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Se evaluó el efecto de microorganismos benéficos (MOBs) en el desarrollo del cultivo de fresa (Fragaria sp.). La investigación se realizó en tres fases. (i) Primera: en la provincia de Azuay - Ecuador, se recolectaron muestras de distintas plantas ubicadas en tres pisos altitudinales con características climatológicas diferentes. (ii) Segunda: en el laboratorio de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, en Lima - Perú, con cada muestra vegetal, se preparó la solución madre, así como medios de cultivo para MOBs, después se identificó la flora microbiana benéfica. (iii) Tercera: en la etapa de campo, se inoculó en el suelo un consorcio microbiano, con cuatro repeticiones por cada piso altitudinal; posteriormente se plantó fresa. En los medios de cultivo se constató la presencia de levaduras, Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., y actinomicetos. Se comprobó que, según la procedencia, los microorganismos presentan efectos heterogéneos en el desarrollo de las plantas. Se concluye que en cada piso altitudinal existen microorganismos benéficos de acuerdo a la especie vegetal, que su inoculación en el suelo incrementa el número de hojas, así como también favorece el desarrollo longitudinal, diametral y de raíces, de las plantas de fresa. The effect of beneficial microorganisms (MOBs) on the development of the strawberry crop (Fragaria sp.) was evaluated. The investigation was carried out in three phases. (i) First: in the province of Azuay - Ecuador, samples were taken from different plants located on three altitudinal floors with different climatological characteristics. (ii) Second: in the laboratory of the National Agrarian University La Molina, in Lima - Peru, with each plant sample, the mother solution was prepared, as well as culture media for MOBs, after which the beneficial microbial flora was identified. (iii) Third: in the field stage, a microbial consortium was inoculated on the ground, with four repetitions for each altitudinal floor; subsequently strawberry was planted. In the culture medium the presence of yeasts, Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., and actinomycetes were found. It was verified that, according to the provenance, the microorganisms have heterogeneous effects in the development of the plants. It is concluded that in each altitudinal floor exist beneficial microorganisms according to the plant species, that their inoculation in the soil increases the number of leaves, as well as it favors the longitudinal, diametral and roots development of the strawberry plants.

This study aimed to produce a probiotic-containing functional wheat beer (PWB) by an axenic culture system with potential probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii 17 and probiotic-containing functional sour beer (PSB) by a semi-separated co-cultivation system with potential probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DTA 81 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae S-04. Additionally, results obtained from in vivo behavioral tests with Swiss Webster mice treated with PWB or PSB were provided, which is scarce in the current literature. Although the use of S. boulardii to produce beers is not a novelty, this study demonstrated that S. boulardii 17 performance on sugar wort stills not completely elucidated; therefore, further studies should be considered before using the strain in industrial-scale production. Co-culture systems with lacticaseibacilli strain and S. cerevisiae have been reported in the literature for PSB production. However, lacticaseibacilli survivability in beer can be improved by semi-separated co-cultivation systems, highlighting the importance of growing lacticaseibacilli in the wort before yeast pitching. Besides, kettle hopping must be chosen as the method for hop addition to produce PSB. The dry-hopping method may prevent iso-alpha formation in the wort; however, a tendency to sediment can drag cells at the tank bottom and negatively affect L. paracasei DTA 81 viability. Despite stress factors from the matrices and the stressful conditions encountered during GI transit, potential probiotic S. boulardii 17 and potential probiotic L. paracasei DTA 81 withstood at sufficient doses to promote antidepressant effects in the mice group treated with PWB or PSB, respectively. The Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) provided financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A weed is an herbaceous plant that grows as a wild plant, and is considered a hindrance in the growth of preferred vegetation or cumbering the ground, and has no value for beauty or use. However, some weeds have roles in medicine, ecology and many other fields. A survey was conducted in Lahore to observe the weed varieties present in the area of Samanabad. The present study was carried out in May and June 2014.The primary purpose of the study was to gain knowledge about the availability of the total number of species present in this area. We also assessed whether these weeds were directly or indirectly beneficial for humans. Results of this study revealed a total of 33 species belonging to 20 different families which were collected and identified. Weeds were arranged in alphabetical order according to their respective families. Data inventory constitutes family name, botanical name, local name and life form. Results revealed the relative diversity of each family as Poaceae at 18.18% and Asteraceae at 15.15%. Out of 33 weed species, 64% were annual, 30% perennial and 6% biennial. The soil of the studied area was a hard, silty loam texture, with a slightly alkaline pH and low electrical conductivity. This study will be helpful in maintaining the flora of the Samanabad region.

