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Bronchiolitis is one of the main reasons for the hospitalization of young children. Based on updated recommendations, only supportive therapy is recommended for treatment. In Poland, many children that are hospitalized with bronchiolitis undergo a treatment that is not supported by current research. The study aimed to assess clinicians’ adherence to the guidelines. This was a multicenter retrospective study of hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis; a cohort study design was utilized. Data were collected in four Pediatric Departments in Poland. All infants aged less than 24 months that had been hospitalized for their first and subsequent episodes of acute bronchiolitis from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022, were included. The exclusion criterion was an age over 24 months. A total of 629 infants with a median age of 8.5 months were included in this study. The medical interventions and treatments varied between the four hospitals. Laboratory blood tests were run for almost all children (99.5%), and the percentage of children for which a chest X-ray was performed ranged from 1.3% to 44%. The other measures were the use of intravenous hydration (51.3%-93.3%), use of hypertonic saline nebulization (1.3%-43.6%), use of normal saline nebulization (10%-95.1%), use of oxygen (7.3%-42%), use of beta-mimetics (19.1%-89.4%), use of nebulized steroids (8%-76.9%), use of systemic steroids (0.9%-42%), use of nebulized adrenaline (0%-8.1%), and use of antibiotics (12%-21.8%). Conclusions: In total, 70% of infants who were hospitalized in four hospitals in Poland underwent examinations and treatment methods that are not supported by current guidelines and evidence-based research. This study shows that non-recommended medications are overused in bronchiolitis treatment, and there is a need to take action to implement the guidelines into healthcare providers’ work. What is Known: • Bronchiolitis is a lower respiratory tract viral infection and is one of the main reasons for hospitalization among young children. • Only supportive therapy is recommended in the guidelines. • Bronchodilators, nebulized adrenaline, nebulized or systemic steroids, and antibiotics are not recommended. What is New: • Non-recommended medications are overused in bronchiolitis treatment in Poland. • Up to 70% of hospitalized children in the studied centers underwent treatment that is not supported by guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La bronchiolite aiguë du nourrisson est une infection respiratoire aiguë virale qui sévit par épidémies annuelles essentiellement à l'automne et en hivers. Le principal virus en cause est le virus respiratoire syncytial (VRS). Le diagnostic virologique des bronchiolites virales repose sur l'analyse d'un prélèvement respiratoire par des techniques qui détectent un large panel de virus. Ce travail a pour objectif d'identifier les virus responsables des bronchiolites aiguës dans notre contexte et d'analyser la corrélation entre le type de virus et la sévérité du tableau clinique. Il s'agit d'une étude prospective de 4 ans et 9 mois portant sur 107 nourrissons atteints de bronchiolite virale qui ont pu bénéficier de l'étude virologique. Nous avons exclu de cette étude les nourrissons ayant une maladie pulmonaire chronique du prématuré, une maladie cardiaque congénitale, une maladie génétique, une immunodéficience congénitale ou acquise ou des troubles neuromusculaires. L'âge moyen était de 7 mois avec des extrêmes allant d'un mois à 24 mois. La symptomatologie clinique était dominée par la polypnée (93 %), la toux sèche (92 %), la rhinorrhée (71 %). L'auscultation pulmonaire a objectivé des râles sibilants chez tous les patients. Dans cette série, 28 patients soit 26,1 % cas ont présenté une forme clinique sévère de bronchiolite virale. La confirmation virologique a été réalisée par la PCR multiplex chez 84 patients, le test rapide par immunochromatographie (grippe/VRS) dans 9 cas et la PCR SARS-Cov-2 chez 14 nourrissons. Six virus ont été détectés en mono-infection chez 83 patients (76,1 %). Le VRS dominait largement chez ces nourrissons hospitalisés (44,5 %) suivi par le Human Rhinovirus /entérovirus (16,8 %), le SARS-CoV-2 (16,8 %), l'Influenza A H1N1 (13,2 %), le para-influenza type 3 (6 %) et le métapneumovirus (2,4 %). Vingt-trois patients (21,4 %) avaient une co-infection virale à deux virus. Le VRS a été détecté en co-infection dans 18 cas. Un seul patient avait une co-infection à 3 virus. Dans cette série, le VRS est responsable de bronchiolites modérées (p < 0,001) et le rhinovirus seul ou associé au VRS est responsable de bronchiolites sévères (p < 0,001). Ces résultats contribueront à une meilleure compréhension de l'épidémiologie des bronchiolites virales afin de contrôler leur diffusion notamment dans les collectivités des nourrissons. Ceci grâce au développement de stratégies de prévention efficaces et d'approches thérapeutiques ciblées. Acute bronchiolitis in infants is an acute viral respiratory infection which occurs in annual epidemics mainly in autumn and winter. The main virus involved is the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The virological diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis is based on the analysis of respiratory using techniques that detect a wide range of viruses. The aim of this study was to identify viruses responsible for acute bronchiolitis in our context and to analyse the correlation between the type of virus and the severity of the clinical presentation. This was a prospective study of 4 years and 9 months, involving 107 infants with viral bronchiolitis who were benefited from the virological study. All patients with chronic lung disease in premature infants, congenital malformations, congenital heart disease congenital heart disease, genetic disease, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, neuromuscular disorders. The average age was 7 months. The extremes ranged from one month to 24 months. Clinical symptoms were dominated by polypnoea (93%), dry cough (92%) and rhinorrhoea (71%). Pulmonary auscultation revealed sibilant rales in all patients in all patients. In this series, 28 patients (26.1%) presented with a severe clinical form of viral bronchiolitis. Virological confirmation was performed by multiplex PCR in 84 patients, rapid immunochromatography (influenza/RSV) in 9 cases and SARS-Cov-2 PCR in 14 infants. Six viruses were detected in mono-infection in 83 patients (76.1%). RSV predominated (44.5%), followed by Human Rhinovirus/ Entérovirus (16.8%), SARS-Cov-2 (16.8%), Influenza A H1N1 (13.2%), para-influenza type 3 (6%) and Metapneumovirus (2.4%). Twenty-three patients (21.4%) were co-infected with two viruses. RSV was detected as a co-infection in 18 cases. Only one patient had a 3-virus co-infection. In this series, RSV is responsible for moderate bronchiolitis (P < 0.001) and rhinovirus alone or associated with RSV is responsible for severe bronchiolitis (P < 0.001). These results will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of viral bronchiolitis in order to control their spread, particularly in infant communities. This through the development of effective prevention strategies and targeted therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the predictors of need for paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission for inter‐hospital transfer patients to a tertiary paediatric hospital ED on high flow (HF) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation. Methods: Single‐centre retrospective study of patients transferred to the state's tertiary paediatric hospital. Demographic information and disease management information was obtained. Results: Between October 2021 and September 2022, 53 patients were transferred to the tertiary hospital on HF or CPAP. Of these, 23 required admission to PICU. Those admitted to PICU had a higher median fraction