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Investment in REITs has become significant in recent years due to the stability and sustainable performance of the investment. A study on the management perspective is very important but this perspective is very limited. Asset management will derive from the profit optimization of the investment. Therefore, it is important to assess asset management strategies to ensure the sustainable performance of the assets. This paper aims to assess asset management strategies among matured REIT companies in developed countries in comparison with Malaysian REIT companies from the perspective of the managers. This research employed qualitative analyses by using content analysis techniques. A total of 41 REIT companies from the United States (US), Japan, Singapore, Australia and Malaysia were assessed. The analyses focused on the similarities and differences between the strategy framework identified in the literature review and the strategies adopted by global REITs and Malaysian REITs under review. The study will enable all REIT stakeholders to become well-informed on global REIT asset management that will derive the maximum profit from the investment. The success of developed countries’ REITs will provide guidelines for Malaysian REITs to adopt the best practice of strategic asset management from REITs in mature markets. Furthermore, this study is one of few papers that have discussed the issue of strategic property investment, particularly focusing on REITs.

Relevance of research topic. The need to improve the governance system of forest resources and forest use in accordance with the governance model chosen by the regulator is permanent, which leads to the development of appropriate scientific principles to support governance decisions on the choice of such a model in the newest economic conditions. Formulation of the problem. Substantiation and choice by the regulator of the forest resources governance models require identification of features peculiar to the newest governance models for realization of balance of nature use for the purposes of sustainable development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The results of in-depth research of traditional forest resources governance models in the post-Soviet countries are widely known, there are a large number of publications covering some problematic aspects of governance in modern domestic forestry. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. A systematic approach to the study of theoretical and methodological principles of forestry economics for governance has not been formed. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to characterize the features of the forest resources governance models of the newest type - progressive and innovative. Objectives of the study: based on the analysis of the nature use governance model to determine the content of forest resources governance models of the newest type; to analyze the features of progressive and innovative forest resources governance models; identify the potential application of regulatory instruments within each model. Research methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of scientific research are the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory, economics of natural resources uses, institutional economics, welfare theories, as well as governance and management, the concept of sustainable development. A set of general scientific and special research methods is used, in particular, a systematic approach, a dialectical method of cognition, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, comparison. Presentation of the main material (results of work). Differences in the newest forest resources governance models on the basis of the analysis of separate components of model of balanced nature use are considered. The features of progressive and innovative forest resources governance models are determined and analyzed. The content of the categories of forests and wood resources as assets in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, the completeness of their consideration in governance decisions on forests and forest resources is considered as the main factor in differentiating the studied forest resources governance models. The field of application of results. The results of the study can be implemented in the field of forestry economics and public administration for the use, reproduction and protection of forest resources. Conclusions according to the article. Differences in the studied forest resources governance models based on the analysis of individual components-subsystems in the structure of the model of balanced nature use are due to the hierarchy and evolution of socio-economic system, innovative model is considered a higher order model compared to progressive.

Abstract Flooding is New Zealand's most frequent natural hazard, responsible for the highest number of declared civil defence emergencies and greatest regular economic loss. Stopbanks (levees) perform a critical flood protection function in all regions of the country. However, there have been limited and inconsistent records on the location and physical attributes of these stopbanks at a national level. Through collaboration with regional government representatives, we provide the first standardised national inventory of stopbanks, the New Zealand Inventory of Stopbanks (NZIS). The NZIS provides a standardised geospatial overview of New Zealand's 5284 km long stopbank network, enabling spatial reviews and comparisons of flood protection characteristics at national and regional scales. Around 64% of New Zealand's total stopbank length is situated within five regions (Canterbury, Waikato, Southland, Manawatū‐Whanganui and Bay of Plenty), while the nation's most densely population region, Auckland, accounts for just 1.9% of the total national stopbank length. Our research uses the NZIS geospatial dataset to conduct a preliminary exposure assessment of New Zealand's stopbank network to seismic and co‐seismic hazards; including proximity to known active earthquake faults, ground shaking intensities and susceptibility to liquefaction and landslides. Preliminary exposure assessments provide an example of how the NZIS can be adopted and applied.

