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The development of Russia’s foreign economic potential in the current conditions of globalization is inextricably linked with the assessment of the prospects for implementing the country’s transport and infrastructure potential. The importance of transport in the conditions of increasing instability of the world economy is a factor in the sustainability of the national economy. Implementing a cluster approach to the development of an efficient and modern transport and logistics infrastructure will help to accelerate the movement of goods and reduce costs in international trade, as well as the consistent integration of the country’s transport system into the global network of international transport corridors. Hence, the Trans-Siberian Railway occupies a leading place in the Russian state policy on the formation of international transport corridors of latitudinal striking. The Trans-Siberian Railway’s ability to provide international transit container transportation as an alternative to the traditional sea route is being considered. In this regard, consideration of the prospects for integrating the projects of international transport corridors with the participation of the Trans-Siberian Railway is most relevant. This article discusses both economic, technological and political factors that influence the potential effectiveness of this project. The prospect for the development and integration of the Trans-Siberian Railway with the Trans-Korean Railway leads to the creation of an effective transport corridor for the foreign trade of the countries of Southeast Asia and Europe, primarily the Republic of Korea with the EU countries, as well as with Russia. Analysis of the foreign trade turnover of these participants of economic cooperation shows the perspective of dynamics and the huge potential of foreign trade. Attention is focused, on the one hand, on the competitive advantages of the Trans-Siberian Railway, including an increase in throughput capacity, which is largely due to the use of the polygon management model.

