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In my thesis, I introduced Instagram poets as the new generation of Confessional poets. I took a closer look at Rupi Kaur, Lang Leav, Christopher Poindexter and their work. Based on several set criteria, I compared their work with that of Confessional poets. I looked for shared characteristics and similarities between the two groups of poets. I added poem analyses to further prove and elaborate on those similarities introduced in the previous chapters and defined Instagram poets as the new generation of Confessional poets. V svoji nalogi sem se posvetila Instagram pesnikom in jih predstavila, kot novo generacijo izpovednih pesnikov. Podrobneje sem predstavila tri pesnike Rupi Kaur, Lang Leav, Christopherja Poindexterja ter njihova dela. Dela sem na podlagi izbranih kriterijev primerjala z deli izpovednih pesnikov in tako iskala vzporednice, podobnosti in skupne lastnost obeh skupin. Dodala sem analize pesmi, ki so še dodatno izrisale skupne imenovalce med Instagram pesniki in predstavniki izpovednih pesnikov. Na podlagi opredeljenih skupnih točk, sem Instagram pesnike opredelila kot novo generacijo izpovednih pesnikov.

It is estimated that 4–8% of youth in Europe carry out substantial care for a family member or significant other. To prevent adverse psychosocial outcomes in young carers (YCs), primary prevention resilience building interventions have been recommended. We describe the study protocol of an international randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an innovative group intervention designed to promote the mental health and well-being of adolescent YCs (AYCs) aged 15–17. The RCT will be conducted in six European countries in the context of the Horizon 2020 European funded research and innovation project “Psychosocial support for promoting mental health and well-being among adolescent young caregivers in Europe” (“ME-WE”). The ME-WE intervention is based on Hayes and Ciarrochi’s psychoeducational model for adolescents and will consist of seven 2-h sessions in a group format, aimed to help AYCs build psychological flexibility and live according to their values. The control group will be a waitlist. Primary and secondary outcomes and control variables will be measured at baseline (T0), post-intervention (T1) and 3 months follow-up (T2). The COVID-19 pandemic has made amendments necessary to the original study protocol methodology, which we describe in detail. This study will contribute to building an evidence-based manualized program that educators and health and social care professionals can use to support AYCs in their transition to adulthood. From a research perspective, the outcomes of this study will contribute to evidence-based practices in primary prevention of psychosocial difficulties in AYCs and will gather novel knowledge on the effectiveness of Hayes and Ciarrochi’s model for use with middle adolescents with caring responsibilities. The trial has been preregistered (registration number: NCT04114864).

Gasilski poklic v Sloveniji uživa velik ugled in zaupanje, kar s seboj prinaša velika pričakovanja in hkrati neupoštevanje težav gasilcev. Raziskave kažejo, da se ti pri svojem delu srečujejo z raznolikimi visoko stresnimi okoliščinami, ki lahko vplivajo na njihovo duševno zdravje. Poleg kritičnih dogodkov raziskovalci poudarjajo pomen vsakodnevnih stresorjev, ki imajo na posameznike običajno bolj škodljiv vpliv. V populaciji gasilcev obstaja višja prevalenca potravmatske stresne motnje, motenj spanja in prekomernega pitja alkohola, ki je povezana s stresnim značajem njihovega dela. Pomemben varovalni dejavnik je rezilientnost, pri PTSM pa nizka občutljivost na anksioznost. Starost in dolžina opravljanja poklicnega dela gasilcev nista enoznačno povezani s težavami v duševnem zdravju, ki se nanašajo na stres. V svoji magistrski nalogi sem preučevala pojavnost motenj spanja, prekomernega uživanja alkohola in potravmatske stresne simptomatike ter vlogo, ki jo imajo pri tem poklicni stres, rezilientnost in občutljivost na anksioznost. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 311 slovenskih poklicnih gasilcev iz 13 poklicnih enot. Udeleženci so rešili sklop vprašalnikov, s katerimi sem pridobila njihove demografske podatke ter informacije o oceni obremenjenosti s stresom, rezilientnosti, občutljivosti na anksioznost, kvaliteti spanja, uživanju alkohola in prisotnosti potravmatske stresne simptomatike. Vprašalnike so reševali v živo po metodi papir-svinčnik ali prek spletne ankete 1ka. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je tudi v Sloveniji med gasilci visoka prevalenca motenj spanja in prekomernega pitja alkohola, prevalenca simptomov PTSM pa je podobna kot v splošni populaciji. Vse mere težav v duševnem zdravju so statistično značilno korelirale med seboj, kar kaže na prisotno sopojavnost. Logistične regresije so pokazale, da sta izmed izbranih spremenljivk najpomembnejša napovednika težav v duševnem zdravju visok poklicni stres in nizka rezilientnost. Raziskava kaže na problematiko subjektivne obremenjenosti z vsakodnevnimi poklicnimi stresorji, ki počasi krhajo sposobnost za spoprijemanje s stresom. Podatki so omejeni zaradi prečnega pristopa, ki daje vpogled le v stanje v nekem trenutku in onemogoča sklepanje o vzrokih za težave. great expectations of the society and non-intentional ignorance of their problems. According to research, they work in a variety of highly stressful circumstances, which may also affect their mental health. In addition to critical events, researchers emphasize the importance of everyday stressors, which tend to have detrimental effects on individuals. Research on a population of firefighters showed a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders and excessive alcohol consumption, which is associated with the stressful nature of their work. An important protective factor is resilience and in PTSD low anxiety sensitivity. Firefighters' age and length of service are not unequivocally associated to stress-related mental health problems. In my master's thesis, I studied the incidence of sleep disorders, excessive alcohol consumption and post-traumatic stress symptoms as well as the role of occupational stress, resilience and anxiety sensitivity in these conditions. Research sample consisted of 311 Slovenian occupational firefighters from 13 units. By having participants complete a set of questionnaires, we were able to obtain their demographic data and information on perceived stress, resilience, anxiety sensitivity, sleep quality, alcohol consumption and the presence of post-traumatic stress symptoms. The questionnaires were completed live using the paper-pencil method or via the 1ka online survey. Results also showed high prevalence of sleep disorders and excessive alcohol consumption in Slovene firefighters, but the prevalence of PTSD symptoms is similar to the general population. Correlations between measures of mental health were statistically significant, which shows a high frequency of comorbidity between the said problems. Logistic regression showed that high occupational stress and low resilience are the most significant predictors of mental health issues in our case. The research emphasizes the importance of subjective everyday stressors (daily hassles), which can slowly weaken the capability for coping with stress. They are limited, however, because we used a cross-sectional approach, which only provides an insight into a specific moment therefore, we cannot make conclusions about causes for these conditions.

Depresija je ena od bolj pogostih duševnih motenj, ne samo pri odraslih, njena pojavnost se povečuje tudi med otroki in mladostniki. Preventivni programi pripomorejo staršem in otrokom k prepoznavi simptomov depresije in življenju z njo. Pomembno je, da otroka poučimo o depresiji, saj to pomembno vpliva na preventivo in zdravljenje depresije pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti depresijo pri otrocih in mladostnikih ter delo medicinskih sester v preventivnih programih in prisotnost le-teh v Sloveniji. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela s pregledom strokovne in znanstvene literature, ki smo jo iskali z oddaljenim dostopom do digitalne knjižnice DiKUL in v mednarodnih podatkovnih bazah Medline, CINAHL, ScienceDirect in PubMed. Ob iskanju in pregledu literature smo upoštevali naslednje vključitvene kriterije: depresija pri otrocih in mladostnikih, omejitev letnice objave med letoma 2011 in 2021, izvirni in pregledni znanstveni članki, članki, objavljeni s celotnim besedilom, prosto dostopni članki in jezik objave (slovenščina in angleščina). Izključili smo članke, starejše od deset let, ki govorijo o depresiji pri odraslih in se ne osredotočajo na zastavljeno starostno skupino, ter članke, ki so si podobni po vsebini. Rezultati: Preventivni programi imajo pomembno vlogo pri prepoznavi otrok in mladostnikov, ki so v rizični skupini za pojav depresije, ter pri pomoči otrokom in mladostnikom ter njihovim družinam, v katerih imajo otroci in mladostniki že prisotne simptome depresije. Medicinske sestre so pogosto prve osebe, ki stopijo v stik z otrokom in mladostnikom ter njegovimi starši, zato je pomembno, da znajo vzpostaviti varno, zaupljivo in sproščeno okolje. Pomemben je njihov terapevtski odnos in da poznajo primeren ter razumljiv način prenosa informacij. Zaključek: Pojav depresije pri otrocih in mladostnikih narašča, zato imajo medicinske sestre pomembno vlogo pri preventivi in izobraževanju mladoletnih oseb o tej duševni motnji. S pomočjo preventive lahko zmanjšamo pojavnost depresije med otroki in mladostniki. Introduction: Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses not only with the adults, but it is becoming more frequent among children and adolescents. Preventive programs help children and their parents in recognizing symptoms of depression, and how to lead the life after diagnosis. It is important that we educate young individuals about depression, because it can have an important impact on prevention and treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present depression in children and adolescents, present the work of nurses in prevention programs and existence of them in Slovenia. Methods: In this thesis we will use a descriptive method with a review of professional and scientific literature, which we will find with the help of remote access to the digital library DiKUL, and international databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. When searching and reviewing the literature, we considered the following criteria: depression in children and adolescents, limitation of the publication year between 2011 and 2021, original scientific and review articles published in full version, freely available articles and language of publication (Slovenian and English). We excluded articles older than 10 years that deal with depression in adults and do not focus on set age group, and articles that are similar in content. Results: Prevention programs have an important role in recognizing children and adolescents, which are in risk of developing depressive disorder, and they offer help to children and adolescents and their families, when there are already developed symptoms of depression. Nurses are often the first contact with children and adolescents and with their parents, therefore, it is important that they make a safe, trusting and relaxed environment. It is also important that they know how to give important information’s to families and their children, and that they know how to establish a therapeutic relationship. Discussion and conclusion: Depression is lately on the rise in children’s and adolescents’ lives that is why nurses have an important role in prevention and health education about this mental illness. With help of prevention we can lower the number of children and adolescents with depression in future.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) affects patients' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). AMI may decrease HRQOL, thus negatively affecting QOL. However, the improvements in interventional treatment and early rehabilitation after AMI may have a positive effect on HRQOL.We evaluated HRQOL in patients after the first AMI treated in a reference cardiology centre in Poland and assessed which clinical variables affect HRQOL after AMI.We prospectively evaluated HRQOL in 60 consecutive patients suffering after their first AMI during the index hospitalisation and again after 6 months, using: (i) MacNew, (ii) World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) BREF, and (iii) Short Form (SF) 36.As measured by the MacNew questionnaire, global, social, and physical functioning did not change (p≥0.063), whereas emotional functioning improved 6 months after AMI, compared to index hospitalisation (p=0.002). As measured by WHOQOL BREF, physical health, psychological health, and environmental functioning did not change (p≥0.321), whereas social relationships improved 6 months after AMI (p=0.042). As assessed by SF-36, the global HRQOL improved after AMI (p=0.044). Patients with improved HRQOL in SF-36 often had a higher baseline body mass index (p=0.046), dyslipidaemia (p=0.046), and lower left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF; p=0.013). LVEF50% was the only variable associated with improved HRQOL in multivariate analysis (OR 4.463, 95% CI 1.045 - 19.059, p=0.043).HRQOL increased 6 months after the first AMI, especially in terms of emotional functioning and social relationships. Patients with LVEF50% were likely to have improved HRQOL.Akutni miokardni infarkt (AMI) vpliva na z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja pacientov. AMI lahko zmanjša z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja pacientov in funkcionalno sposobnost ter s tem negativno vpliva na kakovost življenja. Vendar pa lahko izboljšave intervencijskega zdravljenja in zgodnja rehabilitacija po AMI pozitivno vplivajo na z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja.Ocenili smo z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja pri pacientih po prvem zdravljenju AMI v referenčnem kardiološkem centru na Poljskem in ovrednotili, katere klinične spremenljivke vplivajo na z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja po AMI.Prospektivno smo ocenili z zdravjem povezano kakovost življenja pri 60 zaporednih pacientih s prvim AMI med indeksno hospitalizacijo in po 6 mesecih z uporabo: (i) vprašalnika MacNew, (ii) skrajšane različice vprašalnika kakovosti življenja Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije (WHOQOL-BREF) in (iii) vprašalnika SF-36.Kot je bilo izmerjeno z vprašalnikom MacNew, se globalno, socialno in fizično delovanje ni spremenilo (p ≥ 0,063), čustveno delovanje pa se je 6 mesecev po AMI izboljšalo v primerjavi z indeksno hospitalizacijo (p = 0,002). Kot je bilo izmerjeno z vprašalnikom WHOQOL-BREF, se telesno zdravje, psihično zdravje in okoljsko delovanje niso spremenili (p ≥ 0,321), socialni odnosi pa so se v 6 mesecih po AMI izboljšali (p = 0,042). Kot je bilo ocenjeno z vprašalnikom SF-36, se je globalna z zdravjem povezana kakovost življenja po AMI izboljšala (p = 0,044). Pacienti z izboljšano z zdravjem povezano kakovostjo življenja so pri vprašalniku SF-36 imeli izhodiščni indeks telesne mase (p = 0,046), pogostejšo dislipidemijo (p = 0,046) in nižji iztisni delež levega prekata (LVEF; p = 0,013). LVEF50 % je bila edina spremenljivka, povezana z izboljšano z zdravjem povezano kakovostjo življenja, pri multivariatni analizi (OR 4,463, 95 % CI 1,045 – 19,059, p = 0,043).Z zdravjem povezana kakovost življenja se je 6 mesecev po prvi AMI povečala, zlasti na področju čustvenega delovanja in socialnih odnosov. Pri pacientih z LVEF50 % je bila večja verjetnost, da se je z zdravjem povezana kakovost življenja izboljšala.

