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Inspired by the work of Crawley-Boevey on additive functions in locally finitely presented Grothendieck categories, we describe a natural way to extend a given exact Sylvester rank function on the category of finitely presented left modules over a given ring R, to the category of all left R-modules.

Let $R$ be a ring and $M$ be an $R$-bimodule. A mapping $d:R\rightarrow M$ (not necessarily additive) is called multiplicative derivation of $R$ if $d(xy)=d(x)y+xd(y)$ for all $x,y\in R.$ In this paper, we intend to establish the additivity of $d$ under some suitable restrictions. Moreover, we introduce multiplicative semi-derivations of rings and discuss their additivity.

Most researchers often overlook the biological consistency required when adjusting models to estimate total biomass and above- -ground components. Mathematical models to estimate biomass that fail to take into account dependence relationship between tree components and the whole are scantily studied in native forests, especially for the Cerrado biome. Current investigation compares the above-ground biomass estimators by two different methods, independent and simultaneous adjustment of equations. Above-ground biomass data for the components and whole were collected. Mathematical models to estimate total biomass and components were then independently adjusted by the ordinary least squares method and simultaneously by the apparently unrelated nonlinear regression method. The equations´ biological consistency was verified by the two methods, coupled to heteroscedasticity, which were adjusted after having the weights of their coefficients calculated by variance structure. Simultaneously adjusted equation system presented biological consistency and lower prediction intervals when compared to the independent adjustment of equations, despite demonstrating similar statistical parameters. Biomass models of the components and total, for the phytophysiognomy Cerrado Park, should be estimated by equation systems to ensure additivity and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we discuss the additivity of n-multiplicative (α, β)-derivations, for the class of associative rings satisfying Martindale's conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a ring with involution containing a nontrivial symmetric idempotent element e and δ: R → R be a generalized *-reverse derivable map. In this paper, our aim is to show that under some suitable restrictions imposed on R every generalized *-reverse derivable map of R is additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to suggest a novel calculation method in the difference procedure for determining the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) of ingredients for pigs. This procedure involves formulating a basal diet (BD) and a test diet (TD) which contains a test ingredient (TI), feeding these diets to pigs, determining ATTD of GE in the diets, and calculating ATTD of GE in a TI by extrapolation. To calculate ATTD of GE in a TI, it is necessary to calculate the proportional contribution of GE in the BD (PBD) and the TI (PTI) to the TD using the following equations: PBD = (analyzed GE of BD × inclusion rate of BD)/analyzed GE of TD; PTI = (analyzed GE of TI × inclusion rate of TI)/analyzed GE of TD. One of the assumptions for the difference procedure is that GE values in a BD and a TI are additive (PBD + PTI = 1). However, the analyzed GE in the TD is not always exactly equal to the calculated value based on analyzed GE values in the BD and the TI. To investigate the influence of non-additivity of GE in a TD on the ATTD of GE in a TI, 33 observations were collected from 9 studies that determined ATTD of GE using the difference procedure. A ratio of analyzed GE in TD to calculated GE in TD (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated, %) ranged from 98.7 to 101.3%. The following relationship was established: PTD = PTI + PBD = (GEAnalyzed:GE Calculated)-1. Corrected PBD and PTI were calculated: corrected PBD = PBD × (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated)-1; corrected PTI = PTI × (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated)-1; and corrected PTD = corrected PBD + corrected PTI = 1. Four values for the ATTD of GE in TI were obtained or Calculated: 1) presented in the literature (ATTDLiterature), 2) Calculated based on the PTI (ATTDNon-corrected), 3) Calculated based on the corrected PTI (ATTDCorrected), and 4) Calculated based on the calculated GE in TD (ATTDCalculated). Three ratios (%) for each observation were computed, namely, ATTDLiterature:ATTDCalculated, ATTDNoncorrected: ATTDCalculated, and ATTDCorrected:ATTDCalculated. The GEAnalyzed:GECalculated was used as an independent variable against the ratios as dependent variable. Results indicated that a 1 percentage unit increase in GEAnalyzed:GECalculated led to 3.47% (r² = 0.67) and 4.28% (r² = 0.92) increases in ATTDLiterature:ATTDCalculated and ATTDNon-corrected:ATTDCalculated, respectively. However, for the ATTDCorrected:ATTDCalculated, a 1 percentage unit increase in GEAnalyzed:GECalculated only increased the value by 0.54% (r² = 0.88). Overall, even a small deviation between analyzed and