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This article studies the adjudicatory practices deployed by colonial military and police forces during a series of punitive British expeditions in the eastern frontiers of British India and the northern reaches of British Burma, specifically the Lushai and Chin Hills in the late nineteenth century. It magnifies the lives, deaths, and afterlives of two 'tribal' chiefs of Lushai Hills. Among others, these figures were held responsible for a series of raids carried out in the settled British territories of the northeastern frontiers in the 1890s. After a few inconclusive skirmishes with the British expeditionary force, they were apprehended and imprisoned in a jail in Hazaribagh under the preventive detention act of Bengal Regulation III of 1818, which was reserved and designed to arrest political dissidents of the empire. After a few months, two of them, Liengpunga and Khalkam, were found hanging from the windows of their prison latrine. The British administration labelled these deaths as suicides and closed the cases. The article opens them up. In doing so, it narrates an oblique history of the Scheduled District Act of 1874 which removed hill districts from the jurisdictions of regular courts. By focusing on the historical imbrication of Bengal Regulation III of 1818 in the Scheduled District Act, the article highlights the punitive techniques embedded in the seeming protectionist impulse of the colonial state, something that persists in India's administration of the Northeast region. Closer to the concerns of this issue, it reflects on a legal genealogy of tribal subjects in South Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peacemaker in Corsica (1340), then vicarius of Western Liguria (1344), later consul of Caffa in the Crimea (approximately 1351-1353), Gottifredo da Zoagli conducted his political and diplomatic career along the frontiers of the Genoese state. Resolute and loyal to the government, he played a leading role in the defence of borders, especially during the long civil war between Simon Boccanegra, Genoa's first doge, and a coalition of nobles hostile to his regime. Based on a limited but diverse range of sources (chronicles, notary deeds, books of account, letters, agreements, annals, inscriptions), this article reconstructs Gottifredo's political biography, showing how his experience in the West was decisive for continuation of his career in the East. His cursus honorum expands our knowledge regarding the mobility of officials in the Genoese Commonwealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escape tourism seems to be difficult to define. It is related to many different kinds of tourism, including the so-called Robinson tourism. Given that escape tourists' motives, ways of travelling and activities vary widely, the article deals with general conditions which may trigger the decision to undertake escape tourism. It also examines geographical spaces that are potential destinations for escapees thanks to their remote location or specific features. The article applies theoretical considerations to the consideration of Poland's tourist space as a source of possible 'escape destinations', finding that geographical spaces traditionally considered suitable for escape tourism – borderlands, peripheries or geographical extremes – have decreased in importance as the phenomenon migrates towards less obvious places and forms of psychological refuge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Carta Internacional is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Wari state expanded during the seventh century to colonize a vast area of the Andes and incorporate many ethnic groups. The relations established between Wari-sponsored colonists and the people indigenous to these new territories differed for a number of reasons. In this paper I consider the degree of political centralization as a key factor that determined the long-term impacts Wari expansion had on subject groups. While all Wari subjects may have been compelled to participate in the empire’s political economy, some aspects of their daily life may have remained relatively unchanged. Using the multi-ethnic colony in Moquegua as an example this paper examines which attributes associated with Wari practices were adopted and which aspects of their identities were maintained.