Pomen duševnega zdravja se je v zadnjem času v družbi okrepil tako zaradi naraščanja pojavnosti duševnih težav kot tudi naraščajočega zavedanja o vplivu duševnega zdravja na kakovost življenja. Mladi predstavljajo še posebej ranljivo skupino, zato je pomembno zagotavljati sistemsko izvajanje celostne preventive na področju duševnega zdravja, tudi znotraj šolskega sistema. Študenti so v času študija podvrženi različnim socialnim, ekonomskim in okoljskim stresorjem, zato je izvajanje preventive na ravni visokošolskega sistema vsekakor smiselno. V tujini so visokošolski sistemi že okrepili svoje preventivne ukrepe, v slovenskem visokošolskem sistemu pa ostaja še veliko prostora za izboljšave. V magistrski nalogi sem raziskovala, kakšno je mnenje študentov o trenutnem stanju preventivnih programov na univerzi, kakšne so možnosti za razvoj celostnega preventivnega delovanja ter katere preventivne intervencije se zdijo študentom najbolj uporabne in smiselne. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 238 slovenskih študentov, ki so izpolnili vprašalnik o preventivnih intervencijah v visokošolskem okolju, ki sem ga razvila za namene raziskave. Vprašalnik je v prvem delu vseboval demografske spremenljivke in vprašanja o soočanju z duševnimi težavami, v drugem delu so se vprašanja nanašala na trenutno stanje in poznavanje virov pomoči, v zadnjem delu vprašalnika pa so udeleženci ocenjevali intervencije, ki bi jih lahko implementirali v visokošolski sistem. Udeleženci so vprašalnik reševali na spletni platformi 1ka. Analiza podatkov je pokazala potrebo po implementaciji celostnega programa preventive na področju duševnega zdravja v slovenskem akademskem okolju, saj je več kot polovica vprašanih študentov poročala, da so se že soočali s težavami v duševnem zdravju. Poleg tega so študenti trenutne razmere ocenili kot razmeroma slabe, predlagane intervencije pa so se jim zdele uporabne in njihova implementacija smiselna. Raziskava je podala prvi uvid v možnost oblikovanja celostnega programa krepitve duševnega zdravja študentov, ki bi se izvajal med študijem, in smernice za nadaljnje raziskovanje preventive znotraj visokošolskega sistema. The importance of mental health has recently been highlighted in society, both because of the increasing prevalence of mental health problems and because of the ever growing awareness of the great impact that mental health has on the quality of life. Young people are a particularly vulnerable group, therefore, it is important to ensure that mental health prevention is systematically implemented, including within the educational system. Students are exposed to various social, economic and environmental stressors during their studies, so prevention at the higher education level seems reasonable. While higher education systems abroad have already strengthened their mental health prevention measures, there is still a lot of room for improvement in Slovenia. In my master's thesis, I focused on students' opinions on the current state of mental health prevention at university level, the different possibilities of developing integrated prevention activities, and which prevention interventions proved to be the most useful and relevant for students. A convenience sample of Slovenian students (N = 238) took part in the survey and completed the Questionnaire on Preventive Interventions in the Higher Education Environment that I had previously developed for the purposes of this thesis. The first part of the questionnaire included demographic variables and questions regarding mental health problems, then the second part included questions regarding the current situation and knowledge of help resources, and the last part of the questionnaire asked the participants to evaluate interventions that could be implemented in the higher education system. The questionnaire was administered via the online platform “1ka”. The data analysis showed the need for the implementation of an integrated mental health prevention programme in the Slovenian academic environment, as more than half of the participants reported that they had already experienced mental health problems. Moreover, students perceived the current situation as relatively poor, and found the proposed interventions useful and their implementation relevant. The survey provided the first insight into the possibility of designing an integrated programme to strengthen students' mental health during their studies, as well as guidelines for further research on mental health prevention within the higher education system.

V magistrskem delu se posvečam temi narativnega socialnega dela z družinami oseb s težavami v duševnem zdravju. Najprej predstavim značilnosti družin oseb s težavami v duševnem zdravju, njihove stiske, potrebe in obstoječe oblike pomoči, ki so jim na voljo. Osebam se ob nastanku težav v duševnem zdravju spremeni vsakdanje življenje, na njihove predstave o zdravju, okrevanju, identiteti in svobodi vplivajo prevladujoči diskurzi družbe, znotraj katere bivajo. Sočasno spremembe občutijo tudi družinski člani oseb, kar preoblikuje njihove medsebojne odnose, komunikacijo in seveda življenja vsakega posameznika. Da bi družinski člani lažje premagovali stres in stisko, ki jo čutijo, vzpostavijo nova družinska pravila in vloge. V delu opisujem oblike podpore in pomoči, ki so družinam oseb s psihiatrično diagnozo na voljo. Družine lahko veliko prispevajo, kadar se oblikuje pomoč z(a) osebo s težavami v duševnem zdravju, vendar so v ta proces še vedno premalo vključene. Prav tako je pomanjkljivo konkretno sodelovanje z njimi. Opišem tudi socialno delo z družino. V socialnem delu stalno prihajamo v stik z družinami s številnimi izzivi in mnoge pričajo tudi o prisotnosti težav v duševnem zdravju. Imamo dobro razvite koncepte dela z družino ter znanje in kompetence, ki nas zavezujejo k delu, ki temelji na soustvarjanju in sodelovanju. V magistrskem delu se osredotočim na narativne pristope, s katerimi si v sodobnem socialnem delu delimo epistemološko držo socialnega konstrukcionizma. Ta drža nas med drugim usmerja k prevpraševanju dominantnih diskurzov na področju duševnega zdravja ter oblik pomoči, ki temeljijo na medicinskem modelu obravnave. Mnogi načini ravnanja, značilni za narativne prakse, so že v rabi na področju duševnega zdravja in pri sodelovanju z družinami. V delu opišem načine ravnanja značilne za narativne pristope in analiziram, kako se lahko v socialnem delu z družinami oseb s psihiatrično diagnozo bolj opremo nanje. Narativni pristopi lahko obogatijo prakso socialnega dela in nas podprejo pri inovativnem soustvarjanju rešitev s sogovorniki. Vodijo nas pri raziskovanju osebnih naracij sogovornikov in spreminjanju odnosa, ki ga imajo s problemom. Z njihovo pomočjo odkrivamo izjemne trenutke, vire moči in sogovornike podpremo pri pisanju ljubše zgodbe. The focus of this master’s thesis is the subject of narrative social work with families of people experiencing mental health problems. Firstly, characteristics of such families are highlighted, including the issues they face, their needs and avenues of support already available to them. The emergence of mental health problems impacts the daily lives of people experiencing them. Their conceptions of mental wellbeing, recovery, identity, and freedom are influenced by discourses prevalent in their society. The family dynamic is also affected by the change, namely the interpersonal relationships and communication within the family, as well as the daily lives of each family member. To combat stress and hardships, new family rules and roles are developed among the family members. Forms of help and support open to the families of individuals with a mental health diagnosis are also described. Families can contribute a great deal to the process of co-creating help with and for people with mental health problems, but they remain insufficiently included. Cooperation with families is also infrequent. Additionally, social work with families is presented. In social work we constantly meet multi-stressed families, and many cite challenges related to mental health as parts of their experience. We have well-developed models of social work with families, as well as expertise and competences binding us to collaborative practice. In this thesis, narrative approaches, with which social work shares an epistemological stance, are presented. The stance, social constructivism, compels us to challenge dominant discourses regarding mental health and forms of support based on the medicalizing treatment model. Many techniques typical for narrative practices have already been utilized in the mental health field, as well as in collaborative practices with families. I analyze and detail how narrative ideas may be used in social work with families of people with mental health problems. Accordingly, techniques introduced by narrative authors are presented. These have the potential to strengthen social work practice and assist the development of innovative outcomes with our collaborative partners. Narrative offers guidance to exploration of stories and presents methods of encouraging change in one’s relationship with their problem. Narrative practices remind us to uncover unique outcomes and strengths together with our interlocutors and help them to re-write preferred stories.

Južna Koreja je ena izmed najrazvitejših držav sveta, vendar ima tudi eno izmed najhitreje rastočih števil duševno bolnih oseb in eno izmed najvišjih stopenj samomorilnosti na svetu. To je posledica izjemno hitrega gospodarskega razvoja, ki je močno poslabšal duševno zdravje prebivalstva. Korejska družba ima do duševnih težav zelo slab odnos – duševne motnje so močno stigmatizirane in duševno bolni so žrtve diskriminacije ter negativnih predsodkov, zaradi česar se Korejci ne pogovarjajo o duševnih stiskah in ne poiščejo potrebne psihološke pomoči. Cilj diplomske naloge je opozoriti na problematiko duševnih težav v Koreji, slabega odnosa korejske družbe do duševno bolnih, nizkega koriščenja strokovne pomoči ter identificirati dejavnike, ki vplivajo na odnos korejske družbe do duševnega zdravja. Izpostavljena je tudi problematika duševnega zdravja med mladimi v svojih dvajsetih. Razumevanje vpliva različnih dejavnikov na stališča Korejcev je ključnega pomena za izboljšanje odnosa do duševnih težav in izboljšanje duševnega zdravja prebivalcev. Identificirala sem dvanajst dejavnikov: kultura, kolektivizem, azijske kulturne vrednote, vera, stigma, stopnja izobraženosti, spol, pismenost o duševnem zdravju, družina in prijatelji, starost, socialno-ekonomski položaj ter mediji. Te dejavnike je treba upoštevati pri razvijanju izobraževalnih programov za korejsko javnost. V delu so navedeni tudi predlogi za izboljšanje odnosa Korejcev do duševnih motenj in duševnih bolnikov. South Korea is one of the most developed countries in the world, but it also has one of the fastest-growing numbers of mentally ill people and one of the highest suicide rates in the world. This is due to the extremely rapid economic development, which has severely deteriorated the mental health of the population. Korean society has a very negative attitude towards mental health problems – mental disorders are highly stigmatized and the mentally ill are victims of discrimination and negative prejudices, which is why Koreans do not talk about mental distress and do not seek the necessary psychological help. The aim of this thesis is to spread awareness about the issue of mental health problems in Korea, the negative attitude of Korean society towards the mentally ill, the low utilization of professional help and to identify factors influencing Korean people’s attitude toward mental health. The issue of mental health among young people in their twenties is also highlighted. Understanding the influence of various factors on the viewpoint of Koreans is crucial for improving attitudes towards mental health problems and improving the mental health of the population. I identified twelve factors: culture, collectivism, Asian cultural values, religion, stigma, level of education, gender, mental health literacy, family and friends, age, socioeconomic status, and media. These factors should be taken into account when developing educational programs for the Korean public. The thesis also provides suggestions for improving Korean’s attitudes towards mental disorders and the mentally ill.

V diplomski nalogi se bom ukvarjala s tem, kako s pomočjo fotografije prikazati, za kakšno duševno stanje oziroma duševno motnjo gre. Ukvarjala se bom z upodobitvijo krhkih vizualnih podob, ki jih bom dosegla predvsem z napakami v fotografskem postopku in z uničevanjem filmskih negativov. S svojo fotografsko serijo želim prikazati mentalna stanja in občutke, ki jih posameznik doživlja pri določeni duševni motnji. S svojim diplomskim delom želim bolje spoznati duševne motnje, jih analizirati, in to upodobiti skozi avtorsko serijo fotografij. Raziskovala bom avtorje, ki se ukvarjajo z duševnimi boleznimi, zgodovino upodabljanja duševnih bolezni v umetnosti, duševne motnje in na kakšne načine jih lahko prikažemo s fotografijo. My thesis highlights the depiction of mental illness and state of mind through photography. I will be exploring fragile visual representations and portraying them mostly by errors in the photographic process along with destroying the negatives of the film. The intent of my photographic series is to illustrate various mental and emotional states as experienced by individuals with a specific mental illness. In my thesis I want to learn about various mental illnesses, analyse them and portray them through my original photo series. I will focus on authors who are exploring the complex issues of mental health and emotions through photographic projects and artworks, depiction of mental illness in art history, mental illness in general and how to depict them with photography.

