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Traditional accounts of the eruption of communal conflict between Christians and Muslims on the Indonesian island of Ambon point to religiously framed struggles to access a patrimonial state and the emergence of specific threats and opportunities after the fall of Suharto in May 1998. Whilst this thesis will be upheld, it does not wholly account for why so many ‘ordinary folk’ with little chance of ever accessing the state bureaucracy became involved in this conflict, which lasted from 1999 until 2002. In order to better grasp the incentives of engaging in communal violence in Ambon, this article posits the explanation that people had exceptional opportunities to take over land when the first Christian-Muslim riots broke out in the town of Ambon. This was particularly the case in those instances where institutional arrangements to access land were already being contested before 1999. These private opportunities were not the reasons which instigated the initial riots in the town of Ambon but became a rationale during the conflict, hereby effecting the displacement of whole communities.

The article explores the admonition and advice (read: legal opinion) of Ahmad Rifai on opium and smoking in a manuscript entitled Bahs al-‘Iftâ’ (Discussion of Fatwa). The discussion will be limited to this fatwa for several reasons. First, the fatwa is the most interesting issue compared to the other themes and topics found in the manuscript. Most of themes and topics pertain merely to the ritual issues and to advice about the ways things should be done, for example, how to conduct a pilgrimage, prayer, and fasting, on the one hand, and to the tasawuf issues, such as taubat, tawakkal, mujâhadah, and riyâ’, on the other hand. Second, the fatwa is more comprehensive, even though short, thus enabling a deeper investigation of the selected fatwa. The article will use the philology, history, and legal methods. First, it will provide the transliteration from Pegon (Javanese in Arabic character) into Latin character and translation from Javanese into Indonesian as a philological work. Then, the author will analyze the writing using a historical approach to place the text in its contexts, and to provide a historical background for the fatwa. Eventually, the author will discuss the fatwa from a legal perspective. The paper seeks to answer the questions: What is the legal opinion of Ahmad Rifai on opium and smoking? What circumstances drove him to issue such legal opinion? What are the distinctions of his fatwa that differ from other ulama? Which and what methods did Rifai use in issuing the above mentioned fatwa? The main contribution of this article is first to provide the original text of KH. Ahmad Rifai Kalisalak on smoking and opium. Second, the article reveals that he was the only ulama concerned with the issue of smoking and opium in the 19th Century Java.

31 Cardiidae species have been collected in Ambon, Indonesia by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition, comprising circa 40% of the known species of this family from the Indonesian archipelago. Seven of these could be traced to the figures given by Rumphius (1705) and an additional two, taking into account some reservations about the identity of Rumphius' depicted shells. This implies that all but one of Rumphius' species, viz. Tridacna (Tridacna) gigas (Linnaeus, 1758), have been reencountered by the present expedition. The expedition has yielded the first Indonesian published records of two species: Fulvia (Laevifulvia) lineonotata Vidal, 1994 and Acrosterigma dianthinum (Melvill & Standen, 1899). For the latter this implies a considerable range extension of the known distribution.

The Sinularia fauna of Ambon and Seram is presented. Five new species are described and figured: S. acuta, S. corpulentissima, S. curvata, S. kotanianensis, and S. longula. In addition, specimens of S. humesi Verseveldt, 1968, and S. slieringsi Ofwegen & Vennam, 1991, are discussed. In total, the Sinularia fauna of Ambon consists of 38 species, and that of Seram of 8 species.