of inspired oxygen than those not admitted (0.4 vs 0.3, respectively, P = 0.013). Patients transported by road (vs flight) were more likely (20/23 patients, RR = 3.15, P = 0.016) to be admitted to PICU (56% vs 18%). Those who had received CPAP prior to or during transfer were more likely to require PICU admission (P = 0.012). Conclusion: We have demonstrated that children who require CPAP to manage their respiratory disease are more likely to require PICU care on transfer to the tertiary paediatric hospital. In addition, those patients being transferred from secondary metropolitan hospitals after a trial of HF are also likely to require PICU care. This suggests that these patients should be directly admitted to PICU, allowing for improved patient experience and flow as well as reducing unnecessary ED resource utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes most of the cases of bronchiolitis and thousands of deaths annually, particularly in infants less than 6 months old. In Catalonia (Spain), infants born between April 2023 and March 2024 aged 0–6 months during their first RSV season have been candidates to receive nirsevimab, the novel monoclonal antibody against RSV, since October 2023. We aimed to analyse the dynamics of all-causes bronchiolitis diagnoses and RSV community infections in the current season and compare them to pre-nirsevimab epidemics. We collected epidemiological data from the Information System for Surveillance of Infections in Catalonia (SIVIC) on daily all-causes bronchiolitis clinical diagnoses and RSV-confirmed cases provided by rapid antigen tests in primary care practices. We calculated the rate ratio (RR) for the incidence of all-causes bronchiolitis for children aged 0-11 m-old with respect to 12-35 m-old between September 2014 and January 2024. We analysed the RR of the incidence of RSV-confirmed infection for 0-11 m-old and 12-35 m-old with respect to the > 35 m-old, from January 2021 to January 2024. We then computed the relative difference of the RR, designated as percentage of reduction of risk, between season 2023/2024 and former epidemics. With a global coverage recorded rate for nirsevimab of 82.2% in January 2024, the age-specific 0-11 m-old RR (95% CI) of RSV infection incidence for > 35 m-old was 1.7 (1.5–2.0) in season 2023/2024. The RR (95% CI) had been 7.4 (5.6–9.9), 8.8 (6.9–11.3), and 7.1 (5.7–8.9) in 2020/2021, 2021/2022, and 2022/2023, respectively. Regarding the incidence of all-causes bronchiolitis for the 0-11 m-old group compared to the 12-35 m-old, the pre-pandemic (2014/2015–2019/2020) and 2022/2023 RR (95% CI) were 9.4 (9.2–9.6) and 6.0 (5.7–6.2), respectively, significantly higher than the RR of 3.6 (3.4–3.8) for the most recent season, 2023/2024. Conclusion: Concurring with the introduction of nirsevimab, the risk of RSV infection for infants aged 0-11 m-old compared to > 35 m-old has been reduced by 75.6% (73.4–77.5) in last season, and the risk for all-causes bronchiolitis for 12-35 m-old by 61.9% (60.9–62.9) from the pre-pandemic period and by 39.8% (39.3–40.2) from the 2022/2023 epidemic, despite high RSV community transmission, especially in older infants What is Known: • RSV is responsible for approximately 70% of bronchiolitis cases and causes severe disease, particularly in infants < 6 months of age. • Nirsevimab effectiveness against RSV-associated disease, particularly hospitalisations, was expected to be around 80%; other Spanish regions, such as Galicia and Valencia, and European countries including Luxembourg and Germany, have already reported good results in implementing nirsevimab to prevent RSV-associated hospitalisations and PICU stays. What is New: • We provide insight into the community incidence of RSV and all-causes bronchiolitis for season 2023/2024, when nirsevimab has been introduced to the Catalan population, using. primary healthcare data, which enabled us to assess the burden of RSV infections and bronchiolitis in the commonly seasonally saturated primary healthcare practices. • Our study reveals that the risk of all-causes bronchiolitis for infants aged 0-11 m-old compared to older infants was reduced by 40% compared to the previous season and 62% compared to pre-pandemic standards, and for RSV infection it was reduced by 76%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infection and hospitalizations among infants, young children, and the elderly. This systematic literature review aimed to summarize the epidemiological and economic burden estimates of RSV infection at any age in Germany. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search to identify full-text articles published from 2003 to 2023 and reporting data on the epidemiological or economic burden of RSV in Germany. Based on pre-specified eligibility criteria, data on incidence, rates of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, clinical manifestation, underlying conditions, seasonality, health care resource use and costs were extracted. Results After screening 315 full-text articles, we included 42 articles in the review. The characteristics of the included studies were heterogenous regarding study population, setting, age groups and RSV-related outcome measures. The most frequently reported epidemiological outcome measures were RSV detection rate (n = 33), followed by clinical manifestation (n = 19), seasonality (n = 18), and underlying conditions of RSV infection (n = 13). RSV detection rates were reported across heterogenous study populations, ranging from 5.2 to 55.4% in pediatric inpatient cases and from 2.9 to 14% in adult inpatient cases. All articles that reported RSV detection rates across several age groups demonstrated the highest burden in infants and young children. Few articles reported RSV-related outcome measures distinctively for the outpatient setting. Health care resource use, such as hospital length of stay, ICU admission rate and treatment of patients with RSV infection were described in 23 articles, of which only one study quantified associated costs from 1999 to 2003 for children ≤ 3 years. In-hospital ICU admission rates varied between 3.6 and 45%, depending on population characteristics as age and underlying conditions. Conclusions This systematic review revealed that RSV imposes substantial disease burden in infants, young children, and the elderly in Germany, whereby infants are particularly affected. To date, there has been limited exploration of the impact of RSV infection on healthy children or the elderly in Germany. Given their notably high reported burden in studies, the medical and economic RSV burden in these groups should move more into focus.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on the severity of symptoms in infants hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. Methods This is a case–control study, which was carried out on 80 infants from November 2022 to April 2023. The study involved 60 infants ranging in age from 2 months to 2 years, who were admitted to the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit and met the diagnostic criteria for acute bronchiolitis. Furthermore, a control group of 20 apparently healthy infants was incorporated into the study. Results This study showed that patients with moderate and severe bronchiolitis exhibited notably reduced levels of hemoglobin, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Concerning the iron status, a substantial decrease in serum iron and increase in TIBC in the severe group (P = 0.012, 0.001, respectively). No substantial correlation was detected between the severity of acute bronchiolitis and serum ferritin levels. Hemoglobin and serum iron were found to be independent predictors of the severity of acute bronchiolitis. Conclusions Infants suffering from IDA exhibit increased vulnerability to acute bronchiolitis. The low levels of hemoglobin and serum iron may function as prognostic indicators for the severity of the condition in infants with acute bronchiolitis.