calculated GE can cause large errors in the digestibility of TI, but the use of corrected proportional contributions suggested in the present work can mitigate the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of herbicide tank mixtures is a common practice in agricultural settings, especially for controlling weed communities with mono and eudicotyledons species occurring simultaneously. Therefore, thisstudy was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness and interaction of dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures used to control four weed species. For this, four different experiments were conducted, each with one of the plant species, namely: sourgrass (Digitaria insularis), horseweed (Conyza spp.), morning glory (Ipomoea triloba) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica). In each experiment, the experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, in a 4x4 factorial scheme of treatments, totaling 16 treatments with five replications, i.e., 80 plots of each species. Four doses of the herbicide dicamba (480, 240, 120 and 0 g ha-1) and four doses of the herbicide haloxyfop (60, 30, 15 and 0 g ha-1) were adopted. Percentage control was evaluated at 14 and 28 days after application (DAA) and mass of dry matter was evaluated at 28 DAA. Antagonistic, additive and synergistic effects were observed for dicamba-haloxyfop tank mixtures, with a greater preponderance of additive effects. Considering all four plant species, in different doses and dates of evaluation, 72 dicamba-haloxyfop interactions were evaluated, in which 50 were considered additives. However, the possibility of antagonism (9 interactions) or even synergy (13 interactions) cannot be ruled out, subjected to the influence of the herbicide dose, plant species and moment of evaluation.

1. The additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of phosphorus (P) in mixed diets containing corn and canola meal (CCM) with or without phytase supplementation and the impact of age on the basal ileal endogenous loss (BEL) of P were investigated in broiler chickens. 2. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial with two ages (13 d or 21 d post hatching), three diets (corn, canola meal, or CCM), and two phytase levels (0 or 1,000 FYT/kg diet) in a randomised complete block design. There were eight or six birds per cage at 13 d and 21 d of age, respectively, and six replicate cages per treatment, with a total of 588 birds. A P-free diet (PFD) treatment was included at each age to determine the basal endogenous loss (BEL) of P. 3. Birds were fed a commercial starter diet from d 1 to d 10 or d 18 and then fed the experimental diets for 3 d until d 13 or d 21, respectively. Predicted digestibility values calculated from the individual feed ingredients were used to test additivity in the mixed diets. Chromium oxide was included in diets as an indigestible marker. 4. The ileal digesta, collected from birds at d 13 or d 21, was used to determine nutrient digestibility. 5. The AID and SID of P at d 13 was higher (P < 0.01) when compared with older birds at d 21, regardless of dietary phytase supplementation. Regardless of age or phytase supplementation, AID and SID of P were additive, as there were no differences between predicted and determined values in the mixed diets. The BEL of P (g/kg DM intake) in birds at d 13 was higher (P < 0.05) than birds at d 21 (0.197 vs. 0.159). 6. In conclusion, age had an impact on the BEL of P and the utilisation of minerals in the diets. The apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of P in the mixed diet containing corn and canola meal were additive, regardless of age or phytase supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering L be a completely distributive lattice, the notion of the sum of L-convex spaces is introduced and its elementary properties is studied. Firstly, the connections between the sum of L-convex spaces and its factor spaces are established. Secondly, the additivity of separability (S-1, sub-S0, S0, S1, S2, S3 and S4) are investigated. Finally, the additivity of five types special L-convex spaces are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite recent advances in migraine treatment there is a need for therapies with higher clinical efficacy and/or fewer side effects. Triptans (5-HT1B/1D/1F agonists) are essential in the present treatment regime and gepants (CGRP-receptor antagonists) are recognized as effective in acute migraine treatment. Triptans and gepants have different mechanisms of action and here we tested the hypothesis that a combination of these drugs (sumatriptan and olcegepant) would result in an additive effect. Methods: Using the validated glyceryl trinitrate mouse model of migraine, we initially tested dose-response relationships of sumatriptan (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 mg/kg IP) and olcegepant (0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 mg/kg IP) to find suitable high and low doses. Subsequently, we performed a combination study of the two drugs with a low and a high dose. All experiments were vehicle (placebo) controlled and blinded. Results: Sumatriptan significantly reduced glyceryl trinitrate-induced allodynia (F(4,54) = 13.51, p < 0.0001) at all doses. Olcegepant also reduced glyceryl trinitrate-induced allodynia (F(4,53) = 16.11, p < 0.0001) with the two higher doses being significantly effective. Combining 0.50 mg/kg olcegepant with 0.1 or 0.6 mg/kg sumatriptan did not have any improved effect compared to either drug alone (p > 0.50 on all days) in our mouse model. Conclusion: Combining olcegepant and sumatriptan did not have an additive effect compared to single-drug treatment in this study. Triptan-gepant combinations will therefore most likely not improve migraine treatment. