the conventionally grown ones (4.5 mm). The L-ascorbic acid content was (73.4 mg 100 g−1) higher in the conventional fruit, whereas the total soluble solids (7.7%) and red pulp color, determined by a chromameter, as a*/b* (2.0), were more pronounced in fruit from the organic plots. The long-term trial showed that organic management helped to improve the soil organic matter content and fruit quality, especially from the perspective of processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]