Les cultures intermédiaires de crucifères présentent un fort potentiel de gestion des bioagresseurs (champignons, bactéries, nématodes, adventices, …) via la production de métabolites secondaires à effet biocide, les glucosinolates. Ces effets allélopathiques peuvent avoir lieu lors de la période de culture mais ils sont accentués lors de la destruction des couverts lorsqu’une grande quantité de glucosinolates est dégradée dans le sol (principe de biofumigation). Au-delà des services de régulation des bioagresseurs ces molécules peuvent engendrer des effets négatifs sur les champignons et bactéries antagonistes, ce qui correspond à des dis-services qu’il convient de prendre en compte en fonction des problématiques du système de culture considéré. Une forte variabilité d’efficacité des processus allélopathiques est parfois observée entre les études et s’explique par l’influence non négligeable de l’environnement et de la conduite de culture sur la production de glucosinolates et sur leur devenir dans le sol. De plus d’autres facteurs inhérents à l’utilisation de cultures intermédiaires sont impliqués dans la gestion des bioagresseurs comme notamment l’incorporation de matière organique et les effets hôte/non hôte des couverts. Les causes du contrôle des bioagresseurs (allélopathique ou non) restent à déterminer pour de nombreux patho-systèmes dans le but d’adapter en conséquence le choix des espèces de couverts et les pratiques culturales., Crucifers cover crops have a strong potential for pathogen control (fungi, bacterias, nematodes, weeds, …) thanks to the production of secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. These allelopathic effects can occur during the crop growing period and can be increased at cover crop termination when a large quantity of glucosinolates is degraded into the soil (biofumigation principle). Beyond their pathogen control services these molecules could engender negative effects on beneficials fungi and bacterias. It corresponds to disservices that have to be taken into account according to the specificities of the considered agroecosystem. A high variability of allelopathic effects efficiency is sometimes observed among different studies and can be explained by the influence of both environment and agronomic practices on the glucosinolate production and fate in the soil. Furthermore other factors inherent of the cover crop use as organic matter incorporation, or host/non-host cover crops effects are involved on pest management. Causes of pathogen control (allelopathy or not) are still to be determine for numerous pathosystems in order to consequently adapt species choices and agronomic practices.

Neobrađeno mlijeko sadrži brojne mikroorganizme koji su prisutni kao stalna mikroflora ili u nj dolaze iz okoline. Benefitni mikroorganizmi u sirovom mlijeku su uglavnom bakterije mliječno-kiselog vrenja: Lacotbacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp. i Pediococcus spp. koje se u mlijeku nalaze kao stalna, normalna mikroflora i pozitivno utječu na ljudski i životinjski organizam te također imaju važnu ulogu u mljekarskoj proizvodnji. Među benefitne organizme sirovog mlijeka pripadaju i pojedini kvasci. Patogenih mikroorganizama u sirovom mlijeku ima velik broj, a najviše bakterija. Najpoznatije i najčešće patogene su pojedine bakterije iz rodova Clostridium, Streptococcus, Proteus, Salmonella, zatim vrste kao Lysteria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli koju se malo opširnije proučavalo., Unprocessed milk contains many microorganisms that exist as the permanent microflora of milk or they enter it from the environment. Beneficial microorganisms found in raw milk are mostly lactic acid bacteria: Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Leuconostoc spp. and Pediococcus spp. which is the permanent, normal microflora. They have beneficial effects on humans and animals and also play an important role in dairy production. Certain yeasts belong to beneficial microorganisms in raw milk. There is a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk, mostly bacteria. The best known and the most common are the bacteria that belong to the genus of Clostridium, Streptococcus, Proteus, Salmonella, followed by the types of bacteria such as Lysteria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli which have been studied in more detail.