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary, and combinations should also be examined in patients with migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The class D of generalized continuous functions on R known under the common name of Darboux-like functions is usually described as consisting of eight families of maps: Darboux, connectivity, almost continuous, extendable, peripherally continuous, those having perfect road, and having either the Cantor Intermediate Value Property or the Strong Cantor Intermediate Value Property. The algebra A (D) of classes of functions generated by these families contains 17 atoms. In this work we will calculate the values of the additivity coefficient A (F) for all atoms F in the algebra A (D) . We also determine the values A (F) for a lot of other families F ∈ A (D) . Open questions and new directions of research shall also be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Models of myriad forms are rapidly becoming central to biology. These range from statistical models that are fundamental to the interpretation of experimental results to ordinary differential equation models that attempt to describe the results in a mechanistic format. Models will be more and more essential to biologists but this growing importance requires all model users to become more sophisticated about what is in a model and how that limits the usability of the model. This review attempts to relay the potential pitfalls that can lie within a model.

The additive enclitic =pas of Cuzco Quechua is multifunctional: besides marking additivity it also participates in the marking of concessivity, epistemic possibility and the formation of non-specific indefinite pronouns. This paper provides a description of these functions and proposes that they all involve a presupposition of existential quantification over alternatives. Their differences result from the type of alternatives quantified over, namely focus, epistemic or wh-alternatives. The particular clustering of functions found with =pas has implications for the semantic map of additivity proposed by Forker (2016), and presents a counterexample to three implicational universals it encapsulates. Modifications to the map are proposed to accommodate =pas, including connecting it with the semantic map of modality, and recognizing scalar additivity as a subtype of additivity.

Objective This study was conducted to determine the apparent and standardized total tract digestibility (ATTD and STTD) of phosphorus (P) in corn, soybean meal (SBM), and canola meal (CM), and additivity of values for ATTD and STTD of P in corn, SBM, and CM in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods Thirty-six growing barrows (initial body weight of 21.6±1.7 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to a completely randomized design with 6 diets and 6 pigs per diet. Six diets were formulated using corn, SBM or CM as the sole source of P, or corn and SBM, or corn and CM, or corn, SBM, and CM as the P source in each diet, respectively. Fecal samples were collected for 5 d following a 7 d adaptation period to the diets. Results Values for ATTD and STTD of P in corn, SBM, and CM in growing pigs were 33.12% and 37.76%, 50.19% and 56.62%, 34.93% and 39.45%, respectively. The ATTD and STTD of P in SBM were greater (p

All 13C NMR signals of the poly(arylene) polymers, O‐1, S‐7, OS‐4, OOS‐3, OOOS‐2, SSO‐5, and SSSO‐6 (where O is a diphenyleneoxiphthalide unit and S is a diphenylenethiophthalide unit) in dyads and triads were assigned unequivocally with two‐dimensional NMR techniques (ge‐2D [1H–1H] COSY, ge‐2D [1H–13C] HSQC, and ge‐2D [1H–13C] HMBC), and for each atom, the increments of the shifts are determined. For structurally similar carbon atoms of the phthalide cycle and heteroaromatic fragments of the skeletal chain, additive signal splitting schemes in phthalide centered dyads and in diphenylene oxide and in diphenylene sulfide centered triads are considered, based on taking into account the contributions to their shielding of adjacent and distant substituents. It was shown that the nature of the splitting of the signals of each of the 20 carbon atoms in 3,3‐bisphenylphthalide fragments is determined by the type of carbon atom (tertiary or quaternary, even or odd), the type of heteroatoms in adjacent heteroaromatic fragments, their distance from the identified carbon nucleus, and their polyad symmetry. The results obtained in this article will greatly facilitate our further studies and, in particular, will allow us to study the microstructure of statistical copolymers based on the asymmetric OS monomer at the dyad and triad levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address the problem of determining what points in a field satisfy Freshman's Dream, or equivalently, when a monomial behaves additively. It is conjectured that the only additive points over the rational numbers are trivial. In the case of finite fields, we generalize well-known results about uni-variate polynomials to bivariate homogeneous polynomials in order to count the number of additive points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias is the property of Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rodriguésia is the property of Revista Rodriguesia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A function f : R → R is Sierpiński–Zygmund, f ∈ SZ (C) , provided its restriction f ↾ M is discontinuous for any M ⊂ R of cardinality continuum. Often, it is slightly easier to construct a function f : R → R , denoted as f ∈ SZ (Bor) , with a seemingly stronger property that f ↾ M is not Borel for any M ⊂ R of cardinality continuum. It has been recently noticed that the properness of the inclusion SZ (Bor) ⊆ SZ (C) is independent of ZFC. In this paper we explore the classes SZ (Φ) for arbitrary families Φ of partial functions from R to R . We investigate additivity and lineability coefficients of the class S : = SZ (C) \ SZ (Bor) . In particular we show that if c = κ + and S ≠ ∅ , then the additivity of S is κ , that S is c + -lineable, and it is consistent with ZFC that S is c + + -lineable. We also construct several examples of functions from SZ (C) \ SZ (Bor) that belong also to other important classes of real functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses of marine primary production to a changing climate are determined by a concert of multiple environmental changes, for example in temperature, light, pCO2, nutrients, and grazing. To make robust projections of future global marine primary production, it is crucial to understand multiple driver effects on phytoplankton. This meta‐analysis quantifies individual and interactive effects of dual driver combinations on marine phytoplankton growth rates. Almost 50% of the single‐species laboratory studies were excluded because central data and metadata (growth rates, carbonate system, experimental treatments) were insufficiently reported. The remaining data (42 studies) allowed for the analysis of interactions of pCO2 with temperature, light, and nutrients, respectively. Growth rates mostly respond non‐additively, whereby the interaction with increased pCO2 profusely dampens growth‐enhancing effects of high temperature and high light. Multiple and single driver effects on coccolithophores differ from other phytoplankton groups, especially in their high sensitivity to increasing pCO2. Polar species decrease their growth rate in response to high pCO2, while temperate and tropical species benefit under these conditions. Based on the observed interactions and projected changes, we anticipate primary productivity to: (a) first increase but eventually decrease in the Arctic Ocean once nutrient limitation outweighs the benefits of higher light availability; (b) decrease in the tropics and mid‐latitudes due to intensifying nutrient limitation, possibly amplified by elevated pCO2; and (c) increase in the Southern Ocean in view of higher nutrient availability and synergistic interaction with increasing pCO2. Growth‐enhancing effect of high light and warming to coccolithophores, mainly Emiliania huxleyi, might increase their relative abundance as long as not offset by acidification. Dinoflagellates are expected to increase their relative abundance due to their positive growth response to increasing pCO2 and light levels. Our analysis reveals gaps in the knowledge on multiple driver responses and provides recommendations for future work on phytoplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responses of marine primary production to a changing climate are determined by a concert of multiple environmental changes, for example in temperature, light, pCO2, nutrients, and grazing. To make robust projections of future global marine primary production, it is crucial to understand multiple driver effects on phytoplankton. This meta‐analysis quantifies individual and interactive effects of dual driver combinations on marine phytoplankton growth rates. Almost 50% of the single‐species laboratory studies were excluded because central data and metadata (growth rates, carbonate system, experimental treatments) were insufficiently reported. The remaining data (42 studies) allowed for the analysis of interactions of pCO2 with temperature, light, and nutrients, respectively. Growth rates mostly respond non‐additively, whereby the interaction with increased pCO2 profusely dampens growth‐enhancing effects of high temperature and high light. Multiple and single driver effects on coccolithophores differ from other phytoplankton groups, especially in their high sensitivity to increasing pCO2. Polar species decrease their growth rate in response to high pCO2, while temperate and tropical species benefit under these conditions. Based on the observed interactions and projected changes, we anticipate primary productivity to: (a) first increase but eventually decrease in