Uvod: Na Kitajskem se je decembra leta 2019 prvič pojavila nova bolezen, poimenovana covid-19, in od marca leta 2020 je bila bolezen potrjena kot pandemija. Bolezen se je razširila v približno 210 različnih držav po svetu izbruh covida-19 je terjal sprejetje različnih ukrepov za obvladovanje pandemije, ki so močno vplivali na počutje in duševno zdravje posameznikov. Stroge karantenske omejitve, začasno ukinjanje šolskih aktivnostih, fizičnih in socialnih medsebojnih interakcij so privedli do različnih težav z duševnim zdravjem, kot so strah, tesnoba, depresija in težave s spanjem med prebivalstvom ukrepi za nadzor nad prenosom in zagotavljanje zaščite prebivalstva so močno spremenili vsakdanje življenje ljudi. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kakšen vpliv imajo različni epidemiološki ukrepi na duševno zdravje in psihološko počutje otrok in mladostnikov. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela s sistematičnim pregledom domače in tuje strokovne literature v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Za iskanje literature so bile uporabljene podatkovne baze in iskalniki: MedLine, Science Direct, iskalniki PubMed, Google učenjak in DiKUL, preko mrežnika oddaljenega dostopa. Potek iskanja literature je bil prikazan s pomočjo PRISMA priporočil. Za pregled in analizo je bilo vključenih 11 enot literature, ki so ustrezale vključitvenim kriterijem. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da so ukrepi za zajezitev covida-19, kot so socialna izolacija in izvajanje pouka na daljavo, pomembno vplivali na duševno zdravje in psihološko počutje otrok in mladostnikov. V mnogih raziskavah je bil ugotovljen porast simptomov depresije, tesnobe. Otroci so v različnih raziskavah poročali o spremembah in težavah na področju prehrane, ritmu spanja, razpoloženja in motivacije za šolske obveznosti. Otroci in mladostniki, ki so bili vključeni v raziskave, so poročali o povečanju strahu in zaskrbljenosti glede morebitne okužbe, prihodnosti izobraževanja, zunajšolskih dejavnosti in druženja s sovrstniki. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati raziskav nakazujejo, da so otroci in mladostniki ranljivi za psihološke vplive, povezane z omejitvami, ki jih je prinesla pandemija, in poudarjajo potrebo po zmanjšanju psihološkega bremena in nujnost oblikovanja ukrepov, usmerjenih k preprečevanju in zmanjševanju težav v duševnem zdravju otrok in mladostnikov. V diplomskem delu smo ugotovili, da bi bilo potrebno nameniti večjo pozornost posledicam, ki jih socialna izolacija in karantena pustita na duševnem zdravju otrok in mladostnikom in temu primerno v prihodnjih izbruhih covida-19 prilagoditi omejitvene ukrepe. Introduction: A new disease called covid-19 first appeared in China in December 2019 and since March 2020, the disease has been confirmed as a pandemic. The disease spread to about 210 different countries around the world and the outbreak of covid-19 required various measures to control the pandemic, which greatly affected the well-being and mental health of individuals. Strict quarantine restrictions, suspension of school activities, and physical and social isolation have led to various mental health problems, such as fear, anxiety, depression, and sleep problems among the population. Measures to control transmission and ensure the protection of the population have strongly affected people's daily lives. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to determine the impact of various epidemiological measures on the mental health and psychological well-being of children and adolescents. Methods: A descriptive method was used with a systematic review of domestic and foreign literature published in Slovenian and English. Databases and search engines that were used were MedLine, ScienceDirect, PubMed search engines, Google Scholar, and DiKUL via a remote access network. The search process was shown with the help of the PRISMA recommendations. 11 units that met the inclusion criteria were included for review and analysis. Results: The results showed that measures to contain covid-19 such as social isolation and distance education, had a significant impact on the mental health and psychological well-being of children and adolescents. Many studies found an increase in symptoms of depression and anxiety. In various studies, children reported changes and problems in their diet, sleeping rhythm, mood, and motivation for school obligations. Children and adolescents included in the research reported an increase in fear and concern about possible infection, the future of education, out-of-school activities, and socializing with peers. Discussion and conclusion: Research results suggest that children and adolescents are vulnerable to the psychological impacts associated with the constraints brought on by the pandemic and highlight the need to reduce the psychological burden and the need to develop measures aimed at preventing and reducing mental health problems in children and adolescents. In this thesis, we found that it is necessary to pay more attention to the consequences of social isolation and quarantine on the mental health of children and adolescents and adjust the restrictive measures accordingly in future outbreaks of covid-19.

V magistrski nalogi je središče preučevanja analiza stanja v varovanih oddelkih in pregled dela z osebami, nameščenimi v varovanih oddelkih socialnovarstvenih zavodov. V teoretičnem uvodu predstavim pojem duševnega zdravja, čemur sledijo zakonske podlage za izvajanje institucionalnega varstva v varovanih oddelkih. Preko literature obravnavam metode in koncepte socialnega dela z osebami s težavami v duševnem zdravju ter bolj podrobno sestavo individualnega načrta, ki je podlaga za izvajanje aktivnosti, namenjenih zasledovanju ciljev nameščene osebe. V raziskavo sem vključila socialnovarstvene zavode (domove za starejše in posebne socialnovarstvene zavode), ki imajo varovane oddelke po Zakonu o duševnem zdravju (2008). Raziskava, ki sem jo izvedla, je deskriptivna in kvantitativna raziskava. Odgovore sem pridobila s pomočjo anketnega vprašalnika ter jih obdelala in prikazala z grafi in tabelami. Naloga vsebuje devet sklopov: splošne informacije, sprejem in sprejete osebe, kadre, koncept dela, individualni načrt, dnevne aktivnosti, sodelovanje med institucijami, odpuste in predloge socialnovarstvenih zavodov. Izkazalo se je, da so socialnovarstveni zavodi z oddelki za osebe s težavami v duševnem zdravju bolj zasedeni kot oddelki za osebe, ki zaradi posledic upada kognitivnih funkciji potrebujejo delno ali popolno pomoč in nadzor. V varovane oddelke so večinoma nameščene osebe s sklepom sodišča, pri čemer socialnovarstveni zavodi v večini primerov pri nameščanju sodelujejo z zunanjimi deležniki. Socialnovarstveni zavodi v manjši meri izražajo potrebo po dodatnem kadru v varovanih oddelkih. Socialnovarstveni zavodi sodelujejo na izobraževanjih, posvetih in kongresih enkrat letno, pri izmenjavi informaciji o uporabnikih zelo različno od tedensko do enkrat letno in pri medinstitucionalnem sodelovanju večinoma od enkrat do dvakrat letno. Večina socialnovarstvenih zavodov deluje po konceptu normalizacije. Več kot polovico socialnovarstvenih zavodov evalvira individualni načrt vsaj na pol leta. Samo v polovici socialnovarstvenih zavodov se dnevne aktivnosti razlikujejo med bivanjem na oddelki in pred odpustom. Večina oseb je po odpustu iz varovanega oddelka odšla v odprt oddelek istega zavoda. Predlogi vključujejo verifikacijo vseh varovanih oddelkov, razmislek o prihodnosti varovanih oddelkov, povečanje vpliva oseb na osebnostni razvoj, druženje zunaj zavoda in na spolno življenje. Individualni načrt bi bilo smiselno uporabljati delno strukturiranega oziroma odprtega, pri čemer je potrebno v načrt vključevati širši krog oseb prav tako bi lahko socialnovarstveni zavodi pri pripravi načrta v večji meri vključevali makro raven življenjskega sveta uporabnika. Okrepiti bi bilo potrebno možnost izvajanja dnevnih aktivnosti zunaj zavoda smiselna bi bila bolj redna udeležba socialnovarstvenih zavodov na izobraževanjih, posvetih in kongresih, kot tudi bolj redna izmenjava informaciji o uporabnikih in bolj redno medinstitucionalno sodelovanje prav tako se je izkazalo, da bi bila potrebna obravnava demence v posebnem poglavju Zakona v duševnem zdravju (2008). The focus of the study in the master's thesis is the analysis of the situation in the protected wards and the review of work with people admitted in the protected wards of social welfare institutions. In the theoretical introduction, I present the concept of mental health followed by the legal basis for implementing institutional care in protected wards. Through related literature, I discuss methods and concepts of social work with people with mental health problems. Furthermore, I discuss a more detailed composition of the individual plan which is the basis for the implementation of activities aimed at pursuing the goals of the admitted person. In the research, I included social welfare institutions (retirement homes and special social welfare institutions) with protected wards under the Mental Health Act (2008). The research I made is descriptive and quantitative. I obtained the answers with the help of a questionnaire and processed and presented them with graphs and tables. The thesis contains nine sets: general information, admission, and admitted people, staff, the concept of work, individual plan, daily activities, cooperation between institutions, dismissals, and proposals. It turned out that social welfare institutions with departments for people with mental health problems are busier than departments for people who need partial or complete help and supervision due to the consequences of a decline in cognitive functions. In most cases, people are placed in protected wards by a court decision. In most cases, social welfare institutions cooperate with third parties in the placement. Social welfare institutions express a small need for additional staff in protected wards. Social welfare institutions participate in training, consultations, and congresses once a year. They exchange information about users very differently – from once a week to once a year. In inter-institutional cooperation, most times once to twice a year. Most social welfare institutions operate according to the concept of normalization and more than half of them are evaluate individual plans at least every six months. Only half of the social welfare institutions provide different activities during the stay in the wards and before the dismissal. Most of the people went to the open ward of the same institution after being released from the protected ward. Proposals include verification of all protected wards, consideration of the development of protected wards, the increase of the influence of people on personal development, socialization outside the institution, and sexual life. There should be an individual plan in a partially structured or open manner. Social welfare institutions could also include the macro level of the user's life when preparing the plan. The possibility of carrying out daily activities outside the institution should be improved. Social welfare institutions should participate in training and consultations more regularly. They should also exchange information on users more regularly and be more consistent with inter-institutional cooperation. Above all, it turned out that dementia should be addressed in a special chapter of the Mental Health Act.

V diplomski nalogi se ukvarjam s problematiko nastajanja in vzdrževanja stereotipov, predsodkov, stigmatizacije in diskriminacije oseb s težavami v duševnem zdravju. Stigma »duševne bolezni« človeka zaznamuje kot neozdravljivo bolnega, potencialno nevarnega in nesposobnega odločanja o svojem življenju. Duševna kriza mine, a stigma ostane. Stigmatizirane spremlja na vseh področjih družbenega življenja in vpliva na njihov način bivanja. V nalogi predstavim posledice družbenega zavračanja in izključevanja oseb z duševnimi stiskami ter opišem različne strategije stigmatiziranih, ki jih uporabljajo pri upravljanju svoje stigme. V zaključnem delu naloge poudarim pomen delovanja vladnih in nevladnih organizacij na področju duševnega zdravja. The diploma thesis deals with the issue of the emergence and maintaining of stereotypes, prejudice, stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental health problems. The stigma of »mental illness« marks a person as incurably ill, potentially dangerous and incapable of making decisions about his/her life. The emotional crisis passes but the stigma remains. It accompanies the stigmatized through all the areas of social life and affects their way of life. The thesis presents the consequences of the social rejection and exclusion of people in emotional distress, and describes different strategies used by the stigmatized to manage their stigma. The final part of the thesis highlights the importance of the work carried out by governmental and non-governmental organizations in the field of mental health.

Za raziskavo sem se odločila, ker sem na podlagi praktičnih izkušenj ugotovila, da je področje slišanja glasov in drugih nenavadnih doživetij premalo raziskano. Problem vidim v metodah in pristopih, ki niso prilagojeni ljudem, ki slišijo glasove oziroma imajo druga nenavadna doživetja. Poleg tega je cilj pomoči in podpore, ki ju trenutno ponujajo zdravstvene in socialne službe, otopitev nenavadnih doživetij, namesto spoznavanje in učenje nadzora nad njimi. V diplomskem delu me je zanimalo, ali socialno delo v praksi zanika perspektivo nenavadnih doživetij ali jih vključuje, in če jih, na kakšen način. Torej, kako in v kolikšni meri socialne delavke pri svojem vsakdanjem delu s socialnodelavskimi metodami upoštevajo, ali uporabniki doživljajo nenavadna doživetja, če uporabniki to sploh povejo socialnim delavkam, na kakšen način vključijo izkušnje nenavadnih doživetij v proces podpore in pomoči. Poleg tega sem povzela tri metode socialnega dela: osebni načrt, eko-zemljevid v okviru raziskovanja življenjskega sveta uporabnika ter načrt zmanjševanja škode in analize tveganja, ki sem jih prilagodila na način, da bodo uporabne za osebe, ki slišijo glasove ali imajo druga nenavadna doživetja. Metode sem prilagodila tudi s pomočjo mastriškega intervjuja, ki je namenjen izključno osebam, ki slišijo glasove. Z njegovo pomočjo spoznavamo glasove in nenavadna doživetja, vzpostavljamo povezavo med osebo, ki ima izkušnjo nenavadnih doživetij, in samim nenavadnim doživetjem, ter vzpostavljamo nadzor nad nenavadnim doživetjem. Z akcijskim raziskovanjem sem opravila kvalitativno raziskavo. Empirični del raziskave se deli na dva dela. Prvi del se osredotoča, na kakšen način v praksi socialne delavke upoštevajo uporabnikove nenavadne izkušnje. Izvedla sem tri intervjuje z delavkami vladnih in nevladnih organizacij. Drugi del se osredotoča na prilagojene metode, ki sem jih uporabila na vzorcu treh oseb, ki slišijo glasove ali imajo druga nenavadna doživetja. Za metodo zbiranja podatkov sem uporabila nestandardiziran intervju, za merski instrument pa delno strukturiran vprašalnik z okvirnimi vprašanji. K stroki socialnega dela bi raziskava prispevala z ugotavljanjem prednosti in pomanjkljivosti obstoječih vrst pomoči z vidika uporabnika, z izpolnjevanjem obstoječih in razvijanjem novih vrst pomoči pri uporabnikih, ki slišijo glasove in imajo druga nenavadna doživetja. Namen je ugotoviti, ponuditi oziroma izpopolniti delo, da bi bilo bolj prilagojeno osebam, ki slišijo glasove in imajo druga nenavadna doživetja. I decided to do the research about hearing voices and uncommon sensory experiences because through practical experiences, I have noticed that the field of hearing voices and other unusual experiences is under-researched. The problem I could see is in superficial work and unadjusted methods used for work with people who hear voices or have other uncommon experiences. Furthermore, treatment, help and support that are offered by medical and social service are working in the direction of numbing uncommon experiences instead of acknowledging and learning how to control those experiences. In graduation thesis, I was interested in whether social work in practice displaces the perspective of unusual experiences or includes them, and if so, in what way how and to what extent social workers are considered of unusual experiences in their daily work, if users tell the social worker at all, and how they include unusual experiences in the support and assistance process. In addition, I summarized three methods of social work: a personal plan, eko-map as part of research of living space of person and a harm reduction plan and risk analysis, which I adapted for the use with people who hear voices or have other unusual experiences. I also adapted the methods with the help of the maastricht interview, which is intended exclusively for people who hear voices, and aims getting to know voices and unusual experiences, and establish control over an unusual experience. I contucted a qualitive survey with action research. The empirical part of the research is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on social workers consideration of users's unsual experiences in practice. I carried out three interviews with employees of governmental and non-governmental organizations. The second part focuses on the adapted methods I used to a sample of three people who hear voices or have other unusual experiences. I have used a non-standardized interview for the data collection method and a partially structured questionnaire with framework questions for the measurement instrument. The study would contribute to the social work profession by identifying the advantages and disadvantages of existing types of methods from a users's perspective, completing existing ones, and developing new types of methods for users who hear voices and have other unusual experiences. The purpose is to identify, offer or refine work to be more attuned to people who hear voices and have other unusual experiences.