Introduction India is the 2nd most populated country in the world. Population of India is increasing at a tremendous rate. Proportionately, the numbers of people seeking health care are increasing. In that ratio the quantities of hospital wastes, in wider terms, healthcare wastes that are getting generated is also increasing. Current methods for the safe disposal of healthcare wastes are not able to cope up with the rate of generation of healthcare wastes and moreover are not eco-friendly at all. Due to this, the current rules and regulations regarding the safe disposal of healthcare wastes are getting violated, ultimately leading to improper management of healthcare wastes, posing a serious threat to the environment and to the community. Aim To develop a novel, sustainable and beneficial system for the systematic management of healthcare wastes utilizing the strategies of waste reduction, waste segregation and recycling of Non Hazardous Hospital Wastes (NHHWs). Materials and methods Firstly a detailed study of the Healthcare Waste Management System (HCWMS) operational at the Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre was done. A pilot study was then performed. After that, data regarding the generation and management of healthcare wastes in the other healthcare settings was collected and analyzed. Considering all this, a novel, sustainable and beneficial template system for the systematic management of healthcare wastes was proposed. Lastly the possible positive impacts from the implementation of HCWMSs designed using proposed template HCWMS in significant numbers of healthcare establishments was gauged. Results The healthcare waste management system operational at the Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre was found to be very efficient and provided vital inputs about developing the novel HCWMS. The pilot study was successfully completed generating significant revenue from the hospital's own NHHWs while managing them in an eco-friendly way. The total healthcare waste generation in Maharashtra was approximately estimated at about 2,89,200kg/day of which about 43,380kg/day was Bio-Medical Wastes (BMWs) while about 2,45,820kg/day were the NHHWs. This stresses the need of implementing HCWMSs in Healthcare Establishments (HCEs) based on the proposed novel template of HCWMS. Conclusion The novel template system is proposed in a detailed manner under various heads in the form of a handbook which is scalable upwards or downwards as per the requirement of a HCE. The enormous economic and environmental positive impacts from the implementation of the HCWMSs based on the proposed HCWMS in significant numbers of HCEs were presented numerically, putting light on the necessity and tremendous potential of this field of research.

TEZ10327 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2016. Kaynakça (s. 49-53) var. ix, 55 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Bu çalışma Adana ili susam üretim alanlarında görülen zararlı ve faydalı faunasının saptanması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Sürvey çalışmaları 2015 yılı Haziran- Ekim ayları arasında Adana’nın Seyhan, Yüreğir, Karataş ve Kozan ilçelerinde yürütülmüştür. Yapılan sürvey çalışmaları sonucunda; susamda Arthoropoda şubesine bağlı 5 takım ve bu takımlara bağlı 16 familyadan 41 tür ve 9 cins olmak üzere toplamda 10320 adet böcek toplanmıştır. Susam üretim alanlarında Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera ve Lepidoptera takımlarından 11 familyaya bağlı 26 zararlı tür 7 cins, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera ve Hemiptera takımlarından 15 yararlı tür 2 cins saptanmıştır. Bitki boyu 50-70cm dönemde Bemisia tabaci zararı çok yüksek olduğu önemli verim kayıplarına neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Diğer böceklerin neden olduğu önemli bir zarar gözlenmemiştir. Susam üretim alanlarında faydalı türlerden ise Chrysoperla carnea tüm bölgelerde dikkat çekici yoğunlukta görülmüştür. Kozan yöresi yararlı ve faydalı tür çeşitliliği açısından önemli bir zenginlikte olduğu tespit edilmiştir. This study was carried out to determine the fauna of pest and beneficial insect and mite species in the sesame plantations of Adana province. The study consucted between June and October 2015 in Seyhan, Yüreğir, Karataş and Kozan districts of Adana. As results; 5 order belonging to Arthropoda and 16 family, 41 species and 9 genus, totally 10320 insect were collected in sesame plantations of Adana. A total of 26 species and 7 genus of insect pests were found in sesame plantations. Twenty-six species and 7 genus belonging to the Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera orders; 15 species and 2 genus belonging to the Thysanoptera, Coloptera, Neuroptera and Hemiptera orders as beneficial insects, on the sesame fields. When plants were 50-70 cm long, Bemisia tabaci damage was very high and it has been observed to cause very significant yield losses. Other insects were not observed to cause significant damage sesame. Within benefical species, a significiant density of Chrysoperla carnea, (Stephens) was observed. Kozan were found to be an important region due to rich harmful and useful species in diversity. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: FYL2015-4294.