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Twenty-one species belonging to the family Chromodorididae and one species of Hexabranchus (Hexabranchidae) are present in the 1990 Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (RBE) collection. The 1996 Fauna Malesiana Marine Maluku Expedition (Mal) collected 43 lots of nudibranchs, mostly chromodorids: 17 species were identified, six of which were not represented in the RBE collection. A total of 35 chromodorid species, belonging to nine genera, are described from Ambon and nearby localities. Four species are new to science, and seventeen species are recorded from Indonesian waters for the first time. Brief descriptions are given for the species which are well known, highlighting significant features, differentiating characters from similar species, and allowing recognition. A number of species are less well known and described and figured in more detail. The name Chromodoris marindica nom. nov. is proposed for Chromodoris reticulata sensu Eliot, 1904, and Farran, 1905 (not C. reticulata Pease, 1866) and C. inopinata sensu Rudman, 1973 (not C. inopinata Bergh, 1905). The monogeneric family Hexabranchidae is represented by four specimens of Hexabranchus marginatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832). All but three species are illustrated with colour photographs of the living specimens. Species of which the type locality is Ambon are tabulated in Appendix 1, while a list of species described as new from Indonesia, with comments, is presented in Appendix 2.

The 1990 Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (Indonesia) made 44 collecting stations. Twenty-seven species representing 11 genera of the Naticidae (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda) were collected at 29 stations. This paper provides keys to the genera and species, along with diagnoses and short synonymies of the species. The modern identity of the thirteen naticid species known to Rumphius in his “D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer” (1705) is determined. Fifty described species of Naticidae are currently known from Malaysia and Indonesia, with 38 known from Ambon itself (this expedition and older museum collections).

Twenty-four species of trapeziid crabs, symbionts of scleractinian corals and other colonial cnidarians, are listed from Ambon and other locations throughout Indonesia. Sixteen of these species were collected by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Eight species (Quadrella reticulata Alcock, 1898, Tetraloides heterodactyla (Heller, 1861), Trapezia flavopunctata Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, T. formosa Smith, 1869, T. garthi Galil, 1983, T. lutea Castro, 1997, T. punctipes Castro, 1997 and T. serenei Odinetz, 1984) are new records for Indonesia. The taxonomic status of Quadrella boopsis, Q. reticulata, Tetralia rubridactyla Garth, 1971 and Trapezia garthi Galil, 1983 are also revised. A key for the identification of the Indonesian species of Quadrella, Tetralia and Trapezia is given.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (RBE) to Ambon, 33 species of swimming crabs were collected in the littoral and upper sublittoral zone by hand on tidal flats, using SCUBA, and using a Holthuis dredge. Lissocarcinus arkati, L. laevis, Charybdis (C.) hellerii, C. (C.) orientalis, C. (C.) variegata, Portunus hastatoides, P. iranjae, P. longispinosus, P. stephensoni, T. chaptalii, T. cooperi, T. stephensoni are recorded at Ambon and in the Moluccas for the first time. The Portunus tenuipes complex is partly revised and P. rugosus sensu Stephenson (1961) is considered a synonym of P. tenuipes De Haan, 1835. A new species, P. pseudotenuipes occurring at Ambon, in the Philippines and off South-East Asia is described. The Ambon fauna includes 55 swimming crab species, while for the Moluccas fauna 70 species are known. This makes Ambon probably one of the best studied local portunid faunas in the Indo-Pacific. According to the RBE collection and literature data, several groups of species with certain habitat preferences are discussed. 1) Upper sublittoral dwellers. 2) Shore dwellers occur in the intertidal zone, mostly on tidal flats, and in the upper sublittoral. 3) Primarily rock, rubble and reefflat dwellers belonged mainly to the genus Thalamita. 4) Symbiotic species of Caphyra are associated with alcyonarians while Lissocarcinus are commensals of anthozoans and echinoderms. A new association was recorded for the first time for Lissocarcinus arkati (with sea urchins), and the association of L. laevis with ceriantharians was confirmed.

This paper lists all species of the family Nassariidae collected during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Altogether 47 species are reported, of which two, Nassarius maccauslandi and N. rotundus, are new for Indonesia. Four additional species from Ambon are known from collections in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden and in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. Another additional species is mentioned by Adam & Leloup (1938). Five species of Nassariidae were described by Rumphius, of which four were found by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (1990) to Ambon 17 Pectinidae species were collected, nine of which were described by Rumphius (1705) and five illustrated by Rumphius. One species, viz. Decatopecten plica (Linnaeus, 1758), illustrated in Rumphius (1705: pl. 44, fig. O), has not been refound. No decisive evidence is found of Rumphius' pectinids kept in either the Gualtieri collection at Calci, or in the Naturhistorisches Museum at Vienna.