The article studies the current stage of logistics development in Ukraine, which is largely an agricultural country, characterized by complex socio-economic processes of creating an efficient market economy, which naturally requires the improvement of logistics processes in the agricultural sector, as this industry is the basis for market transformation spheres of Ukraine’s economy.The problems of the agricultural sector, which have deviations in the management system of the enterprise and the logistics process, which accumulate and lead to inefficient activities of the enterprise are substantiated.The current state of the grain market in Ukraine is analyzed as well as the prospects for its development, the export potential of the market is characterized and the transport used for export transportation of products is studied, the main problems and shortcomings of the transportation process are identified, and the economic efficiency of grain transportation containers is assessed.It was found that the level of grain export from Ukraine tends to increase. In recent years, Ukraine has ranked third among the main suppliers of agricultural products in terms of exports. This once again confirms that Ukraine has a great potential and should develop the agricultural sector and increase exports.As for the modes of transport that transport grain, it is sea, road, rail and river. According to statistics, the volume of traffic is growing every year, but the transport system is not perfect and, today, farmers have many obstacles on the path. The ways to increase the efficiency of grain transportation by rail through the feasibility of transporting grain over long distances by rail have been studied. To increase the efficiency of freight transportation, it is necessary to modernize rail, river and road transport in accordance with European requirements. These measures will significantly increase the capacity of roads and the volume of exported grain. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate all shortcomings as soon as possible and work on improving the logistics system, as it is of great importance.A system of multimodal grain transportation in Ukraine is proposed, whereas this can increase the efficiency of export logistics, reduce the cost of Ukrainian grain by cutting logistics costs and at the same time increase its competitiveness in foreign markets and foreign exchange earnings to the state budget., В статье исследован современный этап развития логистики в Украине, которая в значительной степени является аграрной страной, что характе­ризуется сложными социально-экономическими процессами создания эффективно дейс­твующей рыночной экономики, закономерно требует совершенствования логистических процессов аграрного сектора, поскольку именно эта отрасль является базовой для осуществления рыночных преобразований во всех сферах экономики.Обосновано проблематику работы аграрного сектора, имеющего отклонения в системе управления предприятием и логистическим процессом, которые накапливаются и приводят к неэффективной деятельности предприятия. Ведь в основе любого процесса лежит логистика. Производство, поставка, сбыт – все это логистические процессы.Проанализировано современное состояние зернового рынка в Украине и перспективы его развития, охарактеризован экспортный потенциал рынка и исследован транспорт, которым осуществляются экспортные перевозки продукции, определены основные проблемы и недостатки перевозочного процесса, а также осуществлена оценка экономической эффективности использования контейнеров для перевозки зерновых культур.Выявлено, что уровень экспорта зерновых культур из Украины имеет тенденцию к увеличению. За последние годы Украина по объемам экспортируемой продукции заняла третье место среди главных поставщиков агропродовольственной продукции. Это еще раз подтверждает то, что Украина имеет достаточно большой потенциал и должна развивать аграрную сферу и увеличивать объемы экспорта.По поводу видов транспорта, которым осуществляется перевозка зерновых грузов, то это морской, автомобильный, железнодорожный и речной. Согласно статистическим данням, ежегодно объемы перевозок растут, однако транспортная система не является совершенной и сегодня аграрии имеют достаточно много преград на своем пути. Ис­следованы пути повышения эффективности перевозок зерновых грузов железнодо­рож­ным транспортом через целесообразность транспортировки зерновых грузов на дальние дистанции именно по железной дороге. Для повышения эффективности транспортировки грузов необходимость модернизировать железнодорожный, речной и автомобильный транспорт в соответствии с европейскими требованиями. Эти меры позволят значи­тельно повысить пропускную способность путей сообщения и увеличить объемы экспор­тируемого зерна. Поэтому необходимо как можно скорее устранить все недостатки и работать над усовершенствованием логистической системы, поскольку это имеет большое значение.Предложена система мультимодальных перевозок зерна в Украине, поскольку благодаря этому можно повысить эффективность логистики экспорта, уменьшить себестоимость украинского зерна за счет уменьшения логистических затрат и заодно увеличить его конкурентоспособность на внешних рынках и валютные поступления в государственный бюджет., У статті досліджено сучасний етап розвитку логістики в Україні, яка значною мірою є аграрною країною, характеризується складними соціально-економічними процесами створення ефективно дієвої ринкової економіки, що закономірно потребує вдосконалення логістичних процесів аграрного сектору, оскільки саме ця галузь є базовою для здійснення ринкових перетворень в усіх сферах економіки України.Обґрунтовано проблематику роботи аграрного сектору що має відхилення в системі управління підприємством та логістичним процесом, які накопичуються та призводять до неефективної діяльності підприємства. Адже в основі будь-якого процесу є логістика. Виробництво, постачання, збуту – все це логістичні процеси. Проаналізовано сучасний стан зернового ринку в Україні та перспективи його розвитку, охарактеризовано експортний потенціал ринку та досліджено транспорт, яким здійснюються експортні перевезення продукції, визначено основні проблеми та недоліки перевізного процесу, а також здійснено оцінювання економічної ефективності використання контейнерів для перевезення зернових культур.Виявлено, що рівень експорту зернових культур з України має тенденцію до збільшення. За останні роки Україна за об’ємами експортованої продукції посіла третє місце серед головних постачальників агропродовольчої продукції. Це ще раз підтверджує те, що Україна має досить великий потенціал і повинна розвивати аграрну сферу та збільшувати обсяги експорту.Щодо видів транспорту, якими здійснюється перевезення зернових вантажів, то це морський, автомобільний, залізничний та річковий. Відповідно до статистичних даних що­року обсяги перевезень зростають, проте транспортна система не є досконалою і, сьогодні, аграрії мають досить багато перепон на своєму шляху. Досліджено шляхи підвищення ефективності перевезень зернових вантажів залізничним транспортом через доцільність транспортування зернових вантажів на далекі дистанції саме залізницею. Для підвищення ефективності транспортування вантажів є необхідність модернізувати залізничний, річковий та автомобільний транспорт відповідно до європейських вимог. Ці заходи дозволять значно підвищити пропускну спроможність шляхів сполучення та збільшити обсяги експортованого зерна, тому необхідно якомога скоріше усунути всі недоліки та працювати над удосконаленням логістичної системи, оскільки це має не аби яке значення.Запропоновано систему мультимодальних перевезень зерна в Україні, оскільки завдяки цьому можна підвищити ефективність логістики експорту, зменшити собівартість українського зерна за рахунок зменшення логістичних витрат і заразом збільшити його конкурентоспроможність на зовнішніх ринках та валютні надходження до державного бюджету.

Pirmoje darbo dalyje buvo nagrinėjama krovinių klasifikacija, transporto priemonės, maršrutų sudarymo metodika, vairuotojų darbo ir poilsio režimas, krovinio tvirtinimas, mišrus transportas bei savikainos skaičiavimo metodika. Antroje darbo dalyje buvo išanalizuotas vežamas krovinys – buitiniai šaldytuvai, jų klasifikacija. Šaldytuvų įpakavimas ir pakuočių markiravimas. Trečioje darbo dalyje analizuotas transporto junginys, skaičiuotas krovos frontas, apskaičiuota savikaina ir palygintas alternatyvus krovinio gabenimas su kelių transportu., The first part of the work examined the classification of cargo, vehicles, routing methodology, drivers' work and rest regime, cargo securing, intermodal transport and costing methodology. In the second part of the work, the transported cargo - household refrigerators, their classification was analyzed. Refrigerator packaging and packaging marking. In the third part of the work the transport combination is analyzed, the loading front is calculated, the cost price is calculated and the alternative cargo transportation with road transport is compared.

