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Aquaculture is one of the main drivers of mangrove loss across Southeast Asian countries. The conversion of mangroves to aquaculture generates substantial loss of carbon stocks and reduces carbon storage capacity. Here, we present total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) effluxes obtained from mangrove forests (fringe and interior mangroves), silvofishery aquaculture ponds (dense and sparse mangroves), and non-silvofishery aquaculture ponds in Sawah Luhur, Banten, Indonesia. We found no significant difference in TECS across five land uses, ranging from 261 ± 14 Mg C ha-1 in non-silvofishery ponds to 574 ± 119 Mg C ha-1 in fringe mangroves. Most of these stocks were found in the soil carbon pool (87%) in fringe and interior mangroves. However, the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds resulted in soil carbon loss from -6% to 60%. The highest soil CO2 effluxes during dry and wet seasons were observed in interior mangroves (151 ± 12 mg CO2 m-2 h-1). The highest soil CH4 effluxes were found in fringe mangroves with 0.13 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1. The highest aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes were found in dense silvofishery ponds, at 118 ±7mg CO2 m-2 h-1 and 0.38 ± 0.04 mg CH4 m-2 h-1, respectively. Our findings suggest that land use that includes mangroves (i.e., mangrove forest and/or silvofishery ponds) tends to have higher carbon stocks, soil, and aquatic CO2 and CH4 effluxes, compared to aquaculture ponds without mangroves. It is therefore crucial to maintain mangroves for natural carbon capture and storage through carbon stock enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the impact of land use change on ecosystem carbon storage in Hohhot City, this paper simulates and predicts the land use and carbon stock of Hohhot City under four scenarios, namely, natural development, ecological protection, arable land protection, and urban development based on the InVEST and PLUS models. The results showed that the area of land use types, such as impervious surface, forest land, grassland, and water bodies in Hohhot City increased from 1990 to 2020. The area of land types, such as cultivated land, bare land, and shrubs decreased, with shrubs and bare land having the highest land turn-out rate of 93.63% and 98.24%, respectively. The estimation results of the InVEST model indicated that the continuous expansion of anthropogenic ground, erosion of arable land, and other land use high carbon density land types that resulted in a decreasing trend of carbon storage in Hohhot City from 1990 to 2020. The carbon stocks in Hohhot City in 2030 under the abovementioned scenarios are predicted to decrease compared with those in 2020. Carbon stocks in the arable land protection scenario are predicted to decrease the least, followed by the ecological protection scenario, indicating that reasonable protection measures can effectively reduce the decrease of carbon stocks. The arable land conservation scenario can effectively slow down the expansion of urban buildings, while the ecological conservation scenario can effectively increase ecological land such as water bodies and grasslands. The study shows that the implementation of arable land and ecological protection policies, optimization of land use structure, and improvement of land use efficiency are all important for the sustainable development of Hohhot City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately mapping crop aboveground biomass (AGB) in a timely manner is crucial for promoting sustainable agricultural practices and effective climate change mitigation actions. To address this challenge, the integration of satellite-based Earth Observation (EO) data with advanced machine learning algorithms offers promising prospects to monitor land and crop phenology over time. However, achieving accurate AGB maps in small crop fields and complex landscapes is still an ongoing challenge. In this study, the AGB was estimated for small sugarcane fields (<1 ha) located in the Kumphawapi district of Udon Thani province, Thailand. Specifically, in order to explore, estimate, and map sugarcane AGB and carbon stock for the 2018 and 2021 years, ground measurements and time series of Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) data were used and random forest regression (RFR) and support vector regression (SVR) applied. Subsequently, optimized predictive models used to generate large-scale maps were adapted. The RFR models demonstrated high efficiency and consistency when compared to the SVR models for the two years considered. Specifically, the resulting AGB maps displayed noteworthy accuracy, with the coefficient of determination (R2) as 0.85 and 0.86 with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 8.84 and 9.61 t/ha for the years 2018 and 2021, respectively. In addition, mapping sugarcane AGB and carbon stock across a large scale showed high spatial variability within fields for both base years. These results exhibited a high potential for effectively depicting the spatial distribution of AGB densities. Finally, it was shown how these highly accurate maps can support, as valuable tools, sustainable agricultural practices, government policy, and decision-making processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests face a variety of threats in the modern era. Agroforestry systems, both traditional and introduced, have a tremendous capacity for providing sustainable resources and combating the impact of global climate change. Indigenous agroforestry and forest land-use systems are important reservoirs for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, providing a potential contribution to livelihood security for rural communities. This study aimed to assess the tree diversity and carbon stock of agroforestry and adjoining forests along altitudinal gradients, ranging between 700 and 2200 masl (i.e., lower, middle, and upper altitudes) by laying sample plots randomly of a size of 20 × 20 m2. In the forest land-use system, the maximum Importance Value Index (IVI) included Dalbergia sissoo (71.10), Pyrus pashia (76.78), and Pinus roxburghii (79.69) at the upper, middle, and lower elevations, respectively, whereas, in the agroforestry land-use system, the IVI reported for Ficus semicordata was 43.05 at the upper, while for Grewia optiva it was at 53.82 at the middle and 59.33 at the lower altitudes. The below-ground biomass density (AGBD) was recorded as 1023.48 t ha−1 (lower), 242.92 t ha−1 (middle), and 1099.35 t ha−1(upper), while in the agroforestry land-use system, the AGBD was 353.48 t ha−1 (lower), 404.32 t ha−1 (middle), and 373.23 t ha−1 (upper). The total carbon density (TCD) values recorded were 630.57, 167.32, and 784.00 t ha−1 in forest land-use systems, and 227.46, 343.23, and 252.47 in agroforestry land-use systems for lower, middle, and upper altitudes, respectively. The Margalef's Index values for agroforestry and forests ranged from 2.39 to 2.85 and 1.12 to 1.30, respectively. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock recorded 45.32, 58.92, and 51.13 Mg C ha−1 for agroforestry and 61.73, 42.65, and 71.08 Mg C ha−1 for forest in lower, middle and upper elevations, respectively. The study suggests that selecting land use patterns can be an effective management system for tree species at different elevations for carbon storage, helping to mitigate climate change and aiding in sustainable management of ecosystems in the Garhwal Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use change is the main factor driving the change of carbon stock, and assessing the impact of land use change on carbon stock is of great significance for carbon balance. Taking Jiangxi Province as an example, based on the InVEST-PLUS model, we explore the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of land use change and carbon stock in Jiangxi Province from 1990 to 2020, and measure the evolution of carbon stock under various scenarios in Jiangxi Province in 2030. (1) The carbon stocks in Jiangxi Province in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 were 1275.94×106 t, 1276.00×106 t, 1269.12×106 t and 1258.00×106 t, respectively, with an overall decreasing trend. The decrease of forest land was the main factor for the loss of carbon stock. Above-ground biomass carbon pool and soil carbon pool had the most carbon stock, accounting for 88.82% of the total carbon stock. (2) By 2030, the carbon stock of the natural development scenario, ecological protection scenario, and urban development scenario will decrease by 3.8×106 t, increase by 1.25×106 t, and decrease by 13.3×106 t, respectively, compared with 2020. it shows that the adoption of ecological protection measures and optimization of land-use structure can effectively control the decrease of carbon stock. (3) The areas with significantly higher carbon stocks are located in the mountainous areas of Gannan where ecological land use is continuous, while the areas with significantly lower carbon stocks are located in the northern regions of Gannan where carbon density values are low and construction land use is distributed in patches. The results of the study will provide a scientific basis for making reasonable ecological decisions for the construction of ecological civilization in Jiangxi Province and for realizing high-quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.), widely distributed in southern and central Mexico, has many economic and ecological functions. However, there is a lack of data and information regarding the aboveground biomass (AGB) of this species in Mexico, which hampers understanding of its carbon sequestration potential. The objectives of this study were (1) to develop allometric equations to estimate AGB and (2) to determine the relationships of AGB components in cacao trees. Twenty-one trees were destructively sampled and separated into components (trunk, branches, leaves) at the Chontalpa subregion of Tabasco, a large cocoa production area. Samples of biomass cocoa trees were used to determine their carbon content. A typical cacao tree in our study area is 6.64 m in height, with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of 13.29 cm and with dry aboveground biomass of 37.02 kg. We found that about 50% of the biomass of a cacao tree is concentrated in the trunk while stems of different sizes, leaves, and fruits account for the other 50%. Seven AGB models were designed using dbh, basal diameter at 30 cm (d30), total height (h), canopy area (Ac), canopy height (Ch), and crown width (Cw) as biomass predictors. The dbh was the best-correlated independent variable with all AGB components. Selected models showed adequate fit and performance with high R2 (ca. 95%) in estimating AGB, but the most appropriate allometric equation was Ln (TB) = − 4.20 + 1.19 * ln(dbh) + 2.34 * ln(h) because this model had higher R2, lower Akaike criterion, and Mallow’s cp values. We recommend the use of this model to calculate aboveground biomass and carbon content for cacao trees in agroforestry systems similar to those of our study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecosystem services of forests, such as the water conservation function, are the combined results of diverse processes, and the modification of one part of a forest affects each ecosystem service separately via complex processes. It is necessary to develop an ecosystem service assessment model for various tree species to ensure proper forest management. In this study, a model to evaluate three ecosystem services, namely, the water supply, wood supply, and carbon sink, for various tree species in Japan is developed using many observation data from the previous literature. The integrated evaluation model consists of the forest model, hydrological model, and carbon stock assessment model. The forest model consists of the forest growth model and LAI estimation model, based on allometry. The results of the simulations for the major tree species yield the following findings: (1) Water supply varies with tree species but decreases until about 40 years of age, after which it is near constant. (2) Although beech has a larger LAI than needleleaf forests, water supply is not significantly different. (3) Broadleaf forests are more affected by thinning than needleleaf forests and tend to receive increased water supply as a result of processes such as thinning. This study enabled the evaluation of water conservation function in watersheds containing various tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the biomass expansion factor (BEF) method was combined with the tree growth function in order to obtain a more accurate growth function of tree species through the fitting of different growth functions to tree growth, and to determine the characteristics of the forest carbon stock as well as the carbon sink potential of Huangshan National Forest Park (HNFP) in China. The carbon sink potential of each tree species and the integrated influencing factors, such as the stand and soil, were directly represented by structural equation modelling (SEM) to clarify the size and path of each influencing factor against the carbon sink potential. The results showed the following: (1) the logistic growth function fitting results for the seven major tree species in HNFP were better than those from the Richard–Chapman growth function, and the R2 was greater than 0.90. (2) In 2014, the total carbon stock of the forest in HNFP was approximately 9.59 × 105 t, and the pattern of carbon density, in general, was higher in the central region and the northeastern region and lower in the northern and southern regions, while the distribution of carbon density was lower in the northern and southern regions. The carbon density pattern generally showed a higher distribution in the central and northeastern regions and a lower distribution in the northern and southern regions; most of the high-carbon-density areas were distributed in blocks, while the low-carbon-density areas were distributed sporadically. (3) The total carbon sink of the forest in HNFP was 8.26 × 103 t in 2014–2015, and due to the large age structure of the regional tree species, the carbon sinks of each tree species and the total carbon sink of HNFP showed a projected downward trend from 2014 to 2060. (4) For different tree species, the influencing factors on carbon sink potential are not the same, and the main influence factors involve slope position, slope, altitude, soil thickness, etc. This study identified the carbon stock and carbon sink values of the forest in HNFP, and the factors affecting the carbon sink potential obtained by SEM can provide a basis for the selection of new afforestation sites in the region as well as new ideas and methods to achieve peak carbon and carbon neutrality both regionally and nationally in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2 (zero hunger), 6 (clean water and sanitation), and 15 (life on land) are related to the human-water-soil nexus. Soil organic carbon and nutrients can be removed and transported to waterways through runoff and drainage. The main goals of this study are to quantify the water quality for irrigation and assess the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents in streams in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt. A 4-year water quality monitoring program is accomplished by collecting 35 irrigation and drainage water samples per year from the study area. The measured water quality parameters are as follows: salinity, pH, Na, SAR, Cl, and NO3–N. In addition, the DOC content is accessed. The salinity hazard ranged from moderate, for most irrigation samples, to high and very high for drainage samples. All collected water samples have low to medium sodium hazards. Results indicate that average DOC contents in irrigation canals are 2.32 and 2.93 mg L−1 for the summer and winter, respectively. The respective means of DOC concentration in drainage canals for the summer and winter seasons are around 3.96 and 5.09 mg L−1. This study revealed significant differences in EC, pH, Na, Cl, and SAR, as water quality parameters, between irrigation and drainage canals. Additionally, the studied agroecosystem has seasonal variability in DOC concentration in irrigation and drainage canals between summer and winter. Overall, reusing drainage water for irrigation in the study area requires the selection of suitable crops and site-specific management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatlands, as an important carbon sink, store a large amount of atmospheric carbon that is vulnerable to becoming a carbon emission source due to the disturbance of the peat layer by natural and anthropogenic processes. The Kuan Kreng peat swamp forest is the second largest peatland in Thailand and is in coastal wetland serving for carbon stock in the subsurface. To assess carbon stock in peatland, the thickness and distribution of the peat layer are necessary. This study determines physical and chemical characteristics of the peatlands in the coastal wetland, southern Thailand by conventional core study and geophysical surveys, including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). There is a significant relationship between chemical and physical properties from the peat layer, which is useful to approximately predict the physical properties and peat layers in the geophysical profiles. The resistivity profiles exhibit high resistivity response, peat between 21.9 and 145.0 ohm-m, interpreted as the peat layers in the shallow subsurface. The high resolution GPR profiles provide an average GPR velocity in peat of 0.040 m/ns and a relative dielectric constant of 54.9 for the peat layers. The peat layer is characterized by a high amplitude of reflection in the GPR profiles. The thickness of the peat layers was estimated from the geophysical surveys and the drilling cores having an average thickness of 18 cm. Average values of bulk density (0.19 g/cm3) and TOC (31.18 wt. %) from the drilling core samples are used to calculate the carbon density in the peat layers giving a result of 59.24 Kg C/m3. Hence, the carbon stock at the Kuan Kreng peat swamp forest is estimated at least 7.53 megaton carbon, which is much higher than aboveground biomass carbon in this area. The innumerably high amount of carbon stock could raise awareness of peatland disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has the largest tropical peatlands in the Asia-Pacific region and the world's second largest tropical peatlands. Growing concerns on peatland conservation and restoration emphasise the importance of these ecosystems for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Although Indonesia's peatlands are well-studied compared with other tropical countries, there are still uncertainties regarding its peat volume and carbon stock estimations, and how important it is locally and globally. To solve these uncertainties, this study estimated peat volume and carbon stock in Indonesia using the national peatlands data published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia and analysed greenhouse gas emissions among the major industrial sectors in the country and global emissions by peatland degradation. Our study posited that anthropogenic disturbance degraded Indonesian peatlands and that the country could become the largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world. Therefore, successful conservation and restoration of Indonesia's peatlands could significantly contribute to global climate change mitigation and adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvested wood products (HWP) may contribute to climate change mitigation by storing carbon and by replacing energy‐intensive materials and fossil energy, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, when assessing improved HWP utilisations, interactions between wood use pathways, the carbon stock dynamics, and the resulting effect on the GHG balance are still not well‐understood. This research aims to assess the carbon sequestration effects of alternative wood product utilisations in four European Union (EU) countries. We conducted a material flow analysis of wood uses in France, Finland, Germany, and Spain for 2017 taking into account national production, imports, and exports. Then, we quantified the future dynamics of carbon stock in the HWP through time, assuming the same as in 2017 input and ignoring the forest sink. We then ran six alternative scenarios: two energy‐focused (Energy, Energy+), two material‐focused (Cascading, Material), one with extended half‐life of the wood products (HL) and one as business as usual. For the simulation period (2020–2050), the material scenario leads to the highest mitigation benefits with a cumulative HWP net CO2 removals of −502 Mt CO2 for Germany, −290 Mt CO2 for France, −118 Mt CO2 for Spain, and −116 Mt CO2 for Finland over the 30 years. The Energy+ scenario with an increase in wood usage for bioenergy generates a loss of the HWP pool of 351, 80, 77, and 6 Mt CO2 for the same countries, not accounting for energy substitution effects. Overall, our results suggest that the HWP carbon stock can be increased in the short‐medium term by prioritizing the use of wood for material purposes, while maintaining constant harvest. The HWP mitigation potential differed greatly according to national wood industry characteristics. Hence, tailoring the HWP mitigation strategies to the specific characteristics of the national wood chain would enhance the HWP climate benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical and subtropical forests play a crucial role in global carbon (C) pools, and their responses to warming can significantly impact C‐climate feedback and predictions of future global warming. Despite earth system models projecting reductions in land C storage with warming, the magnitude of this response varies greatly between models, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we conducted a field ecosystem‐level warming experiment in a subtropical forest in southern China, by translocating mesocosms (ecosystem composed of soils and plants) across 600 m elevation gradients with temperature gradients of 2.1°C (moderate warming), to explore the response of ecosystem C dynamics of the subtropical forest to continuous 6‐year warming. Compared with the control, the ecosystem C stock decreased by 3.8% under the first year of 2.1°C warming; but increased by 13.4% by the sixth year of 2.1°C warming. The increased ecosystem C stock by the sixth year of warming was mainly attributed to a combination of sustained increased plant C stock due to the maintenance of a high plant growth rate and unchanged soil C stock. The unchanged soil C stock was driven by compensating and offsetting thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms (unresponsive soil respiration and enzyme activity, and more stable microbial community), increased plant C input, and inhibitory C loss (decreased C leaching and inhibited temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) from soil drying. These results suggest that the humid subtropical forest C pool would not necessarily diminish consistently under future long‐term warming. We highlight that differential and asynchronous responses of plant and soil C processes over relatively long‐term periods should be considered when predicting the effects of climate warming on ecosystem C dynamics of subtropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimations of biomass and its temporal dynamics are crucial for monitoring the carbon cycle in forest ecosystems and assessing forest carbon sequestration potentials. Recent studies have shown that integrating process-based models (PBMs) with remote sensing data can enhance simulations from stand to regional scales, significantly improving the ability to simulate forest growth and carbon stock dynamics. However, the utilization of PBMs for large-scale simulation of larch carbon storage distribution is still limited. In this study, we applied the parameterized 3-PG (Physiological Principles Predicting Growth) model across the Mengjiagang Forest Farm (MFF) to make broad-scale predictions of the biomass and carbon stocks of Larix olgensis plantation. The model was used to simulate average diameter at breast height (DBH) and total biomass, which were later validated with a wide range of observation data including sample plot data, forest management inventory data, and airborne laser scanning data. The results showed that the 3-PG model had relatively high accuracy for predicting both DBH and total biomass at stand and regional scale, with determination coefficients ranging from 0.78 to 0.88. Based on the estimation of total biomass, we successfully produced a carbon stock map of the Larix olgensis plantation in MFF with a spatial resolution of 20 m, which helps with relevant management advice. These findings indicate that the integration of 3-PG model and remote sensing data can well predict the biomass and carbon stock at regional and even larger scales. In addition, this integration facilitates the evaluation of forest carbon sequestration capacity and the development of forest management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Savannas constitute a mixture of trees and shrub patches with a more continuous herbaceous understory. The contribution of this biome to the soil organic carbon (SOC) and above-ground biomass (AGB) carbon (C) stock globally is significant. However, they are frequently subjected to land use changes, promoting increases in CO2 emissions. In Uruguay, subtropical wooded savannas cover around 100,000 ha, of which approximately 28% is circumscribed to sodic soils (i.e., subtropical halophytic wooded savannas). Nevertheless, there is little background about the contribution of each ecosystem component to the C stock as well as site-specific allometric equations. The study was conducted in 5 ha of subtropical halophytic wooded savannas of the national protected area Esteros y Algarrobales del Río Uruguay. This work aimed to estimate the contribution of the main ecosystem components (e.g., soil, trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants) to the C stock. Site-specific allometric equations for the most frequent tree species and shrub genus were fitted based on basal diameter (BD) and total height (H). The fitted equations accounted for between 77% and 98% of the aerial biomass variance of Neltuma affinis and Vachellia caven. For shrubs (Baccharis sp.), the adjusted equation accounted for 86% of total aerial biomass. C stock for the entire system was 116.71 ± 11.07 Mg•ha-1, of which 90.7% was allocated in the soil, 8.3% in the trees, 0.8% in the herbaceous plants, and 0.2% in the shrubs. These results highlight the importance of subtropical halophytic wooded savannas as C sinks and their relevance in the mitigation of global warming under a climate change scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of trees generates a huge carbon sink, which is of great significance in alleviating environmental problems such as global warming caused by carbon emissions. To accurately assess the carbon sink of forests, a model of the annual growth rate of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) in 4 forms for 13 main tree species (groups) in Beijing was established based on the data from the 6th to 9th National Forest Inventory. This model predicted the future trend of DBH changes, thereby provided a computational basis for calculating carbon storage using the continuous function method of biomass conversion factors. Ultimately, it estimated the carbon storage and carbon density of deciduous forests in Beijing by 2050. The results showed that: 8 of the tree species (groups) had a DBH annual growth rate model R2 greater than 0.900, with the highest R2 of 0.960 for linden; except willow and Fraxinus mandshurica/Juglans mandshurica/Phellodendron amurense the RMSE of 11 tree species (groups) was less than 0.5 cm; except for poplars, other hard broad-leaved forests and elms, Bias was less than 1.0 cm. The overall R2 in the validation of DBH prediction accuracy was high, with the highest for black locusts (0.951) and the lowest for other hard broad-leaved forests (0.766). It was predicted the carbon stock of arbor forests in Beijing in 2050 was 42.71 TgC, and the carbon density is 43.35 MgC · hm-2. The study found that the tree growth simulation method based on the annual growth rate at breast height model could effectively improve the overall accuracy of future carbon sink potential assessment of tree forests in Beijing, which could provide a theoretical basis for formulating greenhouse gas reduction policies and achieving the 2060 carbon neutrality target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrubbery and young plantations, with a large number of tree species, take up a broad area in subtropical Chinese forests and contribute a significant part to forest biomass and carbon (C) stocks. However, the biomass and C stocks of shrubbery and young plantations were generally underestimated or excluded in forest biomass calculations due to the scarce of standard equations for estimating biomass. The aim of this study was to develop appropriate regression equations for biomass estimation of shrubbery and young plantations. A total of 108 individuals of 15 most widespread shrub and young tree species were sampled by destructive harvesting, and the dry weight of each component of trees, i.e., foliage, branch, stem and root were obtained. The dry biomass of each component was correlated with plant height (H), basal diameter of stem (D), crown area (CA) and their composite variables D2H and CV (CA × H) by using seemingly uncorrelated regression, and the best fitted model was chosen according to the determination coefficient (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and percent relative standard errors (PRSE) less than 25%. In the species-specific equations, H, D or D2H were used as the appropriate independent variables in most of the equations, and only a few of them were CA or CV. In the multiple species equations, H was an important variable to predict the biomass, but the predictors of biomass equation for different functional groups or life forms were different due to diversity of external morphology. The species-specific equations had low biases, while the general equations for functional groups and life forms showed comparable biases, and the general equations for all species had the highest prediction biases. Therefore, general equations for functional groups or life forms are recommended to estimate biomass for species without species-specific allometric equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land use and management are key factors affecting the transformation of soil organic matter. Indeed, stocks of decomposing organic matter are not always sufficiently replenished under current production. This study presents an assessment of the biomass and carbon stock in the Sudano-Sahelian savannah of Laf, Cameroon. Following a floristic inventory of the main land use types in the locality, the above-ground biomass was estimated and the carbon stock deduced. Biomass measurements were carried out in plots of 2500 m2 (50 m × 50 m) in the four main land use of the locality (tree stratum, shrub stratum, cultivared land, and fallow). Shrub biomass and ground litter mass are estimated in 10 m × 10 m plots, while the biomass of herbaceous is estimated in five 1 m × 1 m subplots, delimited at each top and in the center of the 10 m × 10 m plot. The carbon stock in the soil was assessed in the square plots of 25 cm × 25 cm, in the center of each subplot at a depth of 50 cm in five intervals of 10 cm each. The results of the floristic inventories revealed that the tree stratum is the richest in species (32 species). In the four main land use type of Laf, 20 family and 46 woody plant species were determined, and Combretum micranthum with 15.23% is the most frequent species. The total tree biomass is 242.65 t/ha and fallow (140.69 ± 11.96 t/ha) is the highest land use type. In the soil, the results showed that the 0–10-cm depth contains the highest amount of carbon. The fallow soils are also the richest in carbon with a content of 1.32 ± 0.31 tC/ha in the 0–10-cm depth. The carbon stock decreases with depth in the different land use types. The results obtained show that fallowing and the rational use of land make it possible to obtain good agricultural yields. Thus, this study is a contribution to the carbon stock assessment in the world in order to prevent famine in poor localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has been identified as a global issue that must be controlled at every possible step. Arunachal Pradesh is considered a biodiversity hotspot that needs to be conserved. Carbon stock assessment of an area, especially forests, has emerged as an important aspect of understanding the carbon storage capacities of trees of that forest, helping to mitigate climate change along with promoting sustainable conservation of biodiversity. Siwalik refers to the foothill part of the Himalayas comprising of small hillocks. It is characterised by rugged and undulating topography. Due to increasing anthropogenic activities, this region is growing fragile and needs to be conserved. This review article presents various aspects of carbon stock assessment, highlighting the benefits and the challenges that hinder the process of carbon stock estimation. Various articles based upon assessing forest biomass and carbon stock of Arunachal Pradesh were reviewed. To provide insights about associated opportunities, futuristic tendencies, and challenges in carbon stock assessment using geospatial technology, the present article was planned. Reach to understand the preferred method of estimating forest biomass and related carbon stock. Also to get to know about the obstacles that was confronted during the assessment of the carbon potential of forests. The article will review and highlight the use of fieldbased data inventory in combination with Remote Sensing technology for carbon stock assessment of an area along with the challenges, benefits, and futuristic scope related to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Natural forests are crucial for climate change mitigation and adaptation, but deforestation and degradation challenges highly reduce their value. This study evaluates the potential of natural forest carbon stock and the influence of management interventions on enhancing forest carbon storage capacity. Based on forest area cover, a study was conducted in nine purposely selected forest patches across various forest ecosystems. Data on diameter, height, and environmental variables from various forest management approaches were collected and analyzed with R Ver. 4.1. The findings revealed a substantial difference (p .029) in carbon stock between environmental variables and management interventions. The findings revealed a strong connection between environmental variables and the overall pool of carbon stock within forest patches (p .029). Carbon stocks were highest in the Moist‐montane forest ecosystem (778.25 ton/ha), moderate slope (1019.5 ton/ha), lower elevation (614.50 ton/ha), southwest‐facing (800.1 ton/ha) and area exclosures (993.2 ton/ha). Accordingly, natural forests, particularly unmanaged parts, are sensitive to anthropogenic stresses, decreasing their ability to efficiently store carbon. As a result, the study highlighted the importance of sustainable forest management, particularly area exclosures and participatory forest management, in increasing forest carbon storage potential.