This report deals with the species of Muricidae collected during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition on Ambon. At 44 stations, a total of 58 species in 23 genera of the prosobranch gastropod family Muricidae were obtained. The identity and the classification of several nominal taxa is revised. Four species are new to science and are described here: Pygmaepterys cracentis spec. nov. (Muricopsinae), Pascula ambonensis spec. nov. (Ergalataxinae), Thais hadrolineae spec. nov. and Morula rumphiusi spec. nov. (Rapaninae). Some comments are included on the Muricidae described by Rumphius and on their identification. In his "Amboinsche Rariteitkamer" (1705) 21 species of muricids were included, of which 16 were illustrated by Rumphius or Schijnvoet. The identity of those species is determined. During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition seven of these species have been refound.

The thesis deals with European sacral architecture of the twentieth and the twenty-first century. Particularly, it refers to Judaic, Roman-Catholic and Islamic buildings. The second part puts into historical context the sacral constructions of individual religions including their function, characters and typology. In the third part of this thesis the representative sample of significant modern sacral constructions is selected, always under circumstances regarding their creation, the urban description and the setting in a specific location as well as the architectural layout, the interior arrangment and a possible use of special technological procedures at their construction. The mutual comparison and the evaluation of the modern European sacral architecture development are carried out in the fourth part. This section notices the function and the usage of light and presents some extraordinary buildings from this point of view. The final fifth part tries to answer the question, how a modern temple should look like.

New records of Alcyoniidae for Ambon are given and one new species, Sinularia slieringsi, is described and figured. Specimens of S. capitalis (Pratt, 1903), S. flexibilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833), S. hirta (Pratt, 1903), S. muralis May, 1899, and S. procera Verseveldt, 1977, are discussed.

Costatophora is introduced as a new subgenus of Tetraphora Laseron, 1958 for Triforis seranus P.J. Fischer, 1927, a triphorid with distinctive teleoconch sculpture and radular morphology.

This work is about building-up a modern chapel and about its use. In first two chapters there is outlined history and present of Týn nad Vltavou and Čihovice, a place wehere the Chapel was built. At the same time there is mentioned connection between Čihovice and Roman Catholic parish in Týn nad Vltavou and there are stated reasons which led to decision do build a chapel indeed in Čihovice. In another chapter, more theoretic, is described typology of sacred buildings, architectic rules and interior od sacred buildings. The third thematic part is dedicated to the process of building the St Anežka Česká chapel and to a discussion about wo whom sould it be sacred. Shortly there is also described course of ceremonious sanctification of the chapel. The last part includes recitation of activities which are held in the chapel or are planned to be.

This book presents a newly discovered text of which only one copy has survived in the Dresden State Art Collections (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Münzkabinett). It was dedicated to the Duke of Saxony Johann Georg III. and published in 1686 as a private print under the title "Short explanation of the most prominent rarities in East India and the neighbouring kingdoms". The author Caspar Schamberger (1623-1706) had worked in Asia for twelve years as a surgeon on VOC ships and in Dutch trading posts. He is known as the "father" of the first fully-fledged Western-style medical school in Japan. His text describes fruits, plants, animals, ethnic groups, coins etc. from Persia to Japan including the Khoikhoi (Khoisan) in Southern Africa. This is one of the earliest Western accounts of these matters based on observations made during the late 1640s and 1650s. The extensive commentary (126 pages) gives an outline of Schamberger's life presenting numerous new information on his activities after his return to Leipzig in 1658. Schamberger's descriptions are analysed in detail within the context of similar accounts of nine contemporary German travellers: Caspar Schmalkalden, Zacharias Wagener, Heinrich Muche, Johann Wilhelm Vogel, Elias Hesse, Albrecht Herport, George Meister, Andreas Cleyer, Engelbert Kaempfer. Forty-six illustrations selected from Western and Japanese sources proviede the iconographic background.