Capital has been a major cause of concern amongst entrepreneurs across the globe. Not everyone enters the professional setting with a bag full of money, neither did the Ambani’s nor did the TATA group. It was not just investments into fruitbearing funds but also loans that have made them superpowers in the market, today. A loan requires one to offer collateral against the principal amount, this collateral is often referred to as security in common parlance. We most often offer tangible assets such as gold, land, car, etc. as security, however, can an intangible asset such as intellectual property also be offered as bank security? This question is dealt with at length by the authors while discussing the legal discourse in India and other developed countries.The authors have collected insights from theearlier cases where intellectual property was offered as security (more specifically as collateral) and analyzed its legal implications in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study uses individual-level wealth data to explore the gender dimensions of asset poverty among the principal adults in Ecuadorean households, the first such study in a developing country. The study departs from conventional practice by analyzing not only sole heads but also partnered men and women heads and show systematic differences by gender, marital status, and household type. Among both sole and partnered heads, women are more likely to be asset poor than men. Further, in contrast to developed countries, asset poverty rates are much higher among partnered men and women than among sole men and women heads, largely because of structural factors that put those in consensual unions at a disadvantage in accumulating assets. The gender gap, however, is much larger among sole heads. In Ecuador, the risk of asset poverty is mainly associated with low levels of education, type of employment, and not having received an inheritance. HIGHLIGHTS This study uses individual-level asset data to explore the extent of asset poverty in Ecuador. Women in Ecuador are more likely to be asset poor compared to men. The gender asset gap is more prominent among sole heads of household. Asset poverty rates are the highest among women in consensual unions. Education, employment, and inheritance significantly explain asset poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the moment when an asset must be replaced has a great relevance for the good economic health of any business, for this reason, the main goal of this paper is to define the opportune moment of replacement the assets, supported by an economic approach. The Replacement Profitability Index was used, this index means what percentage of the investment is pay back every year, by replacing an asset, it allows to take the best solution when is necessary to decide between continuing the exploitation of the asset and carry out the corresponding maintenance actions, or replace it in whole, or in part. The calculation of this index measures the economic advantage of doing the replacement just now, instead of postponing it for one more year. This investigation analyzed the possible replacement of the current Kholer 500 kW main generator set in an electric power generation system of canned tuna industry. Finally, it was concluded that the current main generator set should be replaced by the proposed one, because the Replacement Profitability Index was 14,96 percent per year, this value justifies the replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to appraise the declaration of the Torre del Reloj as an asset of cultural interest in 2003, established by Title II, Article 6 (Decree 763), and the Guidelines on Inventories of Immovable Cultural Assets developed by the Ministry of Culture, Colombia (2005) by designing a criteria evaluation matrix. Methodology: a mixed, applied, descriptive and documentary methodology was used and structured from the analytical and synthetic methods. Literature and document review as theoretical support were used as data collection techniques as well as interviews to key actors and field work. Results: as a relevant finding, this Asset of Cultural Interest (BIC) exhibited a high compliance with respect to the weighting of the criteria and values under study. The form and appropriation criteria and the aesthetic value scored the highest average values due to the city's influence of Republican style and followed by the socio-cultural context and the symbolic value criteria. Conclusions: the importance of the valuation and significance of assets of cultural interest is reassured and it contributes to the city's asset's recognition, conservation and preservation through its meaning transcendence and strengthening of citizen's memory, roots and sociocultural imaginations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores asset based approaches in the support, protection and empowerment for learners in Child Headed Households (CHH) in the context of parental migration in Zimbabwe. Left-behind children in the context of parental labour migration are perceived to be disadvantaged in terms of healthy behaviours and psychosocial functioning because of parental absence. It therefore becomes critical that education and community stakeholder organisations explore the environment of CHH learners in the scope of Ubuntu with the objective of establishing sustainable, roots-driven interventions. This study followed the qualitative research approach and data was collected through a focus group discussion organised, as an information sharing session. Six purposively selected learners in CHH arrangements and seven key community informants from a secondary school in the Shurugwi district of Zimbabwe, informed the study. The study revealed that the optimal utilisation of available environmental assets, capacities and skills that are rooted in culture goes a long way in building resilience. This in turn becomes an important mediating resource in improving the wellbeing and educational experiences of left behind children in Zimbabwe. The understanding is that parents will continue to be absent, hence, harnessing the best out of their circumstances is cardinal in building sustainable support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses issues related to recognition, evaluation and reflection in accounting cryptocurrency in accordance with IFRS. Should be noted, that there is currently no specific IFRS standard that would disclose these issues. The article also discusses the debatable issues of recognition in the accounting of crypto-currencies. However, this article discusses the possibility of recognizing cryptocurrency as an asset and the way of application of IFRS for evaluation and recording of the cryptocurrencies. In this situation, it becomes necessary at the regulatory level to consolidate the rules for accounting for cryptocurrencies. This can be done in various ways, for example: to introduce additions to a number of International financial reporting standards, or to elaborate a separate IFRS that would disclose the features of accounting for cryptocurrencies.