V zadnjem letu smo se soočali z epidemijo in bili postavljeni pred izzive, ki so v veliki meri vplivali na duševno zdravje posameznika. Mladostniki so bili v času epidemije na prelomnih trenutkih v življenju, v katerih se začnemo spraševati, koliko smo zadovoljni s svojim načinom življenja, kolikšen del sebe lahko izrazimo in na kakšen način. V diplomskem delu se osredotočam na mladostnikovo doživljanje epidemije Covid-19 in težave v duševnem zdravju, ki so jih v času epidemije doživljali. V teoretičnem delu se najprej osredotočim na definicijo duševnega zdravja in opredelim obdobje mladostništva. Odprem temo vpliva socialnega okolja mladostnikov na duševno zdravje. Znotraj tega opredelim vlogo družine, vrstnikov, šole, medijev in socialnih omrežij ter vlogo revščine. V nadaljevanju opisujem nekaj najpogostejših težav v duševnem zdravju, ki so značilne za obdobje mladostništva. Teoretični uvod zaključim s povezavo duševnega zdravja in epidemije Covid-19. Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz kvantitativnega in kvalitativnega dela raziskave. V empiričnem delu kvantitativne raziskave sem izvedela splošno doživljanje in soočanje mladostnikov z epidemijo. S kvalitativno raziskavo pa se je razkrila predvsem povezanost socialnega okolja z mladostnikovim doživljanjem in preživljanjem epidemije. In the last year, we have faced an epidemic and have had to deal with challenges that have greatly affected the mental health of the individual. At the time of the epidemic especially adolescents were at turning points in life, when they begin to wonder how satisfied they are with their way of life, how much of themselves they can express, and in what way. In my graduation thesis, I focus on the adolescent’s experience of the Covid-19 epidemic and the mental health problems they experienced during the epidemic. In the theoretical part, I first focus on the definition of mental health and define the period of adolescence. I open the topic of the impact of the social environment of adolescents on mental health. Within this subject, I define the role of family, peers, school, media and social networks, and the role of poverty. Further on I describe some of the most common mental health problems that characterize adolescence. I conclude the theoretical introduction with the connection between mental health and the Covid-19 epidemic. The graduation thesis consists of quantitative and qualitative part of the research. In the empirical part of the quantitative research, I got acquainted with the general experience and confrontation of adolescents with the epidemic. The qualitative research revealed the connection between the social environment and the adolescent's experiences when dealing with the epidemic.

Dojemanje duševnega zdravja in duševnih stisk se je skozi zgodovino močno spreminjalo. V času »Velikega zapiranja« se je utrdil pojem družbene deviantnosti, ki je bil v veliki meri povezan z revščino in družbeno neproduktivnostjo. Rešitev naraščajoče revščine v novi meščanski družbi je bila njeno izobčenje. Vzpostavljanje meščanske družbe je zahtevalo prilagoditev norm obnašanja in morale. Posledično je proces Velikega Zapiranja poleg revežev in beračev zajel tudi norce, prostitutke, gobavce in druge deviantne profile prebivalstva, ki niso ustrezali novim normam meščanske družbe. Zapiranje norosti je vzpostavilo temelje, na katerih se je začela graditi znanost o norosti, ki se je v 19. stoletju začela uveljavljati pod okriljem medicine. To je razumevanju in obravnavi duševnih stisk dalo znanstveno verodostojnost. Antipsihiatrično gibanje je v 2. polovici 20. stoletja začelo opozarjati na pomanjkljivosti psihiatrične metode, ki je takrat temeljila predvsem na pozitivističnem, biološkem razumevanju duševnih stisk in duševnega zdravja. Duševne stiske so bile po mnenju protagonistov gibanja bolj odvisne od življenjskih okoliščin posameznika kakor pa od njegovih telesnih pomanjkljivosti. Razumevanje duševnih stisk od tam naprej ni več utemeljeno zgolj na medicinskem razumevanju duševnih stisk kot bioloških disfunkcij, kljub temu pa medicina oz. psihiatrija v veliki meri drži monopol nad javnim diskurzom razumevanja duševnih stisk in duševnega zdravja. Cilj te diplomske naloge je pokazati, da bi moralo razumevanje duševnih stisk segati preko meja medicinskih parametrov in da bi morala biti njihova obravnava bolj celostna. Da bi to dokazal, sem napravil pregled literature, v katerem je prepoznaven vpliv pandemije COVID-19 na duševno zdravje. Pandemija in predvsem njeni zajezitveni ukrepi so v vsakdanje življenje posameznikov prinesli pomembne spremembe. Duševno zdravje populacij se je v času pandemije COVID-19 občutno poslabšalo. Karantena in drugi zajezitveni ukrepi kot denimo zaprtje šol predstavljajo ključne spremembe, ki imajo izrazito negativen vpliv na duševno zdravje. The understanding of mental health has changed drastically throughout history. In the early stages of understanding mental health the term social deviancy was used to describe mental disorders. It was in largely connected to poverty and social unproductiveness. The solution to growing poverty in new bourgeois society was exclusion. The establishment of bourgeois society demanded the adjustment of social norms and morality. This lead to the exclusion of not only poor people and beggars but also prostitutes, lepers, homosexuals and anyone who did not fit the new codes of conduct. The closure and medication of insanity set the groundwork for the scientific study of insanity, which was established in the 19th century as a medical science. This gave the understanding of insanity a scientific credibility. The antipsychiatry movement of the second half of the 20th century began to criticize the shortcomings of the psychiatric method which was, at the time, based mostly on a positivistic, biological understanding of mental health. This movement thought that the mental health of patients is based more on social circumstances than their anatomical shortcomings. Since then the understanding of mental health is not solely based in medical theory but incorporates social factors in to its research and understanding. Despite this the medical field, chiefly psychiatry, still holds a monopoly on public discourse about mental health. The aim of this research is to show that the understanding of mental health must transcend solely medical explanations and that its treatment must be more holistic. This research presents an overview of literature focused on the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health. The pandemic and the ensuing measures put in place to curb the spread of the Corona virus have brought important changes to the lives of individuals. The mental health of populations worldwide has declined sharply during the pandemic. Lockdowns and school closures are crucial changes which have a decidedly negative effect on mental health.

V magistrskem delu opisujem duševno zdravje mladostnikov in mladih v času pandemije COVID-19, in sicer z vidika mladinskih delavk in z vidika mladih. V prvem delu povzamem nekaj teoretičnih izhodišč na temo duševnega zdravja, podrobneje se posvetim doživljanju stresa, predstavim mladinski sektor, pri čemer je poudarek na mladinskem centru, na koncu pa prestavim socialno delo v času pandemije COVID-19 pri delu z mladimi. V drugem, empiričnem delu pišem o kvalitativni raziskavi. Izvedla sem fokusno skupino s štirimi mladinskimi delavkami in dva ločena intervjuja z mladima osebama. Osredotočila sem se na to, kakšne so duševne stiske mladostnikov in mladih v času pandemije COVID-19, kaj lahko na tem področju naredijo mladinski centri in zakaj so mladinski centri pomembni za mladostnike in mlade. Rezultati so pokazali, da se mladostniki in mladi soočajo s porastom duševnih stisk v času pandemije COVID-19. Vsebino duševnih stisk je predstavljal porast osamljenosti, anksioznosti, govora je bilo o samomorilnosti in pomanjkanju smisla ter motivacije. Stiske mladih in mladostnikov so se med pandemijo poglabljale predvsem zaradi nefunkcionalnega družinskega okolja in finančnih stisk, ki so prizadele celotno dijaško in študentsko populacijo. Mladi osebi sta pogrešali druženje, širjenje socialne mreže, neformalno izobraževanje in aktivno participacijo skozi kreativnost in aktivno državljanstvo. Alarmantno se mi zdi izpostaviti, da je dostop do strokovne pomoči otežen zaradi pomanjkanja prostora v institucionalni obravnavi in da si mladostniki ter mladi pri načinih spoprijemanja s stiskami pomagajo s konzumiranjem alkohola, kajenjem marihuane, uporabo benzodiazipinov in injiciranjem heroina. Duševne stiske so doživljale tudi mladinske delavke. Stiske so bile vezane na področje dela, pa tudi na področje osebnega življenja. Mladinski centri so svoje delovanje v pandemiji COVID-19 učinkovito prilagodili. Okrepili so spletno delovanje, vodilo mladinskih centrov pa je bila čimprejšnja odprtost in srečanje z mladimi v skladu z ukrepi. Mladinske delavke dajejo pri naslavljanju duševnih stisk mladostnikov in mladih največjo vlogo državi skozi zagotavljanje financ za urejen sistem dostopnosti pomoči mladim, brezplačno svetovanje in izobraževanje strokovnjakov. Obe mladi osebi mladinski center doživljata izrazito pozitivno. Navajata občutja, kot so: sprejetost, pripadnost, možnost širjenja socialne mreže, zaupni odnosi z njima varnimi osebami in možnost aktivne participacije. Mladinski centri prav tako predstavljajo varne prostore, hkrati pa imajo izrazito zagovorniško držo, saj opozarjajo na strukture v družbi, ki slabše vplivajo na duševno zdravje mladih. Pomembno vlogo imajo pri neformalnem izobraževanju in aktivnem preživljanju prostega časa. Mladi osebi si v času pandemije najbolj želita podpore mladinskega delavca, ki naj jima omogoči varen prostor in skrbi za njuno počutje. Menita, da naj bo kljub trajanju pandemije v ospredju srečanje v živo in nadaljevanje z aktivnostmi v živo. The thesis will describe youth mental health in time of the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically from the perspective of youth workers and youths. The first part summarizes a few theoretical bases on the subject of mental health, more specifically with prominence on the experience of stress, introduces the youth sector with an emphasis on youth centres, and concludes with a presentation of social work with youths in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The second, empirical part, describes the qualitative study. The study was conducted with a focus group involving four youth workers and separate interviews with two youths. With a concentration on what the mental distress of adolescents and youths are in time of the COVID-19 pandemic, what can youth centres do in this field and why youth centres are important for adolescents and youths. The results showed a rise in mental distress among adolescents and youths in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. The mental distress was defined by a rise of loneliness, anxiety, talk of suicide, lack of meaning, and lack of motivation. The distress among youths and adolescents ingrained itself during the pandemic, predominately because of dysfunctional family settings and financial distress, which harmed the entire student population. The two youth interviewees expressed missing socializing, expanding their social circles, informal education, active participation trough creativity, and active citizenship. Alarmingly it must be stressed that access to professional help has been made difficult due to lack of availability of institutional treatments and that adolescents and youths are treating their distress by consuming alcohol, smoking marijuana, using benzodiazepine, and injecting heroin. The mental distress was also experienced by the youth workers. The distress was associated with their field of work, just as much as their personal lives. The youth centres adjusted their work successfully to the COVID-19 pandemic. They strengthened their online presence, with the main drive of the youth centres being quick availability and meeting with and for youths in accordance to the pandemic regulations. The youth workers convey that the greatest responsibility with addressing mental distress among youths and adolescents lies with the government, which should provide financial support for an organized system for accessible help for youths, free consultations, and education of experts. Both youth interviewees have outstandingly positive experiences with the youth centre, listing feelings, such as, being accepted, a sense of belonging, an opportunity to expand their social circles, trusted relationships with safe individuals, and an opportunity for active participation. The youth centres represent safe spaces, and simultaneously have a distinctly counselling role by addressing the structures in society which negatively influence the mental health of youths. They have an important role at informal education and active use of spare time. The youth interviewees’ greatest wish is support from a youth worker, who would provide a safe space and care for their wellbeing. They believe that even during the pandemic, meetings and activities should continue in person.