Background: This study was performed to determine the relationship between chest X-ray findings and the severity of bronchiolitis using the modified Tal score scale (MTS). Methods: This retrospective study was conducted among 999 children aged 2-24 months admitted to a referral teaching hospital in Isfahan, Iran. The severity of bronchiolitis was determined by MTS criteria, with scores ranging from 0 to 12. We considered scores 0-5 mild, 6-9 moderate, and 10-12 severe bronchiolitis. The patient's CXRs were also extracted from the hospital's picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and reported by an expert Pediatric radiologist. The radiologic findings were compared with the MTS criteria.Results: The mean (SD) of the MTS score in the patients was 4.58 ± 1.92. Overall, 757 patients (75.78%) had normal radiographies. The frequency of normal radiography was 75.3% in the group of mild bronchiolitis and 77.3% in the group of moderate bronchiolitis. Reports of 9 patients with severe disease showed that 6 of them had normal CXRs (66.7%), 2 had hyperinflation, and 1 had atelectasis. There was no statistically significant relationship between radiographic results and the severity of bronchiolitis, according to MTS criteria (P = 0.23). The agreement between radiographic results and the severity of bronchiolitis was very weak (0.004) without statistical significance (P = 0.632). Conclusion: Considering that 99.3% of children with bronchiolitis do not have significant findings in chest X-rays, routine chest X-ray is not recommended in these patients.

Background: The co-occurrence of bronchiolitis and urinary tract infections (UTI) in hospitalized children is associated with high morbidity and economic strain. However, due to a low prevalence (

Abstract Background High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been increasingly adopted in the past 2 decades as a mode of respiratory support for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. The growing use of HFNC despite a paucity of high-quality data regarding the therapy’s efficacy has led to concerns about overutilization. We developed an electronic health record (EHR) embedded, quality improvement (QI) oriented clinical trial to determine whether standardized management of HFNC weaning guided by clinical decision support (CDS) results in a reduction in the duration of HFNC compared to usual care for children with bronchiolitis. Methods The design and summary of the statistical analysis plan for the REspiratory SupporT for Efficient and cost-Effective Care (REST EEC; “rest easy”) trial are presented. The investigators hypothesize that CDS-coupled, standardized HFNC weaning will reduce the duration of HFNC, the trial’s primary endpoint, for children with bronchiolitis compared to usual care. Data supporting trial design and eventual analyses are collected from the EHR and other real world data sources using existing informatics infrastructure and QI data sources. The trial workflow, including randomization and deployment of the intervention, is embedded within the EHR of a large children’s hospital using existing vendor features. Trial simulations indicate that by assuming a true hazard ratio effect size of 1.27, equivalent to a 6-h reduction in the median duration of HFNC, and enrolling a maximum of 350 children, there will be a > 0.75 probability of declaring superiority (interim analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.99 or final analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.9) and a > 0.85 probability of declaring superiority or the CDS intervention showing promise (final analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.8). Iterative plan-do-study-act cycles are used to monitor the trial and provide targeted education to the workforce. Discussion Through incorporation of the trial into usual care workflows, relying on QI tools and resources to support trial conduct, and relying on Bayesian inference to determine whether the intervention is superior to usual care, REST EEC is a learning health system intervention that blends health system operations with active evidence generation to optimize the use of HFNC and associated patient outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05909566. Registered on June 18, 2023.

Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of infant hospitalization. However, the molecular networks driving bronchiolitis pathobiology remain unknown. Integrative molecular networks, including the transcriptome and metabolome, can identify functional and regulatory pathways contributing to disease severity. Here, we integrated nasopharyngeal transcriptome and metabolome data of 397 infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis in a 17-center prospective cohort study. Using an explainable deep network model, we identified an omics-cluster comprising 401 transcripts and 38 metabolites that distinguishes bronchiolitis severity (test-set AUC, 0.828). This omics-cluster derived a molecular network, where innate immunity-related metabolites (e.g., ceramides) centralized and were characterized by toll-like receptor (TLR) and NF-κB signaling pathways (both FDR < 0.001). The network analyses identified eight modules and 50 existing drug candidates for repurposing, including prostaglandin I2 analogs (e.g., iloprost), which promote anti-inflammatory effects through TLR signaling. Our approach facilitates not only the identification of molecular networks underlying infant bronchiolitis but the development of pioneering treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infection and hospitalizations among infants, young children, and the elderly. This systematic literature review aimed to summarize the epidemiological and economic burden estimates of RSV infection at any age in Germany. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search to identify full-text articles published from 2003 to 2023 and reporting data on the epidemiological or economic burden of RSV in Germany. Based on pre-specified eligibility criteria, data on incidence, rates of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, clinical manifestation, underlying conditions, seasonality, health care resource use and costs were extracted. Results: After screening 315 full-text articles, we included 42 articles in the review. The characteristics of the included studies were heterogenous regarding study population, setting, age groups and RSV-related outcome measures. The most frequently reported epidemiological outcome measures were RSV detection rate (n = 33), followed by clinical manifestation (n = 19), seasonality (n = 18), and underlying conditions of RSV infection (n = 13). RSV detection rates were reported across heterogenous study populations, ranging from 5.2 to 55.4% in pediatric inpatient cases and from 2.9 to 14% in adult inpatient cases. All articles that reported RSV detection rates across several age groups demonstrated the highest burden in infants and young children. Few articles reported RSV-related outcome measures distinctively for the outpatient setting. Health care resource use, such as hospital length of stay, ICU admission rate and treatment of patients with RSV infection were described in 23 articles, of which only one study quantified associated costs from 1999 to 2003 for children ≤ 3 years. In-hospital ICU admission rates varied between 3.6 and 45%, depending on population characteristics as age and underlying conditions. Conclusions: This systematic review revealed that RSV imposes substantial disease burden in infants, young children, and the elderly in Germany, whereby infants are particularly affected. To date, there has been limited exploration of the impact of RSV infection on healthy children or the elderly in Germany. Given their notably high reported burden in studies, the medical and economic RSV burden in these groups should move more into focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on the severity of symptoms in infants hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. Methods: This is a case–control study, which was carried out on 80 infants from November 2022 to April 2023. The study involved 60 infants ranging in age from 2 months to 2 years, who were admitted to the Pediatric Pulmonology Unit and met the diagnostic criteria for acute bronchiolitis. Furthermore, a control group of 20 apparently healthy infants was incorporated