This research aims to analyze the recognition of the existence of human resource as assets in the financial statements and the various obstacles encountered in the application of human resources accounting. This research uses a descriptive analysis in analyzing secondary data related to these issues. Therefore, the need for encouragement through empirical research to create uniformity in the measurement of human value and also efforts to revisit the definition of assets, so that the human resource could be recognized as asset and then is also recognized as General Accepted Accounting Principle.

The main purpose of this research is to present a detailed comparison between the 1996-2001 Dotcom and 2014-2018 AI landscapes, by comparing the evolution of Dotcom and AI through a regression model aimed at testing the relationship between these two phenomena, which have similar characteristics, but also distinct features. In a period when the academic and the business environment discourse is focused on the potential effects of diminishing funding and interest in AI and even a bubble burst, our investigation demonstrates the contrary. Having in mind the strengths of the AI market and its interrelations with significant sectors of the world economy, our paper denies the hypothesis of a potential AI crisis, in spite of some hints that AI companies are in the early stages of high risk. Our paper brings also another novelty element related to a different type of Schumpeterian creative destruction identified in the case of AI. The big players present on the market are able to purchase the firms that Schumpeter suggested would replace the existing firms, therefore the creative destruction occurs in the case of start-ups, which are undertaken by stronger companies present on the market, even survivors of the Dotcom crisis, not vice versa.

Digital assets in the broadest sense can be interpreted to cover all electronic assets including social media accounts. Nowadays, besides being used to interaction, social media accounts can also be utilized to gain income or material benefits. In addition, social media accounts are generally handled by influencers with abundant followers. One of the social media used by influencers on the internet is YouTube. The social media actors on YouTube are referred to as YouTubers or content creators. This research is a normative juridical legal research with the descriptive method of analysis. The result of the study shows that YouTube accounts as digital assets in practice can be used as assets in business activities. This is proven by the existence of a YouTuber or content creator who sells his account for charity or commercial purposes. In the future, YouTube accounts can potentially be a digital asset that can be used as a collateral object due to its economic value. Nevertheless, based on the property of law in Indonesia, YouTube social media accounts as a digital asset cannot be qualified as an asset yet, therefore a redefinition, a reconceptualization and a reform of the property of law are considered necessary.

Although the European Union has made notable steps towards completion of the economic and monetary union, fiscal convergence, banking union and capital markets union, potential integration of pensions and social security has not advanced as much. As the European Union countries have experienced increased migration/refugee flows over the last decade, the question is whether migrants/refugees can influence the adequacy of member-state pension schemes and potentially allow for a Pan-European Pension Plan. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to investigate, as a prelude to pension integration, whether immigration and emigration affect pension assets, liabilities, and the asset-liability gap and to identify the determinants of this gap. Using generalized method of moments estimation, evidence is found that increases in immigration and decreases in emigration (as a percent of the population) lead to an increase in the assets of autonomous pension funds. Analogously, increases in valid permits (as a percent of the population) and decreases in unemployment (as a percent of the labor force) result in a decrease in liabilities (benefits) of autonomous pension funds. The novelties of this study are the identification of factors that affect pension assets, liabilities and the asset-liability gap at a country level and the contribution of immigration from non-EU countries to closing the asset-liability gap. The findings can be used to draft pension and migration policies at a pan-European level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5 The term Asset Administration Shell (AAS) is used for expressing the information snuggles around the asset in the Information World administering the asset of the Physical World in the Information World. That means that from information point of view the representation of the simulated Physical World objects remain the same in the Information World, i.e simulation can communicate, provide information and functions and even can be integrated in business processes. 6 IEC 62832-1:2020 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Digital factory framework - Part 1: General principles IEC 62832-2:2020 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Digital factory framework - Part 2: Model elements IEC 62832-3:2020 Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Digital factory framework - Part 3: Application of Digital Factory for life cycle management of production systems. 5 The content of the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) According to the requirements of RAMI4.0 the information on technical and other standardized function(s) of a specific object are located in the AAS (usually as a number of Submodels according to Figure 6). [Extracted from the article]

