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The present investigation was undertaken to standardize the media and the anti-browning regime in order to minimize the phenolic browning of an in vitro culture of Persian walnut cv. Sulaiman. The experiments involved two types of explants, forced and unforced shoot tips, two types of media, Driver and KuniyukiWalnut (DKW) medium andMurashige and Skoog' s (MS) medium, and three types of anti-browning agents, namely, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, ascorbic acid and activated charcoal at 150, 350 and 550 mg/L each. The investigation was replicated thrice under a completely randomized design. Forced shoot tips of cv. Sulaiman on DKW medium showed the best performance in terms of least browning (13.6 ± 10.5%) and highest survival percentage of explants (74.5 ± 2.4%) when treated with ascorbic acid at 550 mg/L. However, unforced shoot tips in MS medium did not perform well and manifested maximum browning (52.9 ± 5.2%). Based on the results, we conclude that incorporation of ascorbic acid in the DKW medium significantly reduced the media and explant browning, thus, it could set the basis of successful in vitro-propagation of walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implications of a lung malignancy in a lung transplant recipient are poorly understood. Here, we linked national transplant and cancer databases to determine how lung cancer impacted prognosis in lung transplant recipients with incidentally explanted lung cancers (IELCs). Records from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and National Cancer Database were linked to identify 186 patients who received a lung transplant and were subsequently diagnosed with lung cancer. These patients were determined to have IELC and were compared to control patients who received a lung transplant but were not diagnosed with IELC. Of the 186 patients, 144 had non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 6 had small cell lung cancer, and 36 had a neuroendocrine cancer. Patients with stage I/II NSCLC or any stage neuroendocrine cancer had comparable overall survival and rates of cancer-related mortality compared to controls. Conversely, patients with stage III/IV NSCLC had worse overall survival, higher rates of cancer-related mortality, and infrequently received cancer-specific non-operative treatment. Taken together, stage I/II NSCLC and neuroendocrine cancers should be reconsidered as an absolute contraindication to transplant. Conversely, patients with stage III/IV NSCLC had worse outcomes, and strategies are needed to increase the use of adjuvant therapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Competing Interests: Disclosures Mr Monkhouse has received speaker fees from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Biotronik, Medtronic, and Phillips. He has received consulting fees from Medtronic. Prof Hunter has received speaker fees from Medtronic and Biosense Webster, educational grant from Biosense Webster, and an institutional research grant from Medtronic. Prof Lambiase has received research grants and speaker fees from Boston Scientific, Abbott, and Medtronic. He is supported by University College London Biomedicine National Institute of Health Research and Barts Biomedical Research Centre. The rest of the authors report no conflicts of interest.

【Objective】To address the demands of large-scale planting of Xanthoceras sorbifolia, a large-scale regeneration system using tissue culture seedlings of the plant was constructed. 【Methods】The explants of Xanthoceras sorbifolia were induced by tissue culture using the stem segments of the plant as experimental materials. The effects of various hormone doses on the induction, proliferation, and rooting of adventitious buds were examined to determine the optimal medium for Xanthoceras sorbifolia tissue culture.【Results】For adventitious bud induction, MS+0.10 mg/L TDZ+1.00 mg/L 6-BA+0.02 mg/L NAA+0.50 mg/L AC（activated carbon)medium had the highest induction rate of 68.57%. MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA +0.2 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L AC+1.0 mg/L GA3+1.0 g/L Ca（NO3)2 medium had the highest proliferation coefficient of 3.20. Rooting medium1/2MS +0.5 mg/L IBA had the highest rooting rate of 65.56%. Equal proportion mixture of perlite, pine needle soil and pastoral soil as the transplanting medium significantly increased the survival rate of sorbent seedlings, which was 88.75%.【Conclusion】The optimal adventitious bud medium was MS+0.10 mg/L TDZ+1.00 mg/L 6-BA+0.02 mg/L NAA+0.50 mg/L AC. The optimal proliferation medium was MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L AC+1.0 mg/L GA3+1.0 g/L Ca（NO3)2. The optimal rooting medium was 1/2MS+0.5 mg/L IBA. And the optimal transplanting medium was equal proportion mixture of perlite, pine needle soil and pastoral soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micropropagation is the true-to-type propagation of a selected genotype using in vitro culture techniques. Curcuma karnatakensis is a small herb endemic to Karnataka and belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. C. karnatakensis, with its small distribution area in Karnataka, is prone to any kind of threat that could lead to species extinction, hence tissue culture technique is proposed as a conservation measure for rapid propagation and ex situ conservation. An attempt was made to grow C. karnatakensis on MS culture with different growth regulators like benzyl adenine, kinetin, indole butyric acid and naphthalene acetic acid at different concentrations (1,2,3,4,5 μg mL-1) and (0.5,1,1.5 µg mL-1) and in different proportion using rhizome sprouts as ex- plant. The best result was obtained in benzyl adenine and indole butyric acid at ratio 4:1 and in kinetin and indole butyric acid at ratio 3:1. The secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity from micro propagated plant was compared with naturally grown plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Alxa Region in Inner Mongolia, northwest China is a desert grassland area. Wild alfalfa growing in this area is a precious wild plant resource that can provide resources for improving the stress resistance of alfalfa varieties. Alfalfa is a crosspollinated plant and its genes are commonly heterozygous. Therefore, establishing a complete tissue culture regeneration system for a single plant is an effective method of protecting wild plant resources. This study used the bud and leaf of wild alfalfa from the Alxa Region as explants to establish an efficient and stable tissue culture regeneration system. Methods: Two kinds of wild alfalfa tissues were selected as explants. Different concentrations and types of plant growth hormones and regulators were tested, to determine the optimal medium for callus induction, differentiation and rooting culture, including 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA), Kinetin (KT), 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), Naphylacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and activated carbon (AC). Result: The callus induction rate was 93.3% when the bud of wild alfalfa was used as an explant for propagation. With a basic medium (Murashige and Skoog medium with Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ halved) and hormone regulator (6-BA, KT, NAA, AC), the differentiation rate and rooting rate reached as high as 66.67% and 93.33%, respectively. When leaves were used as explants, the callus induction rate and differentiation rate were 100% and 73.33%, respectively. In the rooting culture process, adding IBA (0.2 mg/L) and AC (0.5 mg/L) to the medium improved the rooting rate of wild alfalfa. Both buds and leaves can be used as explants for plant tissue regeneration and culture, which can help expand and preserve wild alfalfa resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya is a heterozygous plant commonly cultivated by seed but, unfortunately, they are not true to type. Moreover, the hybrid