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Farming policies tend to be homogeneous for an entire sector and encourage the implementation of technological innovations without considering the particular characteristics of smallholder farm systems (SFS). The objective of this study was to characterize the SFSs in the Oaxacan Mixteca, Mexico, and the highlands of Guatemala based on typologies, to know their diversity and to have elements to provide guidelines to generate development alternatives. The typology was constructed with information obtained from workshops, surveys and multivariate methods (PCA, cluster analysis and K-means). The variables that determined the diversity of the SFSs were investment capacity, remittances, type of work and livestock activities. The types of SFS identified in the Oaxacan Mixteca were: 1) farming, 2) dependent on external agricultural labours and low monetary income, 3) dependent on government programs, 4) with high non-agricultural income, and 5) medium external income. In the highlands of Guatemala: 1) semi-commercial farming, 2) commercial agriculture, 3) small subsistence, 4) small diversified income, and 5) semi-commercial agriculture. In the Oaxacan Mixteca region, the SFSs are self-consumption systems, dependent on external income (remittances and government programs), in which the potential for development lies in policies, according to the diversity of types and more efficient production systems. In Guatemala, the characteristics of the SFSs comply with global market chains, which regulate production and commercialization conditions, in which the potential for change lies in generating fairer market conditions and more efficient production systems linked to local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The information obtained based on the typologies is useful for generating specific policies and programs of differentiated support, according to the types of systems and their context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents brief review of researches about concepts of emotion regulation and emotional security in child development. Mechanisms of family influence on the child’s emotion regulation development such as the interiorization of parent’s assumptions about emotions and ways of their expression, playing by the parents the role of emotional couch for children, and emotion charging through emotional climate in the family are considered. The role of experiencing parental conflict in the development of the child’s sense of emotional security is analyzed. Concepts ‘attachment system’ and ‘social defense system’ are differentiated. Theory of emotional security by Cummings and Davies is considered. This theory presents ways of the influence of parental conflict on child’s psychopathology. Emotional security is considered to be the result of interrelated factors: parental style, parent’s psychopathology, processes in family system and child’s personality traits. Four patterns of child’s cognitive and behavioral strategies of defense in parental conflict are described. Emotion regulation strategies and psychological consequences of these patterns are proposed.

A part of a complex research dedicated to studying the interdependence between the posttraumatic stress features and the structural dimensions of family system is presented in this paper. 162 women have participated in the study by filling in the on-line versions of IES-R (Impact of Event Scale) and FACES-IV (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale). Thus, in this study correlations between the structural dimensions of family system (balanced scales: cohesion and flexibility; unbalanced scales: disengaged, enmeshed, chaotic, rigid; communication and family satisfaction scales) and posttraumatic stress features (intrusion, avoidance and hyperarousal) are considered. Using the one-way ANOVA the following statistically significant differences were revealed: (1) one-ended relationship between avoidance features (IES-R) and cohesion and communication dimensions (FACES-IV); (2) two-ended relationship between chaotic scale dimension (FACES-VI) and intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal features (IES-R); (3) two-ended relationship between cohesion, flexibility as well as disengaged, enmeshed scales dimensions (FACES-VI) and hyperarousal features (IES-R).

The establishment of strong emotional connections by people — experienced by them as attachment or as affection — with their pets, allows the latter to perform the function of maintaining and regulating family systems homeostasis. In addition, a "lightweight", safe and partly one-sided form of emotional relationship with companion animals, allows pet owners to receive emotional support in situations where such support from humans is limited or impossible. However, the other side of anthropomorphic attribution to pets of human qualities of attachment is that the biological needs of animals are often not recognized and therefore not satisfied, which can lead to the loss of a pet or escalation of conflicts of interest between humans and their animal companions. The behavior of the most common pets — cats and dogs, the selection of which in recent decades was conducted in the appropriate direction, facilitates anthropomorphic attribution and projective processes in the same ways. Despite this, each of these species has specific behaviors in establishing and maintaining interactions with humans. Knowledge of these features is important, as based on anthropomorphic attribution unrealistic expectations of owners in relation to the behavior of different species of animals, being one of the main reasons for abandoning a pet, often lead to further psychological trauma. Peculiarities of behavior and needs of different types of pets should also be taken into account when including animals of different species in the therapeutic process. Modern studies show that people’s attachment to pets does not lead to a reliable and stable change in the emotional well-being of the family, rather reflecting it than leading to its improvement.