Contributing to the emerging religion and development literature, this study sets out to analyse the role of faith in the context of a particular development approach, 'Use Your Talents' (UYT) at the Malagasy Lutheran Church in Madagascar. By analysing the views of lay Christian informants with regard to their involvement in the UYT project, the study asked what is the role of faith as an intangible asset in an asset-based community development project? The qualitative data were collected through participant observations and interviews conducted in four congregations across Madagascar in 2018. The results showed that church teachings and biblical stories created a normativity of good and desirable behaviour in the context of the asset-based community development project. Faith may constitute an asset when it promoted the individual's capacity to achieve positive economic and social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is viewed as a natural social phenomenon. Reasons for migration and responses to migration may vary. Much research in recent times has been done on migration. This contribution approaches migration from a theological perspective and tries to emphasize the way Christian communities should view the entry of migrants into a community. The way the church should respond to migrants entering a community is discussed by way of three possible perceptions of migrants, either perceived as a threat, an asset or an opportunity. Migration may result in the continuation or discontinuation of beliefs by the migrant. The discontinuation of religion may be expressed as syncretism or secularization. Christian communities ought not to perceive the presence of the migrant as an entity needing assistance or object of conversion. Christian communities should also see migration as an opportunity for indigenous Christian communities to reflect on their own identity and attitude towards expressing inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is a complex phenomenon involving socio-cultural and economic factors. This study examines the impact of gender inequality in livestock asset ownership on household food security in the Wa West District of Ghana. Data were collected from 400 households based on a crosssectional survey and a multistage sampling of the respondents. Gender disparity in livestock asset distribution among men and women within the household was ascertained using the Gini index. In contrast, the household food consumption score technique was employed to determine the household food security status. A binary logit regression model was used to assess the effect of gender inequality in livestock assets on household food security. The results indicated that men owned 1.72 TLU compared to an average of 0.22 TLU owned by women. Livestock's contribution to household food security was estimated at 16% of annual household food expenditure, with a composition of 0.90% for jointly owned, 6.04% for women-owned and 9.14% for men-owned livestock. Also, 33% of households were food insecure and 67% of them were food-secure at the time of the survey. The empirical results showed that a unit increase in the Gini index of livestock asset distribution in favour of men harms household food security. The results further showed that household ownership of livestock, as well as farm size and education, negatively influence household food insecurity. In contrast, household size, female-headed households and dependency ratio positively affect household food insecurity in the study area. Based on the study, it is recommended that development programmes target women's economic empowerment and education to bridge the livestock assets gender gap and improve food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributing to the emerging religion and development literature, this study sets out to analyse the role of faith in the context of a particular development approach, ‘Use Your Talents’ (UYT) at the Malagasy Lutheran Church in Madagascar. By analysing the views of lay Christian informants with regard to their involvement in the UYT project, the study asked what is the role of faith as an intangible asset in an asset-based community development project? The qualitative data were collected through participant observations and interviews conducted in four congregations across Madagascar in 2018. The results showed that church teachings and biblical stories created a normativity of good and desirable behaviour in the context of the asset-based community development project. Faith may constitute an asset when it promoted the individual’s capacity to achieve positive economic and social change. Contribution: This research broadened the understanding of religion in the context of asset-based community development projects. The results showed that the participants attributed their engagement in community development to their religious calling. The belief in the existence of a higher power not only seemed to influence individuals to act but also enabled them to feel empowered and have something to contribute. As a contribution to sociology of religion, this study showed that community development can be part of Christians’ and congregational holistic activities that depended on local knowledge and resources. Faith not only motivated individuals to engage in community development, but also it seemed to represent the essence of their engagement.