Forests, covering approximately thirty percent of the Earth's total surface area, are the world's largest carbon sink and a crucial player in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. However, human activities, both developmental and anthropogenic, have resulted in forest degradation, resulting in biodiversity loss, and increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the temperate Himalayan region, where reliable estimates of above-ground biomass and its variation across the landscape are currently lacking. The present study aims to assess aboveground biomass and carbon stocks along altitudinal gradients and overstorey types in the temperate Himalayan region. Across all altitudinal gradients and dominant overstorey composition types, total, tree, shrub, herb, and bryophytes biomass and carbon stocks on average were 372.7, 369.1, 2.76, 0.77 and 0.10 Mg ha−1, and 177.1, 175.3, 1.31, 0.37 and 0.05 Mg ha−1, respectively. The biomass and carbon stock of total and individual vegetation components differed significantly along the altitudinal gradients and overstorey composition types. Total and tree aboveground biomass and carbon stocks showed a consistent gradual increase along altitudinal gradients, peaking at middle elevations and declining thereafter at higher altitudes. The result highlighted the variation in biomass and carbon stocks in the temperate Himalayan region is influenced by factors such as the presence of individuals in large-diameter classes, higher stem densities with increased basal area, and forest management practices along altitudinal gradients. The study also emphasized the role of dominant overstorey composition types in biomass and carbon stock distribution in the temperate Himalayan region. However, tree, shrub, herb, and bryophyte biomass production responded differently for dominant composition types. Shrub and herb biomass along with their carbon stocks appeared to be positively associated with higher resource availability under deciduous broadleaf overstorey types, while the trees and bryophytes biomass and carbon stocks were found to be higher under coniferous stands. Mixedwood stands, on the other hand, were found to be intermediate between the pure stands, but had higher biomass and carbon stocks at higher altitudes. Therefore management interventions should aim at maintaining a diverse range of overstorey composition types for promoting the ecosystem functions and services of temperate Himalayan forest ecosystems.