seed varieties like the Red Lady are very highly expensive. Hence, tissue culture techniques offer an alternative method to produce a million clones within a short period and a reasonable price. Thus, the current study aimed to optimize the shoot multiplication rate of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Red Lady) in vitro. Five concentrations of sucrose (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g.L-1) were applied for the papaya shoot proliferation. Results demonstrated that the 30 g.L-1 sucrose was significantly superior in the rate of shoot numbers (4.1 shoots. explant-1), shoot length (0.90 cm), (2.7 leaves. shoot-1), leaf area (1.40 cm²) and fresh weight (0.192 g) in compared with other sucrose treatments. Whereas, the 40 g.L-1 sucrose treatment was significantly superior in dry weight of shoot compared to the other treatments, which recorded 0.058 g. While the treatment of 10 g.L-1 sucrose recorded the lowest values in shoot numbers, length, and dry weight. Current study conclude that the 30 g.L-1 sucrose is the best concentration treatment that must be used in papaya micropropagation, where it gives the maximum rate of shoot numbers and other morphological traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysimachia nummularia L. is a plant belonging to the Primulaceae family, which is particularly valuable as a medicinal raw material used in folk medicine in many countries. It has excellent antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of metabolites. That is why the microclonal propagation of Lysimachia nummularia L. is a relevant issue. The purpose of this paper is to develop approaches to microclonal propagation of L. nummularia. For microclonal reproduction of L. nummularia, the method of activation of isolated tissues and organs already present in the plant meristem and induction of direct regeneration directly by explant tissues was used. To select highly productive cell lines of representatives of the genus Lysimachia, callus culture was obtained by indirect morphogenesis from stem and leaf explants. It was found that the formation of tissues and organs of L. nummularia into in vitro culture depended on the composition of the nutrient medium and the quantitative and qualitative ratio of growth regulators in it. Active proliferation of L. nummularia microshoots into in vitro culture was noted on the variants of Murashige and Skoog, and Driver and Kuniyuki nutrient medium with 6-benzylaminopurine 4.0 mg∙l -1, indolyl butyric acid 0.03 mg∙l -1, gibberellic acid 0.1 mg∙l -1. It was established that for microclonal reproduction, induction, and proliferation of the root system and obtaining regenerating plants of L. nummularia, the most effective is the use of nutrient media according to Murashige and Skoog with the addition of thidiazuron 0.5 mg∙l -1 and 0.25 mg∙l -1 kinetin. The optimal conditions for the induction of callusogenesis and obtaining the culture of cells and callus tissues of L. nummularia and its passage in vitro were selected. It has been shown that the modified nutrient medium of Murashige and Skoog, with 2.4-dichlorophenacetic acid 1.5 mg∙l -1 and indole-3-acetic acid 0.2 mg∙l -1, is optimal for the accumulation of callus tissue biomass of L. nummularia, which ensured the frequency of callusogenesis for the first and second passages up to 98.0 ± 0.2%. 5 cell lines that actively synthesize stilbenoids and the highly productive LN-EE 02/19 cell line, which is capable of synthesizing and accumulating in callus tissues up to 10-12 mg∙g-1 of myricetrin, were selectively isolated. As a result of the analysis, the callus culture cell line LN-EE 02/19 was obtained, which allows obtaining myricetrin in amounts up to 10.0-12.0 mg∙l -1 of raw biomass. The developed protocol can be used both for L. nummularia plants and other representatives of the Primulaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding optimal shoot growth performances under different treatments and revealing different growth responses of different explant types as main objectives were assessed in the research. Different treatments of 5 000; 8 000 and 11 000 lx in light intensities; 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml l–1 in coconut water (CW) concentrations; culture media (CM) of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.5 vitamin strength in the medium in combination with 100 mg l–1 myoinositol, 1 mg l–1 calcium pantothenate (CaP), and 0.1 mg l–1 gibberellic acid-3 (GA3) (CM-1); 200 mg l–1 myoinositol, 1 mg l–1 CaP dan 0.1 mg l–1 GA3 (CM-2); 1 mg l–1 CaP and 100 ml l–1 CW (CM-3); and MS medium supple­mented with 1.5 total vitamin strength in the medium (CM-4 as control) and shoot tip, first, second, third, fourth and fifth nodes as explant types were gradually tested in the research. Virus-free Solanum tuberosum L. 'Muhzoto' explants and MS medium containing 1.5 strength of vitamin were used as explant source and basic medium. Four experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6–9 replications. Maximal shoot growth performances indicated by shoot height, stem diameter, internode length, greener leaves per shoot, leaf length and width were established in explants incubated under 11 000 lx light intensity applied continuously. Adding different concentrations of CW could not improve the growth of shoots, but they induced high contamination. Though MS medium containing 1.5 vitamin strength with 200 mg l–1 myoinositol, 1 mg l–1 CaP and 0.1 mg l–1 GA3 slightly improved shoot growth, there was no significant difference compared to control. Exploring shoot growth responses derived from different types of explants revealed that the shoot tips, 1st and 2nd nodes regenerated high branched shoots with the higher length of internodus; while 3rd, 4th and 5th nodes stimulated low branched shoots with higher stem diameter and the number of leaves per shoot. The branched shoots were a serious problem in preparing high-quality regenerants for 'Muhzoto' explants and significantly overcome by choosing, selecting and applying the right time on subculturing of the 'Muhzoto' explants.

Background: Ocimum gratissimum L. is a well-known tropical and subtropical plant widely utilised for both medicinal and nutritional purposes. However, its continuous existence is currently threatened because of excessive human exploitation and non-regulated collection. Aim: This study aimed at mass-producing O. gratissimum through its explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Settings: Sterile explants of O. gratissimum were used to generate whole plant through the process of somatic embryogenesis and under the influence of different plant growth regulators (PGRs). Methods: The growth medium was supplemented with various concentrations (0.1 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L) of PGRs, namely, gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyl aminopurine (BAP) in combination with 0.2 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA), which also served as the control. Results: The results showed that germination response, shoot and root lengths were significantly enhanced in O. gratissimum explants raised in media containing the two PGRs in a concentration-dependent manner after four weeks of culture. Ocimum gratissimum explants treated with GA3 and BAP also experienced reduced lipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid concentration, particularly at the highest tested concentration (1.0 mg/L) as evidenced by the significant drop in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In response to this, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased in O. gratissimum explants raised in MS medium supplemented with PGRs. Conclusion: These results generally suggest that GA3 in combination with IAA is more favourable than BAP for the micropropagation of O. gratissimum explants. Thus, our study revealed that PGRs possess special attributes, which could be exploited in tissue culture for the micropropagation of O. gratissimum explants.