V svoji diplomski nalogi sem raziskovala duševno zdravje srednješolcev v času epidemije covid-19. Epidemija je bila nenadna in nepoznana situacija, v kateri smo se znašli, in je močno vplivala na življenje vseh nas. Sama sem se za svojo diplomsko nalogo odločila raziskati, kako je epidemija vplivala specifično na srednješolce in njihovo duševno zdravje. V svojem delu sem najprej opisala, kaj duševno zdravje je, nato sem opisala socialni model duševnega zdravja, predstavila socialno delo na splošno, socialno delo v povezavi z duševnim zdravjem in z mladostniki. Po tem sem predstavila fenomenologijo, duševno zdravje in mladostnike, duševno zdravje v času kriz, težave v duševnem zdravju, kjer sem govorila o stresu, depresiji in anksioznosti. Nadalje sem pojasnila, kaj so to varovalni dejavniki in kaj dejavniki tveganja. Na koncu teoretičnega uvoda sem opisala še covid-19 na splošno, covid-19 v Sloveniji in pojasnila razliko med epidemijo in pandemijo. V empiričnem delu sem intervjuvance najprej vprašala o tem kakšno je bilo njihovo duševno zdravje pred epidemijo, nato če se je v času epidemije kaj spremenilo in če se je kaj je na to spremembo najbolj vplivalo. Vprašala sem jih če so obdržali stike s prijatelji, če opažajo pri sebi kakšne stiske, ki jih prej niso. Na koncu sem jih vprašala kako so omejitve/ukrepi vplivali na njihov življenjski plan in prihodnost in če so, kako menijo, da bodo to rešili. Od svojih sogovornikov sem dobila različne odgovore in prišla do zaključka, da je vsak ta čas doživljal drugače. Duševno zdravje se je pri nekaterih spremenilo na bolje, pri drugih na slabše, tretji pa pri sebi niso opazili nobenih večjih sprememb. In my thesis I researched the mental health of secondary school students during the covid-19 epidemic. The epidemic was a sudden and unknown situation we found ourselves in and it had a profound impact on the lives of all of us. The main interest of the thesis is how the epidemic affected secondary school pupils specifically and their mental health. In my work, I first described what mental health is, then I described the social model of mental health, presented social work in general, social work in relation to mental health and with adolescents. Further, I present phenomenological approach to mental distress, mental health and adolescents, mental health in times of crisis, mental health problems, where I discussed stress, depression and anxiety and what are protective and risk factors. I conclude the theoretical introduction with a covid-19 description in general, covid-19 in Slovenia and explained the difference between and epidemic and a pandemic. In the empirical part, I first asked the interviewees what their mental health was like before the epidemic, then if anything had changed during the epidemic, and if anything had what had the most impact on that change. I asked them if they had kept in touch with friends, if they noticed any distress in themselves that they had not before. In the end, I asked them how the restrictions/measures affected their life plan and future and if so, how they think they will solve this. I received different answers from my interlocutors and came to the conclusion that everyone experienced that time differently. Mental health changed for the better for some, for the worse for others, and others did not notice any major changes in themselves.

Novi koronavirus SARS-CoV-2, ki povzroča bolezen covid-19, se je marca 2020 razširil na vse celine. Razglašena je bila globalna pandemija, ki je spremenila življenja ljudi po vsem svetu. Zaustavitev javnega življenja, prepovedano druženje in zbiranje, zapiranje dejavnosti in ukrepi za preprečevanje širjenja okužbe so zaznamovali leto 2020 in prvo polovico leta 2021. Zaradi dolgotrajnih zapiranj, omejitev in vseh ostalih sprememb, ki jih je epidemija prinesla, se je med prebivalstvom povečal delež ljudi z duševnimi motnjami in tistih, ki zaradi poslabšanja duševnega zdravja potrebujejo strokovno pomoč. Med epidemijo se je spremenil tudi način dela socialnih delavk in delavcev. V svojo raziskavo sem vključila nevladno organizacijo na področju duševnega zdravja, ki je v tem obdobju za uporabnike izvajala svoje storitve, vendar drugače in v omejenem obsegu. Diplomsko delo obravnava delovanje pisarne za informiranje in svetovanje organizacije Ozara Slovenija v Ljubljani med epidemijo covida-19. Teoretični del diplomske naloge zajema teme, kot so opredelitev epidemije in pandemije, socialno delo v obdobju epidemije, duševno zdravje med epidemijo, stigmatizacija ljudi s težavami v duševnem zdravju, duševno zdravje v skupnosti, mreža služb na področju duševnega zdravja in nevladne organizacije na področju duševnega zdravja. Empirični del naloge zajema kvalitativno raziskavo, v katero sem vključila socialne delavke, zaposlene v ljubljanski enoti Ozare, prostovoljce, ki sodelujejo z organizacijo, in študentko fakultete za socialno delo, ki je v tem obdobju na Ozari opravljala prakso. S sogovorniki sem izvedla intervjuje s pomočjo vnaprej pripravljenih smernic. Predstavila sem rezultate, ki sem jih pridobila s pomočjo raziskave, in odgovorila na zastavljena raziskovalna vprašanja. V raziskavi sem se osredotočila na raziskovanje prilagoditev dela in storitev med epidemijo, pozitivne in negativne vidike spremenjenih okoliščin delovanja ter napotke in navodila pristojnih institucij. Osredotočila sem se tudi na primerjavo kakovosti dela in storitev za uporabnike pred in med epidemijo, sodelovanje prostovoljcev z organizacijo med epidemijo, odnose v organizaciji v tem obdobju ter vpliv epidemije na duševno zdravje zaposlenih, prostovoljcev in uporabnikov. Organizacija je v obdobju epidemije večino svojih storitev prestavila na splet in zaradi predpisanih ukrepov zmanjšala neposreden stik z uporabniki. Prostovoljci so z organizacijo sodelovali v veliko manjšem obsegu kot pred epidemijo. Obdobji prvega (pomlad 2020) in drugega (od jeseni 2020 do vključno pomladi 2021) zaprtja sta se med seboj razlikovali tako v načinu izvajanja storitev in dejavnosti za uporabnike kot tudi doživljanju zaposlenih in prostovoljcev. By March 2020 the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 disease, had spread across the globe and caused a global pandemic that changed lives all around the world. The year 2020 and the first half of the year 2021 were marked by halt of public life, prohibited socializing and gathering, the closure of activities and measures to prevent the spread of infection. The epidemic brought prolonged closures, restrictions and other changes which increased the number of mental disorders of the population and those who need professional help due to their deteriorating mental health. During the epidemic, social work in mental health non-governmental organizations has changed. The organization I included in my research, still offered their services to service users during this period, but to a limited extent and in a different way. The graduation thesis addresses the operation of Ozara Slovenija organization’s information and consulting office in Ljubljana during the COVID-19 epidemic. The theoretical part of the thesis covers topics such as definitions of epidemics and pandemics, social work during the epidemic, mental health during the epidemic, stigmatization of people with mental health problems, community mental health, network of mental health services and mental health non-governmental organizations. The empirical part of the thesis includes a qualitative study conducted by interviewing social workers employed in Ljubljana’s unit of Ozara, volunteers who cooperate with the organization and a student of the Faculty of Social Work on internship at Ozara during this period. I conducted interviews with my interviewees with the help of pre-prepared guidelines. I presented the results I obtained and answered the research questions. In my research, I focused on researching the adjustments of work and services during the epidemic, the positive and negative aspects of changed circumstances, and the guidance and instructions provided to the organization by the competent institutions. I also focused on comparing the quality of work and services for service users before and during the epidemic, the cooperation of volunteers with the organization during the epidemic, the relationships within the organization during this period and the impact of the epidemic on the mental health of employees, volunteers and service users. Due to prescribed measures, the organization moved most of its services online and reduced direct personal contact with service users. Volunteers worked with the organization to a much lesser extent than before the epidemic. The periods of the first (spring 2020) and second (from autumn 2020 to spring 2021) lockdown differed in the way of providing services and activities for service users, as well as the experience of employees and volunteers.

Uvod: Vest je večdimenzionalni koncept, zaradi katerega se medicinska sestra more zavedati manj kakovostne oskrbe bolnika in lastnih omejitev. Delovanje v nasprotju z lastno vestjo lahko vodi v izgorelost. Namen raziskave je bil prikazati povezanost bremena vesti in izgorelosti med zaposlenimi v intenzivni zdravstveni negi.Metode: Izvedena je bila presečna raziskava na priložnostnem vzorcu 46 medicinskih sester. Uporabljen je bil vprašalnik Stress of Conscience (slovensko »Slaba vest«). Vprašalnik je pokazal visoko notranjo skladnost (Cronbach α = 0,875). Podatki so bili zbrani v decembru 2017 in obdelani s programsko opremo IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Analizirani so bili z opisno in bivariatno statistiko. Uporabljeni so bili Fisherjev natančni test, T-test dveh neodvisnih vzorcev oziroma Mann-Whitneyev U-test ter enosmerna ANOVA.Rezultati: Starost in spol statistično značilno vplivata na breme vesti (p = 0,048 za starost oziroma p = 0,005 za spol). Statistično značilnih vplivov spola, starosti, trajanja zaposlitve ali izobrazbe na prisotnost števila simptomov izgorelosti raziskava ni pokazala. Z izgorelostjo je najbolj povezan (r = 0,503, p < 0,001) vpliv delovnega okolja na zasebno življenje.Diskusija in zaključek: Slaba vest je prisotna med medicinskimi sestrami v enotah intenzivne nege in terapije. Medicinskim sestram povzročajo slabo vest številni dejavniki. Raziskava je pokazala, da večje breme vesti povečuje število simptomov izgorelosti. Nadaljnje raziskovalno delo je smiselno usmeriti v zmanjševanje bremena vesti in izgorelosti.

Uvod: Mladostniki prevzemajo vedenja, ki lahko vodijo do različnih zdravstvenih tveganj, vključno z uživanjem psihoaktivnih snovi. Zloraba psihoaktivnih snovi vpliva na kratkoročno in dolgoročno telesno, duševno in socialno zdravje posameznika in njegove okolice, zato predstavlja velik javnozdravstveni problem. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je opredeliti najpogostejše oblike zlorabe psihoaktivnih snovi v mladostništvu, preučiti pomen in vpliv promocije zdravja na uspešnost preprečevanja in zmanjševanja zlorabe psihoaktivnih snovi pri mladostnikih ter raziskati obstoječe in potencialne možnosti dela medicinske sestre pri obravnavi mladostnikov z zlorabo psihoaktivnih snovi. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela s pregledom domače in tuje strokovne in znanstvene literature, objavljene med letoma 2011 in 2021. Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovnih bazah Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, MEDLINE in bibliografsko-kataložni bazi podatkov COBIB.SI. V analizo smo vključili 13 člankov. Rezultati: Najpogostejše oblike zlorabe psihoaktivnih snovi v mladostništvu so alkohol ali konoplja, ekstazi, kokain, heroin, amfetamin. Na preprečevanje in zmanjševanje psihoaktivnih snovi v mladostništvu imajo največji vpliv vedenjski, psihosocialni in družbeno-okoliški dejavniki povezani z mladostnikom, družino, vrstniki in šolo. Največji pomen promocije zdravja na uspešnost preprečevanja in zmanjševanja psihoaktivnih snovi v mladostništvu imajo promocijski programi, ki poudarjajo dejavnike odpornosti, vključno s pozitivnim duševnim zdravjem. Obstoječe možnosti dela medicinske sestre pri obravnavi mladostnikov z zlorabo psihoaktivnih snovi so večinoma usmerjene k zdravstveni vzgoji, ne pa k strategijam promocije zdravja. Potencialne možnosti dela medicinske sestre se kažejo z vključitvijo strokovnjakov, kot so umetniki in drugi, s katerimi bi lahko sodelovala pri izboljšanju zdravja mladostnikov, z vključevanjem mladostnikov iz ranljivejših skupin v programe promocije zdravja, z uporabo presejalnih orodji in socialnih omrežji. Razprava in zaključek: Promocijski programi bi morali biti za presojanje uspešnosti preprečevanja in zmanjševanja zlorabe psihoaktivnih snovi procesno načrtovani in evalvirani. Pozitivni vidiki duševnega zdravja so največji ščit mladostnika pred zlorabo psihoaktivnih snovi, zato je na tem mestu nujen razvoj, implementacija in evalvacija promocijskih programov, ki krepijo pozitiven razvoj, socialno-čustvene spretnosti in osebnostne lastnosti. Za uspešno izvajanje promocijskih programov pa morajo medicinske sestre poznati kompetence s področja promocije zdravja in biti skladno z njimi usposobljene za celovito izvajanje le-te v kliničnem okolju. Introduction: Adolescents adopt behaviours that can lead to a variety of health risks, including the use of psychoactive substances. The abuse of psychoactive substances affects the short-term and long-term physical, mental and social health of the individual and his surroundings, and therefore represents a major public health problem. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify the most common forms of substance abuse in adolescence, to study the importance and impact of health promotion on the effectiveness of preventing and reducing substance abuse in adolescents and to explore existing and potential opportunities for nursing in treating adolescents with substance abuse. Methods: A descriptive method of work was used with a review of domestic and foreign professional and scientific literature published between 2011 and 2021. The literature search was performed in the Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, MEDLINE databases and the COBIB.SI bibliographic-catalog database. We included 13 articles in the analysis. Results: The most common forms of substance abuse in adolescence are alcohol or cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine, heroin, amphetamine. Behavioral, psychosocial and socio-environmental factors related to the adolescent, family, peers and school have the greatest influence on the prevention and reduction of psychoactive substances in adolescence. Of the greatest importance of health promotion on the effectiveness of the prevention and reduction of psychoactive substances in adolescence are promotional programs that highlight resilience factors, including positive mental health. Existing job opportunities for nurses in treating adolescents with substance abuse are mostly focused on health education rather than health promotion strategies. Potential opportunities for a nurse to work are shown by involving professionals such as artists and others with whom she could work to improve adolescent health, by involving adolescents from more vulnerable groups in health promotion programs, by using screening tools and social media. Discussion and conclusion: Promotional programs should be process-planned and evaluated to assess the effectiveness of preventing and reducing substance abuse. Positive aspects of mental health are the greatest shield of adolescents against the abuse of psychoactive substances, so it is necessary to develop, implement and evaluate promotional programs that strengthen positive development, socio-emotional skills and personality traits. For the successful implementation of promotional programs, nurses must know the competencies in the field of health promotion and be trained in accordance with them for its comprehensive implementation in the clinical environment.