Inland shipping in the Yangtze River in China has become very prosperous, making feeder scheduling and container transportation increasingly difficult for feeder operators. This research analyzed the decision-making of container transportation businesses in feeder companies operating between Shanghai Port and inland ports along the Yangtze River in China. The research considered the complexity of the natural conditions and water channels, including the draught limitations and the height of the bridges over the river. To analyze ways to increase the effectiveness of shipping containers from Shanghai Port into inland river ports along the Yangtze River, we built a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model to minimize the total operating cost and determine the most effective departure time of each feeder. After linearizing the model, we designed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to increase solution efficiency and introduced a taboo list and aspiration criterion of a Taboo Search (TS) algorithm to improve the PSO algorithm. Finally, we verified the accuracy of the model and the efficiency of the algorithms using numerical experiments. The research provides theoretical guidance for feeder operators and inland river shipping companies.

Todays globalization would be impossible without modern cost-effective merchant ships crossing the seas. World trade was 17 times as high at the end of the 20th century as it was 50 years previously. A shipping industry that has steadily lowered its costs has been a prerequisite of this development and there are no signs that the world economy will rely any less heavily on sea transport in the future. The current decade has witnessed a remarkable growth in container transportation and vessel sizes India is the 20th largest maritime country in the world. Its strategic location of a long coastline that flanks important global shipping routes makes it a major maritime nation. The maritime sector in India comprises of ports shipping shipbuilding and ship repair as well as inland water transport systems. About 95 of the countrys trade by volume and 70 by value is moved through maritime transport.Among the problems to be solved there are the spatial allocation of containers on the terminal yard optimization of shipping routes allocation of ships to berths and cranes allocation of cargo to ships scheduling priorities and operations in order to maximize performances based on some economic indicators. During the evaluation of the identified studies it becomes clear that the existing literature can be further subdivided into analytical simulation and combined approaches. The majority of the papers 212 out of 243 or 87 adopted analytical approaches that exclusively apply optimization algorithms to optimize container terminal operations. However in order to optimize the entire container terminal operations the use of this approach to simultaneously deal with different types of problems is difficult although not impossible especially in regard to stand-alone components. This is a major limitation of the widely used analytical approaches in traditional literature.

Containerisation of freight transport significantly facilitates the flow of traded goods between remote destinations. The most important container transport routes link Asia with North America and Europe. The seasonality and imbalance of trade are the main factors giving rise to problems related to empty container repositioning. The aim of this paper is to develop a concept of empty container supply chains and formulate prerequisites for its modelling in the search for the optimal solution with the help of linear programming and mixed integer programming methods. This paper indicates causes of the empty container relocation problem based on the literature analysis with a special focus on the Eurasian transportation route. Also, it provides a concept of empty container supply chain, prerequisites for its modelling and examples of container supply chains modelling presented in the literature. The main results of the paper include conceptualisation of an empty container supply chain and suggested modelling prerequisites. The paper contributes to research in the field of supply chain management and optimisation of transportation.

the researchers of the article discuss basic information on the TRANS-Siberian railway, variety of containers and their main advantages and disadvantages.