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In physiological conditions, resting microglia maintain tissue integrity by scanning the entire CNS parenchyma through stochastic and complex movements of their long processes to identify minor tissue alterations. In pathological conditions, over-activated microglia contribute to neuronal damage by releasing harmful substances, including inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and proteinases, but they can provide tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. The reasons for this apparent paradox are unknown. In this paper, we first review the physiological role as well as both detrimental and beneficial actions of microglial during acute CNS disorders. Further, we discuss the possible reasons for this microglial dual role following CNS insults, considering that the final microglial phenotype is a direct consequence of both noxious and beneficial stimuli released into the extracellular space during the pathological insult. The nature of these micro-glial ligands is unknown, but we hypothesize that harmful and beneficial stimuli may be preferentially located at specific anatomical niches along the pathological environment triggering both beneficial and deleterious actions of these glial cells. According to this notion, there are no natural populations of detrimental microglia, but is the pathological environment that determines the final microglial phenotype.

Bu çalışma da, üç farklı cis-jasmone (25 g/ha; 50 g/ha; 100 g/ha) ve beş farklı metil jasmonate (0.88 mM; 1.76 mM; 3.55 mM; 7.1 mM; 14.2 mM) dozunun buğday bitkisinde zarar yapan böceklerin ve doğal düşmanları üzerindeki etkileri üç farklı örnekleme yöntemi (bitki, atrap ve yapışkan tuzaklar) kullanılarak 2011-2013 yıllarında araştırılmıştır. Yaprakbiti türleri (Hemiptera: Aphididae), fitofag thrips türleri (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae ve Thripidae), Ekin sap arısı türleri (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), coccinellid türleri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), syrphid türleri (Diptera: Syrphidae), yaprakbiti parazitoiti türleri (Hymenoptera: Brachonidae), Ekin sap arısı parazitoiti Collyria coxator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) ve altın gözlü böcek Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) populasyon yoğunlukları üzerine cis-jasmone dozlarından bazılarının veya hepsinin önemli istatistiki etkileri bulunmuştur. Coccinellid ve C. coxator’e cis-jasmone cezbedici etkiler gösterirken, yaprakbitleri, thrips türleri, Ekin sap arıları ve C. carnea populasyonları üzerine uzaklaştırıcı etkiler göstermiştir. Yaprakbiti parazitoitleri ve syrphid populasyon yoğunlukları üzerine cis-jasmone uygulamalarının kontrol parsellerine göre herhangi bir etkilerinin olmamıştır ancak, bu etkiler cis-jasmone dozları arasında değişmiştir. Metil jasmonate’ın farklı dozlarının yaprakbiti türleri, fitofag thrips türleri, syrphid türleri, Ekin sap arısı türleri, coccinellid türleri, C. coxator, C. carnea ve avcı thrips türleri üzerindeki etkileri istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Yaprakbitleri, fitofag thripsler ve syrphid türleri üzerine metil jasmonate uzaklaştırıcı etkiler göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda, Ekin sap arıları, coccinellid türleri, C. coxator ve C. carnea’yı cezbetmiştir. Yaprakbiti parazitoitleri üzerinde metil jasmonate uygulamalarının bir etkisi olmamıştır. Metil jasmonate uygulamasının avcı thrips türleri üzerindeki etkileri kontrol parsellerinden farklı çıkmamış fakat metil jasmonate dozları arasında bu etkiler değişiklikler göstermiştir. Metil jasmonate uygulamaları buğday veriminin düşmesine yol açarken, cis-Jasmone uygulamasının verim ve verim bileşenleri üzerine önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Dahası metil jasmonate uygulamaları bitki boy uzunluklarını baskılarken, cisjasmone uygulanan parsellerdeki bitkiler kontrol parsellerindekilere göre daha uzun bulunmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Semiokimyasallar, cis-jasmone, metil jasmonate, zararlı, faydalı, böcek, buğday, cezbedici, uzaklaştırıcı, allelokimyasallar. In present study, the effects of three different doses (25 g/ha; 50 g/ha; 100 g/ha) of cisjasmone and five different doses of methyl jasmonate (0.88 mM; 1.76 mM; 3.55 mM; 7.1 mM; 14.2 mM) on wheat pest insects and their natural enemies were investigated using three different sampling methods (Plant Sampling, sweep-net, sticky traps) during 2011-2013 years. It is found that some or all cis-jasmone doses have statistically important effects on aphid species (Hemiptera: Aphididae), phytophagous thrips species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae and Thripidae), wheat stem sawfly species (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), coccinellid species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), syrphid species (Diptera), aphid parasitoids species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), wheat stem sawfly parasitoid, Collyria coxator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). cis-Jasmone treatments had deterrent effects on aphids, thrips species, wheat stem sawflies and C. carnea while it was attractive for coccinellid species and C. coxator Effects of cis-jasmone treatments on aphid parasitoids and syrphid flies population densities were not significantly different from the control treatments but were varied among cis-jasmone doses. Effects of different doses of methyl jasmonate on aphid species, phytophagy thrips species, wheat stem sawfly species, Coccinellid species, syrphid species, C. coxator, C. carnea and predatory thrips species were found statistically significant. Methyl jasmonate treatments had deterrent effects on aphid species, phytophagous thrips species and syrphid species. At the same time, methyl jasmonate treatments attracted wheat stem sawflies, coccinellid species, C. coxator and C. carnea. There was no effect of methyl jasmonate treatments on aphid parasitoids. Effects of methyl jasmonate treatments on predatory thrips species population density were not significantly different from control treatments but were varied among methyl jasmonate doses. There were no significant effects of cis-jasmone treatments on yield and yield components of wheat while methyl jasmonate treatments lead to wheat yield reductions. Furthermore, cis-jasmone treated plants were taller than those in untreated control plots, but methyl jasmonate applications suppressed length of plants. Key Words: semiochemicals, cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate, pest, beneficial, insect, wheat, attractive, deterrent, allelochemicals. Bu çalışma 12-ZF-128 Numaralı Proje ile Dicle Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Proje Koordinatörlüğü tarafından desteklenmiştir.