V diplomskem delu sem raziskovala koronavirus in duševno zdravje študentk in študentov Fakultete za socialno delo. Najprej sem opisala nekaj osnovnih značilnosti koronavirusa in se nato posvetila še temi duševnega zdravja nasploh. Opisala sem, kaj je stres, kakšni so vzroki zanj in kakšne posledice lahko stres prinese. Na koncu teoretičnega dela sem opisala še nekatere tehnike sprostitve, ki se jih lahko poslužujemo za lajšanje stresa, in metode pomoči v socialnem delu. Glavni cilj diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kako so koronavirus in njegove posledice doživljali študenti Fakultete za socialno delo. Zanimalo me je, kako so študenti seznanjeni s koronavirusom in posledicami, ki jih pusti na duševnem zdravju, ali sta koronavirus in karantena pustila posledice na duševnem zdravju študentov, kakšen način opore so si poiskali študenti v trenutkih stiske in kako so zadovoljni z oglaševanjem pomoči v času koronavirusa. Moja raziskava je bila kvantitativna. Populacija raziskave so bili vsi študenti, ki so bili v študijskem letu 2020/21 vpisani na Fakulteto za socialno delo. Raziskavo sem izvajala s pomočjo ankete in podatke kvantitativno analizirala. Ugotovila sem, da je večina študentov dobro seznanjenih s koronavirusom in njegovimi posledicami za duševno zdravje. Prav tako sta tudi koronavirus in karantena pustila posledice na duševnem zdravju študentov. Največ študentov si je pomoč oziroma podporo poiskalo pri družinskih članih. Nekaj študentov je uporabljalo druge oblike pomoči, ki jih niso eksplicitno poimenovali. Z oglaševanjem pomoči v času koronavirusa pa veliko študentov ni bilo niti zadovoljnih niti nezadovoljnih. I investigated coronavirus and mental health of students in the Faculty of social work. First, I described some basic information about coronavirus and mental health. Then I described stress and what forms of stress we know. It was important, that I write something about the causes of stress and what consequences stress can have. At the end of the theoretical part, I described relaxation techniques, that we can use to be more relaxed and tools in social work. The main purpose of this research, was to learn about the consequences, that coronavirus cause and how these consequences affect the social work faculty students. I wanted to know how much students know about coronavirus, if the coronavirus and quarantine can have consequences on their mental health, what form of support they seek and how satisfied they are with information they receive about the coronavirus. My research was quantitative. Population of the research was students enrolled in faculty during the 2020/2021 school year. The research was conducted through a survey. I concluded that most students are well aware of the basic information about the coronavirus and the consequences of the coronavirus. Also coronavirus and quarantine also had an impact on the students mental health. Some of the students found help from their family mambers. About the information about the coronavirus spread by the media, the students were beetween satisfied and dissatisfied.

V magistrskem delu sem raziskovala vlogo skavtov pri krepitvi duševnega zdravja mladih, kakšne so potrebe po podpori in kakšni učinki. V teoretičnem delu sem na začetku opredelila duševno zdravje, nato pa sem se osredotočila na duševno zdravje mladih. Predstavila sem različne definicije duševnega zdravja in težave, ki se v duševnem zdravju pojavljajo. Opredelila sem varovalne dejavnike in dejavnike tveganja, ki so prisotni, kadar govorimo o duševnem zdravju mladih. Nato sem predstavila načine krepitve duševnega zdravja mladih v svetu, v Sloveniji in pri skavtih. Dodala sem predstavitev Združenja slovenskih katoliških skavtinj in skavtov, njihovo poslanstvo, strukturo organizacije, članstvo ter skavtsko obljubo in zakone. Za konec sem predstavila skavtsko vzgojo in aktivnosti, ki potekajo v sklopu skavtov. Zanimale so me izkušnje mladih v povezavi skavtov in duševnega zdravja. Osredotočila sem se predvsem na to, kakšno je njihovo duševno zdravje, kaj vpliva nanj, kakšne podpore so deležni pri skavtih in kakšne so njihove potrebe na tem področju. Rezultati so pokazali, da imajo skavti na duševno zdravje večine skavtinj in skavtov, ki so v raziskavi sodelovali, zelo pozitiven vpliv, pri čemer pomembno vlogo igrajo podporni medsebojni odnosi in čas, ki ga v sklopu skavtov preživijo v naravi. Skavtske dejavnosti igrajo pomembno vlogo predvsem kot preventiva na področju duševnega zdravja. O duševnem zdravju se skavtinje in skavti v sklopu skavtskih dejavnosti pogovarjajo že zdaj, bi si pa tega v prihodnje želeli še več. Večinoma so zadovoljni s podporo, ki jo prejemajo v sklopu skavtov, in menijo, da skavtske dejavnosti v veliki meri zadovoljujejo njihove potrebe na področju duševnega zdravja. In my master's thesis, I researched the use of scouts in strengthening the mental health of young people, what are the needs for support and what are the effects. In the theoretical part, I initially defined mental health and then focused on the mental health of young people. I have presented various definitions of mental health and the problems that arise in mental health. I have identified the protective and risk factors that are present when talking about the mental health of young people. Then I presented the ways in which the mental health of young people in the world, in Slovenia and among scouts is strengthened. I added a presentation of the Slovenian Catholic Girl and Boy Scouts Association, their mission, organizational structure, membership, and the Scout Promise and laws. Finally, I presented the scout education and activities that take place as part of the scouts. I was interested in the experiences of young people with the connection between scouts and mental health. I focused mainly on how their mental health is, what affects it, what kind of support they get from scouts and what their needs are in this area. The results showed that male and female scouts who participated in the research had a very positive impact on mental health, using the game of supportive interpersonal relationships and the time they spent in nature as part of the scouts. Scout activities play a role primarily as a prevention in the field of mental health. Scouts are already talking about mental health as part of scout activities, but they would like to see even more of t in the future. For the most part, they are satisfied with the support they receive from scouts and believe that scout activities largely meet their mental health needs.

Uvod: Bolečina je najpogosteje zabeležen simptom, ki je zaznan pri pacientih. Anksioznost in depresija pa sta najpogostejši duševni motnji zabeleženi v ambulanti družinske medicine. Anksiozna in depresivna motnja se najpogosteje pojavljata skupaj z bolečino, prav tako pa se namesto ustreznega zdravljenja najpogosteje predpiše analgetične opioide. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti, kako se kaže psihosomatska bolečina pri pacientih z anksiozno depresivnimi motnjami in predstaviti pomen ohranjanja in krepitve duševnega zdravja. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Uporabili smo pregled slovenske in tuje literature. Iskanje je potekalo v podatkovnih zbirkah spletnega portala Digitalne knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani in podatkovnih zbirkah COBISS, PubMed, MedLine, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, CINAHL in Cochrane Library. V analizo je vključena literatura od leta 2013 naprej, zaradi relevantnosti, pa je lahko uporabljena tudi starejša literatura. Iskanje literature je potekalo od januarja do julija 2021. Rezultati: Anksiozno depresivne motnje so povezane s kroničnimi bolečinami, prav tako so kronične bolečine povezane z anksiozno depresivnimi motnjami. Zaradi depresije in anksioznosti pacienti trpijo večjo intenziteto bolečine in obratno, se zaradi bolečine pričakuje večji razvoj anksiozno depresivnih motenj. Dejavniki, ki vplivajo na bolečino so raznovrstni. V grobem so to raznorazni stresni dogodki v otroštvu, kakovost spanja, genetika in vpliv okolja na pacienta. Dejavniki so med seboj tesno povezani, zato lahko en dejavnik poruši vse ostale ali obratno, en dejavnik izboljša ostale. Kognitivni dejavnik je zelo pomemben dejavnik, ki pripomore k obvladovanju in sprejemanju bolečine. Tu mu lahko zelo pomaga religija in bližnja skupnost, saj se tako pacient lažje sprijazni z boleznijo. Pacienti pogosto trpijo za kroničnimi bolečinami, vendar se v ozadju skriva razvoj anksiozno depresivne motnje, ki to povzroča. Tako je velikokrat pacientom predpisan analgetični opioid, namesto ostalih oblik zdravljenja. Razprava in zaključek: Pomembna je celostna obravnava pacientov upoštevajoč biološke, psihološke, socialne in etično-duhovne dejavnike, ki vplivajo na izkušnjo bolečine. Večjo moč je potrebno dati preventivnim dejavnostim in osveščanju splošne populacije o duševnem zdravju in kronični bolečini, ki je posledica duševnega ravnovesja in obratno. Introduction: Pain is the most common symptom reported by patients, and anxiety and depression are also the most common mental disorders reported in family medicine outpatient clinics. Anxiety and depressive disorders are most commonly co-occurring with pain and analgesic opioids are most commonly prescribed instead of appropriate treatment. Purpose: Purpose of this thesis is to present how psychosomatic pain manifests itself in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders and the importance of maintaining and enhancing mental health. Methods: We used a review of Slovenian and foreign literature. The search was conducted in the databases of the University of Ljubljana Digital Library Web Portal and in the databases COBISS, PubMed, MedLine, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. The age of the literature included in the analysis is from 2013 onwards. Searching for suitable literature lasted from January to July 2021. Results: Anxiety-depressive disorders are associated with chronic pain, and chronic pain is also associated with anxiety-depressive disorders. Depression and anxiety are associated with higher pain intensity and conversely, pain is expected to lead to a greater development of anxiety-depressive disorders. The factors influencing pain are manifold. Roughly speaking, these include various stressful events in childhood, sleep quality, genetics and the impact of the environment on the patient. These factors are closely interrelated, so one factor can defeat all the others or, conversely, one factor can improve all the others. The cognitive factor is a very important factor that contributes to pain management and acceptance. Religion and the close community can be of great help here, as this is how he can see his condition and accept it. Patients often suffer from chronic pain, but underlying this is the development of an anxiety-depressive disorder. Thus, patients are often prescribed an analgesic opioid instead of appropriate treatment. Discussion and conclusion: It is important to treat patients holistically, taking into account the biological, psychological, social and ethical-spiritual factors that influence the experience of pain. More emphasis should be placed on preventive activities and raising awareness in the general population about mental health and chronic pain, which is a consequence of mental balance and vice versa.

Uvod: Dobro duševno zdravje je temelj zdravja, ki ga je potrebno negovati v vseh življenjskih oziroma starostnih obdobjih. Zelo občutljivo je obdobje adolescence. To obdobje je ključno za razvoj in ohranjanje družbenih in čustvenih navad, pomembnih za duševno počutje, in je pomemben napovedni dejavnik duševnega zdravja v odrasli dobi. Ocenjujejo, da ima 10–20 % otrok in mladostnikov po vsem svetu duševne motnje, vendar je še veliko primerov nediagnosticiranih in nezdravljenih. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je analizirati dejavnike tveganja za pojavnost duševnih motenj v adolescenci in raziskati preventivne aktivnosti zdravstvenega sistema na tem področju. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela. Literatura je bila iskana v bibliografskih podatkovnih bazah Medline, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library in preko oddaljenega dostopa DiKUL. Članki, ki smo jih izbrali, so se nanašali na duševne motnje v adolescenci, dejavnike tveganja za razvoj duševne motnje v adolescenci, šolsko medicinsko sestro. Rezultati: Na razvoj duševne motnje pri mladostniku vpliva več dejavnikov. Odvisno je od lastnosti posameznika, socialnih in ekonomskih okoliščin ter okoljskih dejavnikov. Z razvojem duševnih motenj so povezani večja smrtnost med mladostniki in večje tveganje za agresivno vedenje, tvegano spolno vedenje in spolno prenosljive bolezni, nenačrtovane nosečnosti, opustitev šolanja, zloraba prepovedanih substanc. V Sloveniji imamo dobro zasnovano mrežo služb za duševno zdravje. Sodelovanje med posameznimi ustanovami bi lahko v prihodnje izboljšali. Razprava in zaključek: Družinska anamneza duševne motnje, izpostavljenost različnim substancam (alkohol, droge) v prenatalnem obdobju ter v prvem letu življenja, neuspeh v šoli, težave v družini, trpinčenje, slabo ekonomsko stanje, revščina ter drugi so dejavniki, ki povečajo tveganje za razvoj duševne motnje v adolescenci. Smiselna bi bila uvedba šolske medicinske sestre. Njena vloga bi bila spodbujanje dobrega duševnega zdravja, zgodnje prepoznavanje in podpora tistim, ki imajo že prisotno duševno motnjo. Ker so študije pokazale slabo poznavanje duševnih motenj in njihovih simptomov med mladostniki, bi bilo smiselno tudi zdravstveno vzgojno delo na tem področju. S tem bi lahko kakšen mladostnik že sam prej prepoznal simptom/-e duševne motnje. Introduction: Good mental health is the foundation of health that must be nurtured at all stages of life or age. The period of adolescence is very sensitive. This period is essential for the development and preservation of social and emotional habits that are important for mental well-being. It is also an important predicting factor of mental health in adulthood. It is estimated that 10–20% of children and adolescents worldwide have mental disorders. However, many cases remain undiagnosed and untreated. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the risk factors for the occurrence of mental disorders in adolescence and to research the preventive activities of the healthcare system in this area. Methods: In the thesis, we used the descriptive method of work. The literature was searched in bibliographic databases Medline, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and through the DiKUL remote access. The articles we selected related to mental disorders in adolescence, risk factors for developing mental disorders in adolescence, and school nurses. Results: Several factors influence the development of a mental disorder in an adolescent. It depends on the characteristics of an individual, social and economic circumstances, and environmental factors. The development of mental disorders is associated with higher mortality among adolescents and an increased risk of aggressive behavior, risky sexual behavior and sexually transmitted diseases, unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school, and the abuse of illegal substances. In Slovenia, there is a well-designed network of mental health services. Cooperation between individual institutions could be improved in the future. Discussion and conclusion: A family medical history of a mental disorder, exposure to various substances (alcohol and drugs) in the prenatal period and the first year of life, dropping out of school, family problems, abuse, poor economic conditions, poverty, and other factors increase the risk of developing mental disorders in adolescence. It would be reasonable to introduce a school nurse. Her role would be to encourage good mental health and to provide early identification and support of those who already have a mental disorder. Since studies have shown poor knowledge of mental disorders and their symptoms among adolescents, health education work in this area would also be reasonable. This could help several adolescents to recognize the symptoms of mental disorders earlier.

