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Background: Young adulthood represents an influential transitional period marked by poor dietary habits and excess weight gain. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are a major source of excess caloric intake among young adults, yet little is known about the correlates of SSB consumption. This study examines the individual and situational correlates of SSB consumption, using real-time assessment of Australian young adults' eating occasions. Methods: Dietary, sociodemographic and health behaviour data were collected during the Measuring EAting in Everyday Life (MEALS) study (n = 675 adults, 18–30 y). Participants reported all foods and beverages consumed over 3–4 non-consecutive days using a real-time Smartphone food diary application ("FoodNow"). For every eating occasion, food and beverage intake was recorded along with situational characteristics (eating location, purchase location, presence of others and activities while eating). A beverage occasion was defined as any eating occasion where a beverage was consumed and a SSB occasion was defined as any eating occasion where a SSB was consumed. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine individual and situational characteristics with SSB intake at beverage occasions (i.e. factors associated with choosing a SSB over other non-alcoholic beverages) and to examine factors associated with consuming a SSB at any occasion where food and/or beverages were consumed. Results: Thirty-five percent of participants consumed SSBs during the recording period (n = 237). Of the 2185 beverage eating occasions reported by SSB consumers, 481 (20%) contained a SSB. SSB were rarely consumed on their own (i.e. other foods were present). Having a lower than tertiary education (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.53 [1.16, 2.01]; p < 0.01); eating in a café/restaurant, compared to at home (3.02 [1.58, 5.78]; p < 0.001), and purchasing beverages from a convenience outlet, compared to a supermarket/grocery store (4.58 [2.85, 7.38]; p < 0.001) were associated with SSB intake at beverage eating occasions. Similar associations were also found when all food and/or beverage eating occasions were examined. Conclusion: In this study, SSB were often consumed with other foods and intake was associated with individual and situational factors. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore how SSB are consumed in relation to their accompanying foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to associate eating patterns with the self-perception of the nutritional state in Chilean university students of Nutrition and Dietetics. Material and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 634 students of Nutrition and Dietetics were assessed, 86.4% were women. Each student was shown seven anatomical models corresponding to values of body mass index (BMI) of 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35 and 40 kg/m², and had to choose the model with which he/she best identifies. The anthropometric assessment was carried out, the real BMI was calculated and compared with the perceived one, and a food survey was applied. Results: It is observed that individuals who overestimate their weight show a lower fulfillment percentage of the daily fruit and vegetable intake; however, the larger percentage of subjects who meet the recommended guidelines is included in the group that sees itself just like the model. There is an association between a good perception of the body image and a daily consumption of 3 or more serves of fruit OR = 0.554 (IC 95%; 0.360-0.852), 2 or more serves of vegetables per day OR = 0.438 (IC 95%; 0.283-0.678), and a lower alcohol intake once a week OR = 0.451 (IC 95%; 0.270-0.752). Conclusion: Students who show an adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables define their nutrition as healthy and ideal, and tend to consistently perceive themselves in relation to their nutritional state. Moreover, these subjects have a lower intake of unhealthy food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have suggested that meal timing plays a role in nutritional health, but this subject has not been sufficiently studied in pregnant women. We analysed the effect that timing of food intake has on eating patterns, diet quality and weight gain in a prospective cohort study with 100 pregnant women. Data were collected once per trimester: 4th–12th, 20th–26th and 30th–37th weeks. Food intake was evaluated using three 24-h dietary recalls, which were used to assess eating patterns and diet quality. Distribution of energy and macronutrient intake throughout the day was considered eating patterns. Diet quality was assessed using the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised. Weight gain was evaluated during each trimester. Women were classified as early or late timing of the first and last eating episodes if these values were below or above the median of the population, respectively (first eating episode = 08.38 hours; last eating episode = 20.20 hours). Generalised estimating equation models adjusted for confounders were used to determine the effects of timing of the first and last eating episodes (groups) and gestational trimesters (time) (independent variable) on eating patterns, diet quality and weight gain (dependent variables). Early eaters of the first eating episode have a higher percentage of energy and carbohydrate intake in morning and a lower at evening meals. They also have a better diet quality for fruit components when compared with late eaters of the first eating episode. Our results emphasise the importance of considering meal timing in the nutritional antenatal guidelines to promote maternal–fetal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, the majority of Hong Kong young adults who graduate from secondary school progress onto tertiary education. Poor eating patterns among young adults could lead to long-term health implications associated with overweight and obesity. Using the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework, this paper reviews the current food-related policies in Hong Kong and proposes a comprehensive policy approach relevant to a variety of organizational contexts that has the potential to support positive eating patterns among young adults by enhancing the local food environment. Hong Kong has an unusual food supply in that more than 95% of food is imported, making it vulnerable to food insecurity. Education interventions commonly conducted in Hong Kong are unlikely to be helpful because young adults acquire nutrition-related knowledge when they attend secondary school. There is a need to change the food environment in Hong Kong so that young adults can easily translate their nutrition knowledge into making healthy food choices. Policy approaches might be among the most effective strategies for bringing positive changes in eating patterns because they have the potential to directly influence the food environment and context where an individual lives. A comprehensive suite of approaches that fill the policy gaps, remove barriers of healthy food consumption and create more healthy food choices is required to improve diet and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Snacking raises concern since it may lead to an additional energy intake and poor nutrient quality. A snacking occasion can be defined as any eating occasion apart from main meals, regardless of the amount or type of foods consumed. We described the frequency of snacking occasions according to daily timing in French adults, and compared them between each other, and with the main meals, in terms of energy intake, energy and nutrient density, and food content. Methods This cross-sectional analysis included 104,265 adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Food intake was estimated using 24-h records of weekdays. For each eating occasion, nutrient density and energy content and density were computed. Results After weighting, 47.6% of our sample were men and mean age was 45.6 (15.3). Overall, 68% of participants ate at least one snack during the reported record, mainly in the morning or afternoon. Overall snack had a lower nutrient density [22.8 (SD = 278.3)] than main meals [25.8 (36.9) to 30.0 (30.4)]; but higher energy density [222.2 (163.3) kcal/100 g] than meals [133.9 (57.3) to 175.9 (99.6) kcal/100 g]. Morning snack was the snacking occasion with the lowest energy density [211 kcal/100 g], the lowest energy intake [104.1 kcal] and the highest nutrient density [60.1]. Afternoon and evening snacks had the highest energy loads [192.4 kcal and 207.6 kcal], but low nutrient scores [16 and 13, respectively]. The main food groups contributing to energy intake from snacks were fatty-sweet and sugary foods, fruit, hot beverages, and bread. Conclusions Our findings highlight the frequency of snacking and the varying nutritional quality of snacks over the day. The morning snack was shown to be healthier than afternoon and evening snacks. Trial registration This study was conducted according to guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm No. 0000388FWA00005831) and the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No. 908450 and No. 909216). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants (Clinical Trial no. NCT03335644).

