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Al tener en cuenta los beneficios del jugo de naranja y el consumo de polen para el organismo, el propósito de este trabajo fue la estandarización de un jugo de naranja enriquecido con polen, para ello se elaboraron dos tipos de jugo con diferentes concentraciones depolen, P1 % y P5 %. Se evaluaron las coordenadas de color (L*, a* y b*), el comportamiento reológico para determinar el comportamiento al flujo del jugo y las características fisicoquímicas. Los parámetros colorimétricos L*, a* y b* del sistema CIELab de color de un jugocomercial con relación al jugo enriquecido con polen aumentó para los valores de L* y a*, debido a mayor contribución de la luminosidad y del color rojo con un aumento en la concentración de polen. El comportamiento de flujo evidenció un comportamiento newtonianopara el jugo al 1 %, el cual pasa a ser un fluido no newtoniano con un aumento en la concentración de jugo. El análisis fisicoquímico, por medida de °Brix, pH y acidez titulable, permite concluir que los tratamientos analizados cumplen con lo especificado en la norma técnica colombiana (NTC) 5468 Jugo (zumo), pulpa, néctar de frutas y sus concentrados.

The paper presents the optical characteristics of extracts obtained from marc berries of the heather family - lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries and blueberries. To obtain extracts, the berries were pressed by electromechanical method. From the obtained marc berries, water extracts were obtained in a microwave oven with a power of 800 W and a generation frequency of 2450 MHz for different exposure modes from 288 W to 800 W. Hydraulic module 1:10. The duration of the microwave heating 60 seconds. Controls were extracts obtained using hot water and infusion for 10 minutes. The optical characteristics of the juices and extracts from the marc berries were measured spectrophotometrically in the wavelength range of 410-630 nm. The maximum values of the optical spectra were recorded at D520, regardless of the berries used. An increase in the power of the microwave effect led to an increase in the optical values of the spectra of the extracts: bilberry > blueberry> lingonberry> cranberry. The optical characteristics of microwave extracts reached control values when exposed to 464 W for bilberries and blueberries, 648 W for lingonberries and 800 W for cranberries, which affected the color intensity and color coordinates, but did not significantly affect the shade, with the exception of bilberries. The color coordinates of bilberry extracts were closest to the color coordinates of the juices, the hue was more intense than in the juices, but was within the limits characteristic of the formation of color under the influence of anthocyanins. Bilberry extracts had a higher color intensity than blueberry extracts, but smaller shade values. Optical characteristics of berry extracts can be used to optimize the hydronic module and extraction modes.

The effect of framework material on the color of implant-supported complete-arch fixed dental prostheses is unclear.The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of different framework materials on the final color of implant-supported complete-arch fixed dental prostheses.A master model was used to simulate an edentulous maxilla with 4 implants. A screw-retained complete-arch resin prototype with a 1.5-mm cut back on the facial surfaces of the teeth was fabricated. The master model and resin prototype were scanned and digitized with a laser scanner. A computer-aided design (CAD) model was constructed using software and used for milling titanium (Ti) and zirconia (Zir) frameworks. Four Zir frameworks were milled from solid presintered Zir blocks, and 4 Ti frameworks were milled from solid Ti blocks. The Zir frameworks were then sintered. To simulate gingiva on the Zir and Ti frameworks, feldspathic porcelain was layered on the facial aspects of the teeth (except for the molars) and glazed. Color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of anterior teeth and gingiva on both Zir and Ti frameworks were measured with a spectroradiometer, and color differences (CIEDE2000) were calculated between Zir and Ti frameworks using the CIEDE2000 formula. The color coordinates of the teeth and gingival porcelain on the frameworks were analyzed using an ANOVA (α=.05).For the teeth, the 3-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction for material, tooth, and coordinate (P=.014), material and coordinate (P.001), and tooth and coordinate (P.001). For the gingival porcelain, the 2-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between material and coordinate (P.001). The L* values of the teeth and gingival porcelain on Zir frameworks were statistically different from those on the teeth and gingival porcelain on the Ti frameworks (P.001). The maxillary right central incisor on the Ti frameworks had a significantly higher a* (P=.013) and b* value (P.001) than those on the Zir framework. The color differences (CIEDE2000) of teeth and gingival porcelain between Ti and Zir frameworks were 6.6 and 8.6, respectively.Feldspathic porcelain layered for teeth and gingiva was lighter on Zir frameworks than on Ti frameworks. Porcelain on the facial aspects of teeth was redder and yellower on Ti compared with Zir. Gingival porcelain on Zir was yellower than that on Ti. The color of layering porcelain on the teeth and gingival areas was significantly different when different frameworks (Ti or Zir) were used.

Objective To evaluate the masking ability of different indirect restorative systems (IRS) on tooth-colored resin substrates. Methods A1-shaded specimens from 5 IRS (LDC–IPS e.max® CAD; YZW-Zenostar Zr Translucent; PICN-Enamic; YLD-T-IPS e.max® ZirCAD + IPS e.max Ceram; CAD-on-Zenostar Zr Translucent + Crystall./Connect + IPS e.max® CAD) were fabricated. Specimens (n = 5) were cemented with a resin luting agent (Variolink® N; shade White) on three different shades (ND3, ND8 and ND9) of a tooth-colored resin substrate (IPS Natural Die Material). Spectral reflectance and color coordinates were measured using a spectroradiometer under standardized lighting conditions (CIE D65 illumination) and optical geometry 0/45°. Color differences ( Δ E a b * and Δ E 00 ) from cemented specimens and CIELAB- and CIEDE2000-based translucency parameter ( T P and T P 00 ) from non-cemented specimens were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). Δ E values were also analyzed using perceptibility (PT = 1.22 Δ E a b * units; 0.81 Δ E 00 units) and acceptability (AT = 2.66 Δ E a b * units; 1.77 Δ E 00 units) thresholds. Results The cemented specimens of CAD-on, LDC, YZW and PICN on different substrates (ND3–ND8, ND3–ND9 and ND8–ND9) showed different Δ E a b * and Δ E 00 values (p ≤ 0.05), which were above AT. YLD-T showed Δ E a b * and Δ E 00 values below AT for all comparisons. Lowest and highest T P and T P 00 values were obtained for YLD-T and PICN, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Significance Resin-cemented YLD-T on different tooth-colored substrates showed less translucency as well as smaller color differences (below acceptability threshold), indicating the best masking ability among evaluated systems.

