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For a very thin dielectric MOS capacitor, the influence of the interface layer on MOS capacitance extraction is not negligible. We report a new correction method for a thin dielectric MOS capacitor based on the five-element model, which includes MOS capacitance, parallel resistance, series resistance, interface capacitance, and interface resistance. This method needs to combine double-frequency $C$ – V$ and I$ – V and dielectric loss (tan $\delta )$ are also calculated. These results show the validity and self-consistency of this new correction method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

GaN nanowires (NWs) were grown on Ni- and Au/Ni-coated Si (100) substrate by chemical vapor deposition via reaction of metallic Ga and NH3. It was found that the Au/Ni layer tends to form liquid droplets with more uniform size distribution and regular spherical shape under annealing, which facilitates the growth of straight and long NWs. The effects of NH3/N2 ratio on NW growth are different for Ni and Au/Ni catalysts, due to the competition between the vapor-solid (VS) and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth. The XRD analyses indicate that with decreasing NH3 flow rate, [0001] axial growth becomes dominant with the formation of NiGa4 catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we synthesized Cu-doped ZnO nanowires through a vapor-liquid-solid process. We investigated their composition and photoluminescence properties; and we found the Cu-doped ZnO nanowires have a c-axis preferential growth direction, uniform Cu distribution and a characteristic spectrum. We further investigated their electrical property by fabricating a simple field effect transistor based on an individual C-shaped Cu-doped ZnO nanowire. The electrical studies reveal that the Cu-doped ZnO nanowire has n-type conductivity and ultralow electron mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mg x Zn1− x O thin films were grown on c-sapphire substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), followed by annealing in vacuum at different temperatures for 1h. The UV emission peak was blue shifted in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra and a dramatic shift of (002) diffraction peak to higher angle was observed in X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with increasing anneal temperature. This suggested the band gap and the lattice parameter of Mg x Zn1− x O had been affected by annealing in vacuum. Furthermore, the structure of the film became sparser due to annealing in vacuum. From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ICP of the Mg x Zn1− x O film, we can find that the anneal temperature have an effect on the content of each element in Mg x Zn1− x O quantitatively. In addition, the value of x in Mg x Zn1− x O varied slightly as the annealing temperature increased. The above phenomena indicated that annealing in vacuum could slightly adjust the percentage of Mg indirectly in Mg x Zn1− x O film and offer a good idea in Mg x Zn1− x O devices facture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hierarchical Cu n O nanoflowers were synthesized through the laser ablation of a CuO target in NaOH solutions for room-temperature (27 ℃) H 2 S detection. Notably, the pH value of NaOH solutions influenced both the micro-morphologies and compositions of the Cu n O products, as evidenced by XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM. In high pH solutions, the specific surface area of the Cu n O products increased, their thickness decreased, and the Cu 2 O content diminished, resulting in enhanced sensitivity, selectivity and stability of the Cu n O products' response to H 2 S. Notably, the pH14# sample synthesized using an NaOH solution with a pH value of 14 featured pure CuO nanoflowers comprising slightly curled nanosheets with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. This sensor demonstrated excellent H 2 S sensing performance at room temperature, exhibiting a response value of 1.17 for 10 ppb H 2 S, along with high selectivity and good long-term stability. However, after exposure to H 2 S, the resistance of the sensor did not recover to its baseline in air at room temperature. Thermogravimetry results revealed that a temperature of 300 °C was effective for recovery of the sensor. Consequently, the operation temperature of the pH14# sensor was controlled using a micro-hotplate. In the pulse heating mode, the sensor's response to 100 ppb H 2 S was 1.5, with a response time of 135 s and a recovery time of 137 s. • Cu n O nanoflowers were synthesized by laser ablation