Introduction: Immigration and culture change have been thought to affect various aspects of psychological well-being, including eating behaviors. This study aimed to examine the association between immigration, acculturation strategies and eating patterns.Materials and Methods: Acculturation was conceptualized and measured by acculturation strategies of integration (maintaining original culture and adopting the new culture), assimilation (adopting the new culture and leaving behind the old), separation (sticking with the original culture only) and marginalization (maintaining/adopting neither culture). Eating patterns were conceptualized by dietary restriction, eating concern, shape concern, and weight concern. Links between demographic variables, acculturation strategies, and eating patterns were also examined. Five hundred and six Georgian women took part in the study: 253 living abroad (UK and USA) and 253 living in Georgia. Measures included East Asian Acculturation Measure (EAAM) for acculturation strategies (assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization subscales) and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) for eating patterns (dietary restriction, eating concern, weight concern, shape concern subscales, and global score). Relevant demographic variables and Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded.Results: Comparisons of immigrant and nonimmigrant groups using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) with BMI as a covariate found a difference in dietary restriction only, with immigrants yielding higher mean score than non-immigrants. The global EDEQ scores of immigrant and nonimmigrant groups were almost identical though. Correlations between separation and marginalization and four EDEQ scores were statistically significant and positive, while correlations between integration and two EDEQ subscales were marginally significant and negative. Regression analysis showed that separation and marginalization strategies of acculturation were significantly linked with EDEQ eating concern, shape concern, weight concern, and global scores thereby representing predictors of elevated eating outcomes.Discussion: Findings suggested that moving to Western countries increased dietary restriction among Georgian women. Furthermore, while living abroad, the lack of integration in a host culture, as a common denominator of separation and marginalization strategies of acculturation, may predict elevated eating, shape, and weight concerns among women relocated over six years ago. Acculturation conditions may also be linked with integration or well-being outcomes.

Introduction: Appetitive traits are influenced by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. This study aimed to explore the relationship between gene polymorphisms involved in the regulation of energy balance and food reward and appetitive traits in young Mexican subjects., Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 118 university freshman undergraduates who completed the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire for Spanish speakers (AEBQ-Esp) to assess their appetitive traits. A real-time PCR system was employed to determine gene polymorphisms involved in energy balance ( LEP rs7799039, MC4R rs17782313, FTO rs9939609, GHRL rs696217), and reward system ( DRD2/ANKK1 Taq1A rs1800497 and COMT rs4680)., Results: The mean age of participants was 20.14 ± 3.95 years, 71.2% were women and their mean BMI was 23.52 ± 4.05 kg/m 2 . COMT Met allele carriers presented a significantly higher "Emotional overeating" mean score than Val allele carriers (2.63 ± 0.70 vs. 2.23 ± 0.70, p  = 0.028). The MC4R CC + CT genotype correlated positively with "Emotional overeating" (Phi = 0.308, p  = 0.01). The COMT MetMet+MetVal genotype correlated with higher "Emotional overeating" ( r  = 0.257, p  = 0.028; Phi = 0.249, p  = 0.033). The protective genotype FTO TT correlated positively with "Emotional undereating" (Phi = 0.298, p  = 0.012). Carriers of the risk genotype MC4R CC + CT presented a higher risk of "Emotional overeating" than TT carriers (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.8, p  = 0.034). Carriers of the risk genotype COMT MetMet+MetVal (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-10.3, p  = 0.033), were associated with a higher risk of "Emotional overeating" than ValVal carriers. The protective FTO genotype TT was associated with "Emotional undereating" (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-9.1, p  = 0.014)., Discussion: The study found a relationship between the protective genotypes of FTO TT and "Emotional undereating" and risk genotypes of COMT Met/Met+Met/Val and MC4R CC + CT with "Emotional overeating." These genetic factors may increase weight gain by enhancing hedonic food consumption and reducing satiety control. Future studies should focus on replication studies in ethnically diverse young adults and life stages to explore the relationship between polymorphisms and appetitive traits and weight. This will help tailor personalized nutrigenetic strategies to counteract disordered eating patterns leading to obesity and associated co-morbidities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor OR-L declared a past co-authorship with the author SR., (Copyright © 2024 Rivera-Iñiguez, Hunot-Alexander, Sepúlveda-Villegas, Campos-Medina and Roman.)