For Excel’s calculation of basic (fixed) assets amortisation values, the investigated economic and mathematical foundation with required values and their relations were used. The investigated and introduced theory is adapted to Excel calculations of fixed assets amortisation based on today’s needs. All values for Excel’s calculations are sorted into input and output values, and input to main and nested calculations. Two methods for calculating fixed assets amortisation were introduced using Excel. The first method is based on a linear decreasing function, G(t) = G0 (1-pt), which presents the simple interest calculation of the reduced equities for equal periodic amortisation values. The second method is based on the exponential degrading function, G(t) = G0qt, which presents a complex interest calculation of the reduced equities for periodic amortisation amounts in a descending sequence. The continuity of the introduced functions results from the continuity of: the life of the fixed asset, periodic amortisation, accumulated amortisation and non-amortized amount (residual value) of the fixed asset. It is particularly important to introduce dates with the exact time, for the beginning and the end of each amortisation period of the fixed asset. The theory for Excel’s calculation of the fixed asset output values for an arbitrary (planned or unplanned) term has also been explored and introduced. Such calculations relate mainly to terms of alienation, permanent damage, permanent loss of the process function of a fixed asset and periodic accounting reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any country, the banking industry is critical to its development. As a result, whatever occurs in the banking sector has an impact on the economy. The Indian banking system has been grappling with a major problem: rising levels of non-performing assets (NPAs), which might have a negative impact on the economy. Utilizing Annova statistics, the current article attempted to analyze the net non-performing asset data of 20 public sector banks over six years (2015-2020) using secondary data from the RBI website. According to the study, PSBs have adopted liberal and loose lending practices, concentrating loans on a few major corporate borrowers and a few sectors, i.e., massive credit exposures to a few large corporate borrowers and a few sectors. PSB managements are unconcerned about their success and performance because there are no incentives or punishments for their success or failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of various industries has removed the boundaries of software application fields and reduced the restrictions on convergence fields. Software requirements are diversified and they want to reconfigure software requirements in a fast cycle. Since various changes in requirements have to be accepted technically, research on methodologies and standards to increase the efficiency of software productivity and methods for standardizing and producing software are needed. In this study, we studied how the reusability and complexity of the software asset reconfiguration system appeared according to the developer's characteristics and environment to utilize the assets optimized in previous studies. At this time, we measured how the change in complexity according to the usability and asset composition method that appears according to the developer's characteristics appears, but there is a limit to the collected data, so it is necessary to secure the quality of the measured value through continuous data collection. In addition, an intelligent system application plan is needed to supplement the problem of context classification in the use stage of complex assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a mean-variance asset–liability management (ALM) problem with uncertain time horizon and partial information. The ALM can invest in an incomplete financial market consisting of one riskless asset and n risky stocks. The stocks price process is described by a multidimensional diffusion process with random coefficients. The uncontrollable liability process is modelled by a general diffusion process with hedgeable risks and unhedgeable risks. The uncertainty of the time horizon is assumed to come from randomness of financial assets and the liability and some other stochastic factors. The ALM may get only partial information about the liability. We derive efficient strategies and efficient frontiers in terms of the solutions of two BSDEs under complete and partial information. The closed-form expressions of efficient strategies and efficient frontiers are obtained under some special cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the effective taxation combines two different effective tax rates which are crucial for placement and monitoring of the investment amount in the particular country. Both of these tax rates are important for investors who make a decision on the benefits, as well as the risks of corporate taxation in the country. The contribution deals with the problem of the effective taxation through effective average tax rates (EATR) and effective marginal tax rates (EMTR). Especially, it focuses on agricultural production companies. The effectivity of taxation was observed for selected intangible and tangible assets for a period of 2004 and 2018. Our analysis evaluated the influence of the change in the statutory tax rates (and the other taxes and indicators, as well) on the change in effective average tax rates on capital in the agricultural companies. Based on the results, the lowest EATR, ranging from 20.79% to 25.25%, reported agricultural lands in both reference periods and for both ways of financing. Analyzing EMTR we found out that the lowest value reported investments in intangible assets that have crucial significance for investors. Our results definitely made it clear that in the EATR ↔ EMTR relationship, a form of financing investments is decisive. This relationship is used when an investor decides between several mutually exclusive locations or types of investment in a given country. In equity financing, the most effective capital is investing in intangible assets, and when we consider financing from external sources it is investment into stocks. An increase in the statutory tax rate of 2% resulted in a 12% increase in effective average tax rates.