Construite par Claude Parent et Paul Virilio en 1964-1965, l’église Sainte-Bernadette du Banlay témoigne de leurs travaux sur la fonction oblique. L’édifice fut édifié à l’issue d’un concours d’architecture lancé en 1963 par Mgr Vial et l’Abbé Bourgoin, curé de la paroisse. L’église est inspirée de l’architecture des bunkers. Deux coques de béton s’imbriquent l’une dans l’autre en se décalant par rapport à l’axe longitudinal. L’apparence générale est un édifice monolithique, qui évoque un rocher. Á l’intérieur, deux grands plans obliques paraissent exhumés pour constituer la nef et le chœur. En relation étroite avec la grotte des apparitions de Lourdes, l’église est construite comme une crypte suspendue dont la coupe adopte la forme d’un cœur. Par le choix de matériaux bruts et d’un éclairage zénithal, les architectes confèrent à l’ensemble une étonnante intimité. C’est par l’opposition entre le volume extérieur austère et fermé et l’espace intérieur accueillant et protecteur que les concepteurs expriment la nouvelle fonction d’une église conçue dans une période d’incertitude et de tensions.The Sainte-Bernadette du Banlay church at Nevers was built from 1964 to 1965 to the designs of the architects Claude Parent and Paul Virilio, working on their theme of the oblique function. It was the fruit of an architectural competition organised in 1963 by Monseigneur Vial and the Abbé Bourgoin, the parish priest. The church’s architecture is inspired by that of defensive bunkers. Two reinforced concrete shells are joined the one into the other but out of true on a longitudinal axis. The overall appearance of the church is that of a monolithic block, something like a rock. Inside, two large oblique planes seem to emerge to create the nave and the chancel. Closely related to the Lourdes grotto of the Virgin’s appearances, the church is designed as a suspended crypt which adopts the shape of a heart in its cross section. By using untreated concrete and sky lighting, the architects succeeded in giving an astonishing intimacy to the church. There is a striking opposition between the austere exterior volume and the welcoming and protective space inside. The architects expressed a new function for the church in an age of uncertainty and tension.

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol4no1.20093The mineralogical characteristics of soils developed on coral reef parent materials in Hitu and Wailiha, Ambon, were investigated regarding to the relationship to pedogenesis. The analyses concerned with the characteristics of soil chemical, physical, and mineralogy of the rock fragment and sand, silt and clay fractions are to investigate the pedogenesis processes. Both soil profiles indicate the clayey texture, slightly neutral reaction, high cation exchange capacity, base saturation, and iron oxide. The mineralogical analyses of rock fragments and sand fractions indicate that besides carbonate minerals, silicate minerals were also found. The clay mineralogy showing the domination of kaolinite, gibbsite, and goethite, reflects that the soil is intensely weathered. Pedogenesis process showing the clay translocation, indicates that the weathering process has been occuring under the tropical influence.