The importance of family functioning in the development of child and adult psychopathology has been widely studied. However, the relationship between partners’ adjustment and family health is less studied. This paper aims to describe and summarize research that analyzes the relationship between partners’ adjustment and family health. A systematic review was conducted in the PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Lilacs, Psicodoc, Cinahl, and Jstor databases. Inclusion criteria were as follows: articles published from 2012 to 2019 in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Data were extracted and organized according to the family health model: family climate, integrity, functioning, and coping. Initially, 835 references were identified, and 24 articles were assessed for quality appraisal. Finally, 20 publications were selected. Results showed that couple adjustment was an important factor that triggered the emotional climate of the family, was positively intercorrelated to parenting alliance or coparenting, and contributed to family efficacy and help when facing stressful life events. Findings revealed a consensus about the relationship between couple dyadic adjustment and family health. The results could orientate interventions to promote well-being and to increase quality of life and family strength. Health professionals should thoroughly study couple relationships to identify risk factors, assess family skills, and promote family health.

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Researchers of both contemporary family problems and statistical data point many important changes in family life. Among these, a significant place is occupied by the emergence of alternative forms of family life and transformation in the area of parenting (Dolińska, 2014; Golombok, 2015; Kemkes-Grottenthaler, 2003; Kwak, 2014; Mynarska 2009). Over the past years, the number of postponements or resignations from parental tasks has been increasing (CBOS, 2013b; GUS, 2016). The purpose of this research was to explore the functioning of family of origin of spouses who did not undertake parental tasks. The study involved 210 people (105 women and 105 men) in early adulthood in legalized relationships, and the final analysis included results obtained from 170 people. The criterion group consisted of spouses who did not undertake parental tasks (76 persons) with minimum marital status of three years. The control group (94 persons) consisted of spouses of at least one child with a minimum marriage of three years. The following research tools were used: Survey Questionnaire (own elaboration), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale Faces IV in Polish adaptation by Margasiński (2013). Studies have shown that spouses who do not take parental tasks assess their family of origin in a different way than spouses having children. These differences concerned the assessment of flexibility. However, the difference in the assessment of cohesion of families of origin occurred between women and men from the criterion group. The analyzes carried out showed that one and the other study group assesses their current family better than the family of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on child mistreatment tends to focus on the mother or the father as the abusing parent, even though there is wide agreement that both theory and practice should deal with child maltreatment as a family system problem. Most children have the benefit or the risk of more than one caretaker for substantial periods of their lives, most often two parents or stepparents. This article is intended to illustrate the value of research which uses concordance analysis (CA) to identify children who experienced three dyadic concordance types (DCTs) of mistreatment: father-only, mother-only, or both parents, including single-parent combinations of caretakers. A concordance approach that identifies possible abusers in addition to the presenting parent using the three DCTs is a practical first step toward a family system perspective to enhance child abuse theory, research, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Diagnosis of chronic illness, which constitutes a lifethreatening situation such as in Marfan syndrome or disease with periods of remission and severity such as in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), leads to problems with the functioning of the adolescent and the whole family system. Therefore the aim of the study was to determine the differences in severity of internalizing and externalizing problems and in the perception of the family system between adolescents with Marfan syndrome, with JIA, and without chronic disease, as well as to determine whether characteristics of the family system are associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviors in those groups. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The study involved three groups of adolescents: 1) with Marfan syndrome (n = 25), 2) with JIA (n = 29), and 3) without chronic illness (n = 20). We used the adolescent version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Youth Self-Report (YSR) and the Family Assessment Scale. RESULTS Our results indicated that adolescents with Marfan syndrome have similar scores compared to adolescents without illness on all subscales concerning both internalizing and externalizing behaviors, as well as the family system's characteristics. Compared to adolescents with JIA, adolescents with Marfan syndrome had lower scores on externalization symptoms and Attention Problems and they also perceive their families as less balanced. Additionally, in the perception of adolescents with Marfan syndrome and with JIA the weaker the family bond, the stronger the intensity of externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Although in the light of our novel research, adolescents with Marfan syndrome do not present behavioral problems different from healthy peers, it is worth continuing such research in order to verify the results. Adolescents with JIA present more externalizing behaviors than peers without chronic illness, which is consistent with some previous research. Research on families of an adolescent child with Marfan and JIA are quite novel and they should be continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to find out the predictive relationship between the socioeconomic factors and adjustment problems of women burn survivors. A sample of 200 women burn survivors' age above 19 were selected from hospitals, NGOs, and community of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujrat, Pakistan. The socioeconomic factors were measured by asking information of income, marital status and family system or structure. Further, adjustment was measured with Adjustment Problems Scale for Adults Urdu version. Neural network analysis was used for the analysis of data. The findings of the current study revealed significant predictive relation of socioeconomic factors of income, marital status and family system or structure. The most important