The integration of trees into diverse land-use systems holds potential for India to meet nationally determined contribution (NDC) targets under the Paris Climate Agreement. With a target of sequestering 2.5–3 billion tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030, the study focused on the widespread and economically viable eucalyptus-based agroforestry, practiced widely in various planting geometries tailored to meet industrial end-use requirements. In this context, a detailed study was conducted to quantify the influence of five planting geometries [3 m × 3 m, 6 × 1.5 m, 17 × 1 × 1 m (paired row) and two boundary plantations (east–west and north–south directions) at 2 m away from tree to tree] of eucalyptus on intercrops [dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata)—barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) rotation] biomass, soil properties, and carbon stock of the system during 2009–2016. Results revealed that biomass accumulation of different tree components was 62.50%–74.09% in stem; 6.59%–9.14% in branch; 3.18%–5.73% in leaves; 12.20%–20.44% in stump roots; and 1.71%–3.48% in fine roots across the planting geometries. The mean carbon content of the stem, branch, leaves, and roots was 49.00, 47.00, 43.00, and 49.00%, respectively. Over the 8-year period, geometry of 3 × 3 m performed better in terms of total biomass production (344.60 Mg ha− 1 by tree biomass and 62.53 Mg ha−1 by intercrops). The independent parameter, DBH2H (DBH: diameter at breast height and H: tree height), was found to be a very good predictor of dry weight, followed by DBH alone. Among various functions (linear, allometric, logistic, Gompertz, Chapman, and exponential), the best-fit equation was allometric, i.e., B = 300.96 × DBH2H0.93 (adjusted R2 = 0.96) for eucalyptus based on universal model adequacy and validation criteria. The carbon sequestration rate was maximum (20.79 Mg C ha−1 year−1) in 3 × 3 m followed by 17 × 1 × 1 m. The total carbon stock of eucalyptus-based system (tree + crop + soil) varied significantly under different planting geometries and sole crop rotation (dhaincha–barley). The higher carbon stock (237.27 Mg ha−1) was obtained from 3 × 3 m spacing and further partitioning carbon stock in trees—166.29 Mg ha−1, crops—25.01 Mg ha−1 and soil—45.97 Mg ha−1. The paired row spacing (17 × 1 × 1 m) yielded higher crop yield and net returns (Rs. 600,475 ha−1), underscoring wide spacing’s role in system productivity and sustainability. Tree-based systems were valuable components of agriculture, advocating for their widespread adoption to reduce CO2 emissions and generate income through carbon credits. These findings will provide crucial insights into sustainable land-use practices and advance India’s commitment toward adaptation of climate change mitigation strategies.

