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The prodigious growth of the industrialised linen industry associated with nineteenth-century Belfast developed froman earlier framework of eighteenth-century domestic production. This study outlines the vigorous competition in the 1780s between the linen drapers of Newry and Belfast to establish White Linen Halls where they sold the linen they had bought from domestic weavers in local linen markets. Each town offered specific advantages; however, the industry was transformed in the 1820s with the introduction ofmechanised 'wet' spinning in Belfast and the commercial competition between the two White Linen Halls abated, leaving only the name as testimony to their once important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To the enterprising journalists of early eighteenth-century Great Britain, the refined status of “author” remained elusive. Journalism itself was a nascent occupation formed in the processes of cultural legitimatization, commercialization, and politicization of authorship. In London, James Ralph, an American expatriate and political writer, emerged as a spokesman for journalism. In his Case of Authors by Profession or Trade, a short treatise published in 1758, Ralph argued that “professional” authors included journalists and other non-patroned writers. They deserved respect as an occupational group, and a special role in society. Ralph equated and extended the privileged notions of authorship and the role of the author — essentially, respectability and some limited independence from political and financial pressures — to his fellow journalists. His Case is worth revisiting because it shows how literary culture was being challenged in his era, extended and subverted as it was by his fellow journalists and their more transitory creations.

To the enterprising journalists of early eighteenth-century Great Britain, the refined status of “author” remained elusive. Journalism itself was a nascent occupation formed in the processes of cultural legitimatization, commercialization, and politicization of authorship. In London, James Ralph, an American expatriate and political writer, emerged as a spokesman for journalism. In his Case of Authors by Profession or Trade, a short treatise published in 1758, Ralph argued that “professional” authors included journalists and other non-patroned writers. They deserved respect as an occupational group, and a special role in society. Ralph equated and extended the privileged notions of authorship and the role of the author — essentially, respectability and some limited independence from political and financial pressures — to his fellow journalists. His Case is worth revisiting because it shows how literary culture was being challenged in his era, extended and subverted as it was by his fellow journalists and their more transitory creations.

Note on the text: “The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship” was first published in The British Mercury in 1787, in two parts: the first part in “No. I. – May 12 1787”, pp. 14–27, and the continuation in “No. II. – May 26 1787”, pp. 43–48. The British Mercury was reissued in 1788, advertised as A New Edition. This edition survives in three copies. Our copy-text for the present edition is the Bodleian Library copy (shelfmark G Pamph 1192), which is identified with the siglum B in the notes below. This has been collated with Bodleian Library shelfmark Douce M 591 (siglum: D) and British Library shelfmark P.P.3557.mc (siglum: BL).Our choice of B as copy-text is motivated by the fact that occasional changes in spelling and wording indicate that this represents a corrected state, improving some verbal infelicities and also making the text more credible, stylistically, as a farmer’s letter, e.g. by replacing the formal “unpensioned” with the more concrete agricultural “unsown” (15), and also by giving the poor writer ‘frowzy hair’ instead of a ‘prominent beard’ (26). In editing, we have aimed for a moderately modernized text, changing long ‘s’ to round ‘s’, marking quotations with inverted commas at the beginning and end, deleting quotation marks in indirect speech, and adapting punctuation to modern usage in places where this seemed necessary or desirable. Some spellings, such as “stopt” for “stopped” or “grin’d” for “grinned” have also been modernized in order to enhance readability. Footnotes belong to the original text. All emendations and textual variants are recorded in the endnotes. Page breaks in the original text are indicated in square brackets. The explanatory endnotes refer to the original page numbers.

Note on the text: “The Brain-Sucker: Or, the Distress of Authorship” was first published in The British Mercury in 1787, in two parts: the first part in “No. I. – May 12 1787”, pp. 14–27, and the continuation in “No. II. – May 26 1787”, pp. 43–48. The British Mercury was reissued in 1788, advertised as A New Edition. This edition survives in three copies. Our copy-text for the present edition is the Bodleian Library copy (shelfmark G Pamph 1192), which is identified with the siglum B in the notes below. This has been collated with Bodleian Library shelfmark Douce M 591 (siglum: D) and British Library shelfmark P.P.3557.mc (siglum: BL). Our choice of B as copy-text is motivated by the fact that occasional changes in spelling and wording indicate that this represents a corrected state, improving some verbal infelicities and also making the text more credible, stylistically, as a farmer’s letter, e.g. by replacing the formal “unpensioned” with the more concrete agricultural “unsown” (15), and also by giving the poor writer ‘frowzy hair’ instead of a ‘prominent beard’ (26). In editing, we have aimed for a moderately modernized text, changing long ‘s’ to round ‘s’, marking quotations with inverted commas at the beginning and end, deleting quotation marks in indirect speech, and adapting punctuation to modern usage in places where this seemed necessary or desirable. Some spellings, such as “stopt” for “stopped” or “grin’d” for “grinned” have also been modernized in order to enhance readability. Footnotes belong to the original text. All emendations and textual variants are recorded in the endnotes. Page breaks in the original text are indicated in square brackets. The explanatory endnotes refer to the original page numbers.