Šolska svetovalna služba opravlja različne naloge in je v oporo učencem, učiteljem in staršem. V magistrski nalogi nas je zanimalo, kakšna je njena vloga pri izvajanju preventivnih dejavnosti in nudenju pomoči učencem in dijakom s težavami v duševnem zdravju. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej opredelili nekatere ključne pojme, kot so duševno zdravje, duševna motnja, dejavniki tveganja in varovalni dejavniki za razvoj duševnih motenj. Zanimalo nas je, kakšno je stanje na področju duševnega zdravja v Sloveniji in v evropskem prostoru, še posebej pri otrocih in mladostnikih. Na kratko smo predstavili nekatere najpogostejše duševne motnje v otroštvu in mladostništvu. V nadaljevanju smo tematiko umestili v šolski prostor. V predzadnjem poglavju teoretičnega dela smo zato najprej predstavili šolsko svetovalno službo, njena temeljna načela in naloge. Na koncu teoretičnega dela pa smo opredelili vlogo šolske svetovalne službe pri preventivi, nudenju pomoči in preprečevanju stigmatiziranosti učencev in dijakov s težavami v duševnem zdravju. V empiričnem delu smo prikazali rezultate kvalitativne raziskave. Opravili smo tri polstrukturirane intervjuje s svetovalnimi delavkami osnovne šole, gimnazije in šole za storitvene dejavnosti. Raziskovalna vprašanja smo razdelili na štiri sklope, in sicer nas je zanimalo, v kolikšni meri se svetovalne delavke srečujejo s tematiko duševnega zdravja, ali izvajajo preventivne dejavnosti na to temo, kateri so po njihovem mnenju ključni znaki za prepoznavo posameznih primerov učencev/dijakov s težavami v duševnem zdravju, kako sodelujejo z zunanjimi ustanovami/strokovnjaki, oddelkom, učitelji in starši ter, ali menijo, da so dovolj usposobljene na področju preventivnega delovanja, prepoznave konkretnih primerov in nudenja pomoči učencem/dijakom s težavami v duševnem zdravju. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov kvalitativne raziskave lahko sklepamo, da ima šolska svetovalna služba pri delu z učenci/dijaki s težavami v duševnem zdravju pomembno vlogo. Intervjuvane šolske svetovalne delavke se s tematiko duševnega zdravja pogosto srečujejo, najpogosteje v obliki kurativnega delovanja. Preventivnih dejavnosti je po njihovem mnenju premalo oziroma manj kot kurativnih. Učenci in dijaki s tovrstnimi težavami se nanje velikokrat obrnejo na lastno pobudo. Kot ključen znak za prepoznavo težav v duševnem zdravju so intervjuvane svetovalne delavke omenile spremembe vedenja, kot so izogibanje socialnim stikom, spremembe razpoloženja, menjava družbe. Pri soočanju s predsodki so izpostavile pomen pogovora in izobraževanja o težavah. Ugotovili smo, da si intervjuvane šolske svetovalne delavke želijo pridobiti več specifičnega znanja, kar se tiče posameznih duševnih motenj in konkretnejših napotkov za nudenje pomoči učencem ter dijakom s težavami v duševnem zdravju. School's counselling service does various jobs and offers support to pupils, teachers, and parents. The master’s thesis presents the role of the school’s counselling service in performing preventive activities and offering help to pupils and students with mental health problems. In the theoretical part, first some basic terms (such as mental health, mental disorder, risk factors and safety factors for the development of mental disorders) are explained. It is researched, what the mental health condition in Slovenia and in the rest of Europe is like, especially with children and the youth. Some of the most common mental disorders in childhood and adolescence are also presented. Furthermore, this subject matter is placed into the school environment. In the next to last chapter of the theoretical part, the school’s counselling service is described together with its basic principles and tasks. The last part includes the role of the school’s counselling service in prevention, offering help and prevention of those pupils and students’ stigmatization that have mental health problems. In the empirical part of the thesis, the results of the qualitative research are introduced. Three half-structured interviews were conducted with school counsellors at a primary school, a secondary school and at a school for service industries. The interview questions are divided into sections, and they are: to what extend are school counsellors coming across the topic of mental health are the preventive activities related to this topic being performed which are (in their opinion) the key signs to recognize individual cases of pupils/students with mental health problems how do they cooperate with external institutions/experts, the class, teachers and parents what is their opinion on how well they are qualified in the field of preventive functioning, recognizing concrete cases and offering help to pupils/students with mental health issues. Based on the received results it can be concluded that the school’s counselling service has got an important role when it comes to working with pupils/students with mental health issues. The interviewed school counsellors often come across with the subject matter of mental health, most often this is in the form of remedial service. In their opinion, there are fewer preventive activities than remedial services. Pupils and students with such problems often search for their help self-initiatively. A change in behavior, such as avoiding social contacts, a change in mood and a change of friends’ circle are the key signs that the interviewed school counsellors named as the signs used to recognize the mental health issues. They stress the importance of conversation and special education about such issues in connection with prejudice confrontation. The research shows that the interviewed school counsellors want to gain more specific knowledge concerning individual mental disorders and concrete instructions on how to offer help to pupils and students with mental health problems.

Poklic kmetovalca je nedvomno edinstven poklic. Zaradi tega so kmetovalci izpostavljeni številnim edinstvenim poklicnim stresorjem. Majhna količina stresa nam lahko pomaga, da smo motivirani in dejansko izboljša našo zmogljivost in produktivnost. Vendar lahko vztrajno visoke stopnje stresa negativno vplivajo na samo delovanje in tako na naše fizično kot duševno počutje. Samomor je običajno povezan z duševnim zdravjem, ki je v kmečkih skupnostih še posebej stigmatizirano in slabo razumljeno. To vpliva na samo vedenje kmetovalcev pri iskanju pomoči, k temu pa pripomorejo tudi različni dejavniki, med katerimi lahko izpostavimo predvsem vremenske razmere, naravne nesreče, kmetijsko politiko, medgeneracijske odnose, finančne probleme, nedostopnost številnih storitev, birokracijo, geografsko izoliranost, alkoholizem in še mnoge druge. V empiričnem delu naloge je predstavljeno, kako kmetovalci in kmetijski svetovalci vidijo problem duševnega zdravja na podeželju in predstavijo, kaj je po njihovem mnenju tisto, kar največkrat pripelje kmetovalce do slabega duševnega zdravja in posledično do samomorov. The farming profession is undoubtedly unique and causes farmers to be exposed to numerous unique occupational stressors. Small amounts of stress can help us stay motivated and can actually improve our performance and productivity. However, persistently high levels of stress can negatively affect the functionality, as well as the well-being of our bodies and minds. Suicide is typically associated with mental health – something that is specifically stigmatized and poorly understood in rural areas. This as well as various factors such as weather conditions, natural disasters, agricultural policy, intergenerational relations, financial problems, unavailability of many services, bureaucracy, geographical isolation, alcoholism, and many others affect the farmers’ behaviour when seeking help. The empirical part of the thesis presents how farmers and agricultural consultants recognize the problem with mental health in rural areas. It also presents the main reason (according to their opinion) that causes farmers to suffer due to poor mental health and, consequently, to commit suicide.

V okviru magistrske naloge sem sprva začela z vzpostavljanjem podpornih skupin za slišanje glasov v posebnem socialnovarstvenem zavodu. Ko so nam ukrepi v zvezi z epidemijo koronavirusne bolezni to preprečili, pa sem skozi pogovore in opazovanje z udeležbo, raziskovala doživljanje slišanja glasov stanovalcev posebnega socialnovarstvenega zavoda, njihov odnos do njih, strategije soočanja z glasovi ter vrsto podpore, ki jo dobijo v okviru institucij. Pri tem me je zanimalo, v kolikšni meri je omenjena podpora učinkovita ter na kakšne (alternativne) načine bi jim lahko strokovni delavci pomagali. V teoretičnem uvodu sem se sprehodila prek kulturno-zgodovinskega razumevanja fenomena glasov in videnj do današnjega časa, v okviru katerega sem se dotaknila tako tradicionalno psihiatričnega kakor psihosocialnega in religioznega modela razumevanja glasov. V okviru drugačne perspektive na polju duševnega zdravja omenjam tudi Hearing voices movement, fenomenološko psihiatrijo ter antipsihiatrijo, v zadnjem poglavju pa raziskavo postavim v kontekst, v katerem se dogaja – posebni socialnovarstveni zavod. Na ugotovitve teoretskega dela se naslanjam v empiričnem delu. In the context of my master's thesis, I first started with an establishment of support groups for hearing voices in a special social welfare institution. When measures related to the coronavirus pandemic prevented this, I have through conversations and participatory observation explored the experience of voice hearers in a special social welfare institution, their attitude towards the latter, coping strategies, and the type of support they receive within institutions. In my master’s thesis I am interested in the extent to which the support is effective and in what (alternative) ways, professionals could help people cope with voices. In the theoretical introduction, I write about the cultural-historical understanding of the phenomenon of voices and visions, about the traditional-psychiatric as well as the psychosocial and religious model of understanding voices. Within a different perspective in the field of mental health, I also mention the Hearing voices movement, phenomenological psychiatry, antipsychiatry, etc. In the last chapter I place the research in the context in which it takes place - a special social welfare institution. I rely on the findings of the theoretical work in the empirical part.

Dopolnile alternativne metode pri zdravljenju različnih medicinskih fenomenov in drugih konvencionalnih postopkih postajajo vse bolj zanimive, saj številne študije poročajo o njihovih pozitivnih učinkih. Vizualizacija, ki jo lahko opredelimo kot mentalno oblikovanje senzornih izkušenj brez dejanskih dražljajev, se je v mnogih študijah izkazala kot učinkovita dopolnilna metoda na različnih medicinskih področjih. Namen naše pilotske raziskave je ugotoviti, ali vizualizacija pozitivnih čustev zviša izločanje oksitocina, zniža izločanje kortizola, izboljša afektivna razpoloženjska stanja (depresivnost, stres, anksioznost, subjektivno psihično blagostanje) in zviša variabilnost srčne frekvence. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 27 zdravih posameznikov, ki smo jih razdelili v dve eksperimentalni skupini. Prva eksperimentalna skupina je štiri tedne izvajala vizualizacijo pozitivnih čustev, druga pa je štiri tedne izvajala progresivno mišično sproščanje. Za ugotavljanje učinka vizualizacije smo uporabili t-test za dva odvisna vzorca in Wilcoxonov test, za primerjanje učinka med eksperimentalnima skupinama pa smo uporabili t-test za dva neodvisna vzorca in Mann-Whitneyev U test. Učinki vizualizacije so se v povprečnih vrednostih pokazali v smeri, ki smo jo pričakovali, vendar pa učinki niso statistično pomembni, razen variabilnost srčne frekvence, merjena s SDNN, ki je po 4-tedenskem izvajanju vizualizacije pomembno višja. Ugotovili smo, da med skupinama ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik v učinku pri nobeni opazovani spremenljivki. Ugotovitve raziskave bi lahko služile morebitnemu razvoju modela postinfarktnega zdravljenja z oksitocinom. Complementary and alternative healthcare are becoming increasingly interesting for the treatment of various medical phenomena and other conventional procedures. There are many studies that provide the evidence of their positive effect. Visualization, which can be defined as the mental formation of sensory experiences without actual stimuli, has been proven to be an effective complementary method in many medical fields. The purpose of our pilot study was to determine whether visualization of positive emotions increases the secretion of oxytocin and if it decreases the secretion of cortisol. Furthermore, we studied if it improves affective mood states (depression, stress, anxiety, subjective well-being) and if it increases heart rate variability. 27 healthy individuals were included in the study. Participants were divided into two experimental groups. The first experimental group performed visualization of positive emotions for four weeks, and the second experimental group performed progressive muscle relaxation for four weeks. We used the dependent sample t-test and the Wilcoxon test to determine the effect of visualisation. More specifically, we used two dependent samples. The t-test for two independent samples and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the effect between the experimental groups. The average effects of visualization moved in the expected direction, but they were not statistically significant except for the heart rate variability measured by SDNN, which was significantly higher after 4 weeks of visualization. There were no statistically significant differences in effect between the groups for any of the observed variables. The findings of the study could serve as the basis for the development of a model of postinfarct treatment with oxytocin.