Unprecedented seasonal forest fires pose a significant threat to the carbon stocks of diverse ecosystems, particularly in regions like Uttarakhand, west Himalaya. Understanding the impact of varying fire frequencies on different forest types is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies. This study aims to assess the loss of carbon stock in three distinct forest types—Sal, Pine, and Mixed across an elevation gradient in Uttarakhand, facing unprecedented seasonal forest fires. By investigating pre- and post-fire conditions, analyzing biomass dynamics, and mapping fire frequencies, the research aims to provide insights into the complex interplay of fire regimes and forest resilience. The investigation covers vegetation analysis, biomass assessment, and fire frequency mapping. Biomass and carbon stock calculations were carried out using a non-destructive sampling method. Fire frequency maps were generated using Landsat satellite imagery spanning a decade, integrating MODIS hotspot data for classification. The study reveals distinct patterns in biomass changes across Sal, Pine, and Mixed forests in response to varying fire frequencies. Sal forests exhibit resilience to low-intensity fires, while Pine forests show higher sensitivity. Carbon stock contributions of dominant species varied significantly, with Sal and Chir-Pine forests emerging as crucial contributors. High fire frequencies lead to substantial carbon stock reduction in all forest types. The findings emphasize the sensitivity of aboveground biomass to fire frequency, with significant carbon stock loss observed in higher fire frequency classes. The study underscores the importance of nuanced conservation strategies tailored to distinct forest types and species characteristics. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers, forest managers, and conservationists in formulating targeted conservation and management approaches.