This article examines the evangelicalism of Dan Taylor, a leading eighteenth-century General Baptist minister and founder of the New Connexion of General Baptists. In particular, it focuses on how Taylor functioned as a practical innovator, pioneering church planter, mobilizer of laity, novel proponent, and innovative trainer. The nature of Taylor's evangelicalism makes a contribution to the recent debates regarding the origins of evangelicalism. Its central characteristics, underlying tendencies and shaping influence of certain Enlightenment values reflect that which was distinct about evangelicalism as a primarily eighteenth-century phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

"'I Know You Want It': Teaching the Blurred Lines of Eighteenth-Century Rape Culture" is a collaborative pedagogical article that addresses the problem of so-called "post-feminism" in the contemporary college classroom by way of a comparative approach to eighteenth-century literature. Specifically, we contextualize and compare the early and late work of Eliza Haywood with current cultural debates and events in order to demonstrate not only the relevance of Haywood and eighteenth-century writers like her, but the importance of continuing the feminist conversation. The article provides texts, readings, and discussion points for consideration, as well as links to relevant contemporary issues and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Historia Moderna is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines business activities in the Portuguese Atlantic island of Madeira in the 18th century to provide understanding on the role played by Scots in the construction of the British Empire. Topics covered include the introduction of merchant James Gordon to the Madeira business, the development of trading networks as depicted in the papers of the Gordons of Letterfourie, and the opportunities offered by the Madeira trade to Catholics.

Copyright of Journal of Early American History is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay describes a classroom role-playing activity that incorporates both modern social media and the tools of eighteenth-century composition. Students communicate with each other as characters in the assigned novel, by either texting, tweeting, or writing longhand with quill pens. The exercise aims to help students grasp the sometimes-elusive historical contexts of eighteenth-century writing as well as the ways in which we interpret and adapt those contexts and their attendant modes of communication when we read for meaning in our own moment. My experiences suggest that the activity is particularly effective at helping students to reflect upon their own interpretive choices and to understand how medium affects content. Furthermore, it can illuminate the ways in which the medium influences not only the message, but also the messenger, thus revealing potentially surprising connections between material modes of communication, embodied behavior, and intellectual output.

This essay juxtaposes readings of material culture and gender performance in Charlotte Charke’s Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke (1755). It argues that the transient relationship Charke has to the objects in her life mirrors the fluidity of her gender. The essay ultimately uses Charke’s narrative as a case study in a questioning of a binarized gender matrix. The thesis suggest that, though we lack language to fully describe it, characters and historical figures like Charke move beyond and explode gender binaries.

“‘I Know You Want It’: Teaching the Blurred Lines of Eighteenth-Century Rape Culture” is a collaborative pedagogical article that addresses the problem of so-called “post-feminism” in the contemporary college classroom by way of a comparative approach to eighteenth-century literature. Specifically, we contextualize and compare the early and late work of Eliza Haywood with current cultural debates and events in order to demonstrate not only the relevance of Haywood and eighteenth-century writers like her, but the importance of continuing the feminist conversation. The article provides texts, readings, and discussion points for consideration, as well as links to relevant contemporary issues and events.