into the study. Results: This study showed that patients with moderate and severe bronchiolitis exhibited notably reduced levels of hemoglobin, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. Concerning the iron status, a substantial decrease in serum iron and increase in TIBC in the severe group (P = 0.012, 0.001, respectively). No substantial correlation was detected between the severity of acute bronchiolitis and serum ferritin levels. Hemoglobin and serum iron were found to be independent predictors of the severity of acute bronchiolitis. Conclusions: Infants suffering from IDA exhibit increased vulnerability to acute bronchiolitis. The low levels of hemoglobin and serum iron may function as prognostic indicators for the severity of the condition in infants with acute bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) primarily infects the respiratory epithelium, but growing evidence suggests that it may also be responsible for neurologic sequelae. In 3-dimensional microphysiologic peripheral nerve cultures, RSV infected neurons, macrophages, and dendritic cells along 2 distinct trajectories depending on the initial viral load. Low-level infection was transient, primarily involved macrophages, and induced moderate chemokine release with transient neural hypersensitivity. Infection with higher viral loads was persistent, infected neuronal cells in addition to monocytes, and induced robust chemokine release followed by progressive neurotoxicity. In spinal cord cultures, RSV infected microglia and dendritic cells but not neurons, producing a moderate chemokine expression pattern. The persistence of infection was variable but could be identified in dendritic cells as long as 30 days postinoculation. This study suggests that RSV can disrupt neuronal function directly through infection of peripheral neurons and indirectly through infection of resident monocytes and that inflammatory chemokines likely mediate both mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Before they can produce their own antibodies, newborns are protected from infections by transplacental transfer of maternal IgG antibodies and after birth through breast milk IgA antibodies. Rhinovirus (RV) infections are extremely common in early childhood, and while RV infections often result in only mild upper respiratory illnesses, they can also cause severe lower respiratory illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Methods: We used high-density peptide arrays to profile infant and maternal antibody reactivity to capsid and full proteome sequences of three human RVs - A16, B52, and C11. Results: Numerous plasma IgG and breast milk IgA RV epitopes were identified that localized to regions of the RV capsid surface and interior, and also to several non-structural proteins. While most epitopes were bound by both IgG and IgA, there were several instances where isotype-specific and RV-specific binding were observed. We also profiled 62 unique RV-C protein loop sequences characteristic of this species' capsid VP1 protein. Discussion: Many of the RV-C loop sequences were highly bound by IgG from one-year-old infants, indicating recent or ongoing active infections, or alternatively, a level of cross-reactivity among homologous RV-C sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of glucocorticoid administration on anti-infective efficacy and prognosis of children diagnosed with bronchiolitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Methods: 100 children from January 2021 to June 2023 diagnosed with MP-induced bronchiolitis at the Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China were randomized into study (n = 45) and control groups (n = 55). The study group received conventional medication (azithromycin at 10 mg/kg on the first day followed by 5 mg/kg/day for 5 days) in addition to glucocorticoids, while control group received the same conventional medication without glucocorticoids. The study group was treated with prednisone (2 mg/kg/day), once a day for 5 days. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) levels) before and after treatment, duration of medication, disease course, clinical efficacy, and prognosis were compared. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between both groups (p > 0.05). The study group showed significantly reduced CRP and PCT levels, shorter medication and disease duration, and a higher efficacy compared to control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Administration of glucocorticoids in addition to conventional medication in MP-induced bronchiolitis reduces levels of inflammatory markers, improves clinical symptoms, and enhances efficacy. Future studies using prospective, randomized controlled trials, larger sample sizes that cut across multicenter sites, standardized treatment protocols, and long-term follow-up will be required to more accurately confirm the safety and efficacy of glucocorticoids in the management of MP-induced bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le virus respiratoire syncytial (VRS) est le principal agent de la bronchiolite du nourrisson. Depuis sa découverte dans les années 1960, de nombreuses équipes ont cherché à développer des traitements préventifs de l'infection VRS. Jusqu'à récemment, les essais de vaccination sont toutefois restés infructueux. La prévention des infections sévères reposait sur un anticorps monoclonal réservé aux nourrissons à haut risque du fait d'un ratio coût/efficacité médiocre. La majorité des vaccins ou des anticorps monoclonaux ciblent la protéine de surface F du VRS. En 2013, des chercheurs ont obtenu la structure de la F dans la conformation qu'elle adopte à la surface des virions. En ciblant cette conformation particulière de F, différentes équipes ont développé des vaccins et des anticorps monoclonaux efficaces. Ainsi en 2022, un anticorps monoclonal à longue demi-vie, le nirsevimab, a été approuvé pour la prévention des infections sévères chez le nourrisson. En 2023, 2 vaccins ont été approuvés pour la prévention des infections sévères chez le sujet âgé et chez le nouveau-né pour l'un des 2. Ainsi 2 stratégies d'immunisation passive sont désormais disponibles pour la prévention des infections sévères du nourrisson par le VRS : injection unique d'un anticorps monoclonal avant la première exposition au VRS ou vaccination maternelle en fin de grossesse permettant un transfert transplacentaire des anticorps. Des questions demeurent quant à la stratégie qui sera appliquée dans les différents pays, la place d'une prévention des infections chez l'enfant après un an ou l'évolution du VRS face à cette nouvelle pression de sélection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in young children. It is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Since its discovery in the 1960s, many teams have tried to develop preventive treatments for RSV infection. Until recent years, however, vaccine trials have been unsuccessful. Prevention of severe infection has relied on a monoclonal antibody, which has been reserved for high-risk infants because of its poor cost-effectiveness. The RSV surface F protein is the target of most vaccine or monoclonal antibodies. In 2013, researchers obtained the structure of F in its conformation on the viral surface. By targeting this particular conformation of F, several teams have developed effective vaccines and monoclonal antibodies to prevent severe RSV infections. In 2022, a monoclonal antibody with a long half-life, nirsevimab, was approved for the prevention of severe infections in infants. In 2023, 2 vaccines will be licensed for the prevention of severe infection in the elderly, one of them in neonates. This means that 2 passive immunisation strategies are now available to prevent severe RSV infection in infants: a single injection of a monoclonal antibody before the first exposure to RSV, or maternal vaccination at the end of pregnancy, allowing transplacental transfer of antibodies. Questions remain about the strategy to be adopted in different countries, the place of prevention of infection in children after one year of age, or the evolution of RSV in the face of this new selection pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 62-year-old woman came to our hospital with worsening cough and dyspnea over the preceding week, during which time she had been treated with azithromycin and prednisone for suspected pneumonia. She