Resume: The population and economic growth in cities significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making them potential protagonists in mitigating these emissions. However, there is a lack of research on carbon potential in these areas in the Brazilian northeastern interior. In this context, this study analyzed urban squares as elements for climate change mitigation and global warming, highlighting the importance of these spaces for local biodiversity and sustainability in cities, providing a basis for future research related to the theme in the region. Six squares were selected in three conurbated municipalities (Barbalha, Crato and Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará State) in the Brazilian semiarid zone, encompassing all individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm. Carbon quantification occurred through direct means (analysis of leaf, fine branch, and stem samples) and indirect means, using DBH to calculate biomass and carbon. A total of 554 individuals from 39 species and 18 families were recorded, with Fabaceae, Arecaceae, and Bignoniaceae being prominent. The Shannon index (H') ranged from 0.85 to 2.45, the Simpson index (C’) from 0.35 to 0.88, and the Pielou evenness index (J') from 0.38 to 0.86. Mean carbon contents varied from 47.5 % to 57.2 % in different tree compartments, with Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi standing out for high organic matter values (96.2 %) and carbon content (55.9 %) in leaves. Praça da Sé (Crato) presented the highest concentrations of plant biomass and stored carbon and a significant amount of sequestered carbon (709.24). Over one year, an increase of 0.29 t/ha−1 in total biomass carbon and 1.04 t/ha−1 of sequestered CO2 was observed. The results highlight the fundamental importance of urban square flora, identifying them as crucial allies in carbon capture and storage and in reducing GHG emissions.

Maintaining forest biodiversity and carbon sequestration potential of forest resources enhances the provision capacity of forest ecosystem services. Experience from around the world and in Ethiopia has shown that shifting forest management from state-centred to community-centred arrangement can result in a better forest stock. Therefore, this study examined the status of woody species diversity, regeneration and total living biomass carbon stock of forests under participatory forest management (PFM) and the adjacent state managed non-participatory forest management (Non-PFM) in South eastern Ethiopia and implications to REDD+. Data were collected from 89 (44 PFM and 45 Non-PFM) nested circular plots from four PFM and three Non-PFM selected forest sites with transects laid systematically. Tree DBH and height were measured, the number of saplings, seedlings, mature trees were counted and species names were recorded. Woody species diversity was estimated using shannon, simpson, and evenness diversity indices. A total of 29 and 23 woody species were recorded in PFM and Non-PFM forests, respectively. Woody species diversity did not show significant difference between PFM and Non-PFM forests but it was relatively higher in PFM forest. The density per hectare of seedlings, sapling and mature trees were significantly greater in PFM forest than in Non-PFM forest. The mean aboveground biomass carbon stock of PFM forest (225.50±26.54) was significantly greater than that of the Non-PFM (156.24±15.72) forest. Hence, managing forests through participatory approaches contributes to the enhancement of sustainable management and climate change mitigation potentials through reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation.