This project consists on the selection of songs as one of the many resources that can be used in the classroom when it comes to teach a foreign language. However, we are not referring to the kind of songs that are found in the text books, but in real songs, the ones that surround us all the time on the media. In order to know whether this kind of songs are beneficial or not in the classroom we will considerate first of all the opinion that some experts have on the matter. After that we will design a class in which its activities are based on a song and we will obtain our own conclusions. Finally, we will evaluate the results and compare them with the theories previously mentioned. As a result we will have an idea about the positive and negative implications of songs in the classroom that will help us as teachers to improve our intervention on the Educative System.

Syftet med studien är att klargöra om nyckelhålsmärkningen har betydelse för konsumentens uppfattning och val av produkt, samt belysa förekomsten av källkritiskt tänkande kring nyckelhålsmärkningen. Som metod tillämpades intervjuer på 50 respondenter. Studien indikerar att nyckelhålsmärkningen har en inverkan på både val av produkt samt den generella uppfattningen om hur hälsosam en produkt är. Studien visar även på en slående avsaknad av källkritik då konsumenter utvärderar nyckelhålsprodukter., The purpose with this study is to illustrate if the keyhole-symbol of food products has an impact on consumers view on, and choice of food product. This study will also illuminate if the consumers reasoning is critical of the sources. Fifty interviews were applied. The study shows that the keywhole-symbole has a positive influence on respondent's perception of healthiness and on likelihood to buy the product. The study also shows striking results int the absence of critical thinking about the sources.