This study investigated the optical properties and flexural strength of translucent TZP layered with high-translucent PSZ using resin cement of various shades. Zirconia specimens (translucent TZP; Zpex and high-translucent PSZ; ZpexSmile) were 13 mm in diameter, layered at thickness ratios of 0.3/0.7, 0.5/0.5, and 0.7/0.3 mm (ZpexSmile/Zpex), and then luted using resin cement of 3 shades. Monolithic specimens of both were used as controls. CIE L*a*b* color coordinates and translucency parameter (TP) were evaluated as optical properties. Biaxial flexural strength was also determined as a mechanical evaluation. The a* and b* values of layered specimens varied depending on the shade of cement. TP values were not affected by shade of cement and thickness ratio. The biaxial flexural strength was intermediate value between both monolithic specimens. The layering method of zirconia with various translucencies using resin cement of different shades can improve color expression while maintaining clinically sufficient flexural strength.

A large amount of salt has been used in reactive dyeing of cotton. In this study, the reduction in the amount of salt used in reactive dyeing of cotton fabric after the sericin application by different methods was investigated in detailed. The effects of different cross-links (citric acid and butane tetracarboxylic acid) for the bonding of the sericin to the cotton fabric were also investigated. The results were evaluated in terms of color coordinates and color strength, washing and rubbing fastness, and crease recovery angle. Presence of the sericin onto cotton fabric after the application was evidenced with FT-IR spectra. The application of sericin and subsequent dyeing resulted in similar color depths to the conventional dyeing even with half the salt used in conventional reactive dyeing. The presence of cross-links in the pre-treatment baths did not reveal significant differences in color strengths compared to used only sericin. The fastness values of reactive dyed fabrics after sericin application had similar fastness values with traditional dyed ones. Crease recovery angles showed an increase after sericin pre-treatment. Sericin application before reactive dyeing could be one of the best alternative ways to reduce salt usage in reactive dyeing.

الملخص العربي تم تطوير ضمادة ذکية لمتابعة التئام الجروح ، وذلک اعتمادا علي تغير اللون عند التئام الجروح. يمکن أن يؤدي تطوير اداة استشعار لدرجة الحموضة بالتقنية اللونية النسيجية إلى استخدام تطبيقات فعالة ، حيث أنه يمثل إمکانية متابعة الاس الهيدروجيني بطريقة سريعة باستخدام خامة رخيصة ومرنة. تم تحضير صبغة التراي سيانوهيدرازون واستخدامها کمادة استشعار لدرجة الحموضة والقاعدية. حيث تم تغليف صبغة التراي سيانوهيدرازون المتجاوبة لدرجة الاس الهيدروجيني کمادة داخلية والجينات الکالسيوم کجدار خارجي للکبسولة ، والتي تم تحميلها على شاش قطني بطريقة الغمر. هذه التغيرات في اللون القابل لاعادة الاستخدام والتي تتجاوب مع تغيرات الأس الهيدروجيني کانت نتيجة لتخليق الشحنة الاليکترونية العالية لمرکب التراي سيانوهيدرازون أنيون المنتج الذي يؤدي إلى انتاج جزيء من نوع الکوينويد حيث تم استخدام هذا الملون في المواد النسيجية التقنية لاکسابها القدرة على استشعار الرقم الهيدروجيني. اعتمد النهج المعتمد في هذه الدراسة على صباغة القطن الشاش باستخدام صبغة التراي سيانوهيدرازون محملة داخل کابسولات الکالسيوم الجينات لمتابعة التئام الجروح. أظهر الشاش المصبوغة تغيرا واضحا في اللون عند التعرض لمحاليل قاعدية وحمضية کما هو موضح بإحداثيات اللون. تشير نتائجنا إلى تغير واضح في اللون يظهر بالعين المجردة ، من اللون البرتقالي إلى اللون الأرجواني ، والتي يمکن التعرف عليها على سطح الأقمشة المستخدمة. تم دراسة التشکل السطحي وتکوين الشاش القطني المعالج تحت المجهر الإلکتروني الماسح الضوئي ، الأشعة السينية المشتتة للطاقة ، ورسم الخرائط العنصري. تمت دراسة الشاش القطني المعالج من خلال استکشاف نفاذية الهواء ، والصلابة ، وثبات اللون Abstract Novel in-situ dressing bandage-based disposable probe that changes color upon wound healing was developed. Developing colorimetric technical textile pH-sensor can lead to attractive end-use applications as it represents the potential for inexpensive, fast, flexible pH-sensors. Herein we describe the preparation of tricyanofuran-hydrazone based disperse colorant to act as a color changeable pH-sensor. The pH responsive tricyanofuran-hydrazone was encapsulated as a core material in Ca-alginate microcapsule as a wall-former, which was loaded onto a cotton gauze by padding. This reversible color change depending on pH variations was due to charge delocalization of tricyanofuran-hydrazone anion form generated that led to a quinoid-type molecular switching. This tricyanofuran-hydrazone colorant was employed for use in technical textile materials with a pH sensing capability. The approach adopted in the present study was based on dyeing of cotton gauze using tricyanofuran-hydrazone that can afford numerical results for the pH of the wound fluid. The dyed gauze matrix showed a clear reversible color change upon exposure to acid-base solutions as indicated by color coordinates. Our results indicate an obvious color change shown to the naked eye, from orange to purple, which can be recognized at the surface of the employed fabrics when exposed to basic conditions. The surface morphology of the treated cotton gauze was investigated under scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and mapping.The treated cotton gauze was studied by exploring of the air-permeability, stiffness, and colorfastness.