The task of creating an investment portfolio by a financial institution is considered. Funds for creating a portfolio are taken from two sources: enterprise's equity funds and borrowed funds. Optimization of the created portfolio is performed. A portfolio of maximum efficiency was obtained with restriction on the measure of risk, which is specified in the form of a VaR indicator. Using optimization portfolio data, a model of portfolio asset management is being built. Using the Pontryagin maximum principle, optimal strategies of its participants are determined. The optimal function of managing the investment portfolio in the form of a share of the income received is found. Numerical results of optimal management of investments in a financial portfolio from the financial institution as well as from the creditor are presented.

At present, the civil legislation of the Republic of Belarus is developing in the conditions of transition of the economy to the sixth technological order. As a result of universal digitalization, new objects of legal relations are introduced into civilian circulation, the legal nature of which is ambiguous. In order to determine the legal status of such facilities and introduce new technologies in all spheres of human activity in the Republic of Belarus, a number of regulatory legal acts were adopted, the main of which is the Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus of December 21, 2017 No.8 «On the development of the digital economy» (hereinafter – Decree No.8). Decree No.8 is intended to become the basis for the subsequent development of digital technologies in the territory of the Belarusian state. However, despite the positive results of the adoption of this regulatory legal act, some of its provisions require clarification. We are talking about such fundamental concepts as «token» and «cryptocurrency». The author of the article believes that the definitions contained in Decree No.8 do not allow to sufficiently reveal the legal nature of these means of exchange, and, therefore, determine their place among the objects of civil rights. Without disproving whether the token has a proprietary legal nature, the author concludes that it is necessary to reform approaches to the definition of the object of real rights. In addition, the author points to the controversial nature of equating the concept of «cryptocurrency» to the concept of «token», since on the basis of the study, the author identified significant differences that do not allow to speak of them as synonyms. Thus, the purpose of the study was to substantiate the need for amending Decree No.8 regarding the legal regulation of social relations arising in connection with the use of tokens and cryptocurrency, namely: changing the approaches to the definition of the concepts of these media and their legal status. In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: the concepts of «token» and «cryptocurrency» were analyzed, their inequality was justified; proposals were made to define the legal nature of these objects and clarify the terminology used in Decree No.8 in relation to them. The research methodology was represented by a set of approaches, methods and techniques aimed at achieving this goal, among which the methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison are to be emphasized. В настоящее время гражданское законодательство Республики Беларусь развивается в условиях перехода экономики на шестой технологический уклад. В результате всеобщей цифровизации в гражданский оборот вводятся все новые объекты правоотношений, правовая природа которых носит неоднозначный характер. Для определения правового статуса таких объектов и внедрения новых технологий во все сферы жизнедеятельности человека в Республике Беларусь был принят ряд нормативных правовых актов, основным из которых следует признать Декрет Президента Республики Беларусь от 21 декабря 2017 г. №8 «О развитии цифровой экономики» (далее – Декрет №8). Декрет №8 призван стать основой для последующего развития цифровых технологий на территории белорусского государства. Однако, несмотря на положительные результаты принятия указанного нормативного правового акта, отдельные его положения требуют уточнения. Речь идет о таких основополагающих понятиях, как «токен» и «криптовалюта». По мнению автора статьи, содержащиеся в Декрете №8 определения не позволяют в достаточной степени выявить правовую природу указанных средств обмена, а, значит, определить их место среди объектов гражданских прав. Не опровергая наличие у токена вещно-правовой природы, автор делает вывод о необходимости реформирования подходов к определению объекта вещных прав. Кроме этого, автор указывает на спорный характер приравнивания понятия «криптовалюта» к понятию «токен», поскольку на основании проведенного исследования им были выявлены значительные отличия, которые не позволяют говорить о них как о синонимах. Таким образом, целью исследования стало обоснование необходимости внесения изменений в Декрет №8 в части правового регулирования общественных отношений, возникающих в связи с использованием токенов и криптовалюты, а именно: изменение подходов к определению понятий названных средств обмена и их правового статуса. В ходе исследования решены следующие задачи: проведен анализ понятий «токен» и «криптовалюта», обоснована их неравнозначность; внесены предложения по определению правовой природы указанных объектов и уточнению терминологии, используемой в Декрете №8 по отношению к ним. Методика исследования была представлена совокупностью подходов, способов и приемов, направленных на достижение поставленной цели, среди которых следует выделить методы анализа, синтеза и сравнения.