The cargo fare class mix (CFCM) problem aims to find the optimal fare class mix for a given intermodal transportation network based on known client demands. It is based on a revenue management problem for aviation passengers, the fare class mix problem, but considering intermodal cargo transportation, two major differences apply. Firstly, the CFCM’s premise is that long-term commitments to customers must be provided, such that a customer has a guaranteed daily capacity. Secondly, cargo may be rescheduled or rerouted, as long as the customer’s delivery due date is met. Our goal is to balance revenue maximisation and capacity utilisation by optimally combining two delivery service levels. Therefore, the optimisation problem is to select fare class limits at a tactical level up to which transportation demand will be accepted on a daily basis at the operational level. Any accepted demand that does not fit on the available network capacity during operation, must be transported by truck at increased expenses for the network operator. In this paper, we propose a faster method than the previously proposed solution method for a single corridor network and we provide proofs for the optimality of the result. Using this, we extend the problem to an intermodal network of multiple corridors. We provide numerical results for different settings, in which we compare the baseline of individual corridor optimums with the result of using rerouting. Finally, we apply the methods in a case study for an intermodal transportation network in North-West Europe.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been successfully applied in closed environments such as ports and industrial zones, while their operation in open areas has a long way to go. The current research is initiated to overcome this limitation by the introduction of platooning as a transfer mode. It investigates a container transportation problem between a port and an industrial area where the platform facilitates collaborative transportation. Both zones are appropriate for automated driving, whereas their connecting route is not. Different carriers are present at the port, and each transportation task can be done either by a truck or an AV. The platform not only operates as the interface between demand points and carriers but also provides a platooning service to move AVs through non-autonomous roads. It specifies the transportation schedules and service fees based on which the carriers will decide whether to use AVs or trucks for each transportation task. This is modeled as a Stackelberg competition, transformed into a conventional mixed-integer model, and solved to optimality. The approach enables demand and resource pooling between the port and industrial area. Numerical results show that the successful application of AVs highly depends on platoon formation costs and regulations.

Целью исследования является обоснование внедрения Ð¸Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ðº для компании ООО «СиЭмЭй СиДжиЭм Русь». Исследование выполнялось на базе компании ООО «СиЭмЭй СиДжиЭм Русь». Предмет исследования: оценка внедрения Ð¸Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ðº. Методы исследования: контентный и сравнительный анализ, прогнозирование, экспертное оценивание, обработка ÑÐºÑÐ¿ÐµÑ€Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ†ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ðº, сетевой метод выбора маршрута, сбор и обработка Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ , методы оценки эффективности проектов. Основные результаты исследования: - проведен анализ Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾-ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¹ компании ООО «СиЭмЭй СиДжиЭм Русь»; - выполнен анализ современного состояния рынка ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÐ¹Ð½ÐµÑ€Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ðº; - разработана концепция внедрения Ð¸Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ðº. Область применения результатов ВКРприменение результатов работы в деятельности компании-объекта и возможности масштабирования решения на Ñ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ . Научной новизной исследования является концепция по обоснованию внедрения Ð¸Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ðº в Ñ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ñ€Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ . Выводы. Задачи ВКРрешены, цель достигнута, определена область применения результатов. Полученные результаты обладают признаками научной новины. Обоснованы перспективы и направления дальнейшего исследования., The aim of the study is to substantiate the implementation of intermodal transportation for the company LLC “CMA CGM RUS”. The study was carried out on the basis of company LLC “CMA CGM RUS”. Research subject: assessment of the implementation of intermodal transportation. Research methods: content and comparative analysis, forecasting, expert evaluation, expert evaluation processing, chain route selection method, data collection and processing, methods for evaluating the effectiveness of projects The main results of the study: - analysing technical and economic indicators of the company LLC“CMA CGM RUS”; - analysing of the current state of the container transportation market; - development of the concept of substantiation of intermodal transport . Application field: application of the results of work in the activities of the object company and the ability to scale the solution at enterprises of the nuclear power industry. The scientific novelty of the study is the determination of a concept to justify the implementation of intermodal transport in transport companies. Conclusions: The tasks of the thesis are solved, the goal is achieved, and the scope of application of the results is determined. The results obtained show signs of scientific novelty. The directions of further research are defined.

The article discusses the main advantages of modern container transportation. The main problems hindering the development of container transportation by rail, the main vectors of development of container transportation in Russia are identified. The article reveals the main tasks for the development, safety and modernization of the existing terminal network for container processing, as well as the prospects for the introduction of innovative transport products in the railway infrastructure of the Russian Federation

Laem Chabang train station is subsidiary to container transportation office of The State Railway of Thailand. Its main objective is to provide services to container and oil trains of about 900 - 1000 container trains and 120 oil trains (inbound-outbound) each month. Its operation is divided into two main part: Laem Chabang station and Laem Chabang Port station operates 24 hours a day. This report does research on services of both stations. The services can be categorized into two types: container train service and oil train services which are different in their processes. This report analyze activity-based costing especially in the Laem Chabang train station's direct expense which is not include other organizations' expenses such as mechanical department, civil department or signaling department. Formerly, The State Railway of Thailand had not been calculating this kind of cost, the workgroup thus attempts to make activity-based costing of Laem Chabang train station to improve its service procedure and reduce its future cost. From calculation cost of service of Laem Chabang train station by applying activity-based costing, the cost of activity for each type of train is revealed. The cost of service for oil train is 1,575.85 baht per train, for container train entering zone B port is 809.61 bath per train and for container train entering zone C port is 811.76 bath per train. It is found that cost of service for oil train is the highest due to its lower client which is about one-eighth of container train; that is conforms to the law of demand and supply. In order to reduce cost, it can be considered to operate more oil trains or to decrease the number of labour related to oil train because most of the cost comes from labour salary (about 83%). Thus, optimization of labour can clearly lower overall cost.