Deep blue emitters with good stability, high quantum yield, high triplet energy, and good carrier transporting properties are crucial for full color display and white solid lighting. To solve this, We designed, synthesized and characterized two bipolar deep-blue emitters 2-(4-(9,9′-spirobi[fluoren]-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (2-PPI SBF) and 2-(4-(9,9′-spirobi[fluoren]-4-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (4-PPI SBF). Both the materials show good stability, high quantum yield and high triplet energy. Equipped with their bipolar properties, 2-PPI SBF and 4-PPI SBF based non-doped devices show impressive performance with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.78% and 5.29% along with desirable color purity of CIE color coordinates of (0.154, 0.105) and (0.155, 0.058) respectively. Interestingly, the high triplet energy allows them to be used as a host for PhOLEDs. High performance green PhOLEDs based on 4-PPI SBF show the maximum EQE, CE and PE of 16.79%, 64.09 cd/A and 67.92 l m/W respectively. And, high performance red PhOLEDs based on 2-PPI SBF and 4-PPI SBF were also achieved with the maximum EQE of 13.07% and 14.83%, respectively. Furthermore, 4-PPI SBF-based WOLED shows high efficiencies with EQEmax of 12.27%, CEmax of 27.78 cd/A and PEmax of 32.68 l m/W. An efficient white OLED with CIE coordinates of (0.367, 0.305) which is slightly deviated from the values of the theoretical white point (0.33, 0.33) was obtained.

Pigments, dyes, and transition-metal compounds are made in courses across the undergraduate chemistry curriculum, but student characterization of these compounds’ most striking features, their colors, seldom goes beyond verbal descriptions. Affordable, hand-held, fiber-optic reflectance spectrophotometers make it possible to advance students’ understanding of color. Reflectance spectra provide graphical information about color, whereas CIE L*a*b* color coordinates describe color quantitatively. This article describes how collection and interpretation of reflectance data are used to round out pigment syntheses in a course for nonscience majors. This approach is transferrable to any experiment in which students obtain colored solids.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of varying thickness and artificial aging on the color and translucency of cubic zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramics. Material and Methods: A total of 30 square shaped disks (12 mm x 12 mm) were fabricated from the cubic zirconia (Bruxzir Anterior) blank and lithium disilicate blocks (E.max CAD), used in three thicknesses (0.5mm, 0.8mm and 1mm). Portable spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade Advance was used to obtain color coordinates, which were substituted in formulas and used to calculate color change and translucency parameter values before and after aging (thermocycling for lithium disilicate and hydrothermal aging for cubic zirconia). Repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of ceramic type, thickness, aging and their interaction on mean translucency parameter. Two-way (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of ceramic type, thickness and their interaction on mean color change (E). Results: Statistical analysis showed that E.max CAD HT is more translucent than Bruxzir Anterior. Translucency decreased as thickness increased. There was a statistically significant decrease in TP after aging for both materials. Lithium disilicate showed statistically significant greater E when subjected to aging than cubic zirconia, with both E values being clinically imperceptible. As thickness increased, E decreased. Conclusions: Thickness highly affected translucency and color of ceramics. As thickness increases, translucency parameter decreases and color change becomes less evident. Aging also causes a significant decrease in translucency parameter and induces color change however color changes are imperceptible. Keywords Aging; Ceramics; Color; Translucency.

International audience; Many anticounterfeiting tags rely on images intricate in different color and/or different polarization states to create optical effects invisible in conventional observation conditions. We build here an imaging micropolarimeter based on the dual rotating compensator system and using the color capabilities of cameras to yield the full polarimetric information for any color coordinates in one acquisition step. After correction for the camera response, the full color image reconstructed from the polarimetric response is validated by the comparison with images obtained in an optical microscope fitted with polarizers.

Ethanol solubilizes cell membranes, making it useful for various ablation applications. We examined the effect of time and alcohol type on the extent of ablation, quantified as Euclidean distances between color coordinates. We obtained biopsy punch samples (diameter, 6 mm) of left atrial appendage, atrial, ventricular, and septal tissue from porcine hearts and placed them in transwell plates filled with ethanol or methanol for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60 min. Control samples were taken for each time point. At each time point, samples were collected, cut transversely, and photographed. With use of a custom MATLAB program, all images were analyzed in the CIELAB color space, which is more perceptually uniform than the red-green-blue color space. Euclidean distances were calculated from CIELAB coordinates. The mean and standard error of these distances were analyzed. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences among time points, and 2-tailed t tests, for differences between the alcohol datasets at each time point. Generally, Euclidean distances differed significantly between all time points, except for those immediately adjacent, and methanol produced larger Euclidean distances than ethanol did. Some tissue showed a plateauing effect, potentially indicating transmurality. Mean Euclidean distances effectively indexed alcohol ablation in cardiac tissue. Furthermore, we found that methanol ablated tissue more effectively than ethanol did. With ethanol, the extent of ablation for atrial tissue was largest at 60 min. We conclude that to achieve full transmurality in clinical applications, ethanol must remain in contact with atrial tissue for at least one hour.