This study examined differences in food groups consumed at eating occasions by the level of adherence to dietary guidelines in Australian adults (≤19 years) and whether consumption differed with respect to age, sex and education levels. Secondary analysis of the 2011-2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey ( n 9054) was performed, using one 24-h dietary recall with self-reported eating occasions. Dietary Guideline Index scores were used to assess adherence to the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. Mean differences (95 % CI) in servings of the five food groups and discretionary foods at eating occasions were estimated for adults with higher and lower diet quality, stratified by sex, age group and education. Using survey-based t -tests, differences of at least half a serving with P values < 0·05 were considered meaningful. Compared with adults with lower diet quality, women and men aged 19-50 years with higher diet quality consumed more serves of vegetables at dinner (mean difference (95 % CI), women; 1·0; 95 % CI (0·7, 1·2); men: 0·9; 95 % CI (0·6, 1·3)) and fewer serves of discretionary foods at snacks (women: -0·7; 95 % CI (-0·9, -0·5); men: -1·0; 95 % CI (-1·4, -0·7). Other food groups, such as grains, dairy products and alternatives, meats and alternatives, were not significantly different between adults with lower and higher diet quality, across any eating occasions and age groups. Discretionary food intake at lunch, dinner and snacks was consistently greater among adults with lower diet quality, regardless of education level. Our findings identify dinner and snacks as opportunities to increase vegetable intake and reduce discretionary food intake, respectively.

Fescue toxicosis is problematic for growing steers, causing lower DMI and productivity when fed endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue. A complete understanding of underlying mechanisms of how fescue toxicosis affects growing steers is lacking. Therefore, the overall objective of this multiexperiment study was to determine whether ruminally dosed ergovaline (ERV) affects rumen motility, rumen contents, and eating patterns. In Exp. 1, an 8-h period to assess ruminal motility began 4 h after feeding by monitoring pressure changes using a wireless system for 21 d. Eight ruminally cannulated steers (283 kg BW) were pair fed with alfalfa cubes (1.5 × NEm) and assigned to endophyte free (E−; 0 μg ERV/kg BW/d) or E+ treatment (20 μg ERV/kg BW/d). Overall, E+ steers had more frequent rumen contractions (Seed P = 0.05 and day of feeding P = 0.02). On days 7 to 9, both treatments showed lower frequencies and E− steers had greater amplitude of contractions (P < 0.001) that corresponded with decreased DMI. In Exp. 2, steers remained in pairs assigned in Exp. 1 (322 kg BW), but reversed seed treatments while increasing ERV levels (titrated 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg ERV/kg BW/d over 57 d). There were no differences between E− and E+ for frequency (P = 0.137) or amplitude of contractions (P = 0.951), but increasing ERV dosage, decreased frequency (P = 0.018) and amplitude (P = 0.005), coinciding with lower DMI. In Exp. 3, 8 steers (589 kg) were pair fed and ruminally dosed 15 μg ERV/kg BW/d, and rumen motility data were collected for 21 d. E− steers showed higher amplitude and lower frequency of contractions than E+ steers with seed (P < 0.001), day (P < 0.001), and seed × day (P < 0.04) effects, but rumen fill was not different between E− and E+ (P > 0.29). Serum prolactin concentrations were lower in E+ steers in Exp. 1 to 3. Eating patterns of pair-fed E− and E+ steers were relatively slower in E+ than E− (Exp. 4) by measuring every 2 h across 24 h. Number of meals were higher in E+ than E− steers, but meal duration and meal size were not different between treatments. Rumen content (DM%) tended to be higher in E+ than in E− when steers were fed once a day (P = 0.07), but there was no difference for rumen content (DM%) when E− and E+ steers were fed 12 times a day (P = 0.13). These results suggest the changes in rumen fill associated with fescue toxicosis may be driven more by changes in feeding behavior and eating pattern rather than by changes in motility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to understand the underlying social mechanisms of timed eating schedules. Starting from 24 group interviews carried out in Santiago, Chile, this paper postulates that eating meals to a fixed schedule largely depends on the importance that an individual assigns to social norms on eating times, since this norm can be modified when the individual is alone or upon the emergence of compelling bodily, family and productive demands. The results shown in this paper contribute to an understanding of how the time aspect of eating food is subjectively experienced and present an invitation to rethink food de-structure thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Immigration and culture change have been thought to affect various aspects of psychological well-being, including eating behaviors. This study aimed to examine the association between immigration, acculturation strategies and eating patterns. Materials and Methods: Acculturation was conceptualized and measured by acculturation strategies of integration (maintaining original culture and adopting the new culture), assimilation (adopting the new culture and leaving behind the old), separation (sticking with the original culture only) and marginalization (maintaining/adopting neither culture). Eating patterns were conceptualized by dietary restriction, eating concern, shape concern, and weight concern. Links between demographic variables, acculturation strategies, and eating patterns were also examined. Five hundred and six Georgian women took part in the study: 253 living abroad (UK and USA) and 253 living in Georgia. Measures included East Asian Acculturation Measure (EAAM) for acculturation strategies (assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization subscales) and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ) for eating patterns (dietary restriction, eating concern, weight concern, shape concern subscales, and global score). Relevant demographic variables and Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded. Results: Comparisons of immigrant and nonimmigrant groups using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) with BMI as a covariate found a difference in dietary restriction only, with immigrants yielding higher mean score than non-immigrants. The global EDEQ scores of immigrant and nonimmigrant groups were almost identical though. Correlations between separation and marginalization and four EDEQ scores were statistically significant and positive, while correlations between integration and two EDEQ subscales were marginally significant and negative. Regression analysis showed that separation and marginalization strategies of acculturation were significantly linked with EDEQ eating concern, shape concern, weight concern, and global scores thereby representing predictors of elevated eating outcomes. Discussion: Findings suggested that moving to Western countries increased dietary restriction among Georgian women. Furthermore, while living abroad, the lack of integration in a host culture, as a common denominator of separation and marginalization strategies of acculturation, may predict elevated eating, shape, and weight concerns among women relocated over six years ago. Acculturation conditions may also be linked with integration or well-being outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the food pattern of a population is crucial for establishing nutritional and epidemiological profiles, as well as for controlling the market of foodstuffs and to help in the management of stock of staple foods. This study aims to evaluate food consumption and its association with the underlying motives for consumers' food choices, through the application of a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) followed