This study has been carried out in Kayseri and Burdur in between 1989-1990, in order to determine the harmful and beneficial insect fauna on walnut growing areas in Central Anatolia. Samples were collected from 3 counties of each province and 3 villages of each county. Each village was examined in monthly intervals. Samples were taken from the orchards by the determination methods such as striking, brushing machine, visual examinations of leaves, twigs and other parts of the trees. In this study, a total of 83 different species belonging to the order Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Acarina, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera were identified on walnut trees. 43 out of 83 were harmful insects belonging to all the mentioned orders and 40 out of 83 were beneficial insects belonging to the orders Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Heteroptera., Sürvey çalışmaları 1989 yılında Kayseri ili Merkez ilçesinin Talas, Gezi-Merkez ve Gezi-Güzelköy köylerinde; Bünyan ilçesinin Merkez, Büyükbürüngüz ve Ağırnas; Yahyalı ilçesinin Merkez, Kirazlı ve Derebağ köylerinde; 1990 yılında ise Burdur ili Merkez ilçesinin Büğdüz, Kurna, Boğazköy; Ağlasun ilçesinin Merkez-Çavuşarığı, Merkez-Değirmen mevki ve Kayadibi köylerinde; Gölhisar ilçesinin Merkez Büyükalan ve Çavdır köylerinde olmak üzere toplam 18 yörede yapılmıştır. Bu yörelere vejetasyon süresi boyunca ayda bir kez gidilerek sürgün metodu, gözle inceleme metodu, darbe metodu ve fırçalama metodu ile örnekler toplanmış, laboratuvara getirilerek sınıflandırılmış ve teşhisleri yaptırılmıştır. Teşhis sonuçlarına göre Lepidoptera takımından 2 tür, Acarina takımından 1 tür, Coleoptera takımından 23 tür, Neuroptera takımından 5 tür, Hymenoptera takımından 13 tür, Homoptera takımından 19 tür ve Heteroptera takımından 20 tür olmak üzere toplam 83 tür tespit edilmiş, bunlardan 40 türün faydalı, 43 türün ise zararlı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Sürvey alanlarında faydalı ve zararlı pek çok tür teşhis edilmesine rağmen ekonomik zarara neden olan tek türün cevizde Elma içkurdu [Cydia pomonella (L.)] olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Diğer zararlı türlerin popülasyonlarının düşük olma nedeni, üreticinin ceviz ağaçlarını ilaçlama alışkanlığının bulunmaması yüzünden faydalı ve zararlılar yönünden doğal dengenin kurulmasıdır.

There are many beneficial beetles in Utah besides lady beetles or ladybugs. Beetles can significantly reduce common insect and weed problems and in some cases eliminate the need for chemical control. Examples of beneficial beetles include: ground beetles, rove beetles, tiger beetles and tortoise beetles. Many of these beetles are native to Utah, while others have been purposely introduced to help control damage from exotic insect and weed pests.

double affiliation : UMR 406 Ecologie des Invertébrés (INRA, Avignon) et Unité PSH Plantes et Systèmes de Cultures Horticoles (INRA, Avignon) Diplôme : DUT; Among integrated protection management, plantation of mixed hedgerows (reservoirs beneficial bugs) around orchards is a method knows as "conservation of biodiversity ". This method meets the expectation of professionals wishing to limit cost and chemical and those of consumer anxious about the effects of pesticides on human health. Possibility of hedges pest reduction is conditioned by the beneficial insects’ movements from hedge to orchard. These populations’ movements are the aim of our research. We choose to study the movement of two earwig species: Forficula auricularia L. and Forficula pubescens L. At the same time, the distribution of Cacopsylla pyri L. larvae associated with climatic data are carried out to explain these movements. The first chapter is dedicated to a bibliographic recall on hedges and theirs functions. The second chapter presents the materials and the methods. The earwig population was sampled by trapping from the 25 April to the10 July in the Provence region in the southeastern of France. The third chapter is dedicated to ours results. Statistical analyses were performed in order to identify movements between hedgerows and orchards. These analyses revealed significant movements according to the earwigs’ species. This variation seems inducing by the difference of diet between the species of earwigs.; Parmi les méthodes de lutte contre les ravageurs des cultures, la plantation de haies composites (réservoirs d'auxiliaires) en bordure des vergers, est une méthode dite par "conservation de la biodiversité". Cette méthode répond à la fois, aux attentes des professionnels, en limitant les intrants, et à celles des consommateurs, soucieux des effets non intentionnels des pesticides sur la santé humaine. La possibilité que les haies soient capables de réduire la pression des bio agresseurs des vergers, reste cependant conditionnée, aux déplacements de ces auxiliaires de la haie vers le verger. Ces mouvements de population, peu étudiés, fondent l’objectif de notre recherche. Nous avons choisi de suivre deux espèces de « perce-oreilles » : Forficula auricularia L. et Forficula pubescens L. Parallèlement, un suivi par contrôle visuel de la population larvaire du psylle commun du poirier, Cacopsylla pyri L., ainsi que des relevés climatiques, sont effectués, afin de mieux comprendre ces mouvements. Le premier chapitre est un rappel bibliographique sur les haies et leurs fonctions. Le deuxième chapitre présente le matériel et les méthodes utilisées. La population de forficules est échantillonnée par piégeage du 25 avril au 10 juillet en Provence dans le sud-est de la France. Le troisième chapitre présente les résultats obtenus. Des analyse statistique on été effectuées pour identifier le mouvement entre la haie et le verger. Ces analyses indiquent que les mouvements sont significatifs selon l’espèce. Cette variation semble induite par la différence de régime alimentaire entre les espèces de forficules.