This article studies two main ways of gamut expansion: improving the color purity of the primary color and increasing the number of primary colors. A program for the gamut coverage of the multi- primary color display system is written. The color coordinates of the laser TV developed by ourselves are measured and the actual value of color gamut is calculated. The test data verifies the simulation result.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mouth rinses on the color and translucency of three computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorative materials in laminate veneer and crown thicknesses. METHODS Specimens from two different 5Y-TZP zirconia (InCoris TZI (IT), and Zirkonzahn (ZH)) and lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD [IC]) in two different thicknesses (0.7 mm for laminate veneer, and 1.5 mm for crown) were sectioned. All specimens were colored with an A2-shade liquid, and the baseline color values were recorded according to the CIELab system with a spectrophotometer. Each group was divided into two subgroups (n = 15) according to the immersion solution: two different mouth rinses, KL (Klorhex), and LI (Listerine, cool mint) for 180 hours. The color coordinates (L*, a*, b*) of the specimens were measured before and after immersion in a mouth rinse, and TP and ΔE00 color differences were calculated by using the CIEDE2000 color difference formula. A 3-way ANOVA, Bonferroni test, and 1-sample t tests were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). RESULTS The 3-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction of material, thickness, and mouth rinse for translucency parameter and color difference (ΔE00 ) data (p 0.826). Both zirconia materials immersed in LI showed greater discoloration than after immersed in KL (p

The kinetics of heat-induced color changes in beef meat was determined and implemented in a numerical model for double-sided pan cooking of steak. The CIELab color space was used to obtain the lightness (coordinate $$L^*$$ L ∗ ) and the reddish tone (coordinate $$a^*$$ a ∗ ) of the cooked meat. $$L^*$$ L ∗ was the CIELab coordinate that contributed the most to the change in the absolute color. Two response surfaces were found to describe the evolution with time and temperature of both color coordinates, $$L^*$$ L ∗ and $$a^*$$ a ∗ . The model results were successfully verified with experimental data of the two coordinates along the thickness of the meat for three degrees of cooking. The Root-Mean-Squared Errors (RMSE) for coordinate $$L^*$$ L ∗ were 5.17 (very rare), 2.02 (medium rare) and 3.83 (done), and for coordinate $$a^*$$ a ∗ 1.44 (very rare), 1.26 (medium rare) and 0.89 (done). The applicability of the model for practical cooking purposes was illustrated by determining the optimum turn over time to achieve a similar color profile on both sides of the meat. The turn over time depended on the desired degrees of cooking, and were comprised between one-half and two-thirds of the final cooking time, increasing from very rare cooking degree to done cooking degree.

Purpose To measure the validity and reliability of two gingival shade guides to represent in vivo gingival color using a Caucasian population sample. Materials and methods CIELab color space was used to study three gingival reference areas (the free gingival margin, the keratinized gingival body, and the upper part of the keratinized gingiva) in a sample of 259 Caucasian individuals. The color coordinates on the HeraCeram and on the IPS d.SIGN physical gingival shade guides were collected to compare with the color coordinates taken in vivo. The coverage errors of the two shade guides evaluated were calculated using CIELab, and CIEDE 2000 formula and each area of the gingiva was compared with the 50:50% acceptability threshold for ΔE* = 4.6 and ΔE00* = 4.1. The spectroshade spectrophotometer was used. Results The IPS d.SIGN guide has similar coverage errors in all three areas and, in all cases, surpasses the 50:50% acceptability threshold. In contrast, the HeraCeram Gingiva guide has a lower coverage error in the free gingival margin than in the other two areas, and the coverage error remains below the 50:50% acceptability threshold only for δE00*. The HeraCeram gingiva shade guide has overall coverage errors (ΔE* = 7.9 and ΔE00* = 5.6) significantly lower than the coverage errors obtained for the IPS d.SIGN gingival shade guide (ΔE* = 9.2 and ΔE00* = 6.8). Conclusion Statistically significant differences were found in the coverage errors of both guides, both at the level of the three reference areas and at the global level. For both guides and in both sexes, the global coverage errors calculated with the CIELab and CIEDE2000 formulas were below the literature data on 50:50 acceptability thresholds.

Gold nanoparticles have considerably explored in science and technologies. A unique properties of gold nanoparticles is the appearance color due to plasmon effect. Experimentally, the color changes due to size and aggregation of gold nanoparticles in synthesis process or interaction with other chemicals. Comprehensive study on size and aggregation effect of colorimetric gold nanoparticles in liquid is important to do to provide fast observation of properties of gold nanoparticles. In this work, we focused on simulation study to observe size and aggregation effect on spherical gold nanoparticles dispersed in water. We used MNPBEM Toolbox to generate extinction cross section curves and used them to calculate color coordinates in color diagram CIE 1931. We successfully generated standard colorimetric plot of monodispersed spherical gold nanoparticles having diameter from 5 nm until 200 nm. The small size of spherical gold nanoparticles showed pink color and the color shifted to blue for larger particle. Furthermore, we analyzed calculated color coordinates for spherical gold nanoparticles in two aggregation configurations, which were triangle and line configurations. We found that aggregation of spherical gold nanoparticles significantly shifted appearance color. Aggregation of small size spherical gold nanoparticles shifted the color from pink to purple and dark red. Meanwhile, aggregation of medium and large spherical gold nanoparticles shifted the color from blue to pink. We believed that our simulated work could give fast observation on colorimetric spherical gold nanoparticles.