Objectives: To review the current research status of the neuroimaging of aphasia, and reveal the hotspots and frontiers of research in this field. Methods: We searched articles related to the neuroimaging research on aphasia since Web of Science (WOS) database construction and extracted the data. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used for the country/institution analysis, journal analysis, discipline analysis, burst keyword analysis and cited-reference cluster analysis. Results: Of the studies retrieved from WOS, 2922 studies that related to the neuroimaging of aphasia were screened and finally included 2799 articles for research. The United States of America and University of California San Francisco were the main countries and institutions in this field. Brain had the highest impact factor in both published and cited journals. Through the discipline and topic analysis of this field, the most common category was Neurosciences and Neurology. The keyword with the strongest citation strength was "functional connectivity," and the recent burst keywords were "functional connectivity" and "network." The co-citation network showed seven clusters greater than 100. Among the top 5 clusters, the most recently formed cluster, Cluster #2 (progressive supranuclear palsy), had an average year of 2017. The literature in the top 5 clusters mainly focused on 3 aspects, specifically, the discovery of language processing models, injury and recovery mechanisms of post-stroke aphasia (PSA), and diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants. Conclusion: The results of this bibliometric study revealed the following three research hotspots in the neuroimaging of aphasia: clarifying the connotation of the most recognized language processing model, the dual-stream model, exploring the injury mechanism based on the dual-stream model and the recovery mechanism involving the left and right hemispheres of PSA, and determining the diagnostic criteria for PPA variants. A major research trend is to combine new neuroimaging technology, such as PET tracer technology, to realize the visual presentation of disease-specific proteins to improve the pathological diagnostic criteria of PPA variants. Accordingly, a visualized analysis of literature that uses CiteSpace provides a more rapid, repeatable and flexible method, which is more conducive to capturing research hotspots and emerging trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a case study in frontier colonization, and the subsequent transformation of that colonization into heritage, in order to explore the peripheral processes and projects of state making in China. The paper approaches China’s frontiers as exceptional spaces that compel the state to perform projects of purification. Such projects aim to order frontier space through bordering and “civilizing” practices, yet tend to also have disordering effects. The paper argues that state territorialization of frontier space is achieved through ongoing efforts to order space through such purifying projects which, in turn, generate new disordered outcomes. This argument is developed through an analysis of historiography and heritage-making of “tunpu” (屯堡) culture in central Guizhou. The historiography of tunpu culture provides insight into the ways genealogical records, state minzu ethnic classifications, and contemporary efforts at heritage promotion can all be understood as purifying projects of bordering that in fact introduce outcomes which require more borders. Tunpu, in other words, provides a lens through which to appreciate the central role of the frontier bordering in Chinese statecraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Revisits Fairhead's seminal study on roadworks' ambivalent effects on security and development. • Challenges the correlation of infrastructure with state control and of rough terrain with resistance. • Uses the 'infrastructural frontier' to analyze geographies with deficient infrastructure and state control. • Demonstrates how donor-funded infrastructure programs generate a 'frontier effect' • Explores the political affordances of geomorphology through the concept of 'subversive soils' This article uses the concept of the 'infrastructural frontier' to trace the linkages between externally financed road building projects and the constitution of eastern DR Congo as a liminal political space at the material edge of the state. This frontier space has two core features: first, the patchy quality of its road infrastructure, which is perpetually rebuilt only to disintegrate again. Second, the transient nature of configurations of authority and control, leading to 'circulation struggles' along roads that are never fully functional. These features contribute to the collapse of a clear-cut dichotomy between the presence and the absence of transport infrastructure, but also between spaces of control and spaces of resistance. The constitution of eastern Congo as an infrastructural frontier, we argue, is importantly related to its 'subversive soils', whose clayish, sticky substance accelerates road degradation and compounds power projection. The resulting patchiness of both durable road infrastructure and central state control generates a 'frontier effect': it invites perpetual external donor interventions to build roads, but these projects never fundamentally upend the infrastructural and political state of affairs. In fact, as we demonstrate, these projects have become crucial to its very constitution. These observations point to the dual temporality of eastern Congo's 'perpetual' infrastructural frontier, where the short-term volatility of circulation struggles is both a product of and reproduces its frontier-ness over the longue durée. Our contribution thus demonstrates the intricate relations between the temporal, material and political qualities