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Research on medical interactions shows how the discursive construction of the clinical case impacts diagnostic reasoning and treatment recommendations. Drawing on an ethnographic study in an intensive care unit, we illustrate how this process is at play in a ward that adopts an extreme, guideline-divergent policy as to the use of antibiotics. The article focuses on how physicians assemble the case as 'treatable' or 'not yet treatable', and how in doing so they 'talk into being' two contrastive policies on antibiotics and position themselves toward the one adopted in the ward. The analysis identifies the discursive resources displayed by physicians to both project an infectious disease diagnosis and resist this treatment-implicative trajectory. We argue that the physicians' contentious discursive construction of the case has crucial consequences in the way the ward's extreme policy is jointly accomplished as a highly reflexive process sensitive to the contingencies of any particular case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We develop and evaluate a methodological approach to measure the degree and nature of overlap in handoff communication content within and across clinical professions. This extensible, exploratory approach relies on combining techniques from conversational analysis and distributional semantics.Materials and Methods: We audio-recorded handoff communication of residents and nurses on the General Medicine floor of a large academic hospital (n=120 resident and n=120 nurse handoffs). We measured semantic similarity, a proxy for content overlap, between resident-resident and nurse-nurse communication using multiple steps: a qualitative conversational content analysis; an automated semantic similarity analysis using Reflective Random Indexing (RRI); and comparing semantic similarity generated by RRI analysis with human ratings of semantic similarity.Results: There was significant association between the semantic similarity as computed by the RRI method and human rating (ρ=0.88). Based on the semantic similarity scores, content overlap was relatively higher for content related to patient active problems, assessment of active problems, patient-identifying information, past medical history, and medications/treatments. In contrast, content overlap was limited on content related to allergies, family-related information, code status, and anticipatory guidance.Conclusions: Our approach using RRI analysis provides new opportunities for characterizing the nature and degree of overlap in handoff communication. Although exploratory, this method provides a basis for identifying content that can be used for determining shared understanding across clinical professions. Additionally, this approach can inform the development of flexibly standardized handoff tools that reflect clinical content that are most appropriate for fostering shared understanding during transitions of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we propose to mobilize a communicative constitutive approach to analyze sessions that took place in the context of online suicide prevention chats in France. By analyzing the detail of a specific excerpt, we propose, more precisely, to draw a portrait of various figures that appear to express themselves in what could be called online help in action (see also Bartesaghi, 2014). Beyond the various psychotherapeutic approaches that are supposed to inform what volunteers are saying and doing, our goal is to start with their practices to determine the figures that they implicitly or explicitly stage in their turns of talk to help out the callers. By analyzing the relational aspects of these conversations, we thus show that these sessions can be compared to a form of modern exorcism, where the callers' distress, uneasiness or suffering is meant to pass in and through the conversations. It is the conditions of these passages that we are exploring, especially regarding the tensions that they generate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of Hate Speech on online platforms is a severe issue for societies and requires the identification of offensive content by platforms. Research has modeled Hate Speech recognition as a text classification problem that predicts the class of a message based on the text of the message only. However, context plays a huge role in communication. In particular, for short messages, the text of the preceding tweets can completely change the interpretation of a message within a discourse. This work extends previous efforts to classify Hate Speech by considering the current and previous tweets jointly. In particular, we introduce a clearly defined way of extracting context. We present the development of the first dataset for conversational-based Hate Speech classification with an approach for collecting context from long conversations for code-mixed Hindi (ICHCL dataset). Overall, our benchmark experiments show that the inclusion of context can improve classification performance over a baseline. Furthermore, we develop a novel processing pipeline for processing the context. The best-performing pipeline uses a fine-tuned SentBERT paired with an LSTM as a classifier. This pipeline achieves a macro F1 score of 0.892 on the ICHCL test dataset. Another KNN, SentBERT, and ABC weighting-based pipeline yields an F1 Macro of 0.807, which gives the best results among traditional classifiers. So even a KNN model gives better results with an optimized BERT than a vanilla BERT model. • Formulate Hate speech detection problem on social media conversational Dialogue. • Develop a code-mixed English–Hindi dataset with a well-defined context. • Proposes context representation scheme for conversational dialogue. • Benchmarked proposed ICHCL dataset on state-of-art classifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our case study of