This study showed changing patterns in the plant species composition, diversity, and carbon storage potential of different forests along altitudinal gradients (i.e. 100 – 1900 m) in Eastern Himalayan India. Different tree, shrub and herb species were sampled along the altitudinal gradients ranging from tropical to temperate forests through Nested Plot design. In each forest, vegetation sampling was made by establishing a permanent plot of 250 m × 250 m as per ISRO-GBP/NCP-VCP protocol. Individuals of trees ≥10 cm girth at breast height (GBH), shrubs and herbs were recorded in 4, 8 and 16 subplots of 31.62 m × 31.62 m, 5 m × 5 m and 1 m × 1 m, respectively. Community attributes such as species richness, density, basal area, diversity indices and biomass and carbon storages were computed for each study site. A total of 5 forest communities (2 each from tropical and subtropical and one from temperate forest) were identified. The woody species diversity was highest in the subtropical forest followed by tropical and temperate forest. Altitude played an important role in the Eastern Himalayan Mountains in the establishment and distribution of forest community. Forest community composition changes with elevation, for instance, the dominant communities like Dipterocarpus retusus–Phoebe goalparensis–Schima wallichii (D-P-S), Gmelina arborea–Schima wallichii-Duabanga grandiflora (G-S-D), Schima wallichii–Duabanga grandiflora–Alstonia scholaris (S-D-A), Alstonia scholaris–Terminalia myriocarpa–Bischofia javanica (A-T-B) and Acer thomsonii–Rhodendron arboreum–Quercus lamellose (A-R-Q) were present at elevational ranges of 100–300 m, 300–700 m, 700–1100 m, 1100–1500 m and 1500–1900 m, respectively. The study showed that about 41–57% of the tree species exhibited good regeneration followed by 23–30% as fair, 6–16% as poor, and 6–21% species did not show regeneration along the altitudinal gradient. The total biomass carbon (Mg C ha−1) varied from 84.74 to 163.56 in tropical, 103.12 – 156.41 in subtropical and 133.05 in temperate forest. In conclusion, community composition, regeneration pattern and biomass carbon storage changes along altitude because of altered biophysical characteristics. However, despite variations in elevation, factors for forest disturbance at different altitudes significantly contributed to the community attributes and overall accumulation of biomass carbon. Hence, the traditional management practices carried out by local communities also play a crucial role in shaping the structure, composition, and carbon dynamics of forest ecosystems. Understanding the impacts of these practices is essential for promoting sustainable forest management by conserving forests and preserving carbon stocks for mitigating climate change in future. This study emphasizes the importance of long-term forest monitoring to promote biodiversity conservation and formulate conservation strategies that support sustainable forest management policies to which ensure continuous provision of ecosystem services in the region.

The role of Perhutani and local farmers in developing agroforestry in Bogor Forest Management Unit (FMU) is important for carbon sequestration-based climate mitigation efforts. Different compositions of the plants in seven agroforestry systems in four part of Bogor FMU. Farmers adjust the multipurpose crops planted with Perhutani main plants, which are more dominant. The potential mean annual carbon increment based on aboveground carbon stock of agroforestry is between 2.26 to 66.65 tonnes per hectare, while in 2 monocultures land system is between 13.65 to 18.29 tonnes per hectare. The carbon increment in agroforestry systems is better than monoculture because of plant diversity and different ages. Then, carbon revenue using carbon pricing set by the World Bank-FCPF Program in East Kalimantan is in the range of IDR 1,547,325 to IDR 49,292,405 per hectare, using the Social Cost scheme in the range IDR 12,997,535 to IDR 414,056,204 per hectare and using domestic carbon tax is range IDR 635.017 to IDR 20,229,441 perhectare. Regarding carbon revenues, the wider the agroforestry land managed by farmers, the higher the carbon income received. Using the benefit transfer method over a 20-year mitigation period, an estimated 2.19 times increase in carbon revenues is obtained at an inflation rate of 4%.

IntroductionAccording to various censuses, Europe has less than 1.5 million ha of old-growth forests (OGF). Most of them are in the boreal zone, while their presence in the temperate zone is residual and fragmented.In the framework of the EU biodiversity strategy, it has been adopted a broad definition of OGF which includes late-seral forests and forests with some management legacies. However, research purposes need to identify strictly defined OGFs characterized by structure, disturbance history, and processes typical and exclusive of the last stage of the forest dynamic.MethodsThe present paper wants to contribute to this debate by presenting a research network of four mixed (Fagus-Abies-Picea) montane OGFs in the Dinaric Alps (Lom, BiH; Janj, BiH; Perućica, BiH; Biogradska Gora, MNE), summarizing 20 years of multidisciplinary research by focusing on the structural characteristics and the disturbance history of the whole network and their coherency with strict OGF indicators. These sites were selected in relatively structurally uniform study areas, where 142 permanent plots have been established since 2002.Results and discussionThe study sites have a high living (747–1,201 m3 ha−1) and coarse woody debris (CWD) biomass (304–410 m3 ha−1), resulting in the highest forest carbon sink at the continental level (398–484 Mg C ha−1). The presence of large and old trees is one of the critical characteristics of the old-growth stage: in Lom and Perućica, there are 19 trees and 14 ha−1 larger than 1 m at breast height, respectively, and 14 trees and 15 trees ha−1 older than 400 years. In the last three centuries, continuous small-scale disturbances have driven forest dynamics, developing stands characterized by gap-phase dynamics and quasi-equilibrium structure. The Dinaric OGF network presents robust indicators of old-growthness, similar structural characteristics, and dynamic processes across all four sites. Identifying this sub-set of OGF using strict criteria is critical for recognizing conservation priorities and for quantifying, along an old-growthness chronosequence, the current structural differences of managed or recently abandoned forests. Besides, only OGF selected with rigorous criteria can act as a reliable reference for ecological restoration and sustainable forest management as a benchmark for carbon sink and for quantifying the impact of climate change on forests.

Abstract Backgorund Forest plays an important role in the global carbon cycle by sequestering carbon dioxide and thereby mitigating climate change. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the effects of land use/land cover (LULC) change (1989–2017) on carbon stock and its economic values in tropical moist Afromontane forests of the Majang Forest Biosphere Reserve (MFBR), south-west Ethiopia. Systematic sampling was conducted to collect biomass and soil data from 140 plots in MFBR. The soil data were collected from grassland and farmland. InVEST modelling was employed to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon stocks. Global Voluntary Market Price (GVMP) and Tropical Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) analysis was performed to estimate economic values (EV) of carbon stock dynamics. Correlation and regression analyses were also employed to identify the relationship between environmental and anthropogenic impacts on carbon stocks. Results The results indicated that the above-ground carbon and soil organic carbon stocks were higher than the other remaining carbon pools in MFBR. The mean carbon stock (32.59 M tonne) in 2017 was lower than in 1989 (34.76 Mt) of MFBR. Similarly, the EV of carbon stock in 2017 was lower than in 1989. Elevation, slope, and harvesting index are important environmental and disturbance factors resulting in major differences in carbon stock among study sites in MFBR. Conclusions Therefore, the gradual reduction of carbon stocks in connection with LULC change calls for urgent attention to implement successful conservation and sustainable use of forest resources in biosphere reserves.