This study aims to determine the effect of Intellectual Capital on the company's financial performance. This study uses the Pulic Model (Value Added Intellectual Coefficient - VAICTM) as a measure of efficiency in the Intellectual Capital component and Double Linear Regression (R2) are used to examine the relationship between VAICTM and corporate financial performance. The results of this study indicate that: VACA has a partial effect on ROA; VAHU has no partial effect on ROA; STVA has a partial effect on ROA and VACA, VAHU, STVA allegedly influencing jointly or simultaneously to the ROA.

Increase in productivity across gender line is one of the necessary conditions for sustainable level of development in the rural areas. This study assessed the differences in productivity of men and women in rural households in Southwest, Nigeria. Average and marginal productivity of women and men were assessed. Gender-disaggregated data were obtained through structured questionnaires. Using multi stage sampling approach, a total of 197 and 148 men and women rural households were randomly sampled. Cobb Douglas production function was used to analyse differentials in productivity between women and men. The results showed that women have access to marginal and small pieces of land. Men with access to improved technology have significantly (p < 0.05) higher productivity per unit of most of the inputs available. Also, the result indicates that the estimated average productivities of women are significantly lower than those of men. Furthermore, ownership of land has a significant positive influence on the estimated productivity of men more than women. Education which is another gender factor and a measure of human asset and managerial capacity significantly (p < 0.05) increased the productivity of men (β = 0.11, t = 3.04) and women (β = 0.07, t = 3.86). In order to raise productivity and impacts development agenda for the rural sector, it would be better for women to keep the variable resource in surplus rather than utilizing it in a fixed resource contrary to what is obtainable for men.

Effective tax rates are presented by indicators of the actual corporate tax burden, which take into account the impact of all the elements listed in the legislation. The submitted contribution explores the issue of effective taxation through effective average tax rates (EATRs) focusing on agricultural production enterprises. The analysis assessed the effect of changing the statutory tax rate (and other taxes and factors) on changing the effective average rate of capital. Taxation efficiency was monitored for selected intangible and tangible assets for 2004 and 2018. Analysis indicated a depreciation tax shield that tracked the amount of tax savings on capital investment as well as the economic rent of the project with taxation. The analysis showed that a 3% increase in the statutory rate over the reference period increased the effective average corporate rates for intangible assets by 13.35%, tangible assets by 14.25% and inventories by 16.63%. The highest annual tax saving was achieved in 2018 for tangible assets of € 4,647.50, with a four-year return.

The precarious financial condition of sports clubs, combined with negative cash flows and permanent losses, can be the cause of the further collapse of the entire football industry. This is largely due to the European model of the implementation of sports activities, when in the pursuit of a sports result, the basic principles of building a business and financial efficiency go to the background. The article has been devoted to the search questions of an effective business model for the further development of the professional sports industry, taking into account the modern requirements of a market economy. The arguments, that the financial rules, introduced by Union of European Football Associations, will make football clubs profitable projects attractive to investors, are given in the article.

This research shows us risks in acquiring assets on capital markets. Behavior of investors uses limited rational theory, adaptive theory of expectations and mind theory. Simon asserted in 1955 that “a normal human being is not entirely rational in making his decisions because of various heuristics and behavioral prejudices.” The hypothesis of adaptive expectations asserts that “adaptive rationality of human preferences and expectations, given that individual decisions are prefered over time, incomplete information, and different learning environments” (Brocas and Carrillo, 2000; Hey, 1994). Compared to EU firms investing in the financial market, Romanian firms invest less because of poor asset quality, labor market uncertainty and inadequate transport infrastructure, according to the EIB survey of December 4th, 2018.

The 2008 crisis prolonged and deepened divergences in fair value measurement as the most reliable and other measurement systems. The introduction of IFRS 13 contributed to improved results at the level 3 asset prices observed in companies operating on the Bucharest Stock Exchange. The literature has shown that in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 7, different levels of fair value are relevant to value. This research analyzes market prices of the different levels of fair value hierarchy reported under IFRS 7. It is noted that fair value assets measured at different levels of hierarchy are relevant for value, while liabilities are valued differently.

The article is devoted to topical issues of development of management of reproduction of fixed assets. The authors emphasize an important role for the successful solution of important problems of development management of such forms of reproduction of fixed assets as the repair, reconstruction, modernization or upgrading in terms of implementation of innovation investment in the modern requirements of the domestic market economy.