In order to examine the possibility to improve its camouflage properties standard cotton fabric with camouflage print was impregnated with poly(vinyl butyral), PVB and fullerene-like nanoparticles of tungsten disulfide, PVB/IF-WS2. FTIR analysis excluded any possible chemical interaction of IF-WS2 with PVB and the fabric. The camouflage behavior of the impregnated fabric has been examined firstly in the VIS part of the spectrum. Diffuse reflection, specular gloss and color coordinates were measured for three different shades (black, brown and dark green). Thermal imaging was applied to examine the camouflage abilities of this impregnation in IR part of the spectrum. The obtained results show that PVB/IF-WS2 impregnation system induced enhacement of the materials camouflage properties, i.e. that IF-WS2 have a positive effect on spectrophotometric characteristics of the fabric. (c) 2020 China Ordnance Society. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

This study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of the Dorper and Merino breeds to pre-slaughter condition stress at a commercial abattoir and how it affects the quality of the meat produced. The objective of this study was to investigate differences in post-mortem energy metabolites, glycolytic potential and meat quality attributes from the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) between Dorper and Merino lambs slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Meat samples (~50 g of LTL) harvested from 100 female eight-month old of the Dorper (n = 50) and Merino (n = 50) lambs were used in this study. For measuring post-mortem energy metabolites (glycogen, lactate, glucose-6-phosphate and glucose content), sampling was done on each carcass ~30 min post-slaughter and the samples were immediately frozen (−196 °C) in liquid nitrogen to prevent further glycolysis. The pH and temperature were measured 45 min, 6 and 24 h post-slaughter, and carcass measurements were taken. Color coordinates (lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*)) were measured at 24 h after slaughter and hue angle (H*) and chroma (C*) were calculated. Furthermore, thawing loss (TL), cooking loss (CL) and Warner Braztler Shear Force (WBSF) were measured after 7 days post-slaughter storage (−20 °C). The Dorper had lower glycogen levels and thus produced meat with a high ultimate pH and tougher meat compared to the Merino breed. The relationships observed between post-mortem muscle metabolites, glycolytic potential and meat quality attributes indicate that meat quality is affected by glycogen levels at slaughter. The results indicate that the Dorper breed was more susceptible to pre-slaughter stress and thus produced meat with reduced quality compared to the Merino breed.

The article aims to investigate the effect of shifting of spectral reflectance on colorimetric parameters due to solar exposure of the commercially available artificial fabric-based vegetation. The spectral reflectance of the control (samples at time t0) and exposed samples (time t0+t) are measured and analyzed in the visible region using a spectrophotometer. The CIE XYZ color coordinates are computed from the measured spectral reflectance. The XYZ represents the area under the multiplied spectral reflectance, illuminant and observer function. The XYZ parameters are computed for D65 illuminant and 10o observer function. The change in the XYZ with wavelength is discussed to correlate the deviation of the XYZ with color fading. The L*a*b and sRGB values are derived from the XYZ to visualize the color change. The work finds a range of applications in color based process automation, object discrimination and remote sensing for change analysis.

Nowadays, active packaging plays a key role in the food sector, improving the safety and quality of food and, at the same time, extending its shelf life. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy that an active absorbent pad has in limiting microbial growth during the shelf-life of fresh bovine meat. The experiment was carried out on 50 slices of eye of round (semitendinosus muscle) of an adult bovine, packaged in two different packs, one containing the conventional pad (C: Control group) and the other containing the active pad (PAD group). The analyses, performed at 0, 3 and 6 days of refrigeration storage (4 &deg, C), concerned the pH, color, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and microbiological parameters. The packaging with the active pad had no noticeable effect on the pH, but with regard to the color coordinates, the meat at day 6 was lighter than the control group (p &lt, 0.01). The innovative pad was able to delay the growth of all the microorganisms investigated, but only at day 3 (p &lt, 0.05 to p &lt, 0.001) compared to the control group. Furthermore, the TVBN values were lower than the control ones at both the third (p = 0.036) and sixth (p &lt, 0.01) day of analysis. All samples were negative for coagulase positive staphylococci, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. In conclusion, following a preliminary examination, the packaging with the active pad was potentially effective in delaying microbial growth and it positively affected the color and TVBN of beef meat.

Background and aims To assess the color, translucency and masking properties of novel flowable giomers. Methods Three flowable giomers were used for the fabrication of 1-mm thick samples (n=126) in three different consistencies (Beautifil flow Plus X F00; Beautifil flow F02; Beautifil flow Plus X F03, Shofu Dental Corporation, Japan) and two shades (VITA Classical shade A2 and A3). The relative spectral reflectance was recorded over white, black, C3 (VITA Classical shade C3 simulating a severe tooth discoloration), and a tested-sample colored background. Lightness (L*), and color coordinates a* and b*, Relative Translucency parameter (RTP00) and masking capacity of C3 background were calculated; differences in color and translucency were compared with thresholds for perceptibility and acceptability (PT and AT). Statistical analyses used significance tests for paired samples. Results All tested materials displayed increased values of L*: for A2 F00=86.16(±0.86), F02=86.39(±0.63), F03=86.40(±0.63); for A3: F00=84.24(±0.58), F02=83.34(±0.3), F03=84.19(±0.4), as well as of RTP: for A2 F00=30.34(±0.88), F02=31.37(±0.94), F03=31.11(±1.15), for A3 F00=29.64(±1.64), F02=30.79(±1.02), F03=30.1(±1.26). For A2 samples, the masking capacity was significantly different for all materials, whilst for A3 there were differences only between F00-F03 and F02-F03. Conclusions The tested flowable giomers proved high values of lightness and translucency. The color differences between the materials with the same designation and different consistencies were below the perceptibility threshold in most cases. In addition, the differences in relative translucency parameter ranged between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. However, all tested flowable giomers had an unacceptable masking capacity for a dyschromic background.