Forests are the potential source for managing carbon sequestration and balancing universal carbon equilibrium between sources and sinks. In view of the importance of biomass, this study makes an attempt to estimate temporal and spatial carbon stock of Godebie National Park, Ethiopia, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer (MODIS), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and the field inventory data through geospatial techniques. A model was developed for establishing the relationship between forest carbon, EVI, and NDVI in the selected study site. The correlation value between estimated carbon stock with EVI were found as 0.69, while with NDVI, the values were obtained as 0.87 respectively. The regression model of measured biomass with NDVI and EVI was developed for the data obtained during the period 2020-2021. The R2 values obtained were 0.81 for the regression model between estimated carbon stock and EVI, and 0.77 for the regression model between NDVI and estimated carbon stock. The results indicate that the methodology adopted in this study can help in selecting best fit model for analyzing relationship between carbon stock and NDVI/EVI and for estimating biomass and carbon stock using allometric equation at various spatial scales. The produced output map and allometric equation revealed carbon stock distribution of 5.88 t/ha up to 900 t/ha, with an average value of 406.67. Generally, the approaches used on this study can be used by the forest planners, policy makers, and government officials for conservation and protection of the forest ecosystem.

ABSTRACTAccurate carbon (C) stock estimation is crucial for C sequestration research, environmental protection, and policy formulation related to C management. Although research on C stock in forests, oceans, soil, and desert has received increasing attention, relatively few studies have focused on urban C stock. Moreover, the current mainstream methods for C stock assessment, including field surveys and satellite mapping, are characterised by notable limitations, including being labour-intensive and having limited real-time data acquisition capabilities. Therefore, this paper aims to assess urban C stock and proposes a novel two-stage estimation model based on deep learning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing. The first stage is that tree areas recognition via YOLOv5 and achieved 0.792 precision, 0.814 recall, and 0.805 mAP scores, respectively. In the second stage, a grid generation strategy and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) regression model were developed to estimate C stock based on recognised tree areas (R2 = 0.711, RMSE = 26.08 kg). Three regions with a minimum of 300 trees in each area were selected as validation sets. The experimental results, in terms of R2 and RMSE in kg, were (0.717, 0.711, 0.686) and (27.263, 27.857, 28.945), respectively.

The development of Limboto Lake Site as the pilot area of Gorontalo Geopark is one step in rescuing the lake. This research aims to analyzed the vegetation structure, estimate biomass, and assess the carbon stock value of the vegetatio at the Limboto Lake site. This study employed a purposive sampling method. Important Value Index, a measure used to evaluate plant vegetation structure, was calculated based on Realtive Density, Relative Dominance, and Relative Frequency values. Biomass estimation and carbon stock assessment were conducted using allometric equations. The study’s finding showed that the vegetation surrounding Soekarno's landing area exhibited the highest IVI (sawlogs) scores for Swietenia mahagoni tree at 82.86%, Leucaena leucocephala saplings at 79.56%, and Manihot esculenta seedlings at 46.33%. Leucaena leucocephala consistently achieved the highest IVI score within the Limboto Lake area with a score as high as 76.90%, followed by Leucaena leucocephala on the sapling level with a score as high as 70.03%, and Nauclea orientalis on the seedling level with a score as high as 53.06%. Swietenia mahagoni, Samanea saman, and Leucaena leucocephala are three species with stems that predominate at the sawlog level and sapling, and these stems have high carbon absorption values.

The carbon stock in living forest biomass was quantified based on first-cycle State Forest Inventory (SFI) measurements in permanent sample plots. The total carbon stock in above- and below-ground living biomass was assessed to be 46.9 ±0.4 × 109 tons C and average carbon stock at 52.1 ±0.5 t C ha–1 as of 2020. The State Forest Register (SFR), the primary source of consolidated information on Russia’s forests, estimates the forest growing stock to be 83.1 × 109 m3. The total growing stock volume in the forests, according to the SFI amounted to 113.1 × 109 m3. Owing to the updated and significantly higher growing stock volume, the estimate of carbon stock in living bio-mass is approximately 35% higher than previously reported. The uncertainty of the total and average carbon stocks based on SFI data was substantially lower (approximately ±1%) than that reported in previous studies (±15–30%). Methods of accounting for the carbon stock in living biomass, the results of calculations for forest lands throughout the country, units of the administrative division, and forest zoning were considered. Assessment of living biomass based on representative sampling can substantially improve the relevance and reliability of national forest reporting.

The dynamics and patterns of relationships between the characteristics of Indonesian tropical peat involving a function of time (ages of land use) in the context of land conversion have yet to be widely reported. The effects of tropical peatland use change are generally discussed regarding C emissions, with the limited literature identifying dynamic soil characteristics as these changes occur. This study used a survey method. We identified the physical, chemical, and C stock characteristics of peat in forest locations, oil palm plantations with a land use age of 0-5 years,>5-10 years,>10 years, and agricultural land with a land use age of 0-5 years and >5-10 years to find out the dynamics of soil characteristics. Land use changes from peat swamp forests to oil palm plantations and agricultural land, and the longer age of land use results in an increase in BD (especially at the top layer), ash content, pH, Total-N, total-P2O5, total-K2O, but there was a decrease in water content, fiber content, Organic-C, E400/E600, and soil C stocks. The alignment of economic, social, and ecological interests was directed to water and land management by regulating the area’s hydrological system and increasing peat stability.

The increase in atmospheric CO2 leads to global warming and ecological environment deterioration. Carbon storage modeling and assessment can promote the sustainable development of the ecological environment. This paper took Xinjiang as the study area, analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of land use in four periods from 1990 to 2020, explored the spatial relationship of carbon stocks using the InVEST model, and coupled the GMOP model with the PLUS model to carry out multiple scenarios for the future simulation of land use in the study area. We found (1) Over time, the types with an increasing area were mainly impervious and cropland, and the types with a decreasing area were grassland, snow/ice, and barren; spatially, the types were predominantly barren and grassland, with the conversion of grassland to cropland being more evident in the south of Northern Xinjiang and north of Southern Xinjiang. (2) The evolutionary pattern of terrestrial carbon stocks is increasing and then decreasing in time, and the carbon sink areas are concentrated in the Tarim River Basin and the vicinity of the Ili River; spatially, there are differences in the aggregation between the northern, southern, and eastern borders. By analyzing the transfer in and out of various categories in Xinjiang over the past 30 years, it was obtained that the transfer out of grassland reduced the carbon stock by 5757.84 × 104 t, and the transfer out of Barren increased the carbon stock by 8586.12 × 104 t. (3) The land use layout of the sustainable development scenario is optimal under the conditions of satisfying economic and ecological development. The reduction in terrestrial carbon stocks under the 2020–2030 sustainable development scenario is 209.79 × 104 t, which is smaller than the reduction of 830.79 × 104 t in 2010–2020. Land optimization resulted in a lower loss of carbon stocks and a more rational land-use layout. Future planning in Xinjiang should be based on sustainable development scenarios, integrating land resources, and achieving sustainable economic and ecological development.

