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Background: Nonagenarians and centenarians (NCs) are an extremely fragile population, particularly in regard to their physical and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to define the neurocognitive profiles among 29 NCs and their 49 younger cohabitants aged 50-75 years from The Cilento Initiative on Aging Outcomes (CIAO) Pilot study in the South of Italy that had provided initial hypotheses regarding positive psychological traits related to exceptional longevity. Methods: During the home visits, lifestyle information with specific questionnaires, functional autonomy and the neuropsychological Mini Mental Scale Examination (MMSE), and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) scale were obtained by qualified study personnel. The total blood oxidative capacity was also determined by testing the reactive derivative of oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) and by the Biological Antioxidant Potential (BAP). In all individuals, the APOE genotype determination was also performed. Results: All the subjects in both groups showed high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. None of the NCs had severe cognitive impairment, and a very low incidence of dementia was found. The data obtained on the Activities ed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL-IADL) scale showed that the majority of NCs (16/29) were autonomous in daily life activities. The comparative assessment of NCs and cohabitants showed no significant differences in the laboratory assessment of oxidative stress and APOE genotype. Conclusion: In the Cilento Region of Southern Italy, NCs seemed to have good cognitive status when compared to younger cohabitants aging 50-65 years without significant differences in oxidative stress markers or APOE genotype. These results might be related to optimal adherence to the Mediterranean diet, although other lifestyle factors and positive personality traits may also contribute to their healthy aging. Further studies on a larger population should be performed to confirm the results of this pilot study. more...

Anne Keefer,1 Kathrin Steichele,1 Elmar Graessel,2 Hans-Ulrich Prokosch,3 Peter L Kolominsky-Rabas1 1Interdisciplinary Center for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Public Health (IZPH), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; 2Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Health Services Research in Medicine, Uniklinik Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; 3Chair of Medical Informatics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, GermanyCorrespondence: Anne Keefer, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and Public Health, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen, 91054, Germany, Tel +49 9131 85-35855, Fax +49 9131 85-35854, Email anne.keefer@fau.deIntroduction: There is a need for knowledge on activities that can reduce cognitive decline and dementia risk. Volunteering is a productive activity that entails social, physical, and cognitive functions. Therefore, volunteering could be a protective factor for cognitive loss. Thus, this review aims to examine the associations between volunteering and volunteers’ cognition and to identify influencing variables.Methods: Six international literature databases were searched for relevant articles published between 2017 and 2021 (ALOIS, CENTRAL, CINAL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed). Quantitative studies of all study designs were included. The primary outcome was the volunteers’ cognition measured by objective, internationally established psychometric function tests. Two authors independently assessed the eligibility and quality of the studies. A narrative synthesis was performed using all studies included in this review. The methodology was in line with the PRISMA guidelines.Results: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Seven of the included studies confirmed that volunteering positively affects the volunteers’ cognitive function. Two other studies identified an association between volunteer activity and volunteers’ cognition using cross-sectional measurements. In particular, women and people with a low level of education benefit from the positive effects and associations. The study quality of the included articles was moderate to weak.Discussion: Our review suggests that volunteering can improve volunteers’ cognition. Unfortunately, little attention is given to specific volunteer activities and the frequency of engagement. Additionally, more attention is needed on various risk factors of cognitive impairment.Keywords: cognitive health, social engagement, dementia prevention, health promotion more...

Introduction: Promoting healthy ageing is increasingly important to maintain functional ability and wellbeing in older age. However, there is a lack of consolidated evidence-based information to support the selection of non-drug interventions to support healthy ageing outcomes for individuals. Methods: A narrative review of the evidence-based literature on non-drug interventions to support healthy ageing was performed. Evidence for intervention benefits was evaluated and mapped into the Systematic Wellness Intervention Pathway framework and aligned to relevant goals, needs and outcomes relating to physical fitness and function, emotional wellbeing, cognitive health, sleep and diet and nutrition. Comments from a modified Delphi survey of 75 expert peer reviewers were analysed to inform the development of the next Pathway iteration. Results: The narrative review identified key healthy ageing interventions, including physical activity, social interaction, interventions for emotional wellbeing, creative and cognitively stimulating activities and diet and nutrition. Peer review survey results indicated majority agreement with all domains and non-drug interventions for healthy ageing in the Pathway, and suggested interventions and outcome revisions informed Pathway iteration. Conclusion: The Pathway could be a step forward in operationalising the delivery of non-drug interventions in an accessible and scalable way, supplementing conventional health and social care, to enable older people to live well for longer. more...