the Arctic Ocean once nutrient limitation outweighs the benefits of higher light availability; (b) decrease in the tropics and mid‐latitudes due to intensifying nutrient limitation, possibly amplified by elevated pCO2; and (c) increase in the Southern Ocean in view of higher nutrient availability and synergistic interaction with increasing pCO2. Growth‐enhancing effect of high light and warming to coccolithophores, mainly Emiliania huxleyi, might increase their relative abundance as long as not offset by acidification. Dinoflagellates are expected to increase their relative abundance due to their positive growth response to increasing pCO2 and light levels. Our analysis reveals gaps in the knowledge on multiple driver responses and provides recommendations for future work on phytoplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be an alternative ring containing a nontrivial idempotent and D be a multiplicative Lie-type derivation from R into itself. Under certain assumptions on R , we prove that D is almost additive. Let p n (x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n) be the (n − 1) -th commutator defined by n indeterminates x 1 , ... , x n. If R is a unital alternative ring with a nontrivial idempotent and is { 2 , 3 , n − 1 , n − 3 } -torsion free, it is shown under certain condition of R and D that D = δ + τ , where δ is a derivation and τ : R → Z (R) such that τ (p n (a 1 , ... , a n)) = 0 for all a 1 , ... , a n ∈ R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folding and other protein self-assembly processes are driven by favorable interactions between O, N, and C unified atoms of the polypeptide backbone and side chains. These processes are perturbed by solutes that interact with these atoms differently than water does. Amide NH···O=C hydrogen bonding and various p-system interactions have been better characterized structurally or by simulations than experimentally in water, and unfavorable interactions are relatively uncharacterized. To address this situation, we previously quantified interactions of alkyl ureas with amide and aromatic compounds, relative to interactions with water. Analysis yielded strengths of interaction of each alkylurea with unit areas of different hybridization states of unified O, N, and C atoms of amide and aromatic compounds. Here, by osmometry, we quantify interactions of 10 pairs of amides selected to complete this dataset. An analysis yields intrinsic strengths of six favorable and four unfavorable atom-atom interactions, expressed per unit area of each atom and relative to interactions with water. The most favorable interactions are sp²O-sp²C (lone pair-p, presumably n-p*), sp²C-sp²C (p-p and/or hydrophobic), sp²O-sp²N (hydrogen bonding) and sp3C-sp²C (CH-p and/or hydrophobic). Interactions of sp3C with itself (hydrophobic) and with sp²N are modestly favorable, while sp²N interactions with sp²N and with amide/aromatic sp²C are modestly unfavorable. Amide sp²O-sp²O interactions and sp²O-sp3C interactions are more unfavorable, indicating the preference of amide sp²O to interact with water. These intrinsic interaction strengths are used to predict interactions of amides with proteins and chemical effects of amides (including urea, N-ethylpyrrolidone [NEP], and polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP]) on protein stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hardgrove grindability index HGI of binary coal blends is determined. The blends contain coal of different metamorphic development in different proportions. Mathematical formulas permit prediction of HGI for a coal blend on the basis of the grinding indices for its individual components. For a binary coal blend with separate preparation of the components, HGI is found to exceed the calculated value (by 3.6, on average). For a blend with integrated preparation of the components, it is less than the calculated value (by 3.6, on average). Crushing of the whole batch is found to require more energy than differential crushing of the batch components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of treating sunflower seed (SS) and meal (SM), as well as of a mixture of both feeds (SSM; 45:55) with a solution of malic acid (1 M; 400 ml/kg feed) and heating for protection against ruminal degradation were studied. Four rumen-fistulated sheep were fed two mixed diets composed of oat hay and concentrate (40:60) and differing only in the concentrate, that contained either a mixture of untreated SS and SM (control diet) or treated SS and SM (MAH diet). A crossover design with two 24-d experimental periods was used, and each period included 10 d of diet adaptation, 9 d for in situ incubations of SS, SM and SSM, and 5 d for measuring ruminal fermentation characteristics and rumen emptying. From day 6 onwards a solution of (15NH4)2SO4 was continuously infused into the rumen of each sheep to label ruminal bacteria. Feeding the MAH diet did not affect either ruminal pH or concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and NH3-N, but decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the molar proportions of acetate and propionate and increased those of butyrate (p< 0.001). Organic matter and lipid contents of ruminal bacteria were