by a Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). Face to face interviews were conducted with 503 participants, recruited at their homes, workplaces, health centers and other central locations in Cape Verde, only including subjects aged ≥18 years, without a self-reported history of chronic diseases. Food frequency analysis, as well as exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) were used to determine dietary patterns and nonparametric statistical tests for comparisons and associations of variables. The EFA yielded 4 patterns termed as: "Traditional", "Western", "Balanced" and "Energetic". Using an FCQ structure of 9 factors, three different groups were obtained from hierarchical clustering. (Cabral, de Almeida, & Cunha, 2017). The results show that Cape Verdean inhabitants follow global diet trends (towards the so-called "westernization"), however, in a more moderate rate if compared to other developing country populations. Consuming "junk food" is infrequent in Cape Verde, which appears to be due to limited availability and accessibility of this type of food. The rural coastal population remains more attached to traditional foods, consuming local products and traditional dishes, whereas in the urban population, one may notice the "westernization" of consumption. The application of an FFQ in combination with the FCQ provided in-depth information on eating attitudes and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Eating patterns have been linked to obesity, an established risk factor for hypertension; however, their contribution to hypertension is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine associations of frequency of meals, snacks and all eating occasions (EO), and temporal eating patterns, with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. Methods: Dietary data collected via two 24-h recalls during the 2011–2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 4482 adults, ≥ 19 years) were analysed. Frequencies of EO, meals, and snacks were calculated. Temporal eating patterns were determined using latent class analysis. Multivariate regression models assessed associations of eating patterns with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and hypertension prevalence. Results: Among men, a higher snack frequency was inversely associated with DBP [β = − 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) (− 1.12, − 0.07)] and hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% CI (0.75, 0.98)] after adjustment for covariates and BMI. However, these associations disappeared after additional adjustment for total energy intake and overall diet quality. Among women, a temporal eating pattern characterized by a later "lunch" meal was associated with SBP [β = 2.45, 95% CI (0.05, 4.84)], DBP [β = 1.69, 95% CI (0.25, 3.13)], and hypertension [OR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.00, 2.22)], when compared to a "conventional" eating pattern. Conclusions: In this study, an inverse association found between snack frequency and BP among men disappeared after adjustment for dietary factors and a "later lunch" pattern was associated with higher BP in women. Future research is needed to understand the relationship and potential mechanistic pathways between eating patterns and BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The global rate of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise. Guidelines that influence the worldwide treatment of this disease are central to changing this trajectory. We sought in this review to evaluate the appropriateness of sources cited in the American Diabetes Association's (ADA) guidelines on eating patterns for T2D management, identify additional relevant sources, and evaluate the evidence. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the evidence behind the ADA's recommendations on eating patterns in the 2018 and 2019 ADA Standards of Care and the 2014 ADA Nutrition Therapy Recommendations for Adults with Diabetes. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive search to identify any additional studies not included in the cited evidence. To determine appropriateness of inclusion in the guidelines, the following criteria were applied: 1) it was a clinical trial or systematic review/meta‐analysis of clinical trials; 2) it involved persons with T2D; 3) one of the study arms followed one of the eating patterns currently recommended; 4) its reported outcomes included glycaemic control; 5) outcomes were reported separately for persons with T2D. Results: We found a wide variation in the evidence for each eating pattern. Issues that have hampered the guideline process include: lack of a rigorous literature review, resulting in the omission of pertinent studies; an overreliance on prospective cohort studies; inconsistent standards for evidence; inclusion of studies not on persons with T2D; and bias. Conclusions: The ADA Guidelines recommended eating patterns fall short of rigorous standards of scientific review according to state‐of‐the‐art systematic review and guideline creation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flight attendants experience circadian misalignment and disrupted sleep and eating patterns. This survey study examined working time, sleep, and eating frequency in a sample (n=21, 4 males, 17 females) of Australian flight attendants (mean age=41.8 yr, SD=12.0 yr, mean BMI=23.8 kg/m², SD=4.1 kg/m²). Respondents indicated frequencies of snack, meal, and caffeine consumption during their last shift. Reported sleep duration on workdays (mean=4.6 h, SD=1.9 h) was significantly lower than on days off (M=7.2 h, SD=1.2 h, p<0.001), and significantly lower than perceived sleep need (M=8.1 h, SD=0.8 h, p<0.001). Food intake was distributed throughout shifts and across the 24 h period, with eating patterns incongruent with biological eating periods. Time available, food available, and work breaks were the most endorsed reasons for food consumption. Caffeine use and reports of gastrointestinal disturbance were common. Working time disrupts sleep and temporal eating patterns in flight attendants and further research into nutritional and dietary-related countermeasures may be beneficial to improving worker health and reducing circadian disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aims to evaluate the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on eating patterns and body mass index (BMI) in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The secondary aim of this study is the comparison between weight and eating behavior of children with ADHD undergoing an MPH treatment, and of children without ADHD. Methods. One hundred fourty three children and adolescents who diagnosed with ADHD were enrolled, and the effects of MPH on the eating patterns and BMI were evaluated. All participants completed a number of tests to analyze eating patterns and clinical psychopathological profiles. Results. Children and adolescents with ADHD had significantly higher scores on the EDE-Qeating concern, EDE-Q- shape concern, and all CPRS-RSF subscales than individuals without ADHD (p < .05). MPH treatment was associated with a notional reduction in height-sds and weight-sds. The results of the correlation analysis which assessed the possible contribution of the different treatment-related factors revealed no significant correlations between MPH mean dose [mg/(kg/d)], the duration of use (months), and the core characteristics of eating disorders except the restraint subscale of EDE Q. Conclusions. Our findings add to the growing research suggesting that MPH may be associated with disordered eating behaviors. Although the literature is limited, our findings conclude that MPH may not be associated with the reduction of growth velocity and disordered eating behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breakfast has long been described as the most important meal of the day. While breakfast habits and their consequences on children's health and performance are well documented, studies