Background: Although increasing physical activity (PA) has been suggested to prevent and manage cognitive decline and dementia, its economic impact on healthcare systems and society is largely unknown. This study aimed to summarize evidence on the cost-effectiveness of PA interventions to prevent and manage cognitive decline and dementia. Methods: Electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and ScienceDirect, were searched from January 2000 to July 2023. The search strategy was driven by a combination of subject-heading terms related to physical activity, cognitive function, dementia, and cost-effectiveness. Selected studies were included in narrative synthesis, and extracted data were presented in narrative and tabular forms. The risk of bias in each study was assessed using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards and Consensus on Health Economic Criteria list. Results: Five of the 11 identified studies focused on individuals with existing dementia. Six of the 11 identified studies focused on individuals with no existing dementia, including 3 on those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 3 on those with no existing MCI or dementia. PA interventions focused on individuals with no existing dementia were found to be cost-effective compared to the control group. Findings were mixed for PA interventions implemented in individuals with existing dementia. Conclusions: PA interventions implemented before or during the early stage of cognitive impairment may be cost-effective in reducing the burden of dementia. More research is needed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of PA interventions in managing dementia. Most existing studies used short-term outcomes in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of PA interventions in the prevention and management of dementia; future research should consider adding long-term outcomes to strengthen the study design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The use of virtual reality (VR) content in neurological disorders with cognitive impairment is increasing. We have developed a device that incorporates virtual drum beating content, designed for digit memorization training. This study aimed to investigate the effects of realistic cognitive training on brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Thirty healthy individuals were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: conventional cognitive exercise (CCE) and a realistic cognitive exergame (RCE). Subjects in the CCE group underwent memory training by memorizing numbers displayed on a computer screen and then writing them on paper. The main outcome measure was the oxyhemoglobin level in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). As a result, the average number of digits was 7.86 ± 0.63 for the CCE and 7.6 ± 0.82 for the RCE. The mean difference in ΔHbO was 1.417 ± 0.616 μm (p = 0.029) in channel 2, located in the right DLPFC. Channel 7 and channel 10, which measured activations in the hypothesized medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), also showed a significant mean difference of ΔHbO. DLPFC and OFC presented higher activation in the RCE group (p < 0.05), attributable to the simultaneous memory training and virtual drum beating, which provided various sensory inputs (visual, auditory, and vibration). Although DLPFC involvement in cognitive processes remains controversial, our findings suggest that realistic memory training using drumming content can lead to safer activation of the DLPFC compared to conventional cognitive training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Growing evidence indicates associations between neighbourhood-related factors such as pollution, social isolation and physical inactivity, and cognition, that is, our ability to think clearly, learn and remember. The evidence raises the possibility of neighbourhood intervention playing a role in protecting population cognitive health. However, there is little understanding of these associations among the public and policy-makers, what they mean and how they might be acted on. In this study we explored perceptions of the public and policy-makers about influences of neighbourhood factors on brain functioning, and how they should inform policy. Methods: Qualitative methods were used in three phases; the study ran in parallel with a quantitative study looking at neighbourhood influences on cognition. In phase one, focus groups were conducted with middle-aged (40–69) members of the public to inform statistical modelling. In phase two, similar focus groups were held in four case study areas chosen based on the modelling results. In phase three, interviews with people in public health and policy roles were conducted, including people in the case study sites. Results: Participants described effects on their cognition from community, culture and social interactions, access to green spaces and nature, upkeep and safety of the area, and pollution, traffic and noise. Solutions included better local consultation and involvement in policy and planning, support for community interactions and active and public transport, and education on cognition. There was little awareness, but much interest, from local policy-makers and implementers, about links between cognition and place. Barriers to implementation included lack of: effective engagement with local communities, local funding and joined-up health and neighbourhood policy. Conclusions: People can perceive impacts of neighbourhoods on brain functioning and suggest ways local areas can be improved to support cognitive health. There is support for the idea of population-level interventions to support cognitive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

While the message emanating from physiological and psychological research has extolled the general advantages of exercise in physical and cognitive health, the social distancing and the impossibility of group exercises have revealed more complex conditions. Therefore, we performed an experimental study comparing the effect of individual and group cognitive-motor training on reconstructing subjective well-being (SWB) and quality of life (QOL) in older males who recovered from COVID-19. The study's design is a single-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT). The participants, 36 older men (65–80 yrs.) recovering from COVID-19, were randomly divided into (1) Group A (cognitive-motor training, G-CMT); (2) Group B (individual cognitive-motor training, I-CMT); and (3) Group C (control). Both training interventions involved performing a training protocol (cognitive-motor training) twice a week for four weeks. The outcomes included an assessment of the SWB and QOL of participants by SWB scale and world health organization QOL scale at baseline and two weeks after interventions. Except for the effect of age and number of children variables on QOL, other demographic variables had no significant effect on the results of SWB or WHOQOL of participants (P > 0.05). The SWB results in G-CMT were better than I-CMT and control groups in emotional and social well-being domains. Also, WHOQOL test results in G-CMT were better than control groups in domains of psychological and social relationships, whereas I-CMT performed better than G-CMT and control groups in domains of cognitive well-being, physical health, and environment. The results revealed that the mean test scores of SWB and WHOQOL in G-CMT and I-CMT were better than the control group (P ≤ 0.001). The positive effects of cognitive-motor training on reconstructing SWB and QOL are associated with the synchronicity of cognitive and motor components in these exercises. We suggest that the emotional, social, and psychological benefits of cognitive-motor training override cognitive, physical, and environmental changes. The future line of the present study will include pathophysiology and further clinical aspect of recovering from COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Multiple factors affect cognitive health, such as age-related changes in the brain, injuries, mood disorders, substance abuse, and diseases. While some cannot be changed, evidence exists of many potentially possibly modifiable lifestyle factors: diet, physical activity, cognitive and social engagement, smoking and alcohol consumption which may stabilize or improve declining cognitive function. In nutrition, the focus has been mainly on its role in brain development in the early years. There is a strong emerging need to identify the role of diet and nutrition factors on age-related cognitive decline, which will open up the use of new approaches for prevention, treatment or management of age-related disorders and maintaining a good quality of life among older adults. While data on effect of high protein diets is not consistent, low-fat diets are protective against cognitive decline. Several micronutrients like B group vitamins and iron, as well as many polyphenols play a crucial role in cognitive health. Mediterranean, Nordic, DASH, and MIND diets are linked to a lower risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function through the gut-brain axis has led to the emergence of data on the beneficial effects of dietary fibers and probiotics through the management of gut microbes. A "whole diet" approach as well as macro- and micro-nutrient intake levels that have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases are most likely to be effective against neurodegenerative disorders too. Young adulthood and middle age are crucial periods for determining cognitive health in old age. The importance of cardio metabolic risk factors such as obesity and hypertension, smoking and physical inactivity that develop in middle age suggest that preventive approaches are required for target populations in their 40s and 50s, much before they develop dementia. The commonality of dementia risk with cardiovascular and diabetes risk suggests that dementia could be added to present non-communicable disease management programs in primary healthcare and broader public health programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Physical activity has proven to have many benefits for overall health at all ages. Participation in physical activity is especially important for teenagers and adolescents as their development is still ongoing. The presented paper analyses the PA habits of 124 secondary school students from the gymnasium in Veles, North Macedonia. We analyzed their frequency of participation in PA out of school, perceived benefits for physical, mental, and cognitive health as well as their interests in different sports. Basic descriptive statistics and differential statistics were used for data analyses. Obtained results suggest greater participation in different physical activities, perceived positive effects for physical, mental, and cognitive health, and great interest in team ball sports, fitness, outdoor adventure activities, and martial arts. Results indicate a difference in contents that young people are interested in and what is implemented in school curricula. This leads to the conclusion and recommendation that both schools and local clubs should provide different activities and sports that should fit to young people's interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The goal of this study was to investigate the linkages of positive affect (PA) with cognitive health and its decline among elder Mexican Americans. We conducted secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA). We used the structural equation modeling framework to achieve three specific aims: (1) identify a valid measure of PA, (2) describe within-person trajectories of PA and cognitive health, and (3) test the inter-relations of these two processes over time. Results showed that, on average, PA and cognitive ability (including verbal memory) decreased over time. Yet, there was significant variability in these patterns of change. Bivariate latent growth curve models showed significant correlations of baseline levels and rates of change of PA and cognitive ability even after controlling for age, education, sex, bilingualism, and depression. Results support the hypothesis that increases and decreases in PA tend to be related to increases and decreases in cognitive health at old age among Mexican Americans. more...