lower whereas both N content and 15N enrichment were greater (p ≤ 0.05) in MAH-fed sheep. The in situ effective degradability (ED) of different fractions of SS, SM and SSM were calculated from the ruminal rates of particle comminution and passage, and values were corrected for microbial contamination. The MAH treatment decreased the ED of most fractions for all feeds and increased the supply of by-pass crude protein (CP) by 19.1% and 120% for SS and SM, respectively, and that of fat by 34% for SS. The MAH treatment also increased the in vitro intestinal digestibility of the by-pass CP for both SS (from 60.1% to 75.4%) and SM (from 83.2% to 91.0%). The simultaneous heating of both feeds (SSM) reinforced the protective effect of the MAH treatment and increased the by-pass CP without altering its intestinal digestibility, increasing the intestinally digested CP content by 16.8% compared with the value estimated from the results obtained for MAH-treated SS and SM incubated independently. These results indicate that the MAH treatment was effective to protect sunflower protein against rumen degradation and increased its intestinal digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single concentrate feeds are mixed together forming compound feeds for cattle. However, knowledge regarding the potential interactions (associative effects) between the feeding values of single feeds in compound feeds is lacking. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding values of eight industrially produced compound feeds in mash form from their constituent single feeds for dairy cows through in vitro assays. Additivity was given for gas production (GP), digestibility of organic matter (dOM) and utilisable CP at the duodenum (uCP). Additivity of CP fractions (determined using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS)) was dependent on the fraction and compound feed type; however, the effective degradation calculated from CP fractions (EDCNCPS) showed additivity. Additivity was not given for intestinal digestibility of rumen-undegraded protein (IDRUP) for five out of eight compound feeds. Precise calculation of metabolisable energy (ME) of compound feeds from ME of single feeds was possible when using the same ME equations for all single and compound feeds. Compound feeds are often provided in pellet form; therefore, our second objective was to evaluate the effects of pelleting on ruminal fermentation characteristics and feeding values of compound feeds. Pelleting affected GP at 24 h (GP24; up to 2.4 ml/200 mg DM), dOM (up to 2.3 percentage point (pp)) and ME (up to 0.3 MJ/kg DM), but these differences were overall small. More considerable effects of pelleting were observed for uCP, which was increased in all compound feeds except the two with the highest CP concentrations. The IDRUP was lower in most compound feeds following pelleting (up to 15 pp). Pelleting also affected CP fractions in a non-systematic way. Overall, the effects of pelleting were not considerable, which could be because pelleting conditions were mild. Our third objective was to compare in situ ruminal CP degradation (EDIN_SITU) of compound feeds with ED using two prediction methods based on CP fractions. EDIN_SITU reference data were obtained from a companion study using the same feeds. Prediction accuracy of EDIN_SITU and EDCNCPS was variable and depended on the compound feed and prediction method. However, future studies are needed as to date not enough data are published to draw overall conclusions for the prediction of EDIN_SITU from CP fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the inequality | f (x + y) - f (x) - f (y) + g (x + y) - g (x) g (y) | ⩽ ε , x , y ∈ S , where f is a complex valued function defined on a monoid S, we deal with two problems: the stability problem and the problem of alienation of the approximate additivity condition from the condition of approximate exponentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Information on the genetic architecture of phenotypic traits is helpful for constructing and testing models of the ecoevolutionary dynamics of natural populations. For plant groups with long life cycles there is a lack of line cross experiments that can unravel the genetic architecture of loci underlying quantitative traits.To fill this gap, we propose the use of variation for phenotypic traits expressed in natural hybrid zones as an alternative approach. We used data from orchid hybrid zones and compared expected and observed patterns of phenotypic trait expression in different early‐generation hybrid classes identified by molecular genetic markers.We found evidence of additivity, dominance, and epistatic interactions for different phenotypic traits.We discuss the potential of this approach along with its limitations and suggest that it may represent a realistic way to gain an initial insight into the heritability and genomic architecture of traits in organismal groups with complex life history, such as orchids and many others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the genetics of resistance to Phytophthora parasitica in Jamaica, the generational means of five resistant and five susceptible lines were analyzed to estimate the genetic parameters