Background. Complex, dynamic systems require flexible workforces with skills and attitudes responding to the dynamic work environment. Traditional, formal classroom-oriented learning approaches often do not sufficiently support the development of such skills and attitudes and do not provide situated learning activities. Aim and Method. We propose the concept of Microgames as an active, situated learning approach. A Microgame is a simulation game that can be played in a short time period and that starts from a specific problem in the organization defined by a problem owner. To illustrate the concept, we introduce a case study with a Microgame called Yard Crane Scheduler. Results. The study’s results indicate that the Microgame used in our study represented an engaging experiential experience. It was able to foster the awareness of the players for interdependent planning tasks. Due to its shortness, the game’s reality is somewhat limited. To compensate for this limitation, a structured debriefing phase enables players to exchange information on successful planning strategies, enhancing the learning experience by a social learning activity. Conclusions. Microgames are a novel approach towards situated, experiential learning. Its limitations, mainly caused by the constrained time for game play, have to be taken into account when defining learning goals. Despite this limitation, the Yard Crane Scheduler Microgame has been evaluated as an engaging and valid tool. Further research will investigate distinct design decisions and learning effects associated with the concept of Microgames.

In recent years, intermodal transport has become an increasingly attractive alternative to freight shippers. However, the current intermodal freight transport is not as efficient as it could be. Oftentimes an empty container needs to be transported from the empty container depot to the shipper, and conversely, an empty container needs to be transported from the receiver to the empty container depot. These empty container movements decrease the freight carrier&rsquo, s profit, as well as increase traffic congestion, decrease roadway safety, and add unnecessary emissions to the environment. To this end, our study evaluates a potential collaboration strategy to be used by carriers for domestic intermodal freight transport based on an optimization approach to reduce the number of empty container trips. A binary integer-linear programming model is developed to determine each freight carrier&rsquo, s optimal schedule while minimizing its operating cost. The model ensures lower cost for each of the carriers compared to its cost without collaboration. It also ensures that average savings from the collaboration are shared equally among all participating carriers. Additionally, two stochastic models are provided to account for uncertainty in truck travel times. The proposed collaboration strategy is tested using empirical data and is demonstrated to be effective in meeting all of the shipment constraints.

The continuously increasing container throughput has created complex operational problems for port operations and port-hinterland transportation. Increase in negative externalities such as air pollution and road congestion are examples of challenging issues. Consolidation of cargo/container flows may help to alleviate the situation by better utilizing the means of transport and containers. Using analytical models for three scenarios – only-trucking (no-consolidation), container consolidation and combined container/cargo consolidation – we discuss the conditions under which the consolidation of flows can be beneficial. The results imply that shipment distance and type of cargo are important factors that affect the performance of flow consolidation in port-hinterland logistics.