This article examines the strategic representation of William, Duke of Cumberland, during and immediately after the Jacobite uprising of 1745–46. The duke, whose victories over the Jacobite army ensured his heroic status, was presented in print and related media as both a demotic Protestant figurehead and as a representative of royalty; easing tensions between English anti-Jacobite, anti-Catholic sentiment and the unpopularity of George II and the post-Walpole Whig administration. This mode of representing Cumberland offered the public an opportunity to engage in extra-Parliamentary political debate through consumption and dissemination of visual and material culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the representation of violence committed by and against prostitutes in eighteenth-century London. To explore attitudes toward prostitutes' assaults and victimization, it examines how the Bridewell Court of Governors records and the Proceedings of the Old Bailey portrayed incidents in which prostitutes were involved in violent or aggressive confrontations; it also examines texts written by popular commentators, moralists, and contributors to the newspaper press. Although prostitutes were depicted as both agents and targets of violence, incidents in which prostitutes physically assaulted or verbally insulted potential male clients generated far more discussion than reports about prostitutes who were the victims of violent crimes. The greater emphasis on prostitutes' proclivity to violence suggests that policing authorities, journalists, and social commentators portrayed prostitutes as a threat to the peace and stability of the nation, rather than as pitiable victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, a literary and philosophical dialogue on lying in the eighteenth century and beyond, uses the writings of Jonathan Swift as a springboard for an interdisciplinary conversation on the truth conditions of human (and Houyhnhnm) communication. In the first two sections, Brean Hammond examines the cultural and political conditions that produced Swift’s anxiety over a polity he considered to be riddled with untruth, leading to his imagining, inGulliver’s Travels, a species incapable of lying. In the final section, Gregory Currie considers Swift’s conception of creatures only able to tell truth – the Houyhnhnms – from a modern philosophical standpoint. Lying is deceptive wrongness and is as universally deplored as it is practised. The Houyhnhnms in Swift’sGulliver’s Travels, who have no inclination to lie and find it hard even to understand mendacity in the abstract, are a literary rebuke to human shortcomings in this regard. What do they tell us about Swift’s attitude to truth and falsity in the context of early eighteenth-century politics and imaginative writing? What role does intention play in the unfailing linguistic truthfulness of the Houyhnhnms? And what would a language be like in which one could not lie? [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article deals with the role and intervention of the Inquisition in the eighteenth-century book trade between Europe and America. Books were transported through Spain along what was known as the ‘Carrera de Indias’ (the Indies route) on their way to the Spanish colonies in the Americas. During this period, which to date has not received the attention it deserves from historians, the Holy Office of the Inquisition no longer had the effect and influence that it had exercised in previous centuries. By the eighteenth century the Inquisition was in a state of crisis and decline, largely owing to the impetus which the Bourbon reforms in Spain gave to state censorship, this being part of a deliberate strategy by the Crown to increase the centralization of its powers. The spread of Enlightenment ideas in and from France and Spain is a major factor in producing the increased number of banned books that circulated on the other side of the Atlantic at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article approaches Haydn's treatment of sonata form from the perspective of the eighteenth-century listener, asking: if a moment is allegedly "witty" according to modern analysts, would Haydn's contemporary audience have heard it as such? Eighteenth-century wit is a two-sided coin: wit does involve an aspect of surprise or deception, a breaking of understood norms; however, wit must also involve an unsuspected congruity, a larger-scale connection created only by breaking the aforementioned norm. Taking this as my starting point, I provide detailed analyses of the first movements of Haydn's "Military" Symphony no. 100 and String Quartet in D major, op. 33 no. 6. Compared to the expectations set forth by each exposition, Haydn has recomposed each piece's respective recapitulation in a significant way. I argue that these pieces are witty in the eighteenth-century sense of the term but not in the sense that the term has been used by recent scholars such as Hepokoski and Darcy, who emphasize the disruptive aspects of wit. Ultimately, I suggest that Haydn can be witty without necessarily being deceptive; wit can involve establishing a kind of unexpected coherence that binds together the recapitulation and another section of a sonata form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The urban configuration of the central area of Rio de Janeiro city, among others, was involved by the religiosity of its inhabitants, who in many cases congregated themselves in religious associations that had exerted an important social, economic and political paper in Carioca's society in eighteenth-century. The present article has for objective to point these associations known as Laypeople Orders - Third Orders and Brotherhoods - that in the exercise of its territoriality had blunted as one of the agents of formation of the downtown urban mesh out of the limits established until the end of eighteenth-century. In such a way, the strategical actions of these associations were pointed that with its devocionals practical as processions, parties and pilgrimages, would have appropriated the territory of Campo da Cidade, region of expansion of the central nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen proclaims that 'men are born free and equal in rights'. However, the egalitarian principles expounded in the Déclaration were translated into a constitution that defined the subjects of these rights as French propertied males at least twenty-five years of age. Entered into circulation on September 14, 1791, Olympe de Gouges's Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne stakes claim to the rights guaranteed to the universal, abstract citizen designated in the Déclaration. Much scholarship has diminished or dismissed de Gouges's work on the basis of its supposed rhetorical deficiencies. This paper, through a historically situated reading that brings to light both the 'radical novelty' of de Gouges's Déclaration's rhetoric and the under-appreciated intertextuality with the work of Robespierre, argues that the significance of de Gouges's Déclaration is locatable within rather than in spite of its style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]