Dvama prsobranima ambona, pronalaženima u etapama između 1936. i 1958. godine u trobrodnoj bazilici u Guranu pokraj Vodnjana, pridružuju se tri novopronađena ulomka, od kojih dva nadopunjuju prednji, a jedan stražnji prsobran ambona. Nadopunjeni ambon se zajedno s liturgijskim namještajem crkava u Dvigradu, Šijani, Sv. Tomi pokraj Rovinja i Novigradu pripisuje opusu ranokarolinške radionice »Majstora kapitela iz Bala«. Ukazuje se na to da majstor sudjeluje i u izgradnji crkve u Balama, klešući i svu arhitektonsku plastiku, kao i na evidentno namjerno korištenje kasnoantičkih uzora, uklapajući se u karolinšku ideju renovatio., Three fragments of an ambo, found during the recent Swiss-Croatian campaigns of archaeological research of the three-aisled basilica in Guran near Vodnjan, can be added to the plaques of the ambo that were found during archaeological excavations from 1936 to 1958. Two of the recently found fragments belong to the front, and one to the back side of the ambo. The reconstruction of the ambo from Guran, together with the liturgical installations from the churches in Dvigrad, Šijana, St. Thomas near Rovinj and Novigrad belong to the opus of the early-Carolingian workshop of the so-called »Master of the Capitals from Bale«. The workshop was responsible for the execution of the capitals of the colonnade of the church of Sv. Marija Velika near Bale (but also other architectural sculpture – capitals, impost-capitals, transennas etc.) from the period of construction of the church. The main characteristic of the workshop is rather loose disposition of decorative elements and »soft« carving. These characteristics can be seen not only on a number of fragments of liturgical installations from the church of Sv. Marija Velika, but also in a few contemporary Istrian churches, all built in the early period of Carolingian expansion at the territory of Istria. Fine and soft modelling, loose and airy disposition of elements and the choice of characteristic motifs such as knotted half-circles and rhomboids, the motif of rope (used on the capitals), all belong to the specific repertoire of this workshop that is applied also on the ambo from Guran. Two doves in profi le with characteristically pronounced claws and a rounded line connecting their neck and belly that are represented on the ambo can also be seen (together with the motif of rope and the same knotted half-circles) on an impost of a biphora from Bale. The fact that the motif is found on an element of architectural sculpture indicates that the same master (workshop) was also employed on the construction of the church. What seems to be particularly interesting is that all of the mentioned localities on which the work of the »Master (Workshop) from Bale« was found belong to the most important Carolingian strongholds at the territory of Istrian peninsula.

31 Cardiidae species have been collected in Ambon, Indonesia by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition, comprising circa 40% of the known species of this family from the Indonesian archipelago. Seven of these could be traced to the figures given by Rumphius (1705) and an additional two, taking into account some reservations about the identity of Rumphius' depicted shells. This implies that all but one of Rumphius' species, viz. Tridacna (Tridacna) gigas (Linnaeus, 1758), have been reencountered by the present expedition. The expedition has yielded the first Indonesian published records of two species: Fulvia (Laevifulvia) lineonotata Vidal, 1994 and Acrosterigma dianthinum (Melvill & Standen, 1899). For the latter this implies a considerable range extension of the known distribution.

Ambon – stol Riječi, jest i treba biti locus theologicus, esteticus et liturgicus. Važnost i snaga Božje Riječi zahtijeva da u našim crkvama postoji prikladno mjesto s kojega se vjernici Riječju hrane, odnosno s kojeg se Božja Riječ naviješta te da ono bude prikladno mjesto po dostojanstvu i funkcionalnosti. U radu se ističe nužnost uočljivosti ambona te njegov suodnos s oltarom, s jedne strane, te s blizinom zajednice s druge strane. Istraživanje pokazuje kako na području Đakovačke i Srijemske biskupije unatoč preporukama i zahtjevima Drugog vatikanskog koncila i unatoč smjernicama liturgičara, u nekim crkvama ambon ne postoji, a u većini crkava prisutna su privremena rješenja poput postavljenih stalaka, loše prostorno i liturgijski postavljenih i ikonografsko nespretno osmišljenih ambona. Kao što navještaj Riječi zahtijeva i nosi u sebi potrebni dostojni odnos prema njoj, tako i mjesto s kojeg se naviješta mora biti prepoznato kao mjesto dostojno Božje Riječi i čovjekova tumačenja te molitve i pjesme.