Konteyner taşımacılığı uluslararası ticarete ve tedarik zincirlerine önemli katkı yapmakta ve ihracatçılar ile ithalatçıların rekabetçi avantajında ciddi bir rol oynamaktadır. Ancak konteyner taşımacılığı pazarı çeşitli zorluklarla ve yapısal değişikliklerle karşı karşıyadırlar. Rekabet daha çetin olup konteyner hatlarının karlılıkları düşük seviyelerde seyretmektedir. Konteyner taşımacılığında pazarlama stratejileri öncesine göre daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Müşteri ihtiyaç ve isteklerini anlamak ve bunları etkili bir şekilde yönetmek çok önemlidir. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı konteyner taşımacılığında pazar bölümlemesini incelemek, fayda segmentlerini keşfetmek ve pratik uygulamaları dikkate alarak fayda segmentlerini tartışmaktır. Bu tezin ampirik kısmı iki ana araştırmadan oluşmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki, İzmir'de bulunan konteyner hatları ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapan nitel bir çalışmadır. Nitel çalışma, kullandıkları pazar bölümleme değişkenleri ve hedefledikleri amaçlar dahil olmak üzere konteyner hatlarının pazar bölümleme uygulamalarını ortaya koymuştur. Mülakatların bulgularına dayanarak teorik bir öncül (a-priori) pazar bölümleme modeli önerilmiştir.Nicel araştırma, sonsal (post-hoc) yaklaşımı benimseyerek konteyner taşımacılığındaki fayda segmentlerini keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ege Bölgesi'ndeki ihracatçılarla bir anket gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplam 356 cevap toplanmıştır. Araştırmada, öncelikle keşifsel ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleriyle konteyner hattı seçim kriterleri ölçeği geliştirilmiştir. Toplam beş seçim faktörü belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, faktör skorları kümeleme değişkenleri olarak kullanılarak kümeleme analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kümeleme analizi, toplam altı fayda segmenti ortaya çıkarmıştır: Zamana Duyarlı Maliyet Arayanlar, Pragmatik Hizmet Alıcılar, Acil-olmayan Maliyet Arayanlar, Katma Değerli Hizmet Alıcılar, İlişki Odaklılar ve Zaman Odaklılar.Araştırmada keşfedilen altı segment, konteyner hattı seçim kriterleri açısından anlamlı farklılıklar göstermektedirler. Segmentler, büyüklük, farklılaşabilme, eyleme geçirilebilme, ölçülebilme, ve erişebilme gibi etkin pazar bölümlendirme kriterlerini karşılamaktadır. Segmentlerin ayrıca ölçüt geçerliliği de kanıtlanmıştır. Segmentler ve tanımlayıcı değişkenler arasında istatistiksel önemli sayıda anlamlı ilişki elde edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına ilişkin ayrıntılı bir tartışma, ilgili bölümün sonunda sunulmuştur.Kalitatif ve kantitatif analizler üzerine, nitel araştırmada bulunan konteynır hatlarının pazar bölümleme temelleri, segmentler arasındaki seçim kriterlerinin farklı olup olmadığını anlamak için test edilmiştir. Böylelikle, İzmir'deki uygulamada konteyner hatlarının segmentasyon tabanlarının farklılaşabilir bölümler oluşturup oluşturmadığını görülmektedir. Sonuçlar, öncül segmentlerin seçim kriterleri açısından, başka deyişle konteyner yükleyicilerinin beklediği faydalar açısından, sonsal segmentler kadar ayrıştırıcı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu tez, sonsal yaklaşımı kullanan pazar bölümlemenin, konteyner taşımacılığı pazarındaki şirketler tarafından kullanılan önsel yaklaşımdan daha etkili olduğunu açıklamaktadır. Container shipping significantly contributes to the international trade and supply chain systems, and plays a key role in the competitive advantage of exporters and importers. However, container shipping market has been facing several challenges and structural changes. The competition is fiercer and the profitability levels of container lines have been very low. The marketing strategies have become more important compared to past in the market. Understanding the customer needs and wants, and manage their requirements effectively have become very critical. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate market segmentation in container shipping, explore the benefit segments, and discuss the benefit segments considering practical applications. The empirical part of this dissertation consists of two main researches. The first one is a qualitative study which conducts semi-structured interviews with container lines located in Izmir. The qualitative study has explored the practical segmentation application of container lines including the segmentation bases they use and the purposes they target. Based on the findings of the interviews, a theoretical a-priori segmentation model has been proposed.The quantitative research aims to find out the benefit segments in container shipping market adopting a post-hoc approach. A survey is conducted with exporters located in Aegean Region of Turkey and a total of 356 responses have been collected. In the research, first container line selection criteria measure is developed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. A total of five selection factors are ascertained. Then, cluster analysis is conducted by using factor scores as clustering variables. The cluster analysis has revealed a total of six benefit (post-hoc) segments in the market: Time-sensitive Cost Seekers, Pragmatic Service Buyers, Non-urgent Cost Seekers, Value-added Service Buyers, Relationship Seekers, and Time Seekers. The six segments are distinctive in terms of the selection criteria of shippers. The segments meet the criteria of effective market segmentation: Substantial, differentiable, actionable, measurable, and accessible. The segments also provide evidence for the criterion validity. Substantial number of statistically significant associations between the segments and descriptors are achieved. A detailed discussion of the results of this research is presented at the end of related section. Upon the qualitative and quantitative analysis, the segmentation bases of container lines explored in the qualitative research are tested to understand if selection criteria between the a-priori segments differ. In this way, we can see if the segmentation bases of container lines in practice in Izmir create segments that are differentiable. The results indicate that the a-priori segments are not as differentiable as the post-hoc segments in our quantitative research in terms of the selection criteria, or in other terms, benefits sought by container shippers. This dissertation claims that benefit segmentation using a post-hoc approach is more effective than a-priori approach used by companies in container shipping market. 259