The method of biological ballistics (biolistic transformation, genetic bombardment) of plants is one of the most modern methods used for direct gene transfer into plant cells. The main advantages of this method include the ability to simultaneously incorporate several target genes into the plant genome, carry out transfer without unnecessary agrobacterial parts and plasmid DNA sequences, and the short time needed to produce transgenic cells. For different plant objects, the efficiency of obtaining transgenic plants by the ballistic method varies from 1 to 3 %. For potato plants, the transformation efficiency is quite low at the moment and the selection of optimal conditions for biolistics is one of the pressing issues of practical biotechnology. This article presents a successful experience of introducing two genes of interest into two potato varieties using the biolistic approach. The results of biolistic transformation experiments are presented for two types of explants: potato internodes and calli of the varieties Aksor and Nevskiy. Of the 862 explants used for transformation, 56 regenerated plants were obtained. PCR screening of transformants revealed one plant with the insertion of the chitinase gene, one with the insertion of the endo-β-1,3-glucanase gene, and co-transformation by both genes was confirmed in four regenerants. The average transformation efficiency for potato explants was 0.7 %. A high number of regenerants (56) as opposed to a low number of transformants (6) reflects an attempt to increase the number of regenerants by using a lower concentration of the selective agent (kanamycin). Although this approach requires more effort, it can be used to produce potato lines with integrated genes of interest for further use in crop breeding. The lines of potato obtained in the current study by introducing two genes associated with the plant response to fungal pathogens will be further assessed for their resistance to fungal diseases and, if successful, will be used in potato crop breeding.

Aging is a primary risk factor for degenerative tendon injuries, yet the etiology and progression of this degeneration are poorly understood. While aged tendons have innate cellular differences that support a reduced ability to maintain mechanical tissue homeostasis, the response of aged tendons to altered levels of mechanical loading has not yet been studied. To address this question, we subjected young and aged murine flexor tendon explants to various levels of in vitro tensile strain. We first compared the effect of static and cyclic strain on matrix remodeling in young tendons, finding that cyclic strain is optimal for studying remodeling in vitro. We then investigated the remodeling response of young and aged tendon explants after 7 days of varied mechanical stimulus (stress deprivation, 1%, 3%, 5%, or 7% cyclic strain) via assessment of tissue composition, biosynthetic capacity, and degradation profiles. We hypothesized that aged tendons would show muted adaptive responses to changes in tensile strain and exhibit a shifted mechanical setpoint, at which the remodeling balance is optimal. Interestingly, we found that 1% cyclic strain best maintains native physiology while promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover for both age groups. However, aged tendons display fewer strain-dependent changes, suggesting a reduced ability to adapt to altered levels of mechanical loading. This work has a significant impact on understanding the regulation of tissue homeostasis in aged tendons, which can inform clinical rehabilitation strategies for treating elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic OA (PTOA) is often triggered by injurious, high-impact loading events which result in rapid, excessive chondrocyte cell death and a phenotypic shift in residual cells toward a more catabolic state. As such, the identification of a disease-modifying OA drug (DMOAD) that can protect chondrocytes from death following impact injury, and thereby prevent cartilage degradation and progression to PTOA, would offer a novel intervention. We have previously shown that urocortin-1 (Ucn) is an essential endogenous pro-survival factor that protects chondrocytes from OA-associated pro-apoptotic stimuli. Here, using a drop tower PTOA-induction model, we demonstrate the extent of Ucn's chondroprotective role in cartilage explants exposed to excessive impact load. Using pathway-specific agonists and antagonists, we show that Ucn acts to block load-induced intracellular calcium accumulation through blockade of the non-selective cation channel Piezo1 rather than TRPV4. This protective effect is mediated primarily through the Ucn receptor CRF-R1 rather than CRF-R2. Crucially, we demonstrate that the chondroprotective effect of Ucn is maintained whether it is applied pre-impact or post-impact, highlighting the potential of Ucn as a novel DMOAD for the prevention of injurious impact overload-induced PTOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. is widespread in the world. The genetic transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is an alternative to obtain cultivars with tolerance or resistance to adverse environmental conditions for this species. However, the cultivardependent condition and the low regeneration of the transformed tissue in the protocols established for P. vulgaris have limited the use of this technology to a small group of cultivars. The aim of this work was to regenerate shoots from transformed tissue in P. vulgaris cv. 'ICA Pijao' and 'BAT 93'. The effect of the concentration of the bacterial suspension, the infiltration by vacuum, the period of co-cultivation on the regeneration of shoots was determined. In addition, the effectiveness of geneticin and glufosinateammonium was determined during the selection stage in the regeneration of shoots from explants inoculated with A. tumefaciens. The explants ½ NC-1 inoculated with a bacterial suspension adjusted to an optical density of 0.1, without infiltration with vacuum and maintained for three days in co-culture presented the best regeneration response. Geneticin and glufosinate ammonium were effective in the selection of shoots. The regeneration of shoots from transformed tissue by A. tumefaciens in P. vulgaris cv. 'ICA Pijao' and 'BAT 93', not described in the scientific literature, is important for its subsequent application in breeding programs of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The worldwide industry of seaweeds utilizes 7.5 to 8.0 million tons of wet seaweeds annually that are cultivated in farms, and urgent needs are growing to minimize the overexploitation of the natural populations. In vitro plant tissue culture could be one of the fashionable possible techniques. The main advantage of tissue culture is not only to overcome the excessive use of seaweeds but also to select germplasm with popular traits. Here, we present a novel explants surface sterilization method for endangered species Sargassum fusiforme using Artemisia dracunculus extract as an initial step in the tissue culture technique. Besides, a novel occurrence of identified compounds in the crude extract of A. dracunculus through UPLC-QTOF MS analysis. A crude extract of A. dracunculus herbal plant was tested for sterilizing S. fusiforme explants (leaf, stipe, and stolon) in vitro against 70% ethanol and other chemical sterilants such as povidone-iodine (PI), germanium oxide (GeO2), and antibiotics (Kanamycin, Nystatin, and Streptomycin). The crude extract of A. dracunculus showed a high microbial sterilization effect with leaves (90%) and stipes (80%) compared to stolons which gave only (20%). This study presents a novel investigation of in vitro sterilization properties of A. dracunculus as a natural and medicinal plant against contaminating microbes. We conclude the great advantage of sterilization using Artemisia extract which might probably be the most suitable protocol for sterilization compared to chemical sterilants as they have detrimental effects due to their toxicity to plant tissues. Key message: A new surface sterilization protocol is described in order to minimize tissue culture contamination of seaweed Sargassum fusiforme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture techniques, which are of great importance in terms of plant breeding and cultivation, are a wide scientific area that includes various methods for plant production especially in in vitro conditions. One of the most important factors affecting the success of the techniques used in plant production in in vitro conditions is determination of explant type. Thin cell layer (TCL) culture system was first described by Tran Thanh Van in 1973. TCL culture system is a plant tissue culture technique in which structures such as tissue, organs, embryos, or whole plants are regenerated by culturing longitudinally or transversely excised explants containing thin layers of cells and tissue. This technique has been successfully used in in vitro micropropagation, synthetic seed production, cryopreservation and genetic studies. The concepts of plant growth correction factor and geometric factor have shown that the regeneration potential of a TCL explant is greater than that of a conventional explant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The skin is a passive and active barrier which protects the body from the environment. Its health is essential for the accomplishment of this role. Since several decades, the skin has aroused a strong interest in various fields (for e.g. cell biology, medicine, toxicology, cosmetology, and pharmacology). In contrast to other organs, 3D models were mostly and directly elaborated in humans due to its architectural simplicity and easy accessibility. The development of these models benefited from the societal pressure to reduce animal experiments. In this review, we first describe human and mouse skin structure and the major differences with other mammals and birds. Next, we describe the different 3D human skin models and their main applications. Finally, we review the available models for domestic animals and discuss the current and potential applications.