predictor of adjustment problems of women burn survivors was family income 0.446 (100%), family system 0.312 (69.9%) and marital status 0.242 (54.2%) respectively. Conclusion: The present study supported the predictive relationship of income, marital status and family system with adjustment problems of women burn survivors. These findings may be helpful to overcome the adjustment issues of women burn survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Miscelanea Comillas is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the connection between parenting style and the scope of the conflict between parental and business roles. For a parenting style, we used the concept of Dianne Baumrind (1966/2002), who defined three basic types of a parent-child relationship: authoritarian, authoritative and permissive. The problem of conflict is accessed through the theory of work-family conflict, the Greenhaus and Beutell model (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985), according to which the impact of work on a family consists of three sub-dimensions: time-based conflict, strain-based conflict, and behaviour-based conflict. The survey involved 204 respondents - employed parents with at least one child aged 3 to 16 years. The results of the research have shown that the authoritarian and the permissive parenting style is accompanied by a more obvious conflict of parental and business roles, while the positive effect of employment is linked to the authoritative parenting style. Implications of the obtained findings show that business and family responsibilities enable parents to participate in multiple roles, that can be used to promote their growth and development and better functioning in the parental role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working toward increased awareness of emotional and relationship patterns that regulate anxiety and tension in one's family of origin, combined with an effort to be a more defined self in the family, can produce shifts in leadership functioning that focusing on leadership alone cannot produce. Increased awareness of how the patterns in one's family of origin influence one's behavior in leadership roles brings one's own contribution to a leader's most pressing challenges into greater focus. This case presentation explores the ways in which family patterns of distance, marked by a strong orientation toward secrecy and privacy, have influenced a high-level executive's behavior at work. Operating out of a "privacy mindset" at work, the executive was often frustrated by the apparent lack of understanding others on his team had regarding his thinking, direction, and expectations. Gaining insight into his own family history helped the executive reduce blame and judgment of others and take greater responsibility for defining self to others in both his family and the organization which he leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the theoretical and practical analysis of the family it is necessary to know its way of functioning, the system concept and its different theories, communication as main element in all social group and the particularities of double binding in those with a schizophrenic member, since generally they show problems in communication, not only from the sick person's behavior, but also from the other family members behavior. In that sense, a literature review related to the topic was carried out which allows the selection of the systemic approach for the implementation in the daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the situation of families with children having behavioral disorder with regards to aspects related to family relationships and couple dynamics. In fact, many international studies highlight the daily difficulties that a family has to face, above all related to the social impact of behavioral disorder (which has direct repercussions on the sense of parental self-efficacy and, consequently, on the planning skills and educational aspects of mothers and fathers) but also to the high level of stress affecting the couple. Survey data confirm parents of children with behavioral disorders report lower levels of marital satisfaction and are more likely to divorce. Analyzing some of the most recurrent parent-training interventions for children with behavior disorder, this work aims at investigating all these aspects in a pedagogical perspective, raising questions about the quality of life of parents and children and the opportunities to promote a high quality of interpersonal and resilient relationships in the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author will first present the current state of psychiatric practices in Japan under the Mental Health and Welfare Act, then focus on the impact of the UNCRPD on them. In Japan, institutionalisation remains prevalent, with the most psychiatric beds per capita and the longest average hospital stay worldwide. There is also a shortage of community- based services. The lack of transparency and disparity between general medicine and psychiatry are structural. Under the current law, there are two ways of involuntary hospitalisation: order by Prefectural Governor (sochi) for imminent danger to self or others, and hospitalisation for Medical Care and Protection (iryo-hogo) that requires consent by one next-of-kin or guardian. In the latter case, the provision of care, including decision-making, relies heavily on the family system, although a qualified psychiatrist makes the decision. The Civil Code still obliges next-of-kin to give support. In 2014, Japan ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Legal developments have been in progress, such as the Basic Act for Persons with Disabilities, the Act on Comprehensive Support for Daily and Social Life, and the Act on Eliminating Discrimination. Recent patient abuse scandals in psychiatric hospitals have also raised the general awareness that a lack of transparency can allow these institutions to neglect human rights. However, most psychiatrists remain indifferent or sceptical about the UNCRPD because they still cannot imagine treating acute and severe mental illness without involuntary hospitalisation or coercive treatment. Lastly, the author will discuss the ongoing agendas, including law amendments, integration into the community-based care system, and research on adequate inpatient treatment in psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe representations of "disease" in families with adolescent childhood cancer survivors. Method: Participants were 8 mothers with experience of encounter of childhood cancer and 7 mothers without it. They chose one picture from TAT as association to the word "disease" and composed a small story about this picture. Then these stories were analyzed by content-analysis procedure. Results: We can conclude that stories of mothers with experience of encounter with childhood cancer have traits of PTSD. Their stories also help us to reconstruct the inner picture of traumatic experience of this kind of stressor (deadly child's disease).