of resistance in Jamaica crosses. The analysis showed that the additive effects were more important than dominance effects for resistance to P. parasitica. Heritability, broadly speaking, was 37%. The results obtained indicate that a pedigree program can be effective and the most appropriate to increase genetic resistance to P. parasitica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzymatic digestibility of organic matter (EDOM) method is an in vitro multi-enzymatic method for estimating the organic matter (OM) digestibility of feeds. The EDOM method previously showed high accuracy with in vivo values for compound feeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision of the EDOM method and determine its additivity, compared with the long-assumed additive property of the chemical components of compound feeds. 149 feed samples, 70 commercial compound feeds and 79 associated ingredients, were analyzed in a laboratory (lab1) for OM digestibility measured by EDOM (OMD EDOM) with 2 repetitions separated in time to estimate repeatability. Of the total samples, 49 compound feeds were further analyzed in a commercial laboratory (lab2) for OMD EDOM to determine reproducibility. The 49 compounds and their 69 associated ingredients were also analyzed by lab2 for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch. The EDOM method resulted in an intralaboratory correlation of 98.9% and an interlaboratory correlation of 92.6%, with no significant mean bias between the 2 laboratories tested. The formulation of compound feeds, total mixed rations, and mixtures in general assumes that their nutrient content can be calculated by adding together the nutrient supply of individual ingredients. This is of great importance in the feed industry for the creation of compound feeds. Additivity of OMD EDOM for the compound feed samples was evaluated by comparing the sum of the digestible OM (DOM EDOM) of the ingredients (predicted) with DOM EDOM estimated directly in the compound feed (observed). The regression of predicted versus observed showed a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.93 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.07% of total DM, with no linear bias but with a mean bias (0.83% of DM). Additivity of CP, starch, crude fat, and NDF showed an R2 of 0.95, 0.98, 0.95, and 0.93, and RMSE of 1.56, 1.90, 0.39, and 1.46% of DM, respectively, all presenting linear bias. Crude fat also presented mean bias. Although significant, all linear and mean bias for DOM EDOM and chemical components were within the acceptable error limits for declaration of feeds. The results demonstrate the high precision of the EDOM method and its additive property, which is an advantage for the estimation of OM digestibility in compound feeds. Moreover, results of the tests of chemical components confirm their additive property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polarizability of endohedral complexes of fullerenes and fullerene hydrides with atoms of noble gases Ng@СN (N = 20, 24, 28, 30, 36, 50, 60, 70; X = He, Ne, Ar), Kr@СN (N = 28, 30, 36, 50, 60, 70), Xe@Сn (n = 50, 60, 70), C60Hn (n = 2, 6, 18, 36), and C20Hn (n = 2, 6, 12, 20) is studied by the PBE/3ζ level of density functional theory. It is established that the deviation of the calculated average polarizability of endohedral complexes from the additive scheme correlates with the change in the volumes of the СN and C20/60Hn fullerene cages upon encapsulation. The change in volume governs the absolute deviation of the average polarizability from additivity, while its sign depends on the direction of charge transfer in an endohedral complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Considering the general agreement in the literature that environmental labelling should be based on consequential modelling, while all actually implemented environmental labelling schemes are based on attributional modelling, we investigate the arguments for this situation as provided in the literature, and whether a dual label, representing on the same label the attributional and consequential results for the same product, can be a relevant solution or at least contribute to a more informed discussion. Methods: We developed a dual label for three hypothetical, comparable products and presented this for a small test audience, asking three questions, namely "Which product would you choose?", "Was the attributional information useful?" and "Would you accept to have only the attributional information?" Results and discussion: From this small pilot exercise, it appears that informed consumers may have a strong preference for consequential information and that the main problem in communicating consequential results is that they are perceived as less trustworthy and more uncertain due to the fact that the consequences are located in the future. It thus appears important to build into a consequential label some increased level of guarantee of future good behaviour. Conclusions: We propose to apply the above questions to a more statistically representative audience to confirm or refute the findings of this little test exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The static permittivity of water–DMSO mixtures is