had no fever, chills, or sweats, but her cough had become productive of clear to blood-tinged phlegm during the interval. Medical history was significant for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and OSA. She had quit smoking 44 years earlier and had no history of lung disease. She was a bank teller residing in southeastern Minnesota and described no relevant inhalational or environmental exposures, drug use, aspiration, or travels preceding her illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral load measurement of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in acute bronchiolitis depends on specimen collection, viral load quantification, and transport media. The aim of this study was to investigate viral load in three-way-comparative analyses; nasal swab versus nasal wash, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) versus cell tissue culture, and various transport media. A prospective cohort study of infants aged < 12 months, admitted to the Soroka Medical Center, due to acute bronchiolitis, was conducted. Two nasal swabs and two nasal wash samples (in UTM and VCM) were collected from each infant upon admission and after 48 h. Samples were immediately stored at −80 °C and tested at Viroclinics DDL (Rotterdam, Netherlands). Quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative virus culture were performed using tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). Spearman's correlation coefficient test assessed the correlation between the different methods, viral load, and clinical severity score. One hundred samples were collected from 13 infants (mean age 5.7 ± 3.8 months, 46% males). Twelve patients were RSV-A positive, and one was RSV-B positive. A high correlation was found between transport media- UTM and VCM (0.92, P < 0.001) and between nasal swabs and nasal wash samples (0.62, P = 0.02). RSV signals were higher in nasal wash than in swabs. PCR signals were lower in the second collection compared to the first. No correlation was found between viral load and clinical severity. Conclusion: RSV viral load is comparable across nasal wash, nasal swabs, and various transport media. However, it did not correlate with clinical severity, probably due to the limited sample size. Broader analyses are warranted. What is Known: • Viral load measurement in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) bronchiolitis depends on specimen collection, viral load quantification, and transport media. • The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the paramount significance of proper specimen collection, notably through nasal swabs. What is New: • RSV viral load was investigated in three-way-comparative analyses. • RSV viral load correlated well across PCR and tissue culture, nasal wash and swabs, and various transport media. RSV viral load did not correlate with clinical severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of nebulized hypertonic saline solution for the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants. Acute bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in children under 2 years old, often caused by the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The article presents the findings of a Cochrane review, which suggests that nebulized hypertonic saline solution may slightly reduce the risk of hospitalization and decrease the length of hospital stay for infants with bronchiolitis. However, the evidence is of low to very low certainty, and more research is needed to determine the effectiveness and safety of this treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A study published in the Clinical & Experimental Allergy journal found that low levels of vitamin D in early childhood were associated with aeroallergen-specific IgE in children with a history of severe bronchiolitis. However, there was no association between vitamin D levels and total, food-specific, or outdoor-aeroallergen-specific IgE. The study suggests that vitamin D plays a role in immune modulation and may be involved in allergic diseases. The study had limitations, such as a small sample size and not accounting for geographic factors and individual allergen exposure. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between vitamin D and allergic sensitization. [Extracted from the article]

Bronchiolitis accounts for a considerable number of Emergency Department (ED) visits by infants each year and is the leading cause of respiratory infection in children 2 years of age and younger. Suctioning remains one of the main supportive treatments, but suctioning practices of nasal aspiration and deep suctioning vary among practitioners in bronchiolitis management. Our objective was to explore associations between suction type and respiratory distress, oxygen saturation, and markers of respiratory compromise such as airway escalation, disposition, ED length of stay (LOS), and outpatient outcomes. This was a prospective observational study on infants (aged 2–23 months) in a pediatric ED with bronchiolitis from September 2022 to April 2023. Infants with tracheostomies, muscular weakness, and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation were excluded. Infants were grouped into nasal aspiration, deep suctioning, or combination groups. Mean differences in respiratory scores (primary outcome) and oxygen saturation were measured at three timepoints: pre-suction, 30 and 60 min post-suction. Escalation to airway adjuncts, disposition, and ED LOS were also recorded. Discharged families were contacted for phone call interviews. Of 121 enrolled infants (nasal aspiration n = 31, deep suctioning n = 68, combination n = 22), 48% (n = 58) were discharged, and 90% (n = 52) completed the study call. There was no interaction between suction type and timepoint (p = 0.63) and no effect between suction type and respiratory score (p = 0.38). However, timepoint did have an effect on respiratory score between 0 and 30 min post-suction (p = 0.01) and between 0 and 60 min post-suction (p < 0.001). Admitted infants received more deep suctioning or a combination of suctioning compared to those discharged (p = 0.005). Suction type had no effect on oxygen saturation, airway adjunct escalation, length of stay, or outpatient outcomes (p > 0.11). There was no difference in respiratory scores or outpatient outcomes between suction types. Deep suctioning may not be needed in all infants with bronchiolitis. • Bronchiolitis accounts for many pediatric ED visits each year. • Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of respiratory infection in children under age 2. • Supportive care including suctioning remains the primary management. • Nasal aspiration and deep suctioning reduce respiratory distress in bronchiolitis. • Deep suctioning may not be needed in all infants with bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The aim of the present study was to develop a clinical–ultrasound model for early detection of hospital admission, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, and oxygen requirement in children diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis (AB). Furthermore, the prognostic ability of models including sonographic data from antero-lateral, lateral-posterior, and posterior areas (eight zones) vs. antero-lateral and lateral-posterior areas (six zones) vs. only antero-lateral areas (four zones) was analyzed. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on infants under 12 months with AB. A lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed within 24 h of hospital care and analyzed using the Lung Ultrasound Combined Score (LUCS) based on the ultrasound patterns and their extent. Regression models combining LUCS (using eight, six, or four lung areas) with age and clinical scale were created. Results: A total of 90 patients were included (62 admitted to the ward, 15 to PICU), with a median age of 3.7 months. Clinical–ultrasound models with eight and six lung zones predicted hospital admission (AUC 0.89), need for oxygen therapy (AUC 0.88), and its duration (40% explanatory capacity). Models using four lung areas had lower prognostic yield. No model predicted PICU admission needs or duration. Conclusions: The ultrasound pattern and its extension combined with clinical information may be useful to predict hospital admission and oxygen requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been increasingly adopted in the past 2 decades as a mode of respiratory support for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. The growing use of HFNC despite a paucity of high-quality data regarding the therapy's efficacy has led to concerns about overutilization. We developed an electronic health record (EHR) embedded, quality improvement (QI) oriented clinical trial to determine whether standardized management of HFNC weaning guided by clinical decision support (CDS) results in a reduction in the duration of HFNC compared to usual care for children with bronchiolitis. Methods: The design and summary of the statistical analysis plan for the REspiratory SupporT for Efficient and cost-Effective Care (REST EEC; "rest easy") trial are presented. The investigators hypothesize that CDS-coupled, standardized HFNC weaning will reduce the duration of HFNC, the trial's primary endpoint, for children with bronchiolitis compared to usual care. Data supporting trial design and eventual analyses are collected from the EHR and other real world data sources using existing informatics infrastructure and QI data sources. The trial workflow, including randomization and deployment of the intervention, is embedded within the EHR of a large children's hospital using existing vendor features. Trial simulations indicate that by assuming a true hazard ratio effect size of 1.27, equivalent to a 6-h reduction in the median duration of HFNC, and enrolling a maximum of 350 children, there will be a > 0.75 probability of declaring superiority (interim analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.99 or final analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.9) and a > 0.85 probability of declaring superiority or the CDS intervention showing promise (final analysis posterior probability of intervention effect > 0.8). Iterative plan-do-study-act cycles are used to monitor the trial and provide targeted education to the workforce. Discussion: Through incorporation of the trial into usual care workflows, relying on QI tools and resources to support trial conduct, and relying on Bayesian inference to determine whether the intervention is superior to usual care, REST EEC is a learning health system intervention that blends health system operations with active evidence generation to optimize the use of HFNC and associated patient outcomes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05909566. Registered on June 18, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Interventions introduced to reduce the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to a widespread reduction in childhood infections. However, from spring 2021 onwards the United Kingdom and Ireland experienced an unusual out-of-season epidemic of respiratory disease. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study (BronchStart), enrolling children 0–23 months of age presenting with bronchiolitis, lower respiratory tract infection, or first episode of wheeze to 59 emergency departments across England, Scotland, and Ireland from May 2021 to April 2022. We combined testing data with national admissions datasets to infer the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. Results The BronchStart study collected data on 17 899 presentations for 17 164 children. Risk factors for admission and escalation of care included prematurity and congenital heart disease, but most admissions were for previously healthy term-born children. Of those aged 0–11 months who were admitted and tested for RSV, 1907 of 3912 (48.7%) tested positive. We estimate that every year in England and Scotland 28 561 (95% confidence interval, 27 637–29 486) infants are admitted with RSV infection. Conclusions RSV infection was the main cause of hospitalizations in this cohort, but 51.3% of admissions in infants were not associated with the virus. The majority of admissions were in previously healthy term-born infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis, resulting in 3 million hospitalizations each year worldwide. Nirsevimab is a monoclonal antibody against RSV that has an extended half-life. Its postlicensure real-world effectiveness against RSV-associated bronchiolitis is unclear. METHODS We conducted a prospective, multicenter, matched case-control study to analyze the effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against hospitalization for RSV-associated bronchiolitis in infants younger than 12 months of age. Case patients were infants younger than 12 months of age who were hospitalized for RSV-associated bronchiolitis between October 15 and December 10, 2023. Control patients were infants with clinical visits to the same hospitals for conditions unrelated to RSV infection. Case patients were matched to control patients in a 2:1 ratio on the basis of age, date of hospital visit, and study center. We calculated the effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against hospitalization for RSV-associated bronchiolitis (primary outcome) by means of a multivariate conditional logistic-regression model with adjustment for confounders. Several sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS The study included 1035 infants, of whom 690 were case patients (median age, 3.1 months; interquartile range, 1.8 to 5.3) and 345 were matched control patients (median age, 3.4 months; interquartile range, 1.6 to 5.6). Overall, 60 case patients (8.7%) and 97 control patients (28.1%) had received nirsevimab previously. The estimated adjusted effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against hospitalization for RSV-associated bronchiolitis was 83.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73.4 to 89.2). Sensitivity analyses gave results similar to those of the primary analysis. The effectiveness of nirsevimab therapy against RSV-associated bronchiolitis resulting in critical care was 69.6% (95% CI, 42.9 to 83.8) (27 of 193 case patients [14.0%] vs. 47 of 146 matched control patients [32.2%]) and against RSV-associated bronchiolitis resulting in ventilatory support was 67.2% (95% CI, 38.6 to 82.5) (27 of 189 case patients [14.3%] vs. 46 of 151 matched control patients [30.5%]). CONCLUSIONS In a real-world setting, nirsevimab therapy was effective in reducing the risk of hospitalized RSV-associated bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) remain a leading cause of global mortality and morbidity. Nearly 70% of children between the ages of one and four years and 90% of infants with respiratory illness are hospitalized. The causative agents of nearly 80% of ARIs are viruses. In Bulgaria, according to a study by the National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, in 82% and 70% of the cases of children with bronchiolitis and pneumonia, respectively, viral causative agents have been proven. This manuscript presents advanced methods for microbiological testing from respiratory specimens, with an accent on multiplex PCR and mass-spectrometry. These methods are a practical diagnostic approach, as they allow quick etiological diagnosis of ARIs in childhood (especially those caused by viruses and difficult-to-cultivate bacteria), detection of co-infections, rapid appointment of appropriate treatment and timely infection control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Uptake of nasal high‐flow therapy in infants with bronchiolitis has grown in the last decade with some evidence suggesting a reduction in escalation of care. The effect of the implementation of recent available evidence on clinical practice remains unclear. Methods: In a prospective observational study over 6 months in six metropolitan hospitals in Australia, we investigated the clinical practice of high‐flow in infants admitted with bronchiolitis and an oxygen requirement. To assess the choice by clinicians of the initial oxygen therapy (standard oxygen or high‐flow) the disease severity was measured by physiological parameters obtained prior to oxygen therapy commencement. Additional secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay and transfers to intensive care. Results: Two hundred thirty‐five infants with bronchiolitis were admitted for oxygen therapy over 6 months during the winter season. Infants who received high‐flow on admission to hospital displayed significantly higher respiratory rates, higher heart rates and higher early warning tool scores with more severe work of breathing than those commenced on standard oxygen therapy as a first line of oxygen therapy. A significantly longer hospital length of stay of 0.6 days occurred in infants commenced on high‐flow. A significantly greater proportion on high‐flow (23.3%) were admitted to intensive care compared to infants commenced on SOT (10.4%) despite the severity of disease in both groups being similar. Conclusions: Infants with bronchiolitis presenting with greater disease severity are more likely to receive high‐flow therapy. Escalation of care in an intensive care unit occurred more frequently on infants on high‐flow. Trial Registration: This trial is registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12618001206213. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe bronchiolitis patients are often supported with non-invasive ventilation (NIV). In case of NIV failure, we recently started to use non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist ventilation (NIV-NAVA) with a total face mask interface (TFM) and report now our experience with this modality of respiratory support. Retrospective study was made from October 2022 to May 2023 at the Geneva University Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. Inclusion criteria were children, aged from 0 to 6 months, with severe bronchiolitis with initial NIV failure and switch to NIV-NAVA-TFM. From 49 children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis requiring any form of respiratory support, 10 (median age 61 days (IQR 44–73) failing CPAP or NIV underwent rescue treatment with NIV-NAVA using a TFM. Patients were switched to TFM-NIV-NAVA 8 h (IQR 3–22) after admission for 24.5 h (IQR 13–60). After initiation of TFM-NIV-NAVA, oxygenation improved significantly as early as 1 h after initiation, whereas transcutaneous CO2 values remained stable. None of the patients needed to be intubated and there was no episode of TFM discontinuation due to interface discomfort or other unwanted side effects. Sedation was used in all patients with high proportion of intravenous dexmedetomidine. Median ventilatory assistance duration was 2.5 days (IQR 2–4) and median PICU stay was 4.5 (IQR 3–6). Conclusion: In infants with severe RSV-induced bronchiolitis, respiratory support with TFM-NIV-NAVA seems to be feasible as a rescue therapy and might be considered in selected patients. What is Known: • Bronchiolitic patients with NIV support failure may require invasive mechanical ventilation. • Interface related complications, especially facial sores, can be a cause of NIV failure. What is New: • Total face mask with non-invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (TFM-NIV-NAVA) seems feasible as a rescue therapy in deteriorating patients with CPAP or NIV failure. • TFM-NIV-NAVA can improve oxygenation rapidly in patients with aggravating hypoxemia and seems to be well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was performed to determine the relationship between chest X-ray findings and the severity of bronchiolitis using the modified Tal score scale (MTS). Methods: This retrospective study was conducted among 999 children aged 2-24 months admitted to a referral teaching hospital in Isfahan, Iran. The severity of bronchiolitis was determined by MTS criteria, with scores ranging from 0 to 12. We considered scores 0-5 mild, 6-9 moderate, and 10-12 severe bronchiolitis. The patient's CXRs were also extracted from the hospital's picture archiving and communication system (PACS) and reported by an expert Pediatric radiologist. The radiologic findings were compared with the MTS criteria. Results: The mean (SD) of the MTS score in the patients was 4.58 ± 1.92. Overall, 757 patients (75.78%) had normal radiographies. The frequency of normal radiography was 75.3% in the group of mild bronchiolitis and 77.3% in the group of moderate bronchiolitis. Reports of 9 patients with severe disease showed that 6 of them had normal CXRs (66.7%), 2 had hyperinflation, and 1 had atelectasis. There was no statistically significant relationship between radiographic results and the severity of bronchiolitis, according to MTS criteria (P = 0.23). The agreement between radiographic results and the severity of bronchiolitis was very weak (0.004) without statistical significance (P = 0.632). Conclusion: Considering that 99.3% of children with bronchiolitis do not have significant findings in chest X-rays, routine chest X-ray is not recommended in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute undifferentiated fever (AUF) remains a significant reason for hospitalization among children, particularly in Southeast Asia. Common causative agents include dengue, scrub typhus, murine typhus, leptospirosis, and enteric fever. This study aims to delineate the clinical and etiological profiles of AUF in children. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over one year in the Department of Pediatrics at a tertiary care hospital in Central India. The study enrolled children with fever lasting less than 21 days and without a specific focus of infection identified through history, physical examination, and routine investigations. Results: Among the 90 children included in the study, the most prevalent cause of undifferentiated fever was typhoid fever (31.1%), followed by malaria (21.1%), dengue fever (18.9%), and urinary tract infections (10%). Other notable causes included acute gastroenteritis (8.9%), pneumonia (5.6%), bronchiolitis (2.2%), hepatitis (1.1%), and pharyngotonsillitis (1.1%). Common clinical symptoms observed were pyrexia (100%), headache (65.6%), rash (47.8%), and abdominal pain (31.1%). Laboratory findings indicated mild anemia in the majority of cases, leukopenia in cases of dengue and malaria, and thrombocytopenia in dengue cases. Conclusion: Non-malarial infections are predominant causes of AUF in children within this region of Central India. Scrub typhus, dengue, and enteric fever were identified as significant contributors. The study underscores the necessity for improved diagnostic facilities to reduce the proportion of undiagnosed fevers, often assumed to be viral in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-occurrence of bronchiolitis and urinary tract infections (UTI) in hospitalized children is associated with high morbidity and economic strain. However, due to a low prevalence (<3%) and inconsistent diagnostic criteria, there is ongoing debate regarding the necessity of systematic screening. This study estimated the prevalence of UTI among children admitted for bronchiolitis and analyzed the associated demographic and clinical factors. A 5-year (2016–2020) retrospective chart review was conducted among all children admitted for bronchiolitis at a referral pediatrics department in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. UTI was diagnosed according to the American Association of Pediatrics criteria. Demographic, clinical, microbiological, and imaging data were extracted from the hospital electronic records. Of the 491 cases of children with bronchiolitis, urine culture and analysis were available for 320 patients. Based on urine culture criteria alone, the prevalence of UTI was 13.1% (95% CI 9.6–17.3), and the most common pathogens included E. coli (33.3%), K. pneumoniae (23.8%), and Enterococcus faecalis (14.3%), and 13 (31.0%) of the isolates were EBSL. By considering urinalysis criteria, i.e., pyuria or nitrituria, the estimated prevalence of UTI decreased to 3.4% (1.7–6.1%), and the most common pathogens were K. pneumoniae (5/11) and E. coli (3/11), with 6/11 ESBL-producing isolates. Regurgitation associated with a higher risk of UTI compared to absence of regurgitation (5.3% versus 0.8%; p = 0.031). Urinary tract ultrasound showed high specificity (98.7–100%) and negative predictive value (97.4–97.7%) in UTI using either criterion. There is a higher prevalence of UTI among children with bronchiolitis in the study center, which has several implications in screening, diagnosis, and management. Further multicenter studies are required to enhance the external validity of these findings and assess the cost-effectiveness of screening strategy at a national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Acute bronchiolitis and/or pneumonia are generally referred to as lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). It was aimed to investigate the agents in LRTI, which is one of the most important causes of childhood