Bu tez kapsamında, simülasyon ve optimizasyon yöntemleri kullanılarak konteyner operasyonları için kent limanların sorunlarının çözümlenebileceği ispatlanmıştır. ARENA yazılımı tabanlı Kesikli Olay Simülasyonu (DES) ile liman operasyonları modellenmiştir. DES modeli için konvansiyonel modelleme esaslı DES1 ve liman ile demiryolu bağlantılı kuru liman entegre modelleme esaslı DES2 alt modelleri geliştirilmiştir. DES1 modelinde konvansiyonel modelleme yapılmış ve limanın mevcut konumunda gelişmesi esas alınmıştır. Konteyner, gemi ve elleçleme ekipman istatistikleri olasılık dağılımlarıyla modellenmiştir. Konteynerlerin liman ve kuru limanda stoklanması için spesifik kurallar benimsenmiştir. DES2 modeli ile rıhtım optimizasyonu, liman-kuru liman stok sahalarının optimizasyonu ve demiryolu taşıma kapasitesinin entegrasyonu yapılmıştır. Rıhtımdaki ve stok sahalarındaki elleçleme ekipmanları ve farklı tren kapasiteleri dikkate alınarak hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Geliştirilen DES modelleri, bir kent limanı olan, liman operasyonları kaynaklı ağır araç trafiği ve kapasite artışı sorunları bulunan İzmir Alsancak limanına uygulanmıştır. Kuru liman olarak Manisa Organize Sanayi bölgesi seçilmiştir. Liman ile kuru liman arasında demiryolu taşımacılığı yapılmıştır. Çalışmada; elleçleme ekipmanı olarak rıhtımda Gantry Kreyn, stok sahalarında lastik tekerlekli saha vinci (RTG), konteyner forklifti ve Stradle Carrier ile dizel elektrikli ve elektrikli lokomotifler kullanılmıştır. 2018-2031 yıllarını kapsayan simülasyon çalışmaları yapılarak DES1 ve DES2 modellerinin kullanılması durumunda optimum rıhtım uzunlukları, optimum stok sahası büyüklükleri ve tren kapasiteleri yıllara göre hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçta; İzmir Alsancak limanı için DES1 ve DES2 model bulguları karşılaştırılmıştır. DES2 modeli aynı rıhtım boyuna karşılık daha küçük saha kapasitesi sunmuştur. Model ile liman genişleme sahasına gerek olmadığı, kamulaştırılması gereken alanların da yeşil liman elde edebilmek için kent içi kullanıma dönüştürülebileceği sonucu ortaya çıkmış, ayrıca liman nedeniyle ortaya çıkan ağır araç trafiğinin ve yol açtığı problemlerin azaltılması için bir çözüm önerisi ortaya konmuştur. In this thesis, it has been proved that capacity expansion problems of the city ports and port oriented truck traffic problems can be solved by using simulation and optimization methods. Port operations are modeled with ARENA based Discrete Event Simulation (DES). DES models are developed as DES1 and DES2 submodels based on conventional and dry port integrated port expansion scenario based on the railway freight transportation corridor. DES1 model is based on the conventional port and expansion scenario in its current location. Containers, ships and handling equipment statistics are modeled with probability distributions. Specific rules have been adopted for the storage of containers in port and dry port. With the DES2 model, the pier optimization, the optimization of the port-dry port stock areas and the integration of railway carrying capacity have been made. Calculations were made by taking into consideration the handling equipment and different train capacities in the port and dryport.Developed DES models are applied to the İzmir Alsancak city port with capacity expansion and truck traffic problems . Manisa Organized Industrial Zone is chosen as the dry port area. The railway connection is considered between port and dryport. Gantry Crane, Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG), Container Forklift, Stradle Carrier, diesel electric and electric locomotive are used as the handling and transportation equipment. For both DES1 and DES2 models, optimum berth lengths, optimum stock area sizes and train capacities have been calculated covering the years 2018 to 2031 for İzmir Alsancak port. According to the comparison of the model findings, comparing with the DES1 model, DES2 model required less storage area for the same berth length. This resulted in minimization of the port functional area. It is concluded that with the implementation of DES2 model, expropriation is avoided for the storage area expansion and the existing storage areas can be transformed into urban use in order to obtain green ports and the problems of the port oriented truck traffic is reduced. 121

Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkiye'de bölgesel düzeyde lojistik sektöründe faaliyet yürüten işletmelerin performansına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla lojistik sektöründe faaliyet yürüten işletmelerin 2006-2015 dönemine ait ciroları performans göstergesi olarak kullanılmıştır. Lojistik sektörü ve ulaştırma altyapısına ait veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Türkiye Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı ve Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından yayınlanan verilerden elde edilmiştir.Çalışmada; bağımlı değişken olarak lojistik sektör cirosu, bağımsız değişkenler olarak karayolu ve demiryolu uzunlukları, liman elleçleme miktarı, uçak yük miktarı ve dış ticaret hacmi kullanılmaktadır. Analiz aşamasında hem zaman verileri hem de yatay kesit verileri kullanılmaktadır. Değişkenlere ilişkin katsayılar, Dinamik Panel Veri Analiz Yöntemi ile tahmin edilmektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre kullanılan değişkenlerle birlikte lojistik sektör cirosunun gecikmeli değerinin de lojistik işletme cirosu üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmektedir. Benzer şekilde lojistik sektör cirosu üzerinde pozitif ve en büyük etkiye sahip olan değişkenin, demiryolu uzunluğu olduğu ve bunu sırası ile karayolu uzunluğu, dış ticaret hacmi, uçak yük miktarı ve liman elleçleme miktarının takip ettiği tespit edilmiştir. The aim of the research is to determine the factors that affect the performance of the companies operating in the logistics sector at the regional level in Turkey. For this purpose, the turnover of companies operating in the logistics sector is used as a performance indicator for the period of 2006-2015. Data on the logistics sector and the transport infrastructure have been obtained from Turkey Statistical Institute, Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure and the Highways General Directorate.In this research, logistic sector turnover is used as a dependent variable, the length of the highway and the length of the railway, the amount of port handling, the amount of air freight and foreign trade volume are used as independent variables. Both time and cross-section data are used in the implementation phase. The coefficients of the variables are estimated by the Dynamic Panel Data Analysis Method. According to the results of the analysis, it is observed that the lagged value of the turnover of the logistics sector and all the other independent variables have a significant and positive relationship on the turnover of the logistics companies. It is detected that Railway length has the greatest impact on the turnover of the logistics sector, followed by road length, foreign trade volume, the amount of air freight, and the amount of port handling.

Denizcilik sektöründe servis kapasitesi belirleme, birbirinden çok farklı büyüklüklerde pazarların varlığı, pazarlardaki limanların sayısının farklılığı ve mesafe farklılıkları nedeniyle zor bir problemdir. Bu konuyu çeşitli şekillerde inceleyen bir çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Kullanılan metotlar genelde maliyet bazlıdır. Ancak yaptığımız çalışmada özellikle ultra büyük gemiler ele alınmıştır. Ultra büyük gemilerin ölçek ekonomisi sağlaması için inşa tekniklerinin ve teknolojilerinin gelişmesi gerekmektedir. Bunlar sağlandığı sürece ölçek ekonomisi yani slot maliyet denen birim başına en düşük maliyet zaten sağlanmaktadır. Çalışmada stratejik ittifak kavramı da dikkate alınarak dünyanın en büyük kapasiteye sahip servislerinden birinin kapasite durumu ve gelişimi ile gelecekte karşılaşılacak muhtemel kapasite sorunu incelenmiştir. In the maritime sector, determination of service capacity is a difficult problem, because of the situation of markets of very different sizes, the differences in the number of ports in the markets and the differences in distance. There have been the studies examining this issue in various ways. Conventional methods are based on costs. But what we do is taking ultra-large ships. Ultra-large vessels should provide economies of scale, developing engineering ingenuity and developing the technology. While they are being provided, the economy of scale would be provided the lowest cost per unit so the lowest slot cost. In the study, considering the concept of strategic alliance, one of the largest capacity services in the World have examined capacity status and development, and possible future capacity problem. 91