charismatic celebrity comedian Russell Brand’s turn to political activism uses Bourdieu’s field theory to understand the process of celebrity migration across social fields. We investigate how Brand’s capital as a celebrity performer, storyteller and self-publicist translated from comedy to politics. To judge how this worked in practice, we analysed the comedic strategies used in his stand-up show Messiah Complex and undertook a conversational analysis of his notorious interview with Jeremy Paxman on the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)’s flagship current affairs programme Newsnight. We argue that Brand was able to secure political legitimacy by creatively constituting himself as an authentic anti-austerity spokesperson for the disenfranchised left in United Kingdom. In order to do so, he repurposed his celebrity capital to political ends and successfully deployed the cultural and social capitals he had developed as a celebrity comedian to secure widespread engagement with his media performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a methodology to analyze and visualize streams of Social Media messages and apply it to a case in which Twitter is used as a backchannel, i.e. as a communication medium through which participants follow an event in the real world as it unfolds. Unlike other methods based on social networks or theories of information diffusion, we do not assume proximity or a pre-existing social structure to model content generation and diffusion by distributed users; instead we refer to concepts and theories from discourse psychology and conversational analysis to track online interaction and discover how people collectively make sense of novel events through micro-blogging. In particular, the proposed methodology extracts concept maps from twitter streams and uses a mix of sentiment and topological metrics computed over the extracted concept maps to build visual devices and display the conversational flow represented as a trajectory through time of automatically extracted topics. We evaluated the proposed method through data collected from the analysis of Twitter users’ reactions to the March 2015 Apple Keynote during which the company announced the official launch of several new products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in decision-making of ten-year old children under the influence of peer interaction. We tried to determine whether there were differences in the decision-making process when children made their decisions in a group, as opposed to the situation when they decided individually. In the first phase of the study (which included individual decision-making), 139 fourth-graders were tested. Based on their responses we formed 10 triads in the experimental group. The control group consisted of 31 children with the response structure equivalent to the initial response structure in the experimental group. In the second phase, children in the control group once again decided individually, while children in the experimental group made a group decision. We found that subjects in the control group retained their previous decisions, while children in the experimental group changed their initial decisions under the influence of peers, so that their decisions became less risky. This finding may be ascribed to the context in which the research was conducted (school), but also to the content of the task used. Qualitative analysis of social interaction enabled us to understand the dynamics of group decision-making. We found several mechanisms that explain how children change their initial decision in the triad (reference to the opinion of the authority, conversational passivity, majority rule, etc.), and how they retain their decision (conversational activity and argumentation).

The aim of this paper is to deal with the notion of repair reformulations (fr. reformulations réparatrices) investigated mainly by the conversational analysis researchers but adapted here to the situation of conference interpreting. The author analyses a couple of examples of repairs which appear in the texte produced by the speaker as well as those relevant for the interpreter’s delivery.

This article discusses the role context plays in the development of any oral interaction. It is, thus, in light of the Interactional Sociolinguistic area that I analyze a cartoon of a son-father dialogue to uncover the implicit meanings derived from contextualinformation. The analysis showed that, although the context of situation itself might determine the verbal and nonverbal interlocutors’ choices, such interlocutors can also (re)create the context to fulfill their communicative intentions.Este artigo discute o papel do contexto no desenvolvimento de qualquer interação oral. É, portanto, à luz da área Sociolinguística Interacional, que analiso um cartoon de um diálogo entre um pai e um filho no intuito de desvelar significados implícitos derivados deinformações contextuais. A análise mostrou que, embora o contexto da situação possa determinar as escolhas verbais e não-verbais dos interlocutores, tais participantes podem também (re)criar o contexto a fim de cumprir suas intenções comunicativas.

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche concernant l’interaction à travers des échanges par courrier électronique (CÉ). On tente de démontrer que la correspondance électronique, une nouvelle forme de communication hybride, constituée par des lettres dialogales, présent les caractéristiques d’une interaction. Suivant les principes de la linguistique interactionnelle par le biais de l’analyse conversationnelle, on arrive à retrouver dans ces échanges le fonctionnement des influences mutuelles permettant la construction en commun d’un texte dialogué, en différé et sous forme écrite, mais aussi à repérer les phénomènes susceptibles de mener l’étudiant à s’approprier la langue étrangère : en l'occurrence le français.