Abstract Background Tissue culture is an effective method for the rapid breeding of seedlings and improving production efficiency, but explant browning is a key limiting factor of walnut tissue culture. Specifically, the polymerization of PPO-derived quinones that cause explant browning of walnut is not well understood. This study investigated explants of ‘Zanmei’ walnut shoot apices cultured in agar (A) or vermiculite (V) media, and the survival percentage, changes in phenolic content, POD and PPO activity, and JrPPO expression in explants were studied to determine the role of PPO in the browning of walnut explants. Results The results showed that the V media greatly reduced the death rate of explants, and 89.9 and 38.7% of the explants cultured in V media and A media survived, respectively. Compared with that of explants at 0 h, the PPO of explants cultured in A was highly active throughout the culture, but activity in those cultured in V remained low. The phenolic level of explants cultured in A increased significantly at 72 h but subsequently declined, and the content in the explants cultured in V increased to a high level only at 144 h. The POD in explants cultured in V showed high activity that did not cause browning. Gene expression assays showed that the expression of JrPPO1 was downregulated in explants cultured in both A and V. However, the expression of JrPPO2 was upregulated in explants cultured in A throughout the culture and upregulated in V at 144 h. JrPPO expression analyses in different tissues showed that JrPPO1 was highly expressed in stems, young leaves, mature leaves, catkins, pistils, and hulls, and JrPPO2 was highly expressed in mature leaves and pistils. Moreover, browning assays showed that both explants in A and leaf tissue exhibited high JrPPO2 activity. Conclusion The rapid increase in phenolic content caused the browning and death of explants. V media delayed the rapid accumulation of phenolic compounds in walnut explants in the short term, which significantly decreased explants mortality. The results suggest that JrPPO2 plays a key role in the oxidation of phenols in explants after branch injury.

In this study, the effects of auxin (IBA, NAA), explants, and culture conditions (light/dark) on adventitious root induction of Codonopsis javanica were investigated. The results showed that dark conditions were more suitable for adventitious root induction than light conditions. All three types of explants (internodes, leaves, and nodes) induced adventitious roots, and the appropriate concentration of auxin was 0.5 mg/l IBA. After 4 weeks of incubation under dark conditions, the rooting percentage and number of roots/explant of internode, leaf, and node segments on media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA were 100% and 33.87 roots, 97.78% and 23.48 roots, 100% and 25.20 roots, respectively. These adventitious roots were analysed for the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponin, fixed oils and fats, phenol, flavonoids, gum, and mucilage. The total polysaccharide content, total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity (IC50) of C. javanica adventitious root biomass were 16.98%, 1.876 (mg GAE/g DW), and 2.44 (mg/ml), respectively. These results indicate that the adventitious roots of C. javanica contain bioactive compounds, which can be used as a material source for multiplication in large-scale systems.

Background: Ocimum gratissimum L. is a well-known tropical and subtropical plant widely utilised for both medicinal and nutritional purposes. However, its continuous existence is currently threatened because of excessive human exploitation and non-regulated collection. Aim: This study aimed at mass-producing O. gratissimum through its explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Settings: Sterile explants of O. gratissimum were used to generate whole plant through the process of somatic embryogenesis and under the influence of different plant growth regulators (PGRs). Methods: The growth medium was supplemented with various concentrations (0.1 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L) of PGRs, namely, gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyl aminopurine (BAP) in combination with 0.2 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA), which also served as the control. Results: The results showed that germination response, shoot and root lengths were significantly enhanced in O. gratissimum explants raised in media containing the two PGRs in a concentration-dependent manner after four weeks of culture. Ocimum gratissimum explants treated with GA3 and BAP also experienced reduced lipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid concentration, particularly at the highest tested concentration (1.0 mg/L) as evidenced by the significant drop in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In response to this, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased in O. gratissimum explants raised in MS medium supplemented with PGRs. Conclusion: These results generally suggest that GA3 in combination with IAA is more favourable than BAP for the micropropagation of O. gratissimum explants. Thus, our study revealed that PGRs possess special attributes, which could be exploited in tissue culture for the micropropagation of O. gratissimum explants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy independence of the country can be solved in several ways. One of them is the creation of energy plantations of woody plants. The area increase of such plantations is limited by the insufficient amount of high-quality planting material. Hybrid plants of the genus Populus are of considerable interest when creating plantations. Given that not all hybrids are successfully propagated by conventional vegetative methods, the use of biotechnological methods, namely microclonal propagation, solves the mentioned problem. This method allows obtaining a large amount of highquality, uniform planting material. The purpose of this study was to develop the technology of microclonal propagation of black poplar hybrids ‘San Giorgio’ and ‘Ghoy’. The study used generally accepted biotechnological methods in the author’s modification at all stages of obtaining planting material of regenerating plants of poplar hybrids. Studies have established a positive effect when obtaining an aseptic culture of sterilising substances 0.1% AgNO3, 2.5 and 1.25% NaClO, 0.05% sodium merthiolate and 0.1% HgCl2. The largest number of aseptic viable explants was obtained by cultures using a 0.05% solution of sodium merthiolate after exposure for 5 and 10 minutes. When rooting microshoots on a hormone-free nutrient medium ½ MS and with the addition of 0.1-1.0 mg/l IBA, it was established that the best parameters for rooting microshoots are on a hormone-free nutrient medium ½ MS. Adaptation was carried out for 4 weeks in a greenhouse on a substrate that included components of peat:sand:perlite in a ratio of 1:1:1. The viability of regenerating plants of black poplar hybrids ‘San Giorgio’ and ‘Ghoy’ was more than 91%. The conducted research and the obtained results will be useful for producers of planting material and the scientific environment, which develop renewable energy sources through the creation of energy plantations of fast-growing woody plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Geranium is one of the most economically important pot plants in the world and is widely used in landscape. In order to produce disease-free and homogenic plants, proliferation by tissue culture is one of the alternative methods for mass production of this valuable plant. The aim of this study was to achieve an efficient and rapid method for micropropagation of Geranium by comparing leaf discs, petiole, stem and root explants