The ciborium above the altar of the Dormition church at Kalambaka (Thessaly) is made of different reused marbles combined with sculptures and paintings. This liturgical complex has not been produced during the Early Byzantine period only, since the study of its low relief decoration schows that its different pieces have been carved or at least assembled at the beginning of the 12th century., (voir résumé en anglais)

Na temelju nalaza višegodišnjih arheoloških istraživanja na području Byllisa u Albaniji, autorica analizira liturgijski namještaj ranokršćanskih svetišta - oltar i ambon, te se osvrće na arhitekturu i unutrašnje uređenje krstionice.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (4.xi-17.xii.1990) and some additional field trips to Ambon, a total of 26 species of asteroids were collected. Seven species were new to Ambon, and four species new to Indonesia. The asteroid fauna of Ambon is now represented by 44 species. Anthenea difficilis is transferred to the genus Gymnanthenea. Taxonomical notes are given on the collected specimens for some species.

Twenty-one species belonging to the family Chromodorididae and one species of Hexabranchus (Hexabranchidae) are present in the 1990 Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (RBE) collection. The 1996 Fauna Malesiana Marine Maluku Expedition (Mal) collected 43 lots of nudibranchs, mostly chromodorids: 17 species were identified, six of which were not represented in the RBE collection. A total of 35 chromodorid species, belonging to nine genera, are described from Ambon and nearby localities. Four species are new to science, and seventeen species are recorded from Indonesian waters for the first time. Brief descriptions are given for the species which are well known, highlighting significant features, differentiating characters from similar species, and allowing recognition. A number of species are less well known and described and figured in more detail. The name Chromodoris marindica nom. nov. is proposed for Chromodoris reticulata sensu Eliot, 1904, and Farran, 1905 (not C. reticulata Pease, 1866) and C. inopinata sensu Rudman, 1973 (not C. inopinata Bergh, 1905). The monogeneric family Hexabranchidae is represented by four specimens of Hexabranchus marginatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832). All but three species are illustrated with colour photographs of the living specimens. Species of which the type locality is Ambon are tabulated in Appendix 1, while a list of species described as new from Indonesia, with comments, is presented in Appendix 2.

The 1990 Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (Indonesia) made 44 collecting stations. Twenty-seven species representing 11 genera of the Naticidae (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda) were collected at 29 stations. This paper provides keys to the genera and species, along with diagnoses and short synonymies of the species. The modern identity of the thirteen naticid species known to Rumphius in his “D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer” (1705) is determined. Fifty described species of Naticidae are currently known from Malaysia and Indonesia, with 38 known from Ambon itself (this expedition and older museum collections).

Twenty-four species of trapeziid crabs, symbionts of scleractinian corals and other colonial cnidarians, are listed from Ambon and other locations throughout Indonesia. Sixteen of these species were collected by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Eight species (Quadrella reticulata Alcock, 1898, Tetraloides heterodactyla (Heller, 1861), Trapezia flavopunctata Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, T. formosa Smith, 1869, T. garthi Galil, 1983, T. lutea Castro, 1997, T. punctipes Castro, 1997 and T. serenei Odinetz, 1984) are new records for Indonesia. The taxonomic status of Quadrella boopsis, Q. reticulata, Tetralia rubridactyla Garth, 1971 and Trapezia garthi Galil, 1983 are also revised. A key for the identification of the Indonesian species of Quadrella, Tetralia and Trapezia is given.