Research has documented how people's experiences at work affect their cognitive health outcomes, but how these processes unfold for minority groups, particularly lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) populations, is unclear. This study builds on the nascent literature by employing generalized structural equation models to test how experiencing major problems at work and working with LGBTQ+ supportive coworkers affect subjective cognitive impairment among middle-age and older LGBTQ+ adults. We also test for mediated and indirect effects of support and problems at work operating via vascular disease, sleep problems, and depression symptoms. Experiencing major problems at work is associated with a higher likelihood of reporting cognitive symptoms consistent with mild cognitive impairment, but this relationship is mediated by depression symptoms and sleep problems. Having LGBTQ+ supportive coworkers does not have direct effects on mild cognitive impairment, but does operate indirectly by decreasing problems at work and, in turn, decreases the likelihood of reporting cognitive symptoms consistent with mild cognitive impairment. Overall, we find that workplace stressors contribute to cognitive health directly and through mediated and indirect pathways and that supportive contexts reduce exposure to problems at work. We conclude with suggested possibilities to reorganize workplaces to improve long-term cognitive health outcomes for older adults, especially those who are LGBTQ+-identified. more...

Introduction: Promoting healthy ageing is increasingly important to maintain functional ability and wellbeing in older age. However, there is a lack of consolidated evidence-based information to support the selection of non-drug interventions to support healthy ageing outcomes for individuals. Methods: A narrative review of the evidence-based literature on non-drug interventions to support healthy ageing was performed. Evidence for intervention benefits was evaluated and mapped into the Systematic Wellness Intervention Pathway framework and aligned to relevant goals, needs and outcomes relating to physical fitness and function, emotional wellbeing, cognitive health, sleep and diet and nutrition. Comments from a modified Delphi survey of 75 expert peer reviewers were analysed to inform the development of the next Pathway iteration. Results: The narrative review identified key healthy ageing interventions, including physical activity, social interaction, interventions for emotional wellbeing, creative and cognitively stimulating activities and diet and nutrition. Peer review survey results indicated majority agreement with all domains and non-drug interventions for healthy ageing in the Pathway, and suggested interventions and outcome revisions informed Pathway iteration. Conclusion: The Pathway could be a step forward in operationalising the delivery of non-drug interventions in an accessible and scalable way, supplementing conventional health and social care, to enable older people to live well for longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: Social activity is a key component in the prevention of cognitive decline. However, face-to-face social intervention has limited accessibility. To address this issue, we developed the “Photo-Integrated Conversation Moderated by Application” (PICMOA), a home-based group conversation intervention using smartphones. This paper introduces the PICMOA intervention and the protocol of the ongoing randomized controlled trial (RCT), which aims to evaluate the effects of PICMOA on the cognitive functioning and psychological well-being of Japanese community dwelling older adults at the risk of cognitive function decline. Methods: This study uses an RCT design in two parallel group trials with 1:1 allocation. The participants are community dwelling older adults aged 65 years and above, living in an urban city in Japan, with subjective cognitive concerns. In total, 81 participants were allocated to the intervention or control groups. The intervention group receives 30 min of weekly PICMOA sessions at their home for 12 weeks. The PICMOA intervention consists of (1) a photo preparation period before the session and (2) a structured group conversation session talking about the photos that participants took according to a specific theme. The control group receives 30 min of weekly health education videos on a tablet device. The primary outcome is cognitive functioning at pre- and post-phases of the 12-week intervention measured using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status in Japanese, semantic and phonemic fluency tests, and the Digit Span Forward and Backward tests. The secondary outcomes are psychological and social aspects including mental status, well-being, loneliness, and social support. Discussion: Interest is growing in internet-based activities for preventing social isolation. However, the effect of remote conversation interventions on cognitive functioning remains unclear. This study addresses this issue and provides a new avenue of social participation for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This study investigated whether social support, pension benefits, and medical insurance coverage are related to cognitive function and decline among older rural Chinese adults and whether depressive symptoms represented a pathway linking these factors with cognitive function. Data are taken from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (N = 5,135). Cognitive function is assessed with episodic memory and depressive symptoms are assessed with the 10-item CESD Scale. Social support (intergenerational financial transfers, weekly contact with children, perceived availability of future support, and living arrangements), pension benefits, and medical insurance coverage are self-reported measures. Multilevel linear regression models are employed. Intergenerational financial transfers, perceived availability of future support, and pension income are associated with higher levels of cognitive function. Living with others, perceived availability of future support, medical insurance coverage, and pension income are associated with a slower risk of cognitive decline. Depressive symptoms mediated the association between perceived availability of future support, living with others, pension income and level of cognitive function and the link between perceived availability of future support, pension income, and cognitive decline. The findings suggested these modifiable factors should be taken into account when screening older adults for possible cognitive impairment and decline. Early interventions may also be helpful by expanding social resources and reducing psychological distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background: We examined racial and ethnic differences in medication use for a representative US population of patients with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: We examined cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine initiation, non‐adherence, and discontinuation by race and ethnicity, using data from the 2000–2016 Health and Retirement Study linked with Medicare and Medicaid claims. Results: Among newly diagnosed ADRD patients (n = 1299), 26% filled an ADRD prescription ≤90 days and 36% ≤365 days after diagnosis. Among individuals initiating ADRD‐targeted treatment (n = 1343), 44% were non‐adherent and 24% discontinued the medication during the year after treatment initiation. Non‐Hispanic Blacks were more likely than Whites to not adhere to ADRD medication therapy (odds ratio: 1.50 [95% confidence interval: 1.07–2.09]). Discussion: Initiation of ADRD‐targeted medications did not vary by ethnoracial group, but non‐Hispanic Blacks had lower adherence than Whites. ADRD medication non‐adherence and discontinuation were substantial and may relate to cost and access to care. HIGHLIGHTS: Initiation of anti‐dementia medications among newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) patients was low in all ethnoracial groups.ADRD medication non‐adherence and discontinuation were substantial and may relate to cost and access to care.Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics had lower use, poorer treatment adherence, and more frequent discontinuation of ADRD medication, but when controlling for disease severity and socioeconomic factors, racial disparities diminish.Our findings demonstrate the importance of adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and disease severity when studying medication use and adherence in ADRD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Mental wellbeing is crucial to a good quality of life. With progression in life, mental health can deteriorate, leading to multiple disorders, such as depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia. Essential oils, from various sources, have a long history of use in aromatherapy. Herein, we review the current literature related to the psychological effects of essential oils, emphasizing their impact on mood regulation, stress reduction, sleep disturbances, and cognitive function. Various mechanisms, such as alterations to the neurotransmitter system, endocrine changes, and anti-oxidant activity are reviewed. The non-invasive nature of essential oils suggests they have a promising role as adjuncts to conventional therapies for improving the mental health of the aging population. • Many individuals in the aging population face mental health challenges, including anxiety, stress, and sleep deprivation. • Essential oils like lavender, chamomile, and bergamot are known for their stress-relieving properties. • Aromatherapy as a bedtime routine may contribute to better sleep quality in the elderly. • In light of ongoing developments, it is important to adopt a critical yet receptive approach to evaluating their prospective benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Abstract Background Cognitive health is of great interest to society, with neuroinflammation and systemic inflammation age-related risk factors that are linked to declines in cognitive performance. Several botanical ingredients have been suggested to have benefits in this area including Salvia officinalis (sage), which has shown anti-inflammatory effects and exhibited promising cognitive improvements in multiple human studies. The current study demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects for S. officinalis across a broad set of in vitro models in human cells, and adds further evidence to support modulation of acetylcholine and monoamine neurostransmitter levels as mechanisms that contribute towards the benefits of the herb on cognitive health. Methods The effect of S. officinalis extract on release of multiple cytokines and chemokines was measured in human primary intestinal epithelial cells treated with or without LPS stimulation, and Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) cells in presence or absence of recombinant IL-17A and/or Human IL-17RA/IL-17R Antibody. Antioxidant effects were also assessed in BBB cells incubated with the extract and H2O2. The anti-inflammatory effects of S. officinalis extract were further assessed based on clinically-relevant biomarker readouts across 12 human primary cell-based disease models of the BioMAP Diversity PLUS panel. Results S. officinalis showed significant attenuation of the release of most cytokines/chemokines into apical media in LPS-stimulated intestinal cells, but small increases in the release of markers including IL-6, IL-8 in basolateral media; where TNF-α was the only marker to be significantly reduced. S. officinalis attenuated the release of CRP and VCAM-1 from BBB cells under IL-17A induced conditions, and also decreased H2O2 induced ROS overproduction in these cells. Phenotypic profiling with the BioMAP Diversity PLUS Panel identified additional anti-inflammatory mediators, and based on a similarity search analysis suggested potential mechanistic similarity to caffeic acid and drugs known to inhibit COMT and MAO activity to modulate monoamine metabolism. Subsequent in vitro assessment showed that S. officinalis was able to inhibit the activity of these same enzymes. Conclusions S. officinalis extract showed anti-inflammatory effects across multiple human cell lines, which could potentially reduce peripheral inflammation and support cognitive health. S. officinalis extract also showed the ability to inhibit enzymes related to the metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters, suggesting possible dopaminergic and serotonergic effects acting alongside proposed cholinergic effects to mediate acute cognitive performance benefits previously demonstrated for the extract. more...

ObjectivesAmong US firefighters, sudden cardiac arrest and psychological stress (i.e., PTSD) are the leading cause of on-duty death. Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) may influence both cardiometabolic and cognitive health. Here, we examined differences in cardiometabolic disease risk factors, cognitive function, and physical fitness in US firefighters with vs. without MetSyn.Materials and methodsOne hundred fourteen male firefighters, aged 20 to 60 years, participated in the study. US firefighters with MetSyn vs. non-MetSyn were divided by AHA/NHLBI criteria. Of them, we performed a paired-match analysis with respect to the age and BMI of firefighters with (n = 18) vs. without MetSyn (n = 18). The cardiometabolic disease risk factors included blood pressure, fasting glucose, blood lipid profiles [HDL-C, triglyceride (TG)], and surrogate markers of insulin resistance [TG/HDL-C, TG glucose index (TyG)]. The cognitive test included a psychomotor vigilance task as a measure of reaction time and a delayed-match-to-sample task (DMS) as a measure of memory, using the computer-based Psychological Experiment Building Language Version 2.0 program. The differences between MetSyn and non-MetSyn groups in US firefighters were analyzed using an independent t-test adjusted for age and BMI. In addition, Spearman correlation and stepwise multiple regression were conducted.ResultsUS firefighters with MetSyn exhibited severe insulin resistance estimated by TG/HDL-C and TyG (Cohen’s d > 0.8, all p 0.8, all p more...