on MS and B5 media. Material and Methods For callus induction, stem, leaf and root explants were cultured on MS basal medium with 11 different kinds of hormonal combination, containing auxin (NAA and IAA) and cytokinin (BAP, Kin and Zeatin) with various concentrations. For direct regeneration of stem, leaf and petiole explants, 10 different culture media were used in MS and B5. After shooting, the explants were transferred to B5 culture medium containing auxin (0.5 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l IAA) for root induction. Results The best hormonal treatment for callus induction was 1mg/l NAA+10mg/l Kin by using stem and leaf explants as 92.5% and 88.75%, respectively. Also, the maximum fresh and dry weight of callus were related to stem explants on MS culture medium included 1mg/l NAA+10mg/l Kin, which were not significantly different from leaf explants on the same culture medium. The maximum percentage of direct regeneration and number of branches, respectively as 71.25% and 7.12 shoots, were related to stem explant on B5 medium containing 2mg/l BAP+1mg/l Zeatin, and the maximum shoot length, as 2.56 cm, was observed during direct regeneration in MS culture medium included 0.2 mg/l NAA+0.5 mg/l BAP+1 mg/l Zeatin. The shoots were successfully rooted and adapted to the environment. Conclusions The results of the present study were showed that the micropropagation of ornamental geranium plant is affected by the type of explant, the concentration of growth regulators and the type of culture medium and the stem explant is efficient in callus induction and direct regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being unspecialized, callus cells are well suited for various manipulations, including selection for resistance to various environmental factors, production of biologically active substances, and more. At the same time, to carry out the relevant work, the callus culture must be well-growing, easily reproducible, and capable of organogenesis or embryoidogenesis. The use of such cells has found application for many plant species cultivated by humans, including flax. Flax is a long-known, quite promising crop grown both for technical purposes and for human consumption or as a fodder for birds and animals. Countries such as Canada, Kazakhstan, and China demonstrate leading positions in the market for the production and import of flaxseed. At the same time, flax crops in Ukraine still occupy insignificant areas, fluctuating in recent years within the range of 30-60 thousand hectares with an average yield of 1-1.2 t/ha. To increase flax production in Ukraine, new varieties with high resistance and yield characteristics are required. Biotechnological methods, in particular, callus culture allow for the selection of genotypes with the desired properties for their subsequent inclusion in the selection process. The aim of this work was to study the features of callus formation in various flax accessions depending on the type of nutrient medium and explant, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of some sterilizing substances when using mature flax seeds to initiate in vitro culture. Three varieties of cultivated flax were used as material - Zaporozhye Bogatyr, Solnechny, Sideral, which have different origin, and one wild-growing species L. angustifolium L. with n = 15, which is easily crossed with cultivated flax. The explants were sections of hypocotyl 5-7 mm long and halves of cotyledons, which were isolated from sterile seedlings. It was established that explants of hypocotyls and cotyledons of cultivated flax derived callus with a frequency of 37.5-91.7% on MS and N6 artificial media, and a wild-growing species - with a frequency of 96.9-100%. The dependence of the frequency of callus formation was established in the studied cultivars of flax based on the type of explant. The effectiveness of a sterilizing agent was evaluated when using mature flax seeds for in vitro culture initiation. It was shown that mercury chloride at a concentration of 0.1% provided a higher yield of sterile seeds as compared to 5% chloramine B but caused inhibition of germinal root growth and seed germination. Thus, the need for a preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of using different types of explants was demonstrated for different flax genotypes when working with in vitro culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retina is a complex neuronal structure that converts light energy into visual perception. Many specialized aspects of the primate retina, including a cone rich macula for high acuity vision, ocular size, and cell type diversity are not found in other animal models. In addition, the unique morphologies and distinct laminar positions of cell types found in the retina make this model system ideal for the study of neuronal cell fate specification. Many key early events of human retinal development are inaccessible to investigation as they occur during gestation. For these reasons, it has been necessary to develop retinal model systems to gain insight into human-specific retinal development and disease. Recent advances in culturing retinal tissue have generated new systems for retinal research and have moved us closer to generating effective regenerative therapies for vision loss. Here, we describe the strengths, weaknesses, and future directions for different human retinal model systems including dissociated primary tissue, explanted primary tissue, retinospheres, and stem cell-derived retinal organoids. [Display omitted] • Different human retinal culture systems are better suited for specific research goals. • Dissociated cultures generate many retinal cells from a single sample. • Explant cultures allow for isolation of specific retinal regions. • Retinospheres contain microglia and can be cultured for long periods of time. • Organoids can be generated from patient-derived iPSCs and are very amenable to studies of genetic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of the red algal genus Gracilaria is successful and accounts for a ca. 14% global share in farmed seaweed. Gracilaria salicornia has been used as feedstock for commercial production of galactans and plant bio-stimulant. The un-abated demand of raw material during last 5 years by domestic industries has fueled ca. 757% increase in biomass exploitation of this resource. As the farming methods heavily rely on clonal propagation of apical explants, it is imperative to check the viability of sub-apical and basal explant to increase the number of clones needed for farming operation. Here we ascertained the efficacy of two commercially available seaweed-derived plant bio-stimulants namely AMPEP and Sagarika under various concentrations and treatment times. One hundred percent survival was recorded with 0.1% AMPEP and 15-, 30-min exposure, 10% AMPEP and 15-, 30-, and 60-min exposure, while with Sagarika, it was observed in 0.01% and 60 min, 0.001% and 15, 30, and 60 min and 0.1% and 30, 60 min treatments of apical explants. The highest regeneration of 80.42 ± 12.01% was observed in apical explants at 1% AMPEP and 15-min exposure and the highest growth of 3.66 ± 0.32% day−1 was found in apical explants with 1% AMPEP and 60-min exposure. The proximate composition of apical explants treated with 0.1 g L−1 AMPEP and 60-min exposure was 25.10 ± 3.9% carbohydrate, 13.59 ± 4.8% protein, and 4.6 ± 1.1% lipid, while total phenol and free radical activity were 13.11 ± 1.65% and 37.93 ± 1.9%, respectively. Although apical explants clearly showed superiority for clonal propagation, use of sub-apical and basal explants can also be considered for commercial seedlings production in case of paucity of material to continue the operation. The sustainable production of seedlings would help in negating