This paper lists all species of the family Nassariidae collected during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Altogether 47 species are reported, of which two, Nassarius maccauslandi and N. rotundus, are new for Indonesia. Four additional species from Ambon are known from collections in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden and in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. Another additional species is mentioned by Adam & Leloup (1938). Five species of Nassariidae were described by Rumphius, of which four were found by the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (RBE) to Ambon, 33 species of swimming crabs were collected in the littoral and upper sublittoral zone by hand on tidal flats, using SCUBA, and using a Holthuis dredge. Lissocarcinus arkati, L. laevis, Charybdis (C.) hellerii, C. (C.) orientalis, C. (C.) variegata, Portunus hastatoides, P. iranjae, P. longispinosus, P. stephensoni, T. chaptalii, T. cooperi, T. stephensoni are recorded at Ambon and in the Moluccas for the first time. The Portunus tenuipes complex is partly revised and P. rugosus sensu Stephenson (1961) is considered a synonym of P. tenuipes De Haan, 1835. A new species, P. pseudotenuipes occurring at Ambon, in the Philippines and off South-East Asia is described. The Ambon fauna includes 55 swimming crab species, while for the Moluccas fauna 70 species are known. This makes Ambon probably one of the best studied local portunid faunas in the Indo-Pacific. According to the RBE collection and literature data, several groups of species with certain habitat preferences are discussed. 1) Upper sublittoral dwellers. 2) Shore dwellers occur in the intertidal zone, mostly on tidal flats, and in the upper sublittoral. 3) Primarily rock, rubble and reefflat dwellers belonged mainly to the genus Thalamita. 4) Symbiotic species of Caphyra are associated with alcyonarians while Lissocarcinus are commensals of anthozoans and echinoderms. A new association was recorded for the first time for Lissocarcinus arkati (with sea urchins), and the association of L. laevis with ceriantharians was confirmed.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (1990) to Ambon 17 Pectinidae species were collected, nine of which were described by Rumphius (1705) and five illustrated by Rumphius. One species, viz. Decatopecten plica (Linnaeus, 1758), illustrated in Rumphius (1705: pl. 44, fig. O), has not been refound. No decisive evidence is found of Rumphius' pectinids kept in either the Gualtieri collection at Calci, or in the Naturhistorisches Museum at Vienna.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (4.xi-14.xii.l990) 52 specimens representing 27 holothurian species were collected. All the species are described, figured and discussed systematically. Six species are new to the fauna of Ambon; two of these are new to the fauna of Indonesia, and two are new species: Afrocucumis stracki and Chiridota smirnovi. The holothurian fauna of Ambon is now represented by 59 species.

During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition (4.xi-14.xii.l990) 52 specimens representing 27 holothurian species were collected. All the species are described, figured and discussed systematically. Six species are new to the fauna of Ambon; two of these are new to the fauna of Indonesia, and two are new species: Afrocucumis stracki and Chiridota smirnovi. The holothurian fauna of Ambon is now represented by 59 species.

This report deals with the species of Muricidae collected during the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition on Ambon. At 44 stations, a total of 58 species in 23 genera of the prosobranch gastropod family Muricidae were obtained. The identity and the classification of several nominal taxa is revised. Four species are new to science and are described here: Pygmaepterys cracentis spec. nov. (Muricopsinae), Pascula ambonensis spec. nov. (Ergalataxinae), Thais hadrolineae spec. nov. and Morula rumphiusi spec. nov. (Rapaninae). Some comments are included on the Muricidae described by Rumphius and on their identification. In his "Amboinsche Rariteitkamer" (1705) 21 species of muricids were included, of which 16 were illustrated by Rumphius or Schijnvoet. The identity of those species is determined. During the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition seven of these species have been refound.

New records of Alcyoniidae for Ambon are given and one new species, Sinularia slieringsi, is described and figured. Specimens of S. capitalis (Pratt, 1903), S. flexibilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833), S. hirta (Pratt, 1903), S. muralis May, 1899, and S. procera Verseveldt, 1977, are discussed.

Costatophora is introduced as a new subgenus of Tetraphora Laseron, 1958 for Triforis seranus P.J. Fischer, 1927, a triphorid with distinctive teleoconch sculpture and radular morphology.