of frontier spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Grasslands are the largest type of terrestrial ecosystem on the earth, providing rich and unique ecosystem services. However, climate change and human activities have triggered a global degradation of grasslands, which has become a major ecological crisis. In this study, a scientometric analysis was performed to explore the hotspots and frontiers of global grassland degradation research. Materials and methods: Two methods involving visualization were used to analyze these data: document co-citation analysis and burst analysis based on the papers indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) during 1970–2020. Results and discussion: A total of 3580 research papers related to grassland degradation research and 54,666 references were included. The results showed that Harris's paper in 2010 had the strongest burst value of 26.2, far larger than any other, which shows that this paper was a turning point in the research process. The document co-citation network was divided into 14 main theme clusters. The most influential and emerging research theme clusters were including alpine meadow, grazing exclusion, alpine region, and human activities. Alpine meadow was the largest cluster lasting from 2010 to 2020, indicating that this topic is still active in grassland degradation research. Furthermore, research focus has transferred toward grasslands in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The topic of grazing exclusion is both classic and currently active as it lasted as a research hotspot for 15 years (2004–2018). However, the extent and state of grazing effects research are unclear. Conclusions: As the first scientometric review on grassland degradation research, our study identified the research hotspots and their shifts over the past 50 years, pointing to some potential research frontiers in the future. The scientometric analysis is a useful tool for a quantitative evaluation of research hotspots and trends of global grassland degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-use frontiers are territories with abundant land for agriculture and forestry, availability of natural resources relative to labor or capital and predisposed to rapid land-use change, often driven by large-scale land investments and capitalized actors, producing commodities for distal markets. Strategic spatial planning (SSP) represents a consolidated long-term governance practice across high- and low-income countries. One of the objectives of SSP processes is to articulate a more coherent and future-oriented spatial logic for the sustainability of land-use patterns and typologies, natural-resources protection, and investments. SSP may thus constitute a useful approach in addressing some of the challenges affecting land governance in frontier settings; to date, its potential contribution to land-use frontiers lacks explicit exploration. In this paper, we examine how SSP can play a role in governing land-use frontiers through a case-study analysis of Mozambique as an emerging frontier, located on the southeast coast of Africa. We gathered empirical evidence by interviewing experts involved in resource management, territorial planning, and development in the country. The theoretical spine of the paper builds on the literature focusing on land-use challenges and SSP. We show that emerging land-use frontiers face several challenges, such as transnational land deals and the intensification of commercial plantations. Interview data show that several structural factors are hindering the establishment of a long-term territorial development strategy. These are, among others, the short-termism of political cycles and the absence of a long-term strategic vision. Our analysis reveals that SSP processes could contribute to addressing land-use challenges in frontier contexts, such as poverty traps and land degradation spirals, should various local and distant actors join forces and marry interests. We conclude by presenting a systematic rationale, explaining how SSP could play a role in governing land-use frontiers, with a view to promoting the well-being and sustainability of rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book details Marie Ladekjær Gravesen The Contested Lands of Laikipia. Histories of Claims and Conflict in a Kenyan Landscape Brill: Leiden and Boston, 2021 ISSN 15668-1203. ISSN 978-90-04-43519-3 (paperback). ISBN 978-90-43520-9 (e-book). 263 pages

The last decades have witnessed an increased interest in the research of territorial delimitations in late medieval and early modern Europe. A significant part of the academic debate has been focused on identifying and defining the process of transition from medieval frontiers, perceived as vague areas of contact, to modern linear borders. The aim of this article is to analyse the organisation of the western confines of the Transylvanian Principality during the decades in which this state was formed, from the Ottoman conquest of Buda (1541) until the ratification of the Speyer Peace Treaty (1571). Throughout this period, the territorial delimitation of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and Habsburg Hungary was an ongoing process, marked by both military confrontations and diplomatic negotiations. Through a critical reassessment of the most relevant Romanian and Hungarian literature on this complex subject and the analysis of new data from official and narrative contemporary sources, I have tried to identify which were the most important political and military events that shaped the western borderlands of Transylvania. A fundamental objective of my research is to provide an accurate definition for the western region of the Transylvanian Principality, contributing thus to the general debate on the nature of frontiers/borders in sixteenth century Europe.