The color of plant leaves is moderated by the content of pigments, which can show considerable dorsiventral distribution. Two typical examples are leafy vegetables and ornamentals, wherein red and green color surfaces can be seen on the same leaf. The proof of concept is provided for predictive modeling of a leaf conceptual mid-point quasi-color (CMQ) from the content of pigments. The CMQ idea is based on the hypothesis that the content of pigments in leaves is associated with the combined color from both surfaces. The CMQ, which is calculated from CIELab color coordinates at adaxial and abaxial antipodes, is thus not an actual color, but a notion that can be used in modeling. The CMQ coordinates, predicted from the content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins by means of an artificial neural network (ANN), matched well with the CMQ coordinates empirically found on photosynthetically active leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), but also with other plant species with comparable leaf attributes. Modeled values of lightness (qL*) decreased with the increasing content of both pigments, while the redness or greenness (qa*) and yellowness or blueness (qb*) of the CMQ were affected more by a relative content of chlorophylls and anthocyanins in leaves. The highest vividness of quasi-colors (qC*) was modeled for leaves with a high content of either pigment alone. The model predicted a substantially duller quasi-color for leaves with chlorophylls and anthocyanins present together, particularly when both pigments were present at very high levels.

AIM To evaluate the effects of activated charcoal powder (COAL) combined with regular (RT) or whitening (WT) toothpastes on enamel color and surface in comparison to carbamide peroxide (CP). METHODS Dental blocks (n = 10/group) were randomly divided into COAL, COAL/RT, COAL/WT, CP, CP/RT, CP/WT, RT, WT, and CONT (without treatment). Simulated toothbrushing and whitening treatments were followed by colorimetric (ΔE00 , L*, a*, b*), surface roughness (Ra), and enamel topography assays. ΔE00 was submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Color coordinates and Ra were tested with three-way repeated measures ANOVA (α = 5%). RESULTS COAL exhibited greater ΔE00 than CONT (P = .048), but it did not enhance ΔE00 promoted by RT or WT (P > .05). COAL alone increased Ra (P .05). CP exhibited the highest ΔE00 (P

Tomato is considered a fruit with a high food demand across the world due to its high antioxidant capacity. Lycopene content in tomato has been widely studied, particularly in cherry-type tomatoes which are considered a high source of lycopene for humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in terms of concentration and variation of diverse physicochemical parameters of quality (acidity, vitamin C, pH, °Brix, color coordinates L*, a* and b*) and, antioxidants like ?-carotene and lycopene in 11 accessions of cherry-type tomatoes, considering the advantages of antioxidants for human health. Multicriteria analysis and other tests showed substantial differences among the accessions. IAC401 was associated with the best physicochemical characteristics of a promissory cherry-type tomato for cultivation due to its association with functional food, followed by IAC426R and IAC1624. This study allowed an innovative association of physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant contents of cherry-type tomatoes through multicriteria analyses which enable the analysis, elimination, and proposal of promising accessions for their use in future crops which will promote the best intrinsic features of tomato to be used in the studied region. In this case accessions with the highest scores offer not only optimum amounts of antioxidants and highest levels of organic acids and sugars.

Debonding, staining and wear are usually the reasons for denture teeth replacement by new ones from same or different brands. Objective This study investigates the possible differences in color of denture teeth of the same or different brands under different illuminations, since their metameric behavior in color under specific illumination may become unacceptable. Methodology For the purpose of this study, 10 denture teeth (#11), shade A3, of 4 different brands were selected (Creopal/KlemaDental Pro, Executive/DeguDent, Cosmo HXL/DeguDent, Ivostar/Ivoclar-Vivadent). Teeth stabilized in white silicone mold and the CIELAB color coordinates of their labial surface under 3 different illumination lights (D65, F2, A) were recorded, using a portable colorimeter (FRU/WR-18, Wave Inc). ΔE*ab values of all possible pairs of teeth of the same brand (n=45) or pair combinations of different brands (n=100) under each illumination light, in a dry and wet state were calculated. Data were analyzed statistically using 3-way ANOVA, Friedman’s and Wilcoxon’s tests at a significance level of α=0.05. Results The results showed that brand type affected significantly L*, a* and b* coordinates (p0.05). Intra-brand color differences ranged between 0.21-0.78ΔΕ* units with significant differences among brands (p

Objective: This study compared different composites for color stability after exposure to at home and in-office bleaching gels. Material and Methods: Composite resin specimens (6mm diameterx2mm thickness) were manufactured according to the following groups (n=20): RC- Conventional; BF-Bulk Fill; RF-Flow; BFF-Bulk-Fill Flow. The surfaces were stained with coffee solution for 36hrs. A spectrophotometer was used to record the initial color (L*a*b*). Half of the specimens from each group underwent bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (in-office) in three 45-minute applications. New color measurements were performed after 7, 14 and 21 days. The other half of the specimens underwent bleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide (at home) in 14 1-hour applications. Further color measurements were performed after 7 and 14 hours. For comparison between the color coordinates in different periods, ANOVA for repeated measures was applied (?=5%). The color variation (?E) was calculated for each group. Results: For in-office bleaching, there were no significant differences between the periods b* coordinate of the RF group, and for L* and b* coordinates of the BFF group. For at home bleaching the groups BF and BFF showed no differences for the L* coordinate. For the other coordinates, there was difference between the initial periods and after 14 days. The ?E variation presented higher values for the at home bleaching groups. For both whiteners the bulk-fill resins presented the greatest color variations. Conclusions: Bulk Fill resins do not guarantee greater color stability than the other composite resins tested, including conventional flow resin. The conventional composite resin showed the lower ?E.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exhibits a wide range of seed coat colors and this morphological trait is widely used in cultivar identification and assessment of diversity within this species. With an advancement in technology and informatics, new methods of assessing seed color are emerging in addition to traditionally used visual observation. Due to a great variety of color measuring techniques, the evaluation of the agreement between methods is needed prior to using the methods interchangeably. Seed coat color in terms of CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of 100 common bean accessions belonging to five mono- colored landraces was assessed using two methods, colorimeter and Computer vision. The percentage difference between the two methods across all samples for L* color coordinate was 5.81%, for a* color coordinate 23.32% and for b* color coordinate 44.44%. According to Bland- Altman difference plot there is a considerable lack of agreement between the two methods. However, using stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that colorimeter method correctly classified 97% of accessions into their respective landrace, while the classification success of the Computer vision was 99%.