consequences of natural harvesting while ensuring continuous feedstock supply through cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Fabaceae), famed for its wood, is a vulnerable plant species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List as a result of its over-utilisation. This mini-review, which provides a synthesis of the micropropagation of this woody plant species, can be useful for the establishment of a more focused and comprehensive micropropagation protocol. An in-depth analysis of previously published reports indicates that the most commonly employed explant in D. latifolia in vitro regeneration protocols are seedling-derived explants such as cotyledonary nodes since the use of ex vitro material leads to considerable contamination and phenolic oxidation. The media composition for culture initiation, multiplication, maintenance and rooting has been thoroughly studied but in most studies, pertinent information about acclimatization and plant survival in the field was not provided, reducing the reproducibility of protocols. This mini-review provides possible solutions to overcome explant contamination and browning during D. latifolia in vitro culture establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objectives: The liver imaging reporting data system (LI-RADS) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was proposed to standardize and enhance consensus of reporting. However, clinical utility of LI-RADS has not been evaluated in Latin America. We therefore sought to compare LI-RADS categories with histopathology findings in liver transplant (LT) explants in a regional center. Materials and methods: Prospective cohort study conducted between 2012 and 2018 in a single center from Argentina including patients with HCC listed for LT. LI-RADS definitions were applied to magnetic resonance images (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) abdominal scans at time of listing and at final pre-LT reassessment and compared to explant pathology findings; specifically, major nodule (NOD1). Results: Of 130 patients with HCC listed for LT (96.1% with cirrhosis and 35.6% with hepatitis C virus infection), 72 underwent LT. Overall, 65% had imaging HCC diagnosis based on MRI (n = 84), 26% with CT (n = 34) and 9% (n = 12) with both methods. Among LT patients with pre-transplant imaging at our institution (n = 42/72), 69% of the NOD1 were LR-5, 21% LR-4 and 10% LR-3. Definite HCC diagnosis was 50% in LR-3 NOD1 (CI 18–90); none presented microvascular invasion. In LR-4 NOD1, HCC was confirmed in 89% (CI 59–98), of which 11% showed microvascular invasion; whereas in LR-5 NOD1 77% (CI 64–87) had confirmed HCC, 17% with microvascular invasion. Conclusions: LI-RADS was useful to standardize reports; however, no significant differences were observed between LR-4 and LR-5 HCC probability when compared to explant pathology.

Aloe vera L. is one of the most valuable plants in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, sanitary and food industries. In vitro culture is used for commercial production and due to the abundant application of this plant, extensive research has been performed on the in vitro culture of Aloe vera. For this purpose, the present study was conducted at two stages. At the first stage, the best method of sterilization of explants derived from Aloe vera offshoots was investigated. At the second stage, the effect of the type of explants, the light condition (dark and bright) and the effect of BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) and NAA (α-Naphthalene acetic acid)) growth regulators on regeneration and the amount of phenolic compounds were studied. A factorial experiment was executed on the basis of a completely randomized design with three replications. The best sterilization protocol was 0.1% mercuric chloride (for 2 minutes), 70% ethanol (for 30 seconds) and 15% sodium hypochlorite (for 5 minutes). The little white explant derived from the base of leaves, with the lowest percentage of phenol and the highest survival rate (67.5%) in darkness, was found to be the best candidate. MS medium supplemented with 0.75 mg / L BAP and 0.25 mg / L NAA resulted in the highest stem number (2.5) and stem length (42.107 mm), establishment percentage (73%), leaf number (6.33), leaf diameter (4.8 mm), chlorophyll b (9.216 mg/g) and carotenoids (4.81 mg/g). The highest content of chlorophyll a (56.07 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (61.35 mg/g) were found in samples treated with hormonal medium, supplemented with 1.5 mg / L of BAP with 0.5 mg / L of NAA. The maximum number (3) and average length (33.3 mm) of roots were observed in samples treated with the hormone-free medium.

Atropa acuminata, an important medicinal plant belonging to family Solanaceae is under tremendous threat of extinction in its natural habitat due to the overexploitation by pharmaceutical industries. Present study is an attempt of establishing callus cultures of this important medicinal plant as callus has considerable potential as an alternative for production of secondary metabolites for industrial use, hence reducing pressure on natural populations.Callus cultures were established from leaf and root explants of Atropa acuminate. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing different concentration and combinations of 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Kinetin (Kn) and 2,4- Dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4- D) were used for callus induction. Different phytohormonal combinations resulted in different types and degrees of callus. The combination of BAP and NAA on MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP in combination with 1.0 mg/l NAA, was found to be the most efficient for in vitro callus development from root explants and from leaf explants most effective combination and concentration was 1 mg/l of both BAP and NAA. The maximum mean fresh weight of callus formed using root explants was 33.13 mg per explant and maximum fresh weight obtained from leaf explants was 22.14 mg per explants.

Aims: The extravascular implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (EV ICD) has been shown to be safe and effective for patients at risk of sudden cardiac death, but little is known about EV ICD lead removal in humans. This analysis aimed to characterize the EV ICD lead removal experience thus far., Methods and Results: This was a retrospective analysis of lead removals from the EV ICD Pilot, Pivotal, and Continued Access Studies. Patients with a successful EV ICD implant who underwent lead removal were included. The main objective was lead removal success. Ancillary objectives included characterizing technique used, procedure complications, and reimplantation status. An EV ICD system was successfully implanted in 347 patients across the 3 studies (25.9% female; 53.4 ± 13.3 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 39.7 ± 15.9). Of these patients, 29 (8.4%) underwent lead removal with a mean lead dwell time of 12.6 ± 14.3 months (0.2-58.4). The main reason for lead removal was lead dislodgement (n = 9, 31.0%). Lead removal was successful in 27/29 (93.1%) cases [100% (19/19) success rate <1 year and 80% (8/10) success rate >1 year post-implant]. Simple traction was used in 22/26 (84.6%) and extraction tools in 4/26 (15.4%) successful cases where technique was known. No complications were reported for any of the removal procedures. All 11 EV ICD reimplant attempts were successful., Conclusion: Complete removal of the EV ICD lead was successful in 93.1% of cases, and simple traction was sufficient in most instances. Based on these results, lead removal from the substernal space was safe and achievable up to 3 years post-implant., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.)