Uvod: Urinska inkontinenca je nehoteno uhajanje urina, ki jo povzročijo različni dejavniki, kot so stres, starost, način življenja, porod, povišana telesna masa, oslabljene mišice medeničnega dna ipd. Je ena najpogostejših težav v poporodnem obdobju, v katerem se pojavlja med 3 % in 40 % in ima velik vpliv na kakovost življenja ženske. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti pojavnost urinske inkontinence v poporodnem obdobju ter njene posledice na življenje otročnice. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela s pregledom literature. Literatura, ki je v angleškem in slovenskem jeziku, je bila objavljena med letoma 2001 in 2020. Rezultati: Pojav urinske inkontinence bistveno vpliva na kakovost življenja tako ženske kot tudi partnerja. Zaradi uhajanja urina med spolnim odnosom, se mu ženske izogibajo ali občutno zmanjšajo pogostost, ker se počutijo tesnobno, osramočeno, nesprejeto, občutijo krivdo in neprivlačnost, ki posledično pripelje do nizke samozavesti in nezadovoljnim spolnim odnosom. Poleg vpliva na spolno življenje vpliva tudi na socialno in ekonomsko dinamičnost. Zaradi vonja in mokrih oblek je potrebno nositi blazinico in skrbeti za kožo, prav tako se ženske raje zadržujejo v sebi znani okolici, doma ali pa se popolnoma socialno izolirajo. Razprava in zaključek: Pojav urinske inkontinence pomeni za žensko spremenjen načina življenja in večje potrebe po iskanju podpore zlasti pri partnerju. Poleg partnerja imajo veliko vlogo tudi zdravstveni delavci, ki s strokovnim znanjem ustvarijo z žensko zaupen odnos in ji svetujejo, kako izboljšati kakovost življenja, ter jo vseskozi tudi spremljajo. Še vedno se premalo govori o težavah v spolnosti, zato bi bilo dobro o tem razpravljati z žensko in partnerjem že ob samem pojavu, kjer bi ju pripravili na morebitne težave ter vzporedno ponudili rešitve, ki bi bistveno izboljšale zadovoljstvo spolnega življenja. Introduction: Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine, caused by many factors, such as stress, age, lifestyle, childbirth, weight gain, weakening pelvic muscles, etc. It is one of the most common issues that occurs in the postnatal period. It can affect between 3% and 40% of women who give birth and can have an impact on the quality of women's lives. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present postnatal urinary incontinence and the ways in which it affects the lives of women who have given birth. Methods: For the purpose of this thesis we used a descriptive method with a literature review. The literature researched was in the English and Slovene languages, and was published between 2001 and 2020. Results: The occurrence of urinary incontinence significantly affects the quality of both the woman and the partner's lives. Due to urinary leakage during sexual intercourse, women often avoid or reduce sexual activity because they feel anxious, ashamed, unaccepted, guilty and unattractive, leading to low self-esteem and unpleasant sexual intercourse. In addition to the impact on women's sex lives, their social and economic status suffers. Due to the smell and wet clothes, women must wear sanitary pads and take care of their skin. Women also often choose to stay in their familiar surroundings, to stay at home or they can become socially isolated. Discussion and conclusion: The occurrence of urinary incontinence results in lifestyle changes for women and they require more support, especially from their partners. In addition to partners, healthcare professionals have a big role, utilising their knowledge to advise women on how to improve their quality of life. We still do not talk openly about sexual health issues, so it would be helpful to discuss this with women and their partners when the issue arises, so that they can prepare for the potential problems and find the solutions simultaneously, which would significantly improve their sexual satisfaction.

Šola predstavlja pomembno okolje za promocijo duševnega zdravja in preventivo duševnih motenj ter samomorilnosti, saj predstavlja prostor, kjer lahko dosežemo večino mladih. Zato je bil namen raziskave ugotoviti, kakšna stališča imajo profesorice_ji do vključevanja tematik duševnega zdravja v svoje delo in kako kompetentne_i se počutijo za to nalogo. Zanimalo me je tudi, pri katerih vsebinah svojih predmetov vidijo možnost za vključevanje tematik duševnega zdravja ter kateri dejavniki jih pri tem spodbujajo in zavirajo. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 146 profesoric_jev različnih predmetov, ki so izpolnile_i spletni vprašalnik, ki sem ga oblikovala. Profesorice_ji so menile_i, da bi morale biti tematike duševnega zdravja vključene v šolski prostor, in so jih bile_i pripravljene_i vključevati v svoje delo. Počutile_i so se zmerno kompetentne_i za naslavljanje tematik duševnega zdravja. Učni načrt jim je pri tem predstavljal tako spodbudo kot zavoro. Kot glavno oviro, ki preprečuje pogostejše vključevanje tematik duševnega zdravja v njihovo delo, so navajale_i pomanjkanje znanja. Smiselno bi bilo tematike duševnega zdravja vključiti v študijske programe bodočih profesoric_jev in organizirati dodatna izobraževanja za poglabljanje znanja. Profesorice_ji so izrazile_i tudi željo po sodelovanju s strokovnjaki_njami s področja duševnega zdravja in potrebo po oblikovanih gradivih, ki bi jih lahko vključile_i v svoje delo. School is an important environment for the promotion of mental health and prevention of mental health disorders and suicidality, as it represents a place where we can reach the majority of young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the high school teachers' attitudes towards integrating mental health topics into their work and how competent they feel for this task. I examined which contents of different subjects offer the possibility for the inclusion of mental health topics and which are perceived facilitators and barriers to including those topics into their work. The study involved 146 professors of various subjects who filled out the online questionnaire I had designed. Professors felt that mental health topics should be included in the curriculum and were willing to include them in their work. They felt moderately competent to address the topics of mental health. The curriculum was perceived as both a facilitator and a barrier. The main barrier preventing more frequent integration of mental health topics into the work of professors was the lack of knowledge. It would make sense to include mental health topics in the study programmes of future professors and to organise additional training for improving their knowledge. Teachers also expressed a desire to work with mental health professionals and the need for materials that could be incorporated into their work.

Koncept socialnega turizma je zagotavljanje dostopnejše udeležbe v turizmu za ranljive skupine, ki so iz različnih razlogov za to prikrajšane. Okrevanje, ko gre za področje duševnega zdravja, je dolgotrajen proces, socialni turizem pa lahko prispeva k večji samostojnosti in h krepitvi moči uporabnikov, k spremembi načina življenja in njihovi osebnostni rasti. The concept of social tourism is about making participation in tourism more accessible to vulnerable groups who have been deprived of it for various reasons. When it comes to mental health, recovery is a lengthy process and social tourism can help service users to become more independent and stronger, to change their lifestyle, and to achieve personal growth.

Introduction: Quality of life is an important dimension of the lives of patients with multiple sclerosis, which is influenced by several factors. The purpose of the present study is to identify the impact of neurological impairment on the physical and mental health-related quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis aged between 50 and 59 years, and over 60.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 130 patients with multiple sclerosis, aged between 50 and 73 years. They were assessed with the Expanded Disability Status Scale, Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (Physical and Mental Health Composite Score) and a self-designed questionnaire on the characteristics of multiple sclerosis patients. Descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Linear regression analysis were used.Results: Neurological impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis aged between 50 and 59 years has an impact on the physical health-related quality of life (R² = 0.251, p < 0.001), and on the physical (R² = 0.250, p < 0.001) and mental (R² = 0.063, p = 0.044) health-related quality of life in patients aged between 60 and 73 years.Discussion and conclusion: After the age of 60, the impact of neurological disability extends from the physical part to the mental part of the multiple sclerosis patient's life. In order to maintain their quality of life, the physical health of patients with neurological disability between the ages of 50 and 59 should be monitored, while in patients aged between 60 and 73, their physical and mental health should be monitored.

Uvod: Akutna psihoza je duševna motnja, ki zahteva takojšnjo zdravstveno obravnavo oziroma hospitalizacijo. Kadar je pacient agitiran, avto- ali heteroagresiven, je potrebno takojšnje ukrepanje. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je preučiti področje zagotavljanja varnosti pacienta z akutno psihozo z vidika aktivnosti zdravstvene nege. Izpostaviti smo želeli pomembnost vloge medicinske sestre pri zdravljenju in zagotavljanju varnosti pacienta z akutno psihozo na oddelku pod posebnim nadzorom. Metoda dela: V diplomskem delu bo uporabljena deskriptivna metoda s pregledom domače in tuje znanstvene ter strokovne literature o akutni psihozi in obravnavi pacienta z akutno psihozo in varovalnimi ukrepi, objavljene od leta 2010 dalje. Pregled strokovne in znanstvene literature v angleškem jeziku je bil opravljen v podatkovnih bazah Science Direct, CINAHL, Medline ter iskalnikom Pubmed in na spletnih portalih Google učenjak in DiKul. V bazah je bila literatura iskana v slovenščini in angleščini s pomočjo ključnih besed: psychosis, acute psychosis, mental illness, safety measures, AND security measures, agression, acute psychosis AND agression, agitation, acute psychosis AND agitation, psychiatry AND security measures, treatment of the patient AND acute psychosis, therapeutic conversation psihoza, akutna psihoza, duševne bolezni, varnostni ukrepi, akutna psihoza IN varnostni ukrepi, agresija, akutna psihoza IN agresija, vznemirjenost, akutna psihoza IN vznemirjenost, psihiatrija IN varnostni ukrepi, zdravljenje pacienta IN akutna psihoza, terapevtski pogovor. Rezultati: Izvajalci zdravstvene nege imajo pomembno vlogo pri zagotavljanju varnega okolja ter dobrega počutja pacienta, ki ima duševno motnjo, kot je akutna psihoza. Dobro terapevtsko okolje in komunikacija pripomorejo k boljšemu izidu zdravljenja. Uporaba deeskalacijskih tehnik, nadzor in izvajanje posebnih varovalnih ukrepov so del zdravljenja, ki so pomembni za varnost pacienta. Razprava in sklep: Zagotavljanje varnosti pacienta, pri katerem gre za samopoškodovanje ali poškodovanje drugega je primarna naloga izvajalcev zdravstvene nege. Medsebojna komunikacija je temelj dobrega odnosa, da pacient pridobi zaupanje. Varnost ter uporaba različnih metod varovanja so naloge, ki se jih da priučiti samo s stalnim izobraževanjem. Akutna duševna motnja zahteva kompleksno obravnavo v psihiatrični zdravstveni negi in naj bi temeljila na dobri izkušnji za pacienta in njegov najboljši izid zdravljenja. Introduction: Acute psychosis is a mental disorder that requires immediate medical treatment or hospitalization. When a patient is agitated, auto, or heteroaggressive, immediate action is required. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the field of ensuring the safety of patients with acute psychosis in terms of nursing activities. We wanted to highlight the importance of the role of a nurse in the treatment and safety of a patient with acute psychosis in a ward under special supervision. Methods: In the diploma thesis we will use a descriptive method with a review of domestic and foreign scientific and professional literature on acute psychosis and treatment of patients with acute psychosis and protective measures, published from 2010 onwards. The review of professional and scientific literature in English was performed in the databases Science Direct, CINAHL, Medline and the Pubmed search engine, as well as on the web portals Google Scholar and DiKul. In the databases, the literature was searched in Slovene and English with the help of key words: psychosis, acute psychosis, mental illness, safety measures, AND security measures, aggression, acute psychosis AND aggression, agitation, acute psychosis AND agitation, psychiatry AND security measures, treatment of the patient AND acute psychosis, therapeutic conversation psychosis, akutna psihoza, duševne bolezni, varnostni ukrepi, akutna psihoza AND varnostni ukrepi, agresija, akutna psihoza AND agresija, vznemirjenost, akutna psihoza AND vznemirjenost, psihiatrija AND varnostni ukrepi, zdravljenje pacienta AND akutna psihoza, terapevtski pogovor. Results: Nursing providers play an important role in ensuring a safe environment and well-being of a patient with a mental disorder such as acute psychosis. A good therapeutic environment and communication contribute to a better treatment outcome. The use of de-escalation techniques, control and implementation of special protective measures are part of the treatment that are important for patient safety. Discussion and conclusion: Ensuring the safety of the patient, which is a harm to self or others is the primary task of nursing. Communicating with each other, so the patient gains trust, is the foundation of a good relationship. Security and the use of different security methods are tasks that can only be learned through continuing education. Acute mental disorder requires complex treatment in psychiatric nursing and should be based on good experience for the patient and his or her best treatment outcome.

Background: Many studies demonstrated the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and diminished health functioning in adulthood. A growing literature has shown that positive childhood experiences (PCEs) co-occurring with ACEs reduce the risks for negative outcomes. Objective: The aim was to investigate how ACEs and PCEs are simultaneously associated with health outcomes in adulthood, including self-rated health, physical and mental health outcomes, and health-risk behaviours. Methods: A panel sample of 4,847 Slovenian adults was used and the data were weighted to closely resemble the Slovenian population. A series of logistic regression analyses were performed to examine how ACEs and PCEs predict the risk of various health outcomes. Results: Significant associations, as measured by adjusted odds ratios, were found between higher ACEs exposure and each of the 16 health outcomes evaluated. Adjusting for above median PCEs attenuated the association between ACEs and 6 health outcomes (poor self-rated physical and mental health, depression, anxiety, suicide attempt, physical inactivity; OR for ≥ 4 vs. 0 ACEs, 1.48–9.34). Mirroring these findings, above median PCEs were associated with lowered odds of these 6 health outcomes after adjusting for ACEs (OR for above vs. below median PCEs, 0.46–0.67), but not with odds of physical health outcomes and most of the health-risk behaviours. Stratified analyses by ACEs exposure level showed that the association between PCEs and self-rated health remained stable across ACEs exposure levels, while the association between PCEs and mental health outcomes and physical inactivity varied across ACEs exposure levels. Conclusions: Our results suggest that above median PCEs attenuate the association between ACEs and poor self-rated health, mental health problems, and physical inactivity in later life, and are negatively associated with these health problems even in the concurrent presence of ACEs. Interventions to promote PCEs can help to reduce unfavourable long-term health outcomes following childhood adversity., HIGHLIGHTS ACEs were associated with various health problems evaluated in this study. After controlling for ACEs, PCEs were associated with self-rated physical and mental health, depression, anxiety, suicidal attempt, and physical inactivity. Interventions that address PCEs should be promoted.