Introduction/Objective The objective of this study was to perform colorimetric comparison between two shade guides used for visual tooth whitening monitoring. Methods VITA Bleachedguide 3D-Master (BG) and value scale of VITA classical A1–D4 (VC) were evaluated (n = 3) using a non-contact spectroradiometer. Ranges, distribution, and correlation among color parameters were evaluated using CIEDE2000 color difference formula. In addition, optimized whiteness index for dentistry (WID), and Yellowness Index E313 (YI) were analyzed. ANOVA and Fisher’s PLSD test at a 0.05 level of significance were used in statistical analysis. Results The lightness (L’), chroma (C’), and hue (h’) ranges for BG were 20.4, 25.9, and 19.1, respectively. The corresponding ranges for VC were 15.3, 10.9, and 20.6. R2 values for individual color coordinate/tab arrangement were higher for BG than VC. The same is true for R2 values of pairs of color coordinates for BG/VC: L’C’ = 0.89/0.33, L’h’ = 0.88/0.53, and C’h’ = 0.70/0.51. BG also exhibited better agreement between the manufacturer’s tab arrangement with ΔE’, WID and YI. The ΔE’ between the lightest and the darkest BG and VC tab were 20.6 and 13.2, respectively. The average ΔE’ among the adjacent tabs were 1.9 (0.5) for BG (corresponding to two shade guide units, SGU) and 3.0 (1.0) for VC (1 SGU). Conclusion VITA Bleachedguide 3D-Master exhibited wider L’, C’, ΔE’, WID, and YI ranges compared to value scale of VITA classical A1–D4 shade guide and better distribution of evaluated color parameters. This, along with the presence of several shades lighter than B1 of VC, recommends the use of BG for visual evaluation of tooth whitening efficacy.

This paper reports on the synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of a new class of environmentally friendly red pigments based on the tetragonal β-phase of Bi2O3. Stabilization of the metastable β-phase at room temperature has been successfully achieved through incorporation of various metal cations (M = Y3+, Zr4+, Eu3+, Nb5+). Doping with zirconia (Zr4+) yielded compounds showing the most promising red color coordinates (a* > 30) with the best value provided by the composition. Subsequently, this specific intermediate of the β-phase was further reacted with FeOOH to generate, under preservation of the β-Bi2O3-type structure, a red product with the formula (Bi1.95Zr0.05)0.8Fe0.4O3+δ. With color coordinates of L* = 49.9, a* = 31.1, and b* = 25.8, the newly developed pigment has been found to be superior compared to the conventional Fe2O3 pigment (Bayferrox 4130: L* = 37.4, a* = 28.9, and b* = 20.8).

Background: To assess color compatibility between dental structures (human enamel and dentine) and three different types of ceramic systems. Methods: Samples (1 and 2 mm-thick) of extracted tooth (containing dentine and enamel areas) and three ceramic systems with different shades and opacities (HT–High Translucent, T–Translucent) were prepared for this study: Vita Suprinity—VS (HT, T; A1, A2, A3, A3.5, B2, C2, D2) (Vita Zahnfabrik); Vita Enamic—VE (HT, T; 1M1, 1M2, 2M2, 3M2) (Vita Zahnfabrik) and Noritake Super Porcelain EX-3—NKT (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, B2, C2, D2) (Kuraray Noritake Dental). Reflectance measurements of all samples were performed over black backgrounds using a non-contact spectroradiometer (SpectraScan PR-670, Photo Research) under a CIE 45°/0° geometry. CIE L*a*b* color parameters were measured and CIELAB/CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE00/ΔE* ab) and corresponding Coverage Error (CE) of ceramic system for dentine or enamel samples were calculated. Color data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc multiple comparisons tests. CE values were interpreted by comparisons with available 50:50% acceptability color threshold (AT) for dentistry. Results: Statistically significant differences in lightness were found among all ceramic systems and human dentine (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were registered between enamel and VSHT, T and VEHT. 1 mm dentine showed no statistical differences with VST and VSHT for a* coordinate, while 2 mm dentine showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) with VEHT. Thin samples (1 mm) of dentine and enamel showed significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) for b* coordinate with less translucent materials (NKT, VET and VST). For dentine samples, none of the ceramic materials provided a CE lower than AT. VSHT provided the best CE for 1 mm-thick ( CE00 = 1.7, CEab = 1.9) and for 2 mm-thick ( CE00 = 2.3; CEab = 2.5) enamel samples. Conclusions: Color coordinates of evaluated esthetic ceramic systems were statistically different from those of human dentine in almost all cases. The evaluated ZrO2 lithium silicate glass–ceramic (VS), with its two levels of translucency, provided lower CE values with human enamel samples while conventional feldspathic ceramic (NKT) and hybrid ceramic systems (VE) demonstrated a better color compatibility with dentin samples., Consiliul National al Cercetarii Stiintifice (CNCS) Unitatea Executiva pentru Finantarea Invatamantului Superior, a Cercetarii, Dezvoltarii si Inovarii (UEFISCDI) PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0742, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities PGC2018-101904-A-I00, University of Granada A.TEP.280.UGR18