We advocate the utility of considering the ordinary interactions of career counseling as an activity which needs to be analysed in reference to theories of the activity, to situated action and to conversational analysis. Our position may be summarized as follows: 1) counselling is always improvised to some extent (micro-improvisations); 2) this has to be the case, due to the properties of the situation, namely the asymmetry of the relationship between the consultant and the counsellor, the former being asked to provide the "materials" upon which the latter interactionally performs his/her professional acts; 3) so whilst they both have to improvise, they do so in different ways, because their respective uncertainties have different sources: the consultant never knows exactly what he/she is supposed to say in a given situation and the counsellor never knows what effects his/her interventions will have; 4) the success of a vocational counselling interview therefore depends on the degree of adjustment the partners will be able to reach in a joint process seen as a "dialogical improvisation". We will then focus on the vocational counselling activity as a joint process in which takes place during the course of situated interactions, with the objective of gaining a better understanding of the pragmatic processes involved in the monitoring of the interaction progress. Empirical data will be taken into account through the analysis of a certain number of excerpts from a corpus of interviews carried out by young vocational counsellors.

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This paper studies a type of question-answer sequences which accomplish what can be considered as a delicate activity due to its projected sequential development. In contrast with other formats of question-answer sequences with different functions (i.e. eliciting information, checking the questionee's knowledge, etc.), here the studied format seems to count on the questionee's lack of knowledge, consequently projecting the questioner's own answer. This hypothesis is examined through a detailed analysis of video-recorded guided tours in French and Italian. The paper describes the different sequence trajectories occurring after the guide's question, and the difficulties both participants may find in dealing with the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigate the role of pronoun use in people’s perceptions of relationship interaction quality, especially when partners experience worry. Method: Couples (N = 115) rated their anxiety and interaction quality and participated in a 15-minute problem-solving discussion. Results:Me-focus by actors and You-focus by actors and partners reliably correlated with perceived interaction quality. As well, a person’s own, but not his or her partner’s, worry moderated the association between pronoun use and perceived interaction quality. Pronoun use (actor You- and partner Me-focus) and perceived interaction quality were especially strongly associated for people with relatively lower levels of worry. A principal component analyses uncovered two underlying factors for pronouns: self-focus and other-focus. Actor–partner analyses using underlying factors corroborated the results for individual pronouns. Discussion: These results support previous findings that specific pronouns are related to worse outcomes, and this association may be a function of how worried partners are. Worry may contribute to interpersonal difficulties by overriding otherwise salient interpersonal cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective communication during nurse handoffs is instrumental in ensuring safe and quality patient care. Much of the prior research on nurse handoffs has utilized retrospective methods such as interviews, surveys and questionnaires. While extremely useful, an in-depth understanding of the structure and content of conversations, and the inherent relationships within the content is paramount to designing effective nurse handoff interventions. In this paper, we present a methodological framework-Sequential Conversational Analysis (SCA)-a mixed-method approach that integrates qualitative conversational analysis with quantitative sequential pattern analysis. We describe the SCA approach and provide a detailed example as a proof of concept of its use for the analysis of nurse handoff communication in a medical intensive care unit. This novel approach allows us to characterize the conversational structure, clinical content, disruptions in the conversation, and the inherently phasic nature of nurse handoff communication. The characterization of communication patterns highlights the relationships underlying the verbal content of nurse handoffs with specific emphasis on: the interactive nature of conversation, relevance of role-based (incoming, outgoing) communication requirements, clinical content focus on critical patient-related events, and discussion of pending patient management tasks. We also discuss the applicability of the SCA approach as a method for providing in-depth understanding of the dynamics of communication in other settings and domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Miedzy Oryginalem a Przekladem is the property of Ksiegarnia Akademicka Sp. zo.o and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A meeting is a planned communicative event where the participants' role is to achieve the discussed objectives. Business English (BE) is often used as the lingua franca for meetings. Studies on BE are becoming a growing interest but there are still limited readily available studies on business meetings, especially on those in the Malaysian context, and even fewer that describe rapport management in meetings. In a meeting, rapport is established when there is a shift