BackgroundSome studies have shown that a pro-inflammatory diet may be associated with cognitive function, but their conclusions have varied considerably. We here present a meta-analysis of the current published literature on DII score and its association with cognitive health.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched in September 2022. The reported indexes, specifically OR, RR, and β, were extracted and analyzed using R version 3.1.0.ResultsA total of 636 studies in databases were identified, and 12 were included in the meta-analysis. Higher DII was associated with an increased risk of AD and MCI (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.21–1.49). Meanwhile, it may also cause global function impairment (categorical: OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.36–1.96) and verbal fluency impairment (continuous: OR = 0.18; 95% IC = 0.08–0.42). But there was no significant association between DII and executive function (categorical: OR = 1.12; 95% IC = 0.84–1.49; continuous: OR = 0.48; 95% IC = 0.19–1.21) or episodic memory (continuous: OR = 0.56; 95% IC = 0.30–1.03).ConclusionA pro-inflammatory diet is related to AD, MCI, and the functions of some cognitive domains (specifically global function and verbal fluency). However, the current evidence on the role of diet-induced inflammation in different cognitive domains should be supported by further studies in the future. more...

The article reports that promoting and maintaining brain health for older adults is the greatest challenges facing the public health community in the United States. Topics include considered this will require the public health community to take steps to reduce disparities in brain health across disproportionately impacted communities. more...

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between adult children's education and older parents' cognitive health, and the extent to which this relationship is moderated by parents' own socio-economic and marital statuses. Data using Waves 5 (2000) to 13 (2016) are drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative panel survey of individuals age 50 and above in the United States of America (USA). Older parents' cognitive functioning is measured using episodic memory from Waves 5–13. Adult children's education is measured using years of schooling, on average, for all adult children of a respondent. Analyses based on multilevel linear growth curve modelling reveal that parents with well-educated adult children report higher memory score over time compared to their counterparts whose children are not as well-educated. We also find that the positive effect of children's education on parents' cognitive health is moderated by parents' own education, though not by their income, occupation or marital status. Our work contributes to the growing body of research on the 'upward' flow of resources model that assesses the ways in which personal and social assets of the younger generation shape the health and wellbeing of the older generation. Our findings are particularly relevant to the USA given the enduring linkage between socio-economic status and health, and the limited social and economic protection for those of lower social status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The ability to efficiently combine information from different senses is an important perceptual process that underpins much of our daily activities. This process, known as multisensory integration, varies from individual to individual, and is affected by the ageing process, with impaired processing associated with age-related conditions, including balance difficulties, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive decline. Impaired multisensory perception has also been associated with a range of neurodevelopmental conditions, where novel intervention approaches are actively sought, for example dyslexia and autism. However, it remains unclear to what extent and how multisensory perception can be modified by training. This systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence that we can train multisensory perception in neurotypical adults. In all, 1521 studies were identified following a systematic search of the databases PubMed, Scopus, PsychInfo and Web of Science. Following screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, 27 studies were chosen for inclusion. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomised Studies (MINORS) tool and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 for Randomised Control Trials. We found considerable evidence that in-task feedback training using psychophysics protocols led to improved task performance. The generalisability of this training to other tasks of multisensory integration was inconclusive, with few studies and mixed findings reported. Promising findings from exercise-based training indicate physical activity protocols warrant further investigation as potential training avenues for improving multisensory integration. Future research directions should include trialling training protocols with clinical populations and other groups who would benefit from targeted training to improve inefficient multisensory integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Early schooling plays an important role in shaping cognitive development. This study explored benefits of cognitive functioning in later life related to attending diverse schools in early life. Specifically, we explored the effects of having attended schools composed primarily of different race peers-race discordant schools (RDS)-among Black and White older adults. Using retrospective and prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examined the association between RDS exposure and two measures of cognitive function (working memory, episodic memory) at age 55 and at age 70. We found that RDS exposed Blacks experienced significant benefits in cognitive function at age 55 and at age 70. In general, RDS exposed Whites did not experience cognitive benefits or deficits. Results suggest that exposure to more racially diverse school environments provides potentially beneficial effects for cognitive function, particularly in later phases of the life course [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Objectives: To examine associations between sustained ownership of a pet and cognitive outcomes among a national sample of U.S. adults. Methods: Weighted linear mixed models were estimated using the Health and Retirement Study (2010–2016, n = 1369) to compare repeated measures of cognitive function between respondents who endorsed owning a pet in a sustained manner (>5 years), versus those who owned a pet ≤5 years, and non-pet owners. Results: Respondents aged 65+ who owned a pet >5 years demonstrated higher composite cognitive scores, compared to non-pet owners (β =.76, p =.03). Sustained pet ownership was associated with higher immediate (β =.3, p =.02) and delayed (β =.4, p =.007) word recall scores. There were no significant differences in cognitive scores between pet owners and non-owners aged < 65. Discussion: Sustained ownership of a pet could mitigate cognitive disparities in older adults. Further studies are needed to examine potential causal pathways, including physical activity and stress buffering, versus selection effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