deaths, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method from the nasopharyngeal aspirate. Material and Methods: In our study, chest radiographs, clinical, demographic, laboratory characteristics, and disease agents obtained by real-time PCR were examined in patients aged 1 month to 18 years who were hospitalized with a prediagnosis of LRTI in the pediatric service during the year 2019. Results: The patients’ mean age was 25.89±36.72 months, and 57.05% (n=279) of the study group were male. Patients are grouped monthly; of the study group, 69.3% were between the ages of one and 24 months, and 16.0% were between the ages of 24 and 60 months. In the study group, 38% (n=186) of 489 patients had a fever. In 93.9% of cases, a cough was present. Of the 489 patients in the study group, 175 (35.7%) had no detectable causative agent, while 314 (64.3%) had one or more. After analyzing individual factors, 28.34% of the study group had Rhinovirus as the causative agent. Conclusion: The most frequent cause of LRTI was determined to be Rhinovirus in our investigation, in contrast to the general literature in our nation. Other data appear to be generally compatible with national and international literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text provides a summary of various research studies and initiatives related to implementation science in healthcare settings. The studies cover a wide range of topics, including the implementation of interventions for different health issues, the use of implementation strategies, and the challenges and opportunities in implementing evidence-based practices. The findings highlight the importance of tailoring strategies to specific contexts, engaging stakeholders, and addressing barriers to successful implementation. The studies provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in improving the implementation of interventions in diverse healthcare settings. [Extracted from the article]

Human respiratory viruses are the most prevalent cause of disease in humans, with the highly infectious RSV being the leading cause of infant bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia. Responses to type I IFNs are the primary defense against viral infection. However, RSV proteins have been shown to antagonize type I IFNmediated antiviral innate immunity, specifically dampening intracellular IFN signaling. Respiratory epithelial cells are the main target for RSV infection. In this study, we found RSV-NS1 interfered with the IFN-α JAK/STAT signaling pathway of epithelial cells. RSV-NS1 expression significantly enhanced IFN-amediated phosphorylation of STAT1, but not pSTAT2; and neither STAT1 nor STAT2 total protein levels were affected by RSV-NS1. However, expression of RSV-NS1 significantly reduced ISRE and GAS promoter activity and anti-viral IRG expression. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated RSV-NS1 bound STAT1, with protein modeling indicating a possible interaction site between STAT1 and RSV-NS1. Nuclear translocation of STAT1 was reduced in the presence of RSVNS1. Additionally, STAT1's interaction with the nuclear transport adapter protein, KPNA1, was also reduced, suggesting a mechanism by which RSV blocks STAT1 nuclear translocation. Indeed, reducing STAT1's access to the nucleus may explain RSV's suppression of IFN JAK/STAT promoter activation and antiviral gene induction. Taken together these results describe a novel mechanism by which RSV controls antiviral IFN-a JAK/STAT responses, which enhances our understanding of RSV's respiratory disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the primary cause of respiratory infections and hospitalizations in young children globally, leading to substantial disease burden and mortality. The aim of the present study was to review and provide updates on how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have significantly influenced RSV epidemiology on hospitalized children due to RSV infection. A potential impact of the available preventive strategies on the same population were provided. Methods: All children aged 0-6 years hospitalized at Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS for RSV infection from September 2014 to March 2023 were retrospectively recorded. Seasonal trends before and after SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, age distribution, ICU admission and co-infections, comorbidities and prematurity were retrieved. Predictions on the number of hospitalizations avoided by the deployment of different preventive strategies were provided. Results: A total of 1,262 children with RSV infection were included in the study. The 70% of them had less than 1 year-of-age at the moment of hospitalization and almost 50% less than 3 months. In the post-pandemic seasons, a 317% increase in the number of hospitalizations was recorded with a significant increase in older children compared to the pre-pandemic seasons. ICU support was required for 22% of children, the majority of whom were under 3 months of age. Almost 16% of hospitalized children were born preterm and only 27% of hospitalized children had prior comorbidities. The rate of comorbidities among RSV hospitalized children increased with age. Nirsevimab prophylaxis could have prevented more than 46% of hospitalizations in this cohort. A preventive strategy addressing also children aged 7 months to 6 years of age with co-existing comorbidities would increase that rate above 57%. Discussion: The identification of RSV hospitalization-related features is informing the decision-maker for the deployment of the wisest preventive approach on a population scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccine hesitancy is a concept that has persisted from the time smallpox vaccine was first introduced to this day. When encountering vaccine-hesitant caregivers in clinical practice, it is important to approach vaccine hesitancy in accordance with evidence-based practices to effectively utilise the limited time available. Our case describes a 6-month and 20-day-old patient admitted to the paediatric ward with acute bronchiolitis and missed vaccinations. The patient's mother revealed that she did not get the infant vaccinated after 2 months of age because she was influenced by people around her. A structured interview was conducted with the mother following the CASE method. After the interview, the mother decided to get her baby vaccinated. The infant received Hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and conjugated pneumococcal vaccines on the day of discharge. Subsequent clinic visits confirmed adherence to the vaccination schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization among American infants. The overall burden of RSV among infants has been historically under-estimated due to variable testing practices, particularly in the outpatient setting. Universal masking and social distancing implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic altered RSV seasonality, however potential consequences on RSV testing practices across different healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups have not been described. Variable testing practices could also affect accurate assessment of the effects of two recently approved RSV preventative agents targeting infants. Utilizing real-time clinical and viral surveillance, we examined RSV testing practices among infants with bronchiolitis within four United States healthcare systems across different healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups pre- and post-COVID-19. RSV testing among infants with bronchiolitis increased since 2015 within each healthcare system across all healthcare settings and sociodemographic groups, with a more dramatic increase since the COVID-19 pandemic. Outpatient testing remained disproportionately low compared to hospital-based testing, although there were no major differences in testing frequency among sociodemographic groups in either setting. Although RSV testing increased among infants with bronchiolitis, relatively low outpatient testing rates remain a key barrier to accurate RSV surveillance. • RSV testing rates among infants with bronchiolitis are increasing. • The percent of positive RSV tests is unchanged even with increased testing. • RSV testing rates were not affected by sociodemographic factors. • Outpatient testing remains a barrier to accurate RSV surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]