measured in the interval of 293–323 K throughout the range of concentrations of water–DMSO mixtures. Static permittivity values of the mixtures reveal a deviance from additivity that is maximal in the area of 0.3–0.4 molar shares of DMSO, where complexes 1DMSO–2H2O can form through H-bonds. The calculated values of the Kirkwood correlation factor gK indicate antiparallel orientation of DMSO dipoles, especially in the range of high DMSO concentrations of 0.7–1.0 molar shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of evidence (TE) has been largely used for many applications. This theory is a generalization of probability distribution and offers a mathematical representation for two types of uncertainty-based information: 1) discord and 2) nonspecificity. Several measures have already been developed to quantify these two types of uncertainty. They have been called total uncertainty (TU) measures since they quantify both types of uncertainty. The generalized Hartley measure and the maximum entropy have been the only measures so far that satisfy a list of properties very desirable for practical applications. Recently, two new measures of nonspecificity and TU based on belief intervals have been proposed. These two measures do not satisfy the properties of additivity, superadditivity, and subadditivity in the TE. The present critique is about these shortcomings and provides a more complete analysis of those uncertainty measures with respect to a list of desired properties. A potential consequence of an ill-characterized measure may yield selecting an inappropriate rule for decision-making in the processing chain from data to information to decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, entropy is not additive for the system of a single molecule. We show this by demonstrating that the entropy of a monoxide species, before and after subtracting contributions from electronic degeneracies, is in general not equal to the arithmetic mean of the entropies of the corresponding homonuclear diatomic and O2. This calculation is done with 24 elements for which reliable experimental data could verify both the absolute entropy and ground electronic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several types or grain sizes of ferromagnetic minerals can contribute to a rock's remanence and anisotropy of remanence. Each subpopulation may have a different fabric. Measuring anisotropy of partial anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ApARM) allows one to determine the anisotropy contribution of subpopulations with different coercivity distributions. Separating these contributions to remanence anisotropy can provide information about early versus late stages of deformation in fabric studies and is the basis for improved anisotropy corrections in paleomagnetic studies. Unfortunately, collecting multiple ApARM tensors on each specimen is time‐consuming and not often done. Measuring a smaller number of carefully chosen ApARM tensors and obtaining the remaining tensors of interest by tensor calculation would be more efficient. This can only be done, however, when ApARM tensors are additive. Here we investigate the additivity of ApARM tensors in a range of lithologies, by measuring a total of seven ApARM and anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM) tensors for each specimen, and comparing the tensors calculated from a combination of ApARM tensors to the corresponding measured AARM. Differences in principal directions between measured and calculated tensors are often smaller than the confidence angles of the measurements. Mean anhysteretic remanences are additive to within ±5%. The anisotropy degree varies by ±30% (k′) or ±0.15 (P), and the shape parameter U by ±0.4. These error limits will help to determine whether or not it is necessary to measure each ApARM tensor in future fabric or paleomagnetic studies, or if these tensors can be calculated from a smaller set of measurements. Key Points: Sets of 7 ApARM and AARM tensors measured for 93 samples to test additivity of ApARMsPrincipal directions are additive within confidence limit of measurementMean pARMs additive to ±5%; error limits for anisotropy degree: ±30% (k′), ±0.15 (P), and shape: ±0.4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Case for Animal Rights, Tom Regan considers a scenario where one must choose between killing either a human being or any number of dogs by throwing them from a lifeboat. Regan chooses the human being. His justification for this prescription is that the human being will suffer a greater harm from death than any of the dogs would. This prescription has met opposition on the grounds that the combined intrinsic value of the dogs' experiences outweighs those of a human being. This objection assumes that the intrinsic value of a whole is simply the sum of the intrinsic values of its parts. This paper offers a justification for Regan's prescription that rejects this assumption. It argues that the combined intrinsic value of a human being's possible experiences might be greater than those of any number of dogs' because the experiences of dogs do not exhibit sufficient variety for their intrinsic value to be additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]