in formality in the management of face, sociality rights and interactional goals. This may be the result of the display of the chairperson's power. BE, on the other hand, is used to achieve the communicative purposes that help to promote rapport. By reviewing past studies, this paper explores how the chairperson in local and other cultures establishes rapport through the use of politeness and other communicative strategies in conversational turn-taking. Conversational Analysis (CA) has been used widely to analyse audio and video recordings of meetings as it provides for microanalysis of such turn-taking. Past studies have shown that politeness, small talk, humour and the use of non-verbal expressions are elements of rapport management displayed by the chairperson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, only a handful of studies have investigated the interlocutor effects on peer-peer test discourse, and they focus almost exclusively on the paired format in the Cambridge speaking tests, which is mostly a discussion type collaborative task. In the oral English test administered by a Chinese university under the present study, role-play is a major test type. This study chose for analysis three out of over 100 video recordings of test takers participating in roleplay- based interaction. The author adopted conversation analysis (CA) and Young's (2000) constructivist, practice-oriented view of interaction and competence to assist the interpretation of speech exchange throughout the interaction. It is evident from the data that learners make use of various interactional resources and employ different strategies in the assessmentbased role play. It could be tentatively concluded from the conversation analysis of the paired interaction that the interaction framework together with the participants' strategic competence in negotiating their own interactional resources, to a great extent, determines their joint performance of the collaborative task. The configuration of pairing in terms of proficiency is found to have an impact on joint interaction performance and strategic use. The implications of the current study include: interactional competence could be more readily accessed via role play than discussion type of pair work; qualitative conversation analysis of test takers' actual practices can reveal what quantitative methods are unable to detect, and therefore is an indispensable complement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this contribution is to present a methodological framework to study Networked Flow, a bio-psycho-social theory of collective creativity applying it on creative processes occurring via a computer network. First, we draw on the definition of Networked Flow to identify the key methodological requirements of this model. Next, we present the rationale of a mixed methodology, which aims at combining qualitative, quantitative and structural analysis of group dynamics to obtain a rich longitudinal dataset. We argue that this integrated strategy holds potential for describing the complex dynamics of creative collaboration, by linking the experiential features of collaborative experience (flow, social presence), with the structural features of collaboration dynamics (network indexes) and the collaboration outcome (the creative product). Finally, we report on our experience with using this methodology in blended collaboration settings (including both face-to-face and virtual meetings), to identify open issues and provide future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a functional account of directives in spontaneous conversations in Spanish. More specifically, we address the use of imperatives and free-standing que-clauses with a directive meaning in interactions among equals. We start our analysis from Searle's Speech Act Theory. The purpose of this paper is to clarify how imperatives and free-standing que-clauses with subjunctive mood function in terms of the range of speech acts and degree of prototypicality within the category of directives. In order to do so, we describe the functional range of both constructions and the syntactic differences among them. It is argued that que-clauses are displaced directives, expressing atypical directivity. We also posit a functional division of labor between prototypical imperatives and free-standing que-clauses with subjunctive mood. The study is based on the analysis of 57 conversations among adolescents from Buenos Aires and Santiago de Chile (COLA corpus). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Social signals are integral to conversational interaction and constitute a large part of the social dynamics of multiparty communication. Moreover, social signals may also have a function in discourse structure. We focus on laughter, exploring the extent to which laughter can be shown to signal the structural unfolding of conversation and whether laughter may be used in the signaling of topic changes. Recent research supports this hypothesis. We investigate the relation between laughter and topic changes from two different points of view (temporal distribution and content distribution) as visible in the TableTalk corpus and also in the AMI corpus. Consistent results emerge from studies of these two corpora. Laughter is less likely very soon after a topic change than it is before a topic change. In both studies, we find solo laughter significantly more frequent in times of topic transition than in times of topic continuity. This contradicts previous research about the social dynamics of shared versus solo laughter considering solo laughs as signals of topic continuation. We conclude that laughter has quantifiable discourse functionality concomitant with social signaling capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]