Long-term excessive use of fertilizers and intensive cultivation not only decreases soil organic carbon (SOC) and productivity, but also increases greenhouse gas emissions, which is detrimental to sustainable agricultural development. The purpose of this paper is to identify organic amendments suitable for winter wheat growth in the North China Plain by studying the effects of organic amendments on the economic benefits, carbon emissions, and carbon sequestration for winter wheat fields and to provide a theoretical basis for the wide application of organic amendments in agricultural fields. The two nitrogen rates were N0 (0 kg ha−1) and N240 (240 kg ha−1), and the four organic amendments were straw, manure, mushroom residue (M R), and biochar. The results showed that, compared to N0, N240 significantly increased the yield by 244.1–318.4% and the organic carbon storage by 16.7–30.5%, respectively, but increased the carbon emissions by 29.3–45.5%. In addition, soil carbon stocks increased with all three types of organic amendments compared to the straw amendment, with the biochar treatment being the largest, increasing carbon storage by 13.3–33.6%. In terms of yield and economic benefits, compared to the straw amendment, the manure and biochar amendments increased winter wheat yields by 0.0–1.5% and 4.0–13.3%, respectively, and M R slightly decreased wheat yield; only the economic benefit of the M R amendment was greater than that of the straw amendment, with an increase in economic benefit of 1.3% and 8.2% in the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 seasons, respectively. Furthermore, according to the net ecosystem productivity (NEP), N0 was the source of CO2, while N240 was a sink of CO2. The TOPSIS results showed that N240 with a mushroom residue amendment could be recommended for increasing soil carbon stocks and economic benefits for winter wheat in the NCP and similar regions. Low-cost M R can increase farmer motivation and improve soil organic carbon, making a big step forward in the spread of organic materials on farmland.

In recent years, the “dual carbon” issue has become a major focus of the international community. Changes in land use driven by anthropogenic activities have a profound impact on ecosystem structure and carbon cycling. This study quantitatively assesses the spatiotemporal changes in cropland occupation and supplementation in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2020 using the InVEST model, analyzing the spatial clustering of carbon storage changes caused by variations in cropland area. The PLUS model was employed to simulate land-use patterns and the spatial distribution of carbon storage in four future development scenarios. The results indicate the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the net change rate of cropland area in the Pearl River Delta was −0.81%, with a decrease of 16.49 km2 in cropland area, primarily converted to built-up land and forest land. (2) Carbon storage in the Pearl River Delta exhibited a pattern of lower values in the center and higher values in the periphery. The terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage in the Pearl River Delta was 534.62 × 106 t in 2000, 518.60 × 106 t in 2010, and 512.57 × 106 t in 2020, showing an overall decreasing trend. The conversion of cropland and forest land was the main reason for the decline in total regional carbon storage. (3) The area of carbon sequestration lost due to cropland occupation was significantly greater than the area of carbon loss compensated by new cropland, indicating an imbalance in the quality of cropland occupation and supplementation as a crucial factor contributing to regional carbon loss. (4) Under the ecological priority scenario, the expansion of built-up land and the reduction in ecological land such as cropland and forest land were effectively controlled, resulting in the minimal loss of carbon storage. The soil organic carbon pool of cropland is the most active carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and has a significant impact on carbon storage. Clarifying the relationship between “cropland protection measures–land use changes–ecosystem carbon storage” will improve cropland protection policies, provide references for regional carbon sequestration enhancement, and support sustainable socio-economic development.

Mangroves are imperative to coastal systems, providing security against extreme weather events by acting as natural barriers. These halophytic plants play a crucial role in mitigating global warming and act as an invaluable resource for consumption. Despite proving to be resilient, mangroves exhibit sensitivity to climatic (e.g., Land Surface Temperature, Salinity, etc.) and man-made factors (e.g., Land Use/Land Cover Changes). Numerous past studies recording the relationship between mangrove growth & development with the aforesaid constituents, but those were mostly restricted to visual observation/pattern recognition and single type of regression analysis. Also, the evaluation of simultaneous exploration of multiple aspects influencing mangrove evolution was not prominent. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to focus on the impact of both salinity and land surface temperature on mangrove biomass by the joint-venture of remote sensing, geographic information system and several machine learning algorithms. The study considered appropriate mangrove site selections with pre-processing of the acquired satellite images. Also, mathematical computations were performed on the raster layers to determine the previously mentioned natural aspects. Finally, several types of regression analysis were conducted to delineate potential patterns, governing mangrove vegetation health by virtue of temperature and salinity. Mangroves’ relationship with temperature and salinity showed insignificant coefficient of determination. However, the generated response curves postulated that high mangrove biomass could be achieved for a specific temperature window (30-33◦C) and vegetation health could deteriorate at increasing salinity. Overall, combined effects of surface temperature and salinity on mangrove vegetation were significantly more (i.e., Maximum coefficient of determination of 0.31) than individual component alone.

Human-induced actions aggravate forest degradation and result in carbon emissions. Increment of carbon emission raises land surface temperature (LST) and contributes to climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of forest cover change on carbon stocks, carbon emissions and LST over the period 1992–2022 using geospatial techniques in the Sor watershed, Western Ethiopia. The results revealed that forest land declined by 336.6 km2 due to the expansion of agricultural land with an area of 274.9 km2. Results show a decline in carbon stock of 58,883.4 tons/km2 while annual carbon emission exhibited an increasing trend of 2,418,083.91 tons to the atmosphere over the past three decades. As vegetation declined, LST increased by an average of 3.7 °C over the past three decades. All actors, including government and non-governmental organizations, should contribute to tree planting and reafforestation programmes to minimize the increasing trend of LST and carbon emissions. Furthermore, we need to build a climate-resilient green economy to protect people from the negative impacts of climate change. HIGHLIGHTS Geospatial technology is used to evaluate the effects of forest cover change on carbon stock degradation.; Forest land declined by 336.6 km2 due to the expansion of agricultural land with an area of 274.9 km2.; Carbon stock declined by 58,883.4 tons/km2 while annual carbon emission exhibited an increasing trend of 2,418,083.91 tons.;

Soil degradation in sub-Saharan Africa is a serious problem that causes declines in agricultural productivity linked to hunger and poverty. The study was conducted in the Kulkullessa sub-watershed of Goro Gutu District in Eastern Ethiopia to assess the effects of climate-smart soil and water conservation (SWC) practices and slope gradient on selected physicochemical properties of the soil and the soil’s organic carbon stocks. The farmland conserved by stone bund (SB), bench terrace (BT), and gras strip (GS) five years after construction with two slope gradients (15-20%) and (21-30%) was selected. Twenty-four composite soil samples were collected from a depth of 20 cm and tested in the Haramaya University soil laboratory. The study found that climate-smart SWC practices were very effective on the soil physicochemical properties and soil organic carbon stock (SOCS) of the study area. Similarly, the slope gradient brought considerable variation in soil physicochemical properties and soil organic carbon stock. On farmland that a bench terrace had preserved, the bulk density (BD) value was lower. The recorded value for total porosity on the farmland conserved by BT was also positively higher and significant (p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, the higher mean values for micronutrients and SOCS were recorded on farmlands conserved by SB, BT, and GS in contrast to the values recorded on non-conserved farmland (NCF) in the study area. Based on the study findings, climate-smart soil water and conservation practices have outstanding potential for improving soil physicochemical properties essential for agricultural crop production, climate change adaptation, and strengthening smallholder farmers’ resilience.