Aging is a primary risk factor for degenerative tendon injuries, yet the etiology and progression of this degeneration are poorly understood. While aged tendons have innate cellular differences that support a reduced ability to maintain mechanical tissue homeostasis, the response of aged tendons to altered levels of mechanical loading has not yet been studied. To address this question, we subjected young and aged murine flexor tendon explants to various levels of in vitro tensile strain. We first compared the effect of static and cyclic strain on matrix remodeling in young tendons, finding that cyclic strain is optimal for studying remodeling in vitro. We then investigated the remodeling response of young and aged tendon explants after 7 days of varied mechanical stimulus (stress deprivation, 1%, 3%, 5%, or 7% cyclic strain) via assessment of tissue composition, biosynthetic capacity, and degradation profiles. We hypothesized that aged tendons would show muted adaptive responses to changes in tensile strain and exhibit a shifted mechanical setpoint, at which the remodeling balance is optimal. Interestingly, we found that 1% cyclic strain best maintains native physiology while promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover for both age groups. However, aged tendons display fewer strain-dependent changes, suggesting a reduced ability to adapt to altered levels of mechanical loading. This work has a significant impact on understanding the regulation of tissue homeostasis in aged tendons, which can inform clinical rehabilitation strategies for treating elderly patients., (Copyright © 2024 by ASME.)

We describe a 72-year-old man who developed ptosis and a conjunctival mass around a radial segment explant for retinal detachment surgery. Biopsy showed the mass to be amyloid of AL type and localized in nature, not previously described as a complication of retinal detachment surgery. Purpose: To describe a hitherto unreported late ocular surface complication of retinal detachment surgery around a radial segment explant. Methods: A single case report of a 72-year-old white man, with a previous history of right scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment surgery 25 years ago, presented with right-sided ptosis of 6 months duration. Results: Ocular surface examination showed a prominent right supero-nasal quadrant radial segment explant, around which there was bulky pink conjunctival mass, extending from the supero-medial fornix down to the medial canthal area and inferior medial fornix with similar changes seen on the upper medial tarsal conjunctiva. The clinical differential diagnosis was either inflammation from an exposed radial explant or lymphoma. Biopsies of the conjunctival mass showed perivascular and interstitial solid eosinophilic deposits of amyloid, with scattered giant cells; the amyloid was of AL type. There was no morphological or immunohistochemical evidence of lymphoma or a plasma cell neoplasm in the specimen. Conclusion: This is the first report of localized conjunctival amyloid deposition, secondary to a retinal detachment radial explant. It is proposed that the localized amyloid deposit arose from the ocular surface irritative effects of the radial explant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane is an important domestic and industrial crop and considerable efforts have been made to improve its yield through conventional as well as biotechnological approaches. Genetic manipulation of sugarcane is dependent on an efficient reproducible in vitro regeneration regime. In the current study, the role of explant position, induced desiccation, picloram (PIC) levels for callogenesis as well as thidiazuron (TDZ) addition during regeneration phase has been appraised. Using an optimum combination of mentioned factors, an enhanced in vitro regeneration system has been established for two elite sugarcane cultivars. Embryogenesis was stimulated in cv. HSF-240 by MS medium augmented with 12.42 μM PIC while cv. CPF-237 exhibited sometic embryo formation when PIC supplementation was combined with induced desiccation (using 12 g L–1 agar). A decrease in embryogenesis frequency was recorded from base towards tip. The explants cultured alternately on high (12.42 μM) and low (4.14 μM) PIC medium produced the highest number of nodular calli which later exhibited maximum regeneration potential. Optimal shoot initiation was observed with 9.08 μM TDZ followed by medium having 2.27 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid plus 4.43 μM benzylaminopurine. However, the shoots produced with former medium composition showed frailty as compared to the one regenerated on later medium. Healthy roots were initiated with 16.11 μM naphthalene acetic acid in the presence of 0.5% activated charcoal. Malondialdehyde content, catalase and peroxidase activity of in vitro and field grown sugarcane plants were analogous, indicating that the in vitro regenerated plants were equally fit for subsequent growth in natural conditions. The reported protocol can be helpful in devising strategies for a robust sugarcane genetic engineering regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was aimed to solve the problem of browning in Iranian seedless barberry in vitro culture by using a variety of different approaches. As such, several experiments were carried out. The results revealed that addition of 225 mg/l citric acid + 50 mg/l ascorbic acid could alleviate phenol browning compared to control. Presoaking of explants in 300 mg/l citric acid solution for 30 min and culturing them in media containing 225 mg/l citric acid could further reduce browning rate. Results related to the effect of sampling time indicated that explants cut off in April showed the lowest browning rate and those cut off in January, February and March showed the highest browning rate. Effects of conditions related to stock plant were also investigated, and the results displayed that explants harvested from upper position of current-year shoot and sucker showed the lowest browning rates, respectively, while those collected from lower position of one- and two-year old shoots exhibited the highest browning rate, respectively. Data obtained from shoot color and diameter also demonstrated that explants taken from pinkish-colored shoots with small diameter showed the lowest browning rate and those collected from dark brown-colored shoots with large and very large diameter contained the highest browning rates. Use of 8‑hydroxyquinoline and Fe-EDDHA for reduction of browning was investigated for the first time, and interestingly the results showed that both compounds, in particular 8‑hydroxyquinoline, caused a significant reduction in phenol exudation. More interestingly, they could cause a significant increase in bud break rate. Furthermore, phenol exudation and peroxidase activity in treatments supplemented with 8‑hydroxyquinoline and Fe-EDDHA were lower than those in treatments containing antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheum ribes L. is a perennial wild species. Young shoots and flower bunches are freshly consumed, and root and rhizomes are generally used for medicinal purposes. The aim of the present study was to improve the callus proliferation protocol for R. ribes L. under in vitro conditions. For callus induction, hypocotyl explants taken from 14-day old plantlets germinated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media were cultured in MS media with 9 plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L). Then, for callus proliferation, 4 PGR combinations containing NAA (0.2 mg/L) + thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg) were used in the first set of experiments, and 36 PGR combinations containing BAP (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L), BAP (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + NAA (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L), and TDZ (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + NAA (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) were used in the second set of experiments. At the end of the second set of experiments, the greatest callus regeneration ratios were obtained due to the combinations including BAP and IBA as well as the low-dose TDZ- (especially 1 mg/L) and NAA- (0.2, 0.5, 1 mg/L) combinations. Regarding callus fresh weights, TDZ + NAA combinations were found to be more successful. The greatest callus fresh weight (12.7 ±0.4 g) was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L TDZ and 0.2 mg/L NAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheum ribes L. is a perennial wild species. Young shoots and flower bunches are freshly consumed, and root and rhizomes are generally used for medicinal purposes. The aim of the present study was to improve the callus proliferation protocol for R. ribes L. under in vitro conditions. For callus induction, hypocotyl explants taken from 14-day old plantlets germinated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media were cultured in MS media with 9 plant growth regulator (PGR) combinations containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/L). Then, for callus proliferation, 4 PGR combinations containing NAA (0.2 mg/L) + thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg) were used in the first set of experiments, and 36 PGR combinations containing BAP (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L), BAP (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + NAA (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L), and TDZ (1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/L) + NAA (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) were used in the second set of experiments. At the end of the second set of experiments, the greatest callus regeneration ratios were obtained due to the combinations including BAP and IBA as well as the low-dose TDZ- (especially 1 mg/L) and NAA- (0.2, 0.5, 1 mg/L) combinations. Regarding callus fresh weights, TDZ + NAA combinations were found to be more successful. The greatest callus fresh weight (12.7 ±0.4 g) was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L TDZ and 0.2 mg/L NAA.