Radiation is naturally present in our environment and has been since the birth of this planet. The human population is constantly exposed to low levels of natural background radiation, primarily from environmental sources, and to higher levels from occupational sources, medical therapy, and other human-mediated events. Radiation is one of the best-investigated hazardous agents. The biological effects of ionizing radiation for radiation protection considerations are grouped into two categories: The deterministic and the stochastic ones. Deterministic radiaton effects can be clinically diagnosed in the exposed individual and occur when above a certain “threshold” an appropriately high dose is absorbed in the tissues and organs to cause the death of a large number of cells and consequently to impair tissue or organ functions early after exposure. A clinically observable biological effect (Acute Radiation Sendromes, ARS) that occurs days to months after an acute radiation dose. Stochastic radiation effects are the chronic effects of radiation result from relatively low exposure levels delivered over long periods of time. These are sort of effects that might result from occupational exposure, or to the background exposure levels. Such late effects might be the development of malignant (cancerous) disease and of the hereditary consequences. These effects may be observed many years after the radiation exposure. There is a latent period between the initial radiation exposure and the development of the biological effect. For this reason, a stochastic effect is called a Linear or Zero-Threshold Dose-Response Effect Exposure to very low levels of radiation is a controversial issue, originating many debates throughout the scientific community. What happens at very low levels of radiation exposure? There is a stochastic correlation between the number of cases of cancers or genetic defects developed inside a population and the dose received by the population at relatively large levels of radiation. Although there is no scientific evidence to prove, attempts have been made to extrapolate the data from these levels of dose to low levels of dose (close to the levels received from background radiation). Studies of populations living in high natural-background areas have not reported detrimental health effects attributable to radiation. The research has also demonstrated that the types and numbers of gene activated by low doses of radiation are different than those activated by high radiation doses. These changes in gene activation seem to be able to modify the response of cells to subsequent radiation exposure, termed the "adaptive response". This adaptive response seems to be the manifestation of a protective effect that may reduce risk at very low doses. Current knowledge in molecular biology shows no evidence of a threshold effect for Stochastic Effects. Therefore, any level of radiation may be considered to cause them. Conversely, some studies show that low levels of irradiation are in fact beneficial to the health (Radiation Hormesis). However, in the absence of clear scientific evidence, the regulators adopted a conservative approach and consider all levels of radiation as being potentially damaging to the human body (LNT theory). According to LNT theory; the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation can be estimated by linear extrapolation from effects observed by linear extrapolation from effects observed by high doses. There is not any safe dose because even very low doses of ionizing radiation produce some biological effect. The results of many investigations do not support the LNT theory. Furthermore relationship between environmental radon concentrations and lung cancer even contradict this theory and clearly suggest a hormetic effect -radiation hormesis-. Although data are still incomplete, extensive epidemiological studies have indicated that radiation hormesis is really exist. In this rewiev, contradictory evidence Lineer No-Threshold Theory and Radiation Hormesis Effect is discussed.

Diplôme : BTSA

Diplôme : DUT

The main task of the rational alimentation is to provide a balanced, corresponding to age diet, which fully satisfy the energy the body needs. Grains are in the base of the Countrywide Integrated Non-communicable Disease Intervention (CINDI) dietary guide. Many non-traditional grains have entered into commerce, reflecting not only the cosmopolitan nature of big cities, but also a general and widespread interest in a diverse range of food genres. Today, non-traditional grains are frequently grown in home gardens, allotments and community gardens and are often intimately linked with the ethnic ancestry of the growers.