Copyright of Varia História is the property of Varia Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human geographers investigating socio-environmental change in resource frontiers often encounter illicit activities occurring alongside the licit processes they study. These encounters pose logistical challenges to conducting research and moral and analytical dilemmas for researchers. Illicit activities produce what we refer to as spheres of ambiguity, which obscure certain information, relationships, and phenomena surrounding them. We address the dearth of analytical tools for approaching the uncertainty this generates by bringing concepts from agnotology—the study of ignorance—to bear on research conducted amidst illicit activity, offering a framework for systematically evaluating ambiguous field data that is incompletely observed or reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the construction of imperial landscapes in the borderlands of eastern Africa in the early twentieth century. Recent literature has emphasized the haphazard, contingent, and often hybrid nature of mapping imperial frontiers and colonial governance in eastern Africa. This paper looks at the role of photography in the mapping of the Kenya-Somali frontier through the rich photographic archive of colonial official, Sir Geoffrey Archer. Archer documented his cartographic surveys through multiple media – diaries, maps, photographs – that provide a unique lens through which to explore the role of visual culture in contestations over territoriality, mobility, and sovereignty. While this photographic archive visualized imperial frontier landscapes and documented the work of cartographic surveys, it also revealed the dependency on local intermediaries, through their labour, geographic knowledge, and spatial practices. Photography-as-cartography demonstrated both the productive work of photography and the ambivalent presence of colonized peoples in the mapping of imperial frontiers, revealing the social lives of the borderlands and capturing fugitive meanings, bodies, and landscapes. • Role of photography in imperial cartography and conquest of eastern Africa. • Visualization of imperial frontiers and imaginations through photography. • Role of and dependencies on local labour and intermediaries. • Somali geographic knowledge and the social lives of borderlands. • Sovereign gaze subverted by subaltern stowaway presences and fugitive landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carpathian Basin (or Pannonian Basin) is the south-eastern part of Central Europe, its geopolitical place being defined by geography (it is placed between the Eastern Alps, the Dinaric Alps, and the Carpathian Mountains) and from historical point of view by the fact that its core region was ruled for many centuries by the Hungarian Kingdom and the Habsburg Monarchy, and the neighbouring states aimed to extend their territories in the basin reducing the central role of the basin from the margins. The changes of the spatial domination in the Carpathian Basin created several centre–periphery relations, which established, through a longue durée, specific social features in some border regions of the Carpathian Basin. This paper examines from the viewpoint of limology (border studies) three frontier regions of the basin, Spiš, Székely Land, and Banat, and investigates the historical process of the regional construction in order to ascertain what circumstances helped or blocked these periphery constructions.

Frontier settlements played a key role in the formation of Israeli society and its territorial project. In the pre-statehood years and during the first decades after the establishment of the state of Israel, settling the frontiers formed one of the main national objectives, securing the nation’s control over space while promoting a unified local identity. Appropriately, settlement practices and discourse focused on pioneer rural communities and industrial towns, with a clear emphasis on housing units and residential estates. With the privatisation of the local economy, the national settlement development mechanism was privatised as well, the former state-led enterprise was harnessed to the interests of the market, and the earlier focus on housing was thus replaced by a property-oriented approach. This article studies the transformations in Israeli frontier settlement practices while analysing their changing modes of spatial production and the terminology they relied on. Studying the development process of Tzur-Yitzhak and Harish, two Israeli localities on the border with the occupied Palestinian West Bank, this article demonstrates how they first emerged as small-scale rural settlements and eventually turned into corporate-led projects. Presenting the geopolitical and societal interests behind both case studies, as well as the manner their proposed planning altered over the years, this article illustrates the transforming modes of production and the evolution of the local settlement terminology, demonstrating the shift from a pioneer-oriented to a market-led frontier settlement.