One new case of dementia is detected every 4 seconds and no effective drug therapy exists. Effective behavioural strategies to promote healthy cognitive ageing are thus essential. Three behaviours related to cognitive health which we all engage in daily are physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep. These time-use activity behaviours are linked to cognitive health in a complex and dynamic relationship not yet fully elucidated. Understanding how each of these behaviours is related to each other and cognitive health will help determine the most practical and effective lifestyle strategies for promoting healthy cognitive ageing. In this review, we discuss methods and analytical approaches to best investigate how these time-use activity behaviours are related to cognitive health. We highlight four key recommendations for examining these relationships such that researchers should include measures which (1) are psychometrically appropriate; (2) can specifically answer the research question; (3) include objective and subjective estimates of the behaviour and (4) choose an analytical method for modelling the relationships of time-use activity behaviours with cognitive health which is appropriate for their research question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This case study describes the rationale, development, and functioning of the Elders Learning Community, a nonprofit home and community service program that served older adults in Richmond, California. The program applied a blend of self-directed learning, learner-centered and significant learning approaches, and features of a member-driven Lifelong Learning Institute to address barriers to social and cognitive engagement and personal growth experienced by many older adults. The program implemented cognitive health recommendations and changing views of aging and developmental potential supported by neuroscientific and aging research and related ideas found in philosophical and educational literature. Practical approaches are needed to promote cognitive health and develop potential with aging. Participants' successes in pursuing learning and creative interests and accompanying opportunities for social engagement, sense of control and self-efficacy, and personal growth suggest the program model may hold promise for these purposes in home and community services and merits additional trial and study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Optimal nutrition is imperative for psychological health. Oxidative stress and inflammation are underlying etiologies for alterations in psychological health. Warfighters are at risk of health concerns such as depression due to increased stress in austere environments and family separation while deployed. Over the last decade, research has demonstrated the health benefits of flavonoids found in fruits and berries. Berry flavonoids have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, the promising effects of various berries rich in bioactive flavonoids are examined. By inhibiting oxidative stress, berry flavonoids have the potential to modulate brain, cardiovascular, and intestinal health. There is a critical need for targeted interventions to address psychological health concerns within the warfighter population, and a berry flavonoid-rich diet and/or berry flavonoid dietary supplement intervention may prove beneficial as an adjunctive therapy. Structured searches of the literature were performed in the PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases using predetermined keywords. This review focuses on berry flavonoids' critical and fundamental bioactive properties and their potential effects on psychological health in investigations utilizing cell, animal, and human model systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Copyright of REICE. Ibero-American Journal on Quality, Effectiveness & Change in Education / REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación is the property of Red Iberoamericana de Investigacion sobre Cambio y Eficacia en Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...

This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the formative assessment (FA) of Physical Education teachers and the level of self-concept of primary school students. In this descriptive cross-sectional study of 122 schoolchildren, selfconcept was assessed using the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale and the teacher's formative assessment practices through the teacher performance questionnaire associated with formative assessment practices whose scores were validated. The analysis of bivariate correlations showed that higher values in proactive FA correlated with lower values in physical self-concept and higher values in behavioural, intellectual, and social self-concept (p < 0.05, for all) and interactive FA with higher values in social self-concept (p < 0.05). The simple analysis of variance detected statistically significant differences in proactive and interactive FA (p < 0.05, for all) in favour of those who had a higher level of self-concept. In turn, the linear regression test indicated that higher values in retroactive FA are associated with higher values in social self-concept (p < 0.039) and, that higher values in proactive FA are associated with lower values in physical self-concept (p < 0.023). It can be concluded that the FA of the Physical Education teacher can be a differentiating element in the development of self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Background and Hypothesis: Early auditory processing (EAP) has increasingly become a focus of efforts to identify markers of treatment response in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Assessment of baseline need provides an opportunity for cognitive remediation (CR) programs that include EAP training to personalize treatment and optimize its impact. CR has been shown to help reduce negative symptoms, but less is known about how EAP tailoring may influence this relationship. This study hypothesized a differential benefit of EAP training on negative symptom reduction for those with and without baseline EAP deficits as defined by performance on the Tone Matching Test., Study Design: 150 outpatient adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were classified as having intact (44.7%) or impaired (55.3%) EAP and were randomly assigned to CR that either included EAP training (N = 77) or did not (N = 73). Negative symptom improvement was measured via the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale posttreatment and 3 months later., Study Results: CR resulted in significant negative symptom improvement in the sample overall. Only EAP impaired participants demonstrated significant negative symptom benefit from EAP training. EAP impaired participants who did not receive embedded auditory training had near-zero reductions in negative symptom severity., Conclusions: These findings extend prior research on cognitive remediation as treatment for negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that routine assessment of EAP is critical for personalizing and optimizing a response to CR that is clinically significant for both cognitive and negative symptoms., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.) more...