This report gives a general account of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (Moluccas, Indonesia) held in 1990. The primary objective of the expedition was to collect marine invertebrates on the localities mentioned by Rumphius (1627-1702) in his book "D'Amboinsche Rariteitkamer" (1705). Apart from a list and descriptions of stations, a journal, the preliminary results and other expedition related matters, the present paper gives some background information on the life and works of Rumphius, and a brief survey of previous marine biological work conducted on the island of Ambon.

this study which is on Bysantiuja asabons in the {Tur kish museums is composed of parts which are titled 5 list of publications 5 defination of aabonj etymological mean ing; its functions 1 its place within churches 5 typology of asbonj antique marble quarries 5 catalogues ©valuation and results e In this study fifty-four asbos pieces which are in Shark! sfc museusss have been examined* The publications which give information on assbon and those that deal with asabon as a liturgical ©lemont and provide general infor mation hav® been promoted- under the heading of ambon, a definition has been given? its functions have been stated and its place within churches has been identified in accor» daac® tilth the data obtained in various excavations?. Also the typology of asbons has been given0 In the section titled, w Marble quarries in Turkey `, those quarries which are in operation since th© times of antiquity, exca vation of marble fro® quarries and the structure of isarble as s stone have been ©xsaiined.? In the section of ` Cata logue` those asbon pieces which are presently being exhi bited in th© thirty-four suseuiss have been examined sepa rately© After presenting the information that are found in inventories (on the where it was found f how it was brought to the zauseusij th® date at which it ¥&s brought to the auseuiSc inventory number) and also stating th® present knowledge s histories 9 bibliographies and sisilar examples s a description for each ambon piece has been made- In the evaluation section5 similarities and distinc tions of the ambon pieces that were selected have been ©xasined* Their numerical distribution within the aruseusssXV decoration techniques and their typologies have been sta ted^ For reaching to conclusions on the dates of those asibon pieces which were exasined in this study 9 they were compared Kith :c Anatolian :' and ` non-Anatolian t! examp- les9 In the conclusion section, conclusions which wer© reached froa catalogue and evaluation have been stated* Ât the end of the thesis a bibliography has been gi ven-, Lists related to the types of ambons5 their dates 5 compositions that arc placed on them, types, present sta tes 5 how they were brought to the museums 3 their distri bution within the museums $ those museums where the res©~ arch was done3 the number of asibon pieces found in the auseuss and decorative techniques of asbons have been presented* Detailed pictures of the asbon pieces and the drawings of those asfoon pieces which were restituted have also been given o 282

This article analyses the contemporary nature of the smoked tuna (ikan asar1Ikan asar is a term that refers to smoked fish in general (ikan: fish+asar: smoked) but is used almost exclusively in Ambon to refer to smoked tuna. To avoid ambiguity we refer to ‘smoked tuna’ throughout the article rather than using the Bhasa term that its retailers and consumers commonly employ.1) trade in Ambon city (in Maluku province, eastern Indonesia) with particular regard to the operation of its central precinct along Piere Tendean Road, between the outer city suburbs of Galala and Hative Kecil, and the connection between this area and the region’s fishing grounds. The precinct is chosen as a focus since its location has been determined by a complex set of historically determined socio-political forces that are still actively in play. The article’s case study emphasises the dynamic nature of circumstances concerning the supply chain of products in locations experiencing substantial population growth, socio-cultural disruption and/or modernisation. The ‘foodways’ involved in the article’s case study are, thereby, not discrete and/or stable but, rather, volatile ones that have been variously shortcut, diverted and/or disrupted under external pressures of various degrees of magnitude and/or immediacy. The maintenance of the foodways involved has required adaptation, ingenuity and the investment of socio-cultural commitment over and above the simple inducement of commercial opportunity. The food product engendered by this dynamic system is therefore not purely a market commodity (as in a simplistic economic model) but rather a cultural one with distinct attributes and significance that crystallise the intersection of various spheres of human and environmental activity in a spatio-temporal context. In attempting to provide an analysis of Ambonese smoked tuna and its Galala–Hative Kecil precinct – and the context of the Ambonese circumstances that have delivered it – the article also reflects on the sustainability of the trade and the manner in which the dynamic development of the Ambonese population may overwhelm the adaptive potential of its entrepreneurs and patrons.