Despite growing criticism, those perspectives that privilege the agency as the primary influence in the career building process predominate in career studies. In contrast, a theoretical perspective based on the Bourdieusian theory of practice has recently emerged, whose central focus of analysis is on the contextual conditioning of careers. To contribute to the efforts made so far to build this perspective, this article proposes a neo- Bourdieusian approach that seeks to integrate, in a coherent whole, the influences exerted on careers by the contexts of primary and secondary socialization, and by reflexivity. For this purpose, the frame of reference proposed by Bourdieu was approached from the microsociological theories of sociologists Bernard Lahire and Margareth Archer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Since 1850, Caquetá has had multiple boom-and-bust cycles of commodity production. • The general mechanisms behind frontier-making are theorised. • The success of peace relies on territorialisation breaking the logic of the frontier. The dynamic frontier-making in Colombia's Amazon department of Caquetá is the focus of this article. Since the mid-nineteenth century, booms and busts of commodity production have been associated with violent struggles as actors have challenged pre-existing orders and authorities. At different times, the area has been controlled by the Catholic Church, the Colombian state, FARC and paramilitary groups, following the different boom-and-bust cycles of commodity production. We use this case to theorise on the general mechanisms behind frontier-making. Reading the frontier literature through the lens of the coloniality of power, we draw four interrelated categories to access frontier-making analytically: commodity production, dispossession, hegemon, and subjectivities. These are used to explain six distinct periods in the political economy of Caquetá and its spatial reconfigurations. We argue that current issues of distrust on the state, violence, and land grabbing, are best understood as part of a historical continuum of multiple actors keeping the area as a frontier space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great Britain participated in the decision at the Potsdam Conference to hand over to Poland the territory of the former Free City of Danzig. The area was not recognized as part of Germany by the Great Powers. The aim of the article is to analyze the role that Gdańsk played in British policy towards Poland from the end of the Second World War to the fall of communist rule. It is based on archival research in the National Archives, Kew, supplemented by published British and Polish diplomatic documents, diaries and academic literature on the subject. Based on these sources, the author argues that the importance of the city of Gdańsk in British policy toward the region of East Central Europe diminished during the Cold War in comparison to the city’s role as the Free City of Danzig 1919–1939. However, its place was dynamic as Gdańsk became an important center of protests against the communist authorities in the 1970s and 1980s. The city played a special role since the strikes in August 1980, becoming the center of activity of the Solidarity Trade Union. The culmination of British interest was Margaret Thatcher’s visit to Gdańsk in 1988. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geosaberes: Revista de Estudos Geoeducacionais is the property of GEOSABERES - Revista de Estudos Geoducacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For a long time now, frontiers as concept and praxis have been employed by historians, medievalists in particular but not exclusively, as an effective (and, at this point, we can also say, tested) interpretive lens to understand cultural, identity-related and basically simply historical aspects, that characterize relevant local communities. The concept of 'frontier' also has a fascinating semantic polyvalence which applies to both spatial and chronological dimensions, sometimes together. Time and space: the classic dimensions archaeologists work with. More recently, in fact, archaeologists have shown interest in this analytical 'tool' to further our knowledge of past societies. Time and space: the classic dimensions archaeologists work with. More recently, in fact, archaeologists have shown interest in this analytical 'tool' to further our knowledge of past societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chains of frontier fortresses and the presence of boundary stelae have understandably encouraged scholars to emphasize parallels between Pharaonic political boundaries and contemporary political borders. However, ancient Egyptian territoriality and conceptions of political boundaries differed in several key ways. First, Pharaonic boundaries were not defined by their permeability, but rather their capacity to be altered by royal action. Second, specific territorial claims were often less vital than the sovereign act of claiming or marking a boundary. Finally, ancient Egyptian boundaries were often discussed in personal terms, as belonging to a particular pharaoh. They were not abstracted, linear features that aspired to an ahistorical permanence, but functioned as powerful, performative displays of political authority in liminal spaces. Recognizing these fundamental differences builds upon the insights of earlier scholarship and provides new perspectives on Pharaonic boundary-making practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte is the property of Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to discuss the presence of the military religious orders at the frontiers of Christianitas during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period when the hierocratic auctoritas ecclesiae materialized itself through vigorous expansionism. The military religious orders acted in consensus with the Holy See and at the request of the political European entities (also subjected to the authority of the Pope) in regions where they could not withstand the threats which endangered parts of their kingdoms or possessions. Ultimately this article integrates the presence of the Teutonic Knights in Transylvania during the first half of the thirteenth century in this broad mission of expansionism