of CuO target in NaOH solutions. • The pH value influenced H 2 S sensing performance of the Cu n O products. • CuO nanoflower sensor showed response of 1.17 for 10 ppb H 2 S at RT. • CuO nanoflower sensor achieved fast recovery ability under pulse heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol and acetone sensors have a wide variety of applications across different industries. However, it is necessary to improve the performance of such sensors and to understand the underlying mechanisms. In this study, Pd/PdO-WO 3 nanoblocks are synthesized via hydrothermal growth and calcination. The Pd and PdO contents of the materials are tuned by varying the Pd doping concentration and annealing temperature. The gas sensing performance of the nanoparticles is investigated, which shows that Pd doping increases the sensitivity and reduces the optimum operating temperature. At 200 °C, Pd/PdO-WO 3 nanoblocks with different PdO ratios exhibit good sensitivity to acetone and ethanol. However, because PdO is an active catalyst for ethanol oxidation, the oxygen sensitivity increases as the PdO ratio increases. The prepared sensors exhibit good stability and excellent selectivity against a variety of interferents, and the detection limit of the target gas is 100 ppb. The chemical and electronic sensitization of Pd/PdO lowers the activation barrier and improves the gas sensing response. This study demonstrates that the selectivity of a gas sensor can be regulated by controlling the electronic states of the active species. • Pd doped WO 3 nanoblocks were prepared by hydrothermal method. • The doping amount and annealing temperature affect the final chemical state of Pd. • Showed good selectivity to ethanol and acetone, respectively, with detection limits below 100 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres with two different morphological structures were prepared by template-free solvothermal reaction: nanoparticle assembly and nanosheet assembly. Gas-sensitive materials are comprehensively analyzed through various characterization techniques, covering a wide range of aspects from microstructure, elemental composition, valence analysis to specific surface area. Then, the gas-sensitive properties of ZnFe 2 O 4 gas sensors with two different microstructures for target gases were experimentally tested. The experimental findings demonstrate that the porous microsphere configuration of ZnFe 2 O 4 exhibits superior response capabilities to 100 ppm of isopropanol at 240 °C. This suggests that, the porous microspheres ZnFe 2 O 4 have the potential to be a superior gas-sensitive material to detect isopropanol. • Successful synthesis of ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres without the help of templates. • ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres assembled from uniformly sized nanoparticles (S1). • ZnFe 2 O 4 microspheres are tightly connected by small and thin nanosheets (S2). • The S1 showed higher response to isopropanol compared to the S2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure sensors are widely used in aerospace, mechanics, and medical electronics. Among them, capacitive pressure sensors with diversified electrode materials and dielectric microstructures have been extensively investigated for better performance. However, current prevailing construction strategies for pressure sensors mainly involve expensive metal electrodes and the complicated fabrication process for the microstructured dielectric layer. Here, we propose a flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) and a composite dielectric structure with a quick and straightforward fabrication method. Due to the multiple deformation properties of porous graphene and air chambers, the sensor exhibits a wide working range between 0 Pa to 10.4 kPa, high sensitivity up to 2.52 kPa−1, and a detection limit as low as 1.2 Pa. The simple but precise fabrication approach offers a reliable structure for the sensor, thereby resulting in a rapid response and excellent cycling stability. On the basis of the outstanding comprehensive performance, our pressure sensors display great potential in practical applications such as health monitoring and motion detection. [Display omitted] • A quick and straightforward fabrication method for the flexible pressure sensor is applied with a laser engraving machine. • LIG layers act as both the electrodes as well as parts of the composite dielectric structure. • The composite dielectric structure renders the pressure sensor high sensitivity and an extensive working range. • The simple but precise fabrication approach offers a reliable structure and