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the method and temperature of the sublimation, vacuum and convective drying process on the kinetics of dehydration of the Moldovan dragonhead leaves, as well as on the physical and chemical properties, such as color coordinates, total content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, total monomeric anthocyanins content, total flavonoids content and content of essential oils. It was shown that the kinetics of the sublimation and vacuum drying process are best described by the logarithmic and Page models. Sublimation and vacuum drying were characterized by comparable process times. An increase in drying temperature caused a decrease in the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the dried material and a significant change in the composition of essential oils. The lowest brightness of the dried material and the lowest color saturation was found after sublimation drying at 20 &deg, C. The highest dried material quality was found in case of convective and sublimation drying at 20 &deg, C.

Statement of problem. Zirconia is a widely used restorative material, yet its white color does not meet esthetic requirements and coloring is needed. However, the effects of different durations of coloring have not been thoroughly investigated. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of coloring liquid immersion of different durations on the flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and color of zirconia. Material and methods. Fifty bar-shaped and 60 disk-shaped zirconia specimens were milled from nonshaded (Copran Zri) and preshaded (Copran Zri Precoloured Medium) disks by using a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) system. Preshaded specimens were assigned to the group PS and received no further immersion. Nonshaded specimens were divided into 4 subgroups as per immersion time in coloring liquid (Copran Color A2 Shade): control (C; no immersion), G45 (45 seconds of immersion), G90 (90 seconds of immersion), and G135 (135 seconds of immersion). Bar-shaped specimens were subjected to a 3- point flexural strength test by using a universal testing machine (Lloyd LRX), following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6872:2015 specification. Color coordinates of disk-shaped specimens were measured with a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0) over a gray background. Color differences were calculated by using both CIE76 and CIEDE2000 formulas, followed by a comparison of obtained values with perceptibility (CIE76: 3.7, CIEDE2000: 0.8) and acceptability (CIE76: 6.8, CIEDE2000: 1.8) thresholds of each formula. Subsequently, Vickers hardness measurements were conducted. The data were statistically analyzed by using the Shapiro-Wilk test, 1-way ANOVA, and the Tukey HSD test (a=.05). Results. Immersing zirconia specimens in coloring liquid decreased the flexural strength and hardness values, as group C presented the highest values for both parameters. In addition, prolonged duration had a negative effect on mechanical properties. The flexural strength of groups PS and G45 (P=.993) and groups G90 and G135 (P=.999) was statistically similar. For Vickers hardness, group G135 presented the lowest values with the difference between groups G90 and G135 being statistically similar (P=.061). Color differences among groups varied from 2.49 to 27.33 for DE*, whereas DE00 values ranged from 0.58 to 8.26. Compared with group C, DE* values of all shaded specimens exceeded the acceptability threshold of 6.8. The color difference between each group was higher than the acceptability threshold values of both DE* and DE00 except for groups G45 and PS. Conclusions. Colored zirconia specimens had lower flexural strength and Vickers hardness values than nonshaded specimens, regardless of the immersion time or coloring technique. (J Prosthet Dent 2021;126:589.e1-e6)

Background: Agave potatorum reproduces mainly through seeds is widely collected for the mezcal production, and there is currently a marked decrease in their wild populations. Therefore, to contribute to its sustainable use, it is important to characterize the morphology of its seeds and to know their germinative characteristics. Research question: Do the year and the collection site have an effect on the size, color, viability and germination capacity of Agave potatorum seeds? Species studied : Agave potatorum Zucc. Study site and period of research: Seeds of Agave potatorum were collected in Oaxaca, Mexico: Miahuatlan (MIAH), in 2014; Coixtlahuaca (COIX), in 2015; and Zaachila (ZAA), in 2015 and 2016. Methods: For the seeds, we analyzed four physical descriptors, five color coordinates, and nine germination variables. We used a completely randomized design with four replications (100 seeds). An analysis of variance, a comparison of means, and a linear correlation analysis were performed. Results: We found that the ZAA16 seeds showed the highest values ( P < 0.05) for weight and size, and for the luminosity coordinate (L*, 15.2). Color coordinate values revealed a black color of the seeds, which significantly diminished in luminosity with seeds age and varied with their origin. The coordinate L* was correlated significantly with the total dry weight of seedlings and seed volume. Conclusions: Agave potatorum seeds significantly changed their physical dimensions and germination capacity according to their origin. The luminosity of the black color of seeds decreased with seed age and was correlated with seed volume and seedling total dry weight.

Cotton fabrics were pre-treated with 4-vinylpyridine before dyeing to increase dye uptake. Various treatments for the application of monomers to fabrics were tried in different combinations and after dyeing the best result was obtained with alkali impregnation and monomer exhaustion. After decisions had been made on the processes to be applied before dyeing, different amounts of monomer, dyestuff and salt were used in reactive dyeing baths at different pHs. The results were evaluated in terms of color coordinates, color strength, FT-IR and fastness to washing, rubbing and perspiration. The best results were obtained with 3 ml of 4-vinylpyridine dissolved in 10 ml of alcohol, in the presence of 25 g L−1 of salt and in neutral medium at 5% dyestuff concentration. Color strength from this dyeing process was higher than from the conventional dyeing at the same dyestuff concentration. FT-IR analysis demonstrated the presence of monomer on the surface of the fabric. Fastness values showed that this method could be used as an alternative to the conventional method.