and highlights how the Roman Pontiff established relationships with the kingdoms positioned at the edge of Christianitas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article maps the interconnections between two emergent resource frontiers in Ireland: wind and data. Adding to literature about extraction and extractivism, we account for how these expanded extractive frontiers are mobilised within self-sustaining and automated formations. In Ireland, digital infrastructures such as data centres are developed by multinational tech companies to avail of a naturally cool climate and business environment friendly to their investment, part of a wider extractive system by which data are made valuable for their expansive operations. Wind farms similarly make use of Ireland's climate to generate energy, often used to power digital infrastructures, and are increasingly embedded within 'smart' energy and data systems. Wind and data are seen discretely as 'abundant' resources, their infrastructures built on terra or (offshore) mare nullius, and their operations 'green'. However, their infrastructures are entangled with non-renewable energy systems and tax evasive capital, and built across existing communities and environments through policy, planning logics and increasingly automated methods of maintenance and optimisation. Through what we call 'the moebius strip of wind/data', wind and data infrastructures are increasingly formidable in dictating our energy futures. In this article, we articulate how they are connected and how we can disentangle them, especially in their operation across urban and rural geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of war on the borders of Buenos Aires jurisdiction during the administration of Governor Miguel de Salcedo. It was in this particular context of conflict that the first Jesuit mission on the southern border of Buenos Aires was born in 1740. After reviewing Argentine historiography on frontiers, a new conceptual approach to the topic is proposed. Then, the conflict at stake is recreated from the perspective of the participant actors, proposing an analysis centered on the possibilities of action, on the overlapping of conflicts, and on the territorial dynamics of River Plate during the process. Finally, we discuss why the Society of Jesus was involved in the process as a way of solving the problem of indigenous violence in the region.

The mobile phone intensifies transnational communication, and alters the experience of migration. Omnipresent in social housing converted from migrant workers’ hostels, it affects the space of the accommodation, and transforms social practices. In this type of housing, where several people usually share what the management companies qualify as « individual » lodgings, that is, 1-person flats, what is the importance of the mobile phone in the process of constructing a « home », and what roles does it play? This article is based on observation of digital practices in these lodgings, with a view to defining the relations between the resident and the telephone as they develop over the day and depending on the other people present. It draws the conclusion that the telephone is a tool, and a basis for constructing a sense of « home ».

Following my first reflection on the migratory literature of Albanian writers who have written their works in Italian language, such as the osmosis of memory, identity and transformation, my short paper is focused on the theme of looking, beyond and across the frontiers, through the diary novels of Albanian emigrants in Italy. Migrants suffer from frontiers syndrome. They look at them imploringly and respond to them aversively. They leave their homeland for something new which would be better, and instead they find themselves rejected, unwanted, uninvited. It is a journey along the metamorphosis of the way of being observed from the country of origin to that of arrival. Goes and does not come back, Without luggage, these are the novels that should be read as an emigrant’s diary, as a link between one’s physical existence and memory, a mirror that helps the emigrant to live the dynamics of transformation with the utmost sincerity and honesty, and possibly wisely.

Background: The immune microenvironment (IME) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) plays a pivotal role in determining patient outcomes and responses to treatment. This area is witnessing rapid growth in research interest. However, there is a lack of comprehensive bibliometric analyses that dissect trends and potential focal points in this field., Aim: To explore the evolution of research on the IME in HCC from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2023, using bibliometric methodologies., Methods: English articles and reviews concerning the IME of HCC were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection with a search date of December 31, 2023. The R package Bibliometrix was employed to compute basic bibliometric characteristics, illustrate collaborations among countries and authors, and create a three-field diagram illustrating the connections between authors, affiliations, and keywords. Analyses of country and institutional co-authorship, as well as keyword co-occurrence, were conducted using VOSviewer. Additionally, CiteSpace was utilized for the cite burst analysis of keywords and cited literature., Results: The study encompassed 3125 documents in the research areas related to HCC of IME, revealing a substantial and continuous increase in the annual publication trend over time. China and Fudan University emerged as leading contributors, with 2103 and 165 publications, respectively. Frontiers in immunology was the most prolific journal in this domain. Among the top ten researchers in the field, eight are based in China. Key research terms identified include tumour microenvironment, expression, immunotherapy, and prognosis., Conclusion: The relationship between HCC and IME is receiving increasing attention, and related research is in a highly developed stage. Key focus areas, including IME and immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy are poised to be central to future research endeavors, offering promising pathways for further exploration., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)