on the adult population are lacking. The present study will fill this gap, providing a comprehensive picture of the Swiss breakfast habits and insights into the determinants of a healthy breakfast composition. Data were collected through a postal survey sent out to a randomly selected sample of 1917 German-speaking Swiss residents, yielding a final sample size of N = 460. Breakfast habits were disclosed, and individual breakfast healthiness scores were assessed by two nutrition specialists. A multiple regression analysis was then performed to investigate the influence of several motivational, socio-demographic, health- and knowledge-related determinants on breakfast healthiness. The sample showed recommendable habits in terms of consumption frequency and quite traditional eating patterns, illustrated by the prevalence of continental breakfasts and equally marked by the frequent consumption of dairy products. Overall, the Swiss breakfast composition is moderately healthy, lacking fruits and whole grain products. Paying attention to healthy food choices in general, higher education level, being a woman and reporting to be fit are factors linked to a healthier breakfast composition; while preferences for low-fat, familiar or convenient foods are correlated to less healthy patterns. Given the parallel between the determinants of a healthy breakfast composition and those of a healthy diet and taking some limiting factors, such as consumers preference for convenience and strong habits, into account, we support the current nutritional advice focusing on balancing the diet over the day or the week rather than on recommendations dedicated to specific meals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Most Americans snack and some snack several times a day; however, compensatory dietary and eating behaviors associated with snacking in free-living individuals are poorly understood. Objective The aim of the study was to examine within-person differences in reported energy intake and eating patterns on a snack day relative to a no-snack day. Methods We used 2 d of dietary recall data from the NHANES 2007–2014 to replicate the crossover nutrition study paradigm in a natural setting. Respondents reporting a snack episode in only one of two available dietary recalls were eligible for inclusion in the study (n  = 1,917 men and 1,860 women). We used multivariable regression methods to compare within-person differences in quantitative, qualitative, and eating pattern outcomes between the snack and no-snack recall days. Results On the snack day, snack episodes provided (mean difference and 95% CI) 493 (454, 532) kcal of energy in men and 360 (328, 392) kcal in women. The 24-h energy intake on snack day was higher by 239 (140, 337) kcal in men and 219 (164, 273) kcal in women (P  < 0.0001). On the snack day, both men and women were more likely to skip main meals and reported lower energy intake from main meals (P  < 0.0001); however, the energy density of foods or beverages reported on the snack compared with no-snack days were not different. Fruit servings were higher on the snack day (P  ≤ 0.0004), but intakes of vegetables and key micronutrients did not differ. The 24-h ingestive period was longer on the snack day (P  < 0.0001). Conclusions Free-living men and women partially compensated for snack energy by decreasing energy intake from main meals without adverse associations with qualitative dietary characteristics or time of meal consumption. Women compensated to a smaller extent than men. Thus, over the long term, snack episodes may contribute to positive energy balance, and the risk may be higher in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive literature review was performed to provide a background for appreciating the potential relationship between eating pattern regularity and measures of body composition within the context of chrononutrition. Existing evidence on contemporary eating behaviors supports the high prevalence of irregular and individualized eating patterns that vary dramatically in terms of daily frequency, timing, and energy content. Data from temporal dietary analyses within chrononutrition studies suggest that inconsistencies in nutrient intake and timing disrupt circadianassociated human biological rhythms with consequences for metabolic health and the regulation of body weight. Multiple physical, environmental, and possibly genetic factors direct individual eating patterns, highlighting the growing body of research and interest in personalized therapies among nutrition and healthcare professionals. Identifying qualitative and quantitative measures to characterize and classify individual eating pattern types may support efforts to develop and deliver effectivepersonal dietary recommendations. This review provides substantiationforfurther exploration and novel approaches in support of optimal health and body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This study highlights the differences in eating problems and patterns between children with ASD and typically developing children. • This study also highlights the differences between eating problems and patterns by age, between toddlers and young children with ASD. • The findings add important information to the broader understanding of this common comorbidity and highlight the importance of early intervention to support optimal development. Abstract Background Eating and feeding problems are common comorbidities among children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) yet the reasons for this are unclear, and relatively few studies have compared the eating problems seen in ASD to a typically developing control group. Methods Differences in eating problems and patterns between children with ASD and typically developing children were assessed, as well as correlations with age as well as differences between eating problems and patterns between toddlers (aged 2–3 years) and young boys (aged 3–7) with ASD. A total of 105 children with ASD and 95 typically developing children were included in the study. Of the 91 toddlers, 65 had a diagnosis of ASD and of the 112 young boys, 40 had a diagnosis of ASD. Results Children with ASD displayed significantly more eating problems in every domain assessed than children with typical development. The overall effect of age was found only in ritualistic behavior during eating, which older children displayed more than younger children. In addition, typically developing children ate a significantly greater variety of all food groups than children with ASD, except drinks and snacks. An overall age effect was also found. Younger children ate a greater variety than older children in the majority of food groups, except for drinks, snacks and meats. Conclusion This study supports previous findings regarding the greater incidence of eating problems and patterns among children with ASD and provides new findings about the role of age in eating problems. More research is needed to shed light on underlying causes of eating problems and patterns in ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from a qualitative study with 105 families across Canada, this paper focuses on 16 households in which one or more adults experienced significant social class trajectories in their lifetimes. Using semi-structured interviews and two photo-elicitation techniques, adults and teens articulated their perceptions of healthy eating, eating well, conflicts and struggles around food, and typical household food patterns. This analysis examines how habitus from class of origin can influence food dispositions, as well as how participants used food and talk about food to mark symbolic and moral boundaries on the basis of class. In particular, people used discourses of cosmopolitan and omnivorous eating, ethical eating, and healthy eating, as well as the moral virtue of frugality, to align or dis-identify with class of origin or current class location. Our analysis shows that food can be a powerful symbolic means of marking class boundaries.