Introduction, Purpose. This scientific research is relevant because there is a need for an in-depth study of the methodological aspects of human capital accounting under conditions of assets investment in human resources. The purpose of the study is to develop methodological provisions for human capital accounting under conditions of assets investment in human resources. To achieve this goal it was necessary to do the following: • to study the essence of human capital and human resources in order to clarify the conceptual framework and assess their role under conditions of innovative development of organizations; • to develop an algorithm for effective economic calculation of the cost of depreciation of human resources and the accounting aspect of recording it in production costs; • to develop the methods of human capital accounting under conditions of assets investment in human resources on the basis of modern information technologies. Methods. In the research the following general scientific methods of cognition were used: induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, generalization of theoretical and factual material, observations, comparison, analogy, and graphical methods of data interpretation. These methods were helpful in developing a number of human capital accounting modules which make the basis for the methodology of human resources accounting including human resources which as an asset of the company human resources are subject to systematic accounting; the choice of valuation and revaluation of human resources in the accounting system; the choice of the method of calculating depreciation, the grouping of costs in human resources accounting and the choice of the method of accounting for the financial result from the functioning of human resources in the company. Results. The research resulted in the development of an algorithm for the economic calculation of the cost of human resources depreciation based on the period to obtain the value added from the sales of production involving human capital, as well as the accounting aspect of its recording in production costs, bringing the value of human capital to zero at the end of the reporting period. Discussion. From the perspective of a differentiated approach to the human capital accounting under conditions of investment, the proposed methods will make it possible to develop a methodology for the objective calculation of the financial result from involving the potential of human resources.

In this study, Kesendere, a village in Başkale District of Van province, was selected as the field of the study. In this village and its surroundings, beside a travertine and two dragon-shaped rocks, four Tandoori houses, which are still in g ood c ondition a nd w hich w ere b uilt by t he s ame s tone m aster, w ere examined. These structures were built approximately 140 years ago. The biggest of these was converted to a sheep pen a few years ago. The others, besides being used as cellars, are also used as houses where tandoori bread is baked and dairy products such as cheese and yogurt are processed. When compared with the Tandoori houses in the Eastern Anatolia Region, those in Kesendere village are generally more similarities to those in Muş and Van in terms of both function and their domes. In addition to the cultural assets such as Tandoori houses in Kesendere village and its surroundings and the natural assets such as dragon-shaped rocks which are correlated with petrifaction legends, the travertine near this village also has a great potential in terms of tourism and cultural heritage. The aim of this study was to direct readers' attention to the overall cultural and natural heritage of Kesendere village and neighbouring areas, as well as to contribute to their preservation and to present the associated culture to future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a rich empirical description of processes of soybean commodification in Argentina, the article puts a neglected technological device at the centre of the analysis: 'silobolsas,' allowing farmers to conserve their harvest in plastic bags with specific properties. Storing soybeans in 'silobolsas' opens up the possibility of (precariously) preserving their value or holding up commercial exchanges waiting for better conditions. The politics of silobolsa exhibits that commodities and assets nestle beside each other, but also incorporate each other's characteristics, change into each other, or confuse different actors about their commodity-versus-asset identities. Three particular contributions to the existing literature on commodities can be singled out: first, immobility can be as illuminating as movement to make sense of the sociotechnical context of commodities. Second, the lack of exchange is a form of politics that participates in the social practices configuring the value of commodities. Third, complex temporal processes of commodification and assetization can significantly mark the social life of the same 'thing.' These findings speak to the most recent mutations of contemporary capitalism that is itself increasingly characterized by the (re)configuration of a range of things as assets or capitalized property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Blockchain has attracted broad interests to build decentralised applications. A typical class of applications uses blockchain for the management of cross‐organisational business processes as well as assets. However, developing such applications without introducing vulnerabilities is hard for developers, not the least because the deployed code is immutable and can be called by anyone with access to the network. Model‐driven engineering (MDE) helps to reduce those risks, by combining proven code snippets as per the model specification, which is easier to understand than source code. Therefore, in this article, we present an approach for integrated MDE across business processes and asset management (e.g., for settlement). Our approach includes methods for fungible/non‐fungible asset registration, escrow for conditional payment, and asset swap. The proposed MDE approach is implemented in a smart contract generation tool called Lorikeet, and evaluated in terms of feasibility, functional correctness, and cost effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]