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to propose a new conceptual definition for cognitive health motivation and identify its attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents. Methods: Walker and Avant's method was used to analyze the concept of cognitive health motivation. The PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and CQVIP Chinese Journals Platform databases were searched. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 checklist was used. Results: Five attributes of the concept of cognitive health motivation were identified: cognitive health beliefs, cognitive health intentions, perception of cognitive health risks, perception of cognitive health benefits, and dynamically evolving. The antecedents are knowledge related to cognitive health, cognitive health assessment, and cognitive decline. The consequences are cognitive health behavior, cognitive health enhancement, and successful cognitive aging. Based on these attributes, a conceptual definition was proposed. Conclusion: In the context of aging, a clarified definition of cognitive health motivation will aid in understanding the concept, explaining the process of changes in cognitive health behavior, providing guidance for the implementation of cognitive health interventions, and improving cognitive health., (© 2025 Springer Publishing Company.) more...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an established risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline and increased dementia risk. The specific characteristics of TBI (e.g., type of head trauma, presence of a gap in memory, age of onset) that confer the greatest risk to cognitive health remain comparatively less clear. Using data from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) experimental module, we examined associations between TBI characteristics and memory outcomes in a national adult lifespan sample. We tested whether the age of onset and presence of a memory gap in TBI resulting from a vehicle accident, from a fall or being hit, or from playing sports or playing on a playground were associated with self-rated memory and recall memory performance in a subsample of HRS respondents across the adult lifespan ( N = 414, mean age = 66.28, SD = 9.70, 52% female). In cases where participants reported TBI from three different types of injury (vehicle accident, fall, and playing sports or playing on a playground), they shared whether they experienced a gap in their memory and their age when the head trauma occurred. Participants also reported on self-rated memory and performed a recall memory task. Hierarchical linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, and self-rated health. Older age of onset for TBI from a fall was associated with worse self-rated memory (Est. = -0.11, SE = 0.04, p = 0.01) and recall performance (Est. = -0.33, SE = 0.15, p = 0.03). Encountering a memory gap from the TBI that resulted from a vehicle accident (Est. = -0.22, SE = 0.10, p = 0.03), a fall (Est. = -0.23, SE = 0.09, p = 0.01), and from playing sports or playing on a playground (Est. = -0.40, SE = -0.13, p < 0.01) were all significantly associated with worse self-rated memory. Links between encountering a memory gap and recall performance were comparatively scant. Results indicate the impact of TBI on memory varies as a function of type of trauma, age of onset, and presence of memory gap from the head trauma. Our study takes a preclinical, preventative approach to inform public health efforts that target the mitigation of specific types of head trauma at different developmental phases of the lifespan. more...

Background and Objectives: While Hispanic/Latino populations in the U.S. are remarkably diverse in terms of birthplace and age at migration, we poorly understand how these factors are associated with cognitive aging. Our research seeks to operationalize a life course perspective of migration and health and contribute new understanding of Alzheimer's disease / Alzheimer's disease related dementias among U.S.-based Hispanic/Latino older adults., Research Design and Methods: Harnessing the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (n=16,415) and the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (n=6,377) data, we compare baseline cognition and 7-year cognitive change among U.S./mainland-born Hispanic/Latino adults relative to foreign/island-born immigrants by age of migration (four groups: born in mainland U.S., immigrated <16 years, 16-34 years, >34 years). Global cognition was calculated as a composite measure, and domain specific measures were considered in secondary analyses. We employed linear regressions, ANOVA contrasts and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition techniques., Results: All Hispanic/Latino immigrant adults, regardless of age at migration, have a cognitive health disadvantage (at each visit and over time) relative to U.S./mainland-born Hispanic/Latino individuals. Differences did not endure the inclusion of covariates and were explained predominantly by first socio-economic and then acculturative factors, and far less by health and health behaviors. Acculturative factors are particularly important for individuals who migrated after childhood., Discussion and Implications: Socio-economic and acculturation factors have outsized roles in explaining gaps in cognitive aging among U.S.-born and migrant Hispanic/Latino adults. It is then vital to examine whether disrupting socio-economic and acculturation inequalities closes such gaps in cognitive aging., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Gerontological Society of America.) more...

Survey response times (RTs) have hitherto untapped potential to allow researchers to gain more detailed insights into the cognitive performance of participants in online panel studies. We examined if RTs recorded from a brief online survey could serve as a digital biomarker for processing speed. Data from 9,893 adults enrolled in the nationally representative Understanding America Study were used in the analyses. Hypotheses included that people's average survey RTs would have a large correlation with an established processing speed test, small to moderate correlations with other cognitive tests, and associations with functional impairment. We also hypothesized that survey RTs would have sensitivity to various participant characteristics comparable to the established processing speed test's sensitivity (e.g., similar standardized means by gender). Overall, results support the validity and reliability of people's average RTs to survey items as a digital biomarker for processing speed. The correlation between survey RTs (reverse scored) and the formal processing speed test was 0.61 (p<0.001), and small to moderate associations with most other cognitive and functional status measures were observed. Sensitivity of survey RTs to various participant characteristics was nearly identical to the formal processing speed test. Survey RTs may be useful as proxies for processing speed., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.) more...

BackgroundSocioeconomic position (SEP) strongly predicts late-life cognitive health, yet the pathways between SEP and cognitive function remain unclear. This study assessed whether and to what extent the association between SEP and cognitive function in the adult population in rural South Africa is mediated by some health conditions, behavioral factors, and social capital factors.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we used data from the 2014–15 “Health and Aging Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI) cohort, including 5,059 adults aged 40+ years from the Agincourt sub-district in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. SEP, the independent variable, was measured based on ownership of household goods. Cognitive function, the dependent variable, was assessed using questions related to time orientation and immediate and delayed word recall. We used the multiple-mediation analysis on 4125 individuals with complete values on all variables to assess the mediating roles of health conditions (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and disability), behavioral factors (leisure physical activity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking), and social capital factors (community's willingness to help, trust, sense of safety, and social network contact) in the association between SEP and cognitive function.ResultsCompared to adults in the poorest wealth quintile, those in the richest wealth quintile had better cognition (β = 0.903, p < 0.001). The mediation analysis revealed that health conditions mediated 20.7% of the total effect of SEP on cognitive function. In comparison, 3.3% was mediated by behavioral factors and only 0.7% by social capital factors. In the multiple-mediator model, 17.9% of the effect of SEP on cognitive function was jointly mediated by health conditions, behavioral factors, and social capital factors.ConclusionLow socioeconomic position is a significant factor associated with poor cognitive function among adults aged 40 years and above in South Africa. Health conditions mainly mediate the effects between SEP and cognitive function. Therefore, actions to prevent and control chronic health conditions can serve as the entry point for intervention to prevent poor cognitive function among people with low socioeconomic status. more...