OBJECTIVE: As mood disorders and obesity are interrelated, and both are linked to increased morbidity and mortality, risk factors for obesity should be identified and closely monitored in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study was to determine the diet quality of BD patients and to investigate its putative associations with comorbid obesity and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the relationship between diet and clinical features of BD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eating patterns in 113 euthymic BD patients and 160 healthy control subjects were assessed using data obtained from a food frequency questionnaire. Associations of diet quality with subjects' weight, waist circumference (WC), insulin resistance index and clinical features of BD were also analyzed. RESULTS: BD patients had lower Mediterranean Diet Score than controls. Using principal analysis, four dietary patterns were revealed in the BD group (western-type, pro-healthy carbohydrates, unhealthy snacks, and meats and potatoes). Over 70% of patients with BD had Body Mass Index above 25kg/m2. The values of Fasting Triglycerides Glucose Index and WC were significantly higher in BD patients than in the control group. No significant association between diet quality indices and the clinical course of BD was found. CONCLUSIONS: In our work, euthymic bipolar patients showed unhealthy dietary patterns and had lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet than the controls. Increased values of insulin resistance indicators in the BD group point to the necessity of monitoring glucose and triglycerides levels and measurement of waist circumference in bipolar patients in the routine clinical practice. The cooperation between psychiatrists, dieticians and other medical professionals are necessary to develop dietary recommendations for patients with bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to examine whether adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in students is associated with overeating or with unhealthy food choices. Sixty university students with and without ADHD, aged 20 to 30 years, completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire and reported their height and weight. Students with ADHD had a higher body mass index compared with students without ADHD. Although participants in both groups consumed similar amounts of servings, calories, and nutrients, students with ADHD reported lower healthy/unhealthy food consumption ratio. These findings suggest that ADHD in students is not associated with general overeating, but with a biased proportion of unhealthy versus healthy food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The eating patterns of school‐aged children rarely meet recommendations: meal frequency is irregular and the consumption of vegetables is lower and sugar‐sweetened products higher than recommended. Although school is an excellent arena for nutrition education to support pupils eating patterns, teachers usually lack efficient tools. The present study aimed to develop a curriculum for nutrition education to be used by teachers and to examine its efficacy in the school environment with respect to the eating patterns of pupils. Methods: The curriculum was developed in collaboration with school teachers using self‐determination theory as a theoretical standpoint. The Health at Every Size concept and sensory‐based food education were utilised in the curriculum. Self‐reported questionnaires were used to assess the feasibility and impact of the curriculum. Fourteen teachers implemented the curriculum during 2012–2013 with 194 pupils aged 10–13 years (fifth and sixth grades). The control schools included 140 pupils of the same age not following the curriculum. Results: The teachers reported that the curriculum was easy to integrate in the school environment. The fifth graders improved their breakfast frequency, increased their consumption of vegetables and reduced their consumption of ice cream, sweets and sugar‐sweetened drinks. No improvement was found in the fifth graders at the control schools. In the sixth graders, no dietary changes were detected in the intervention or control schools. Conclusions: The pupils in the fifth grade appeared to comprise a responsive target group for nutrition education at schools. The curriculum offers a promising approach for developing healthy eating patterns among fifth graders. Collaboration with teachers in developing the curriculum likely enhanced its feasibility and teacher commitment for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to update knowledge of eating patterns of US adults with sex and ethnicity specific estimates and discuss the implications of reported patterns with respect to current resurgence of interest in the topic. The eating patterns data were from the NHANES 2009–2014 (n = 15,341 adults). Overall, American adults reported 4.96 ± 0.03 eating episodes in the recall. Women were more likely to report each of the three main meals and all three meals plus one or more snacks relative to men (P < 0.0001). Relative to other ethnic groups, non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to report each meal or a snack or all three meals, and the foods reported for meals and snacks were higher in energy density (P = 0.0001). Of the three meals, the dinner meal, and among snacks, the after-dinner snack, were reported by the highest percentage of Americans; these two eating episodes provided nearly 45% of the 24-h energy intake. The average dinnertime was 6:24 pm, and the average time of the last eating episode of the 24-h ingestive period was 8:18 pm. Given these findings, adoption of eating patterns that advocate less frequent eating and shift in the time of eating are likely to present a challenge. We know little about the validity of eating patterns determined from 24-h recalls or questionnaire instruments. The extent of within person variability and reporting errors in different eating pattern components also need further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined within-person and between-person differences in self-selected diets of free-living individuals when they choose to consume or not to consume plain water. We used 2-days of dietary data from the NHANES 2005-2012 for this study. For within-person analyses, we compared recalls of respondents who reported water in one of the two available recalls (n = 1875 men and 1479 women). For between-person analysis, we compared dietary recalls of respondents who reported water in two, one of two, or zero of two recalls (n = 8632 men and 8907 women). The outcomes examined included reported intakes of 24-h energy from foods, beverages, and dietary and eating pattern attributes. We