Patients exhibit distinct responses to immunotherapies that are thought to be linked to their tumor immune environment. However, wide variations in outcomes are also observed in patients with matched baseline tumor environments, indicating that the biological response to treatment is not currently predictable using a snapshot analysis. To investigate the relationship between the immune environment of tumors and the biological response to immunotherapies, we characterized four murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) models on two genetic backgrounds. Using tumor explants from those models, we identified correlations between the composition of infiltrating immune cells and baseline cytokine profiles prior to treatment. Following treatment with PD-1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, or OX40 stimulation, we observed inter-individual variability in the response to therapy between genetically identical animals bearing the same tumor. These distinct biological responses to treatment were not linked to the initial tumor immune environment, meaning that outcome would not be predictable from a baseline analysis of the tumor infiltrates. We similarly performed the explant assay on patient HNSCC tumors and found significant variability between the baseline environment of the tumors and their response to therapy. We propose that tumor explants provide a rapid biological assay to assess response to candidate immunotherapies that may allow matching therapies to individual patient tumors. Further development of explant approaches may allow screening and monitoring of treatment responses in HNSCC.

To understand susceptibility of wild California sea lions and Northern elephant seals to influenza A virus (IAV), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple IAV subtypes. We first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human IAV. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 California sea lions, 2 Northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains representing 4 IAV subtypes. Explants from the 3 species showed similar IAV infection kinetics, with peak viral titers 48 to 72 h post-inoculation that increased by 2 to 4 log10 PFU/explant relative to the inoculum. Immunohistochemistry localized IAV infection to apical epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that respiratory tissue explants from wild marine mammals support IAV infection. In the absence of the ability to perform experimental infections of marine mammals, this ex vivo culture of respiratory tissues mirrors the in vivo environment and serves as a tool to study IAV susceptibility, host range, and tissue tropism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the chondrogenic activity of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) and its impact on the mechanical properties of injectable poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐based dual‐network hydrogels loaded with poly(l‐lysine) (PLL). To this effect, an ex vivo study model was employed to assess the behavior of the injected hydrogels—specifically, their surface stiffness and integration strength with the surrounding cartilage. The highest chondrogenic activity was observed from AC‐encapsulated hydrogels, while the effect of PLL on MSC chondrogenesis was not apparent from biochemical analyses. Mechanical testing showed that there were no significant differences in either surface stiffness or integration strength among the different study groups. Altogether, the results suggest that the ex vivo model can allow further understanding of the relationship between biochemical changes within the hydrogel and their impact on the hydrogel's mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferulago (Ferulago ssp.) genus as medicinal plant belongs to Apiaceae family. It is endemic in Iran. Excess harvesting and environmental stresses such as drought, lead to as endangered plant. By considering this plant as a valuable medicinal-rangeland plant, its production and reclamation is an essential task. This investigation was conducted to optimize micropropagation of two endemic species of Ferulago, included F. angulate and F. subvelutina. Higher percentage of callus induction in F. angulata specie was obtained as 100%, using rootlet explant (under treatments of 0 BAP +1 NAA, 0 BAP +1.5 NAA and 0 BAP +2 NAA mg/l) and also true leaf explants (under treatments of 0.5 BAP + 0.5 NAA and 1 BAP +2 NAA mg/l). For F. subvelutina, higher callus induction was obtained using true leaf explants (under treatments of 0.5 BAP + 0.5 NAA and 1 BAP + 2 NAA mg/l), as 72.33 and 71.66%, respectively. The combined application of the cytokinin and auxin phytohormones was effective in regenerating of both species; so that, the higher regeneration was obtained as 53.33 and 46.66% in F. angulate under treatments of 0.5 BAP + 0.2 NAA mg/l and 0.5 BAP + 0.4 NAA mg/l, respectively. Similarly, the higher regeneration as 53.33 and 60% was obtained in F. subvelutina under treatments of 1 BAP+0.2 NAA mg/l and 1 BAP+0.4 NAA mg/l, respectively. The best rooting treatment in both species was determined as the ½ MS cultural medium included 0.5 mg/l IBA. Their adaptation stage were done using mixture of soil, peat soil and sand with a weight ratio of 1: 1: 1, in which the total of 80% of regenerated plants from tissue culture, were successfully adapted to the outside environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients exhibit distinct responses to immunotherapies that are thought to be linked to their tumor immune environment. However, wide variations in outcomes are also observed in patients with matched baseline tumor environments, indicating that the biological response to treatment is not currently predictable using a snapshot analysis. To investigate the relationship between the immune environment of tumors and the biological response to immunotherapies, we characterized four murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) models on two genetic backgrounds. Using tumor explants from those models, we identified correlations between the composition of infiltrating immune cells and baseline cytokine profiles prior to treatment. Following treatment with PD-1 blockade, CTLA-4 blockade, or OX40 stimulation, we observed inter-individual variability in the response to therapy between genetically identical animals bearing the same tumor. These distinct biological responses to treatment were not linked to the initial tumor immune environment, meaning that outcome would not be predictable from a baseline analysis of the tumor infiltrates. We similarly performed the explant assay on patient HNSCC tumors and found significant variability between the baseline environment of the tumors and their response to therapy. We propose that tumor explants provide a rapid biological assay to assess response to candidate immunotherapies that may allow matching therapies to individual patient tumors. Further development of explant approaches may allow screening and monitoring of treatment responses in HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revision hip arthroplasty is a frequently performed procedure and is projected to increase annually. Removal of a well-fixed acetabular component can involve loss of much needed bone stock. Contemporary instruments allow acetabular removal with minimal morbidity; however, their use requires accurate knowledge of the component size. We describe a technique that allows sizing to be determined accurately, without specialized equipment, in situations where component details are unavailable. Our technique multiplies ratio of head:cup on pre-operative X-ray by the diameter of the index femoral head which is removed intra-operatively to predict index cup size. This novel surgical technique appears accurate in prediction of cup size to guide explant in revision hip arthroplasty.