Multiple factors affect cognitive health, such as age-related changes in the brain, injuries, mood disorders, substance abuse, and diseases. While some cannot be changed, evidence exists of many potentially possibly modifiable lifestyle factors: diet, physical activity, cognitive and social engagement, smoking and alcohol consumption which may stabilize or improve declining cognitive function. In nutrition, the focus has been mainly on its role in brain development in the early years. There is a strong emerging need to identify the role of diet and nutrition factors on age-related cognitive decline, which will open up the use of new approaches for prevention, treatment or management of age-related disorders and maintaining a good quality of life among older adults. While data on effect of high protein diets is not consistent, low-fat diets are protective against cognitive decline. Several micronutrients like B group vitamins and iron, as well as many polyphenols play a crucial role in cognitive health. Mediterranean, Nordic, DASH, and MIND diets are linked to a lower risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function through the gut-brain axis has led to the emergence of data on the beneficial effects of dietary fibers and probiotics through the management of gut microbes. A “whole diet” approach as well as macro- and micro-nutrient intake levels that have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases are most likely to be effective against neurodegenerative disorders too. Young adulthood and middle age are crucial periods for determining cognitive health in old age. The importance of cardio metabolic risk factors such as obesity and hypertension, smoking and physical inactivity that develop in middle age suggest that preventive approaches are required for target populations in their 40s and 50s, much before they develop dementia. The commonality of dementia risk with cardiovascular and diabetes risk suggests that dementia could be added to present non-communicable disease management programs in primary healthcare and broader public health programs. more...

This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the formative assessment (FA) of Physical Education teachers and the level of self-concept of primary school students. In this descriptive cross-sectional study of 122 schoolchildren, self-concept was assessed using the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale and the teacher's formative assessment practices through the teacher performance questionnaire associated with formative assessment practices whose scores were validated. The analysis of bivariate correlations showed that higher values in proactive FA correlated with lower values in physical self-concept and higher values in behavioural, intellectual, and social self-concept (p < .05, for all) and interactive FA with higher values in social self-concept (p < .05). The simple analysis of variance detected statistically significant differences in proactive and interactive FA (p < .05, for all) in favour of those who had a higher level of self-concept. In turn, the linear regression test indicated that higher values in retroactive FA are associated with higher values in social self-concept (p < .039) and, that higher values in proactive FA are associated with lower values in physical self-concept (p < .023). It can be concluded that the FA of the Physical Education teacher can be a differentiating element in the development of self-concept. more...

Depressive symptoms are recognized as risk factors for cognitive impairment with intricate underlying biological mechanisms. We explored the link between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment onset; we also assessed how this association is influenced by educational levels. This study included 5843 individuals aged ≥45 years, comprising 27,908 observations from 2006 to 2020. Based on repeated measurements of each participant, we estimated the association between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment onset after a 2-year follow-up by using generalized estimating equations. The incidence rate was 9.4% among those individuals without depressive symptoms, which was in contrast with a rate of 21.0% among those individuals experiencing depressive symptoms. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the association between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment onset in the overall sample was 1.61 (1.47–1.76). This association was more pronounced among individuals with higher educational levels. Specifically, the OR (95% CI) of the association between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment was highest among individuals with a college education (2.60 [1.78–3.81]), and the association was lowest among individuals with elementary or no education levels (1.45 [1.28–1.63]). Our findings highlight the idea that although individuals with higher educational backgrounds exhibit a diminished risk of cognitive impairment, the detrimental impacts of depressive symptoms on cognitive performance are particularly more pronounced within this group. more...

Background: Motivational interviewing is a set of interviewing techniques that are employed to promote behavioral change. However, motivational interviewing is a costly intervention that requires training, and its effectiveness relies greatly on the skills and training of specialists. To overcome these limitations, this study developed and implemented a modified version of motivational interviewing. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a modified motivational interviewing (MMI) intervention on university students' psychological, cognitive, and nutritional health indicators. Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was conducted using an experimental, repeated‐measures, two‐group design. The authors developed a modified version of motivational interviewing, and its effect was investigated among university students. The final sample size in this study was 94 university students (intervention = 48 and control = 46). Psychological, cognitive, and nutritional health indicators were measured at baseline and 1 month postrandomization and 3 months postrandomization. Repeated‐measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the multivariate analysis revealed a significant effect of the MMI intervention on the linear combination of the dependent variables: Pillai's trace = 0.28, F (9, 84) = 3.59, p =.001. The univariate analysis showed that the effect of the MMI intervention was significant on four dependent variables (namely, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, perceived stress, and mindfulness). Conclusion: The MMI intervention improved university students' perceived stress, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and mindfulness. Further research should be conducted to validate the results reported in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The COVID-19 pandemic has fueled growing concerns about the long-term impacts on outcomes in older adults including social isolation and declines in cognitive health. Prior to the pandemic, the Administration for Community Living (ACL) released a nationwide request for information to understand how community-based organizations monitor changes in cognitive status for homebound older adults. This Perspective describes strategies reported by community-based organizations to monitor cognitive status in homebound older adults and notes the potential for technology to mitigate the risk of social isolation and delays in observing cognitive decline, considerations that are especially relevant during COVID-19 amid social distancing requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Objective: To determine whether a seemingly "paradoxical" trend whereby mental health improves as a function of age despite declining physical and cognitive health occurs in U.S. military veterans, who are older, and have higher rates of trauma exposure and psychiatric morbidities relative to non-veterans.Methods: Using data from a nationally representative, cross-sectional sample of 4069 U.S. veterans, polynomial regression analyses were conducted to examine changes in self-reported physical, cognitive, and mental health of veterans representing the full age spectrum.Results: Physical health scores were consistently average and stable until around age 80 when they declined. In contrast, cognitive and mental health scores were markedly lower in young veterans and then increased linearly and positively well into late-life.Conclusions: While greater age is associated with relative stability and late-life decline in physical health in U.S. veterans, mental and cognitive health steadily improve until much later in life. Results may help inform age-specific prevention and treatment efforts to promote healthy aging in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...