used covariate-adjusted regression methods for both types of analyses. For within-person analyses, the regression models included separate person-level fixed effects. Relative to the water day, on the no-water day, amount of beverages and energy contribution of beverages were significantly higher in both men (106 kcal) and women (43 kcal) (P ≤ 0.002). However, the water and the no-water days did not differ in 24-h energy intake, or the amount and energy from reported foods (P > 0.05). Energy density of foods, servings of fruits or vegetables and eating patterns did not differ between the water and the no-water day in both men and women (P > 0.05). For between-person analysis, however, intakes of energy and energy density of foods were higher, but density of sodium, potassium, and magnesium were lower among those who reported no water in both recalls. Overall, beverages partially substituted for plain water on the no-water day but qualitative dietary characteristics and eating patterns, which may relate to habitual food intake and personal preferences, were not appreciably different within individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about what factors influence a caregiver to use controlling feeding practices with adolescents. The present study examines potential predictors (e.g., parent and child eating, parent and child weight, and the home environment) of the use of controlling feeding practices among adolescents, an age group that has not received much attention. Parents (N = 54, M age = 43.63 years, SD = 6.42; 94.4% female) of adolescents ages 12-17 (N = 54, M age = 13.94 years, SD = 1.75; 43.6% female) completed measures assessing their child feeding practices, eating patterns and the home environment. Adolescents completed measures of their eating patterns. Regression analyses were used to determine the most salient predictors of controlling child feeding practices, specifically restriction of food intake and pressure to eat. After controlling for adolescent age, parental dietary restraint was significantly associated with restriction and accounted for 15.2% of the variance in the use of restriction, F (1, 51) = 10.4, p<.01. Adolescent emotional eating and income-to-needs ratio were significantly associated with use of pressure above and beyond adolescent age and accounted for 29.1% of the variance in the use of pressure, F (2, 48) = 10.2, p<.001. This study suggests that future research should include factors from different levels of influence, such as child, parent and home environment. As understanding of these influences grows, efforts can be made to target specific contributors within intervention settings to address potential adverse outcomes associated with controlling feeding practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, economists and environmental scientists have problematised households, showing that their reducing size in average number of inhabitants has implications for environmental sustainability due to losses in economies of scale. Findings suggest that resources are shared better when people live together. This article analyses this common domestic consumption, drawing on literature about households, sharing and sustainable consumption. It is argued that multiple-person households apportion the resources involved in supplying practices through three modes of sharing: successive sharing, simultaneous sharing and shared/divided work. These are underpinned and enabled by standard material arrangements of households, in which a minimum of certain goods and services are available to residents regardless of number. Exemplifying the perspective, I examine recent survey data relating to meals and domestic laundry, two sociologically significant and resource-intensive spheres of domestic activity, paying attention to differences across one-person and multiple-person households. Modes of sharing, it is argued, also surfeit the domestic sphere, with market, state and household infrastructures playing contextually variable roles in provisioning goods and services among populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study aimed to assess Uruguayan consumers' accounts of their own need to change their dietary patterns, their intended changes and the barriers related to doing so, and to compare the intentions and barriers with the recommendations of the national dietary guidelines.Design: An online survey with 2381 Uruguayan employed adults, aged between 18 and 65 years, 65 % females, was conducted. Participants had to answer two open-ended questions related to changes they could make in the foods they eat and/or the way in which they eat to improve the quality of their diet and the reasons why they had not implemented those changes yet. Content analysis using inductive coding by two researchers was used to analyse the responses.Results: Consumers mainly intended to change consumption of types of foods, particularly eating more fruits, vegetables and legumes and consuming less flour, but also intended to alter their eating patterns. Lack of time and the fact that healthy foods are perceived as being more expensive than unhealthy foods were major barriers to behaviour change. Some of the recommendations of the dietary guidelines, particularly those related to enjoying cooking and meals and engaging in it as a social activity, were not represented in consumer accounts.Conclusions: Accompanying policies to the dietary guidelines need to underline the importance of changes in dietary patterns, including greater enjoyment and sharing food preparation and meals in the company with others, address misconceptions about flour, and provide concrete, consumer-derived recommendations on how to enact the guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify dietary intake and eating patterns of people with type 1 diabetes from childhood to later adulthood in relation to HbA1c.Methods: Trained interviewers conducted 24-hour recalls via phone utilizing a multiple pass approach and administered two nutrition questionnaires; 463 participants (or parents of participants) within the T1D Exchange clinic registry were included. Participants were 5 to 81 years with 80-101 participants in five age groups; 56% were female, and 92% were white, with a median diabetes duration of 11.1 years and a median HbA1c of 7.4% [57 mmol/mol]).Results: Those with type 1 diabetes consumed less calories from carbohydrates and more from fats and protein than those in the general population, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Carbohydrate intake was not correlated with HbA1c levels. Increased fiber intake, more eating occasions, higher Healthy Eating Index scores, and higher nutrition knowledge scores were each associated with lower HbA1c levels.Conclusions: Food intake, eating patterns and nutrition knowledge are associated with glycemic control across a registry-based cohort of adults and children with type 1 diabetes. Additionally, these data can inform the design of future studies to advance our understanding of nutritional influences on type 1 diabetes self-care and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the contribution of regional differentials in dietary exposures to regional gradients in health, we examined 20-year trends in the association of US census region of residence with nutritional biomarkers and dietary intakes of American adults.Design: Observational.Setting: The biomarker and 24 h dietary recall data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) conducted during 1988-1994 and 1999-2010. The US census region was operationalized as Northeast, Midwest, South and West. Nutritional biomarker outcomes were serum folate, vitamins B6, B12, C, D and E, and carotenoids; dietary outcomes were intakes of nutrients, food groups and eating patterns.Subjects: US adults, n>8000-40 000 for biomarkers and >43 000 for dietary outcomes.Results: The interactions of survey time period and region were not significant for the examined biomarker and dietary outcomes, indicating similar secular trends among regions. The main effect of region was significant for all nutritional biomarkers except serum vitamin B6, most dietary micronutrients, food groups and eating patterns (P<0·001). The mean serum folate, vitamins B12, C and E, and all carotenoid (except lycopene) biomarker levels, and intakes of dietary fibre, vitamins A, E, C and B6, folate, K, Ca, Mg and Fe, fruits, vegetables and whole grains, were higher in the West and Northeast regions, relative to the South and Midwest regions.Conclusions: Overall, the regional gradients in dietary exposure, expressed objectively as biomarkers or as self-reported nutrient and food group intakes, paralleled trajectories reported for health outcomes and were remarkably persistent over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During adolescence, a shift from morningness to eveningness occurs, yet school continues to start early in the morning. Hence, adolescents are at risk for social jetlag, i.e. a discrepancy between biological and social timing. It remains to be determined whether chronotype associates with daily and daytime-specific eating patterns during this potentially critical period. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether chronotype is decisive for daily eating patterns [total energy intake (TEI, kcal), total macronutrient intake (% of TEI), eating occasion frequency (n/day), meal frequency (n/day), snack frequency (n/day), duration of nightly fasting], or daytime-specific eating patterns [morning (before 11 am) energy intake (% of TEI), morning macronutrient intake (% of morning energy intake), regular breakfast skipping (no morning energy intake at least on 2 of 3 days, yes/no), evening (after 6 pm) energy intake (% of TEI), evening macronutrient intake (% of evening energy intake), regular dinner skipping (no evening energy intake at least on 2 of 3 days, yes/no)] in German adolescents. Chronotype was assessed by use of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and is defined as the midpoint of sleep corrected for sleep-debt accumulated over the workweek (the later the midpoint of sleep, the later the chronotype). A total of 223 participants (10-18 years) provided 346 questionnaires and concurrent 3-day weighed dietary records. Associations between chronotype and eating patterns were analyzed cross-sectionally using multivariable linear and logistic mixed-effects regression models. Adolescents with earlier and later chronotypes did not differ in their daily eating patterns. With respect to daytime-specific eating patterns, 1 h delay in chronotype was associated with 4.0 (95% CI 2.5-6.6) greater odds of regular breakfast skipping (p < 0.0001). In addition, later chronotype was associated with higher evening energy intake (p = 0.0009). In conclusion, our data show that a later chronotype among adolescents is associated with a shift of food consumption toward later times of the day. Hence, adolescents' eating patterns appear to follow their internal clock rather than socially determined schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review was to evaluate the literature that has investigated the impact of visual impairment on nutritional status. We identified relevant articles through a multi-staged systematic approach. Fourteen articles were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. The sample size of the studies ranged from 9 to 761 participants. It was found that visual impairment significantly affects nutritional status. The studies reported that visually impaired people have an abnormal body mass index (BMI); a higher prevalence of obesity and malnutrition was reported. Visually impaired people find it difficult to shop for, eat, and prepare meals. Most studies had a small sample size, and some studies did not include a study control group for comparison. The limitations of these studies suggest that the findings are not conclusive enough to hold true for only those who are visually impaired. Further studies with a larger sample size are required with the aim of developing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing recognition that the relationship between nutrition and health is influenced by complex eating behaviors. The aims of this study were to develop novel nutrition profiles of New Zealanders and to describe the prevalence of these profiles. Observational, cross-sectional data from the Sovereign Wellbeing Index, 2014 was used to develop the profiles in an a-priori process. Descriptive prevalence for the total data (N = 10,012; 4797 males; 18+ years) and profiles were reported. Nutrition question responses were presented as: Includers (consumed few time a week or more), Avoiders (few time a month) and Limiters (not eaten). Fruit or non-starchy vegetables were Included (fruit: 83.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI: 82.7, 84.1); vegetables: 82.6% (81.8, 83.4)) by the majority of the sample. Also Included were confectionary (48.6% 95% CI (47.6, 49.6)) and full sugar drinks (34.3% (33.4, 35.2)). The derived nutrition profiles were: Junk Food (22.4% 95% CI (21.6, 23.3)), Moderator (43.0% (42.1, 44.0)), High-Carbohydrate (23.0% (22.2, 23.8)), Mediterranean (11.1% (10.5, 11.8)), Flexitarian (8.8% (8.2, 9.4)), and Low-Carbohydrate (5.4% (4.9, 5.8)). This study suggests that New Zealanders follow a number of different healthful eating patterns. Future work should consider how these alternate eating patterns impact on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]