robust operational performance. • The superior comprehensive performance of the pressure sensor suggests its potential in modern wearable medical monitoring equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the poor selectivity of a semiconductor gas-sensor system, an array of sensors can be utilized. However, this increases the system's size and power consumption. To overcome these limitations, we propose a high-integrated and highly selective electronic nose (E-nose) comprising two independent gas-sensing elements on a low-power microhotplate (MHP). Pd-SnO 2 nanoflowers and Pd-WO 3 microparticles were prepared and printed on a bridge-structured MHP 20 µm apart and over an area of 110 µm × 45 µm. This was achieved using electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing aided by in-situ infrared laser curing to form an array of sensors. A power of 17 mW was required to increase the temperature of the MHP to 300 °C, which is the optimal operating temperature of the two gas sensors. Thus, a high response and low cross-sensitivity were achieved for hydrogen, ammonia, hydrogen–ammonia, ethanol, acetone, ethanol–acetone, toluene, and formaldehyde. A wavelet transform was used to reduce the noise and dimensionality of the signals from the gas-sensor array. Qualitative identification of the eight gases with an accuracy of 99.86% was achieved using the k -nearest neighbor (k NN) model. A p neighbors back propagation neural network (p N-BPNN) model was established to remove interfering samples to quantitatively estimate the gas concentration. The quantitative identification accuracy of p N-BPNN was higher than that of the standard back propagation neural network (BPNN) model with the average absolute percentage error of hydrogen detection in the range of 15–500 ppm, decreasing from 5.44% to 2.08%. • E-nose comprising two independent gas-sensing elements on a low-power microhotplate was achieved. • Prepared Pd-SnO 2 nanoflowers and Pd-WO 3 microparticles achieved low cross-sensitivity to eight different gases. • Proposed p neighbors-backpropagation neural network model has high estimation accuracy. • The qualitative identification and quantitative estimation of the E-nose with high accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti 3 C 2 T x is a new two-dimensional material with attractive characteristics, but the disadvantage of easy oxidation hinders its practical application. In this paper, single/few-layer Ti 3 C 2 T x (ST) and multilayer Ti 3 C 2 T x (MT) are fabricated from severely oxidized Ti 3 C 2 T x by TMAOH intercalation. Simultaneously most TiO 2 nanoparticles are removed. This is a useful path to fabricate Ti 3 C 2 T x with oxygen-rich functional groups by reusing the oxidized Ti 3 C 2 T x. Ag-loaded Ti 3 C 2 T x (AgT) is then successfully synthesized by the self-reduction of AgNO 3 on MT. The morphology, surface functional groups, oxidation degree, and oxidation derived defects are characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and FTIR. The gas sensing test results illustrate that MT and AgT are more sensitive to NH 3 than ST. These sensors perform best in 40% RH N 2 and worst in dry N 2 , significantly related to humidity. In comparison, AgT exhibits the best humidity resistance due to its minor response degradation from 40% RH N 2 to dry N 2. The DFT calculation results reveal that with pre-adsorbed H 2 O, the adsorption capacity of Ti 3 C 2 O 2 and Ag-Ti 3 C 2 O 2 for NH 3 is considerably enhanced. In the absence of H 2 O, the adsorption of NH 3 by Ag-Ti 3 C 2 O 2 is much more effective than that of Ti 3 C 2 O 2 , indicating that Ag-Ti 3 C 2 O 2 's response decays less with humidity changes. The enhanced scattering of carriers by the Ti atom at the adsorption site on the Ti 3 C 2 O 2 surface also contributes to the gas sensing performance. These simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. In addition, the formation of heterojunction between Ag and Ti 3 C 2 T x is beneficial to improving its gas-sensing response to NH 3. • Ti 3 C 2 T x with oxygen-rich functional groups was prepared from oxidized Ti 3 C 2 T x by TMAOH treatment. • Ag decorated multilayer Ti 3 C 2 T x was fabricated by self-reduction of AgNO 3. • The synthesized materials showed sensitive NH 3 responses highly related to humidity. • Improved humidity resistance was obtained by Ag decoration on Ti 3 C 2 T x. • DFT simulation proved the promotion of NH 3 adsorption with H 2 O and Ag decoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High quality GaN nanowires (NWs) were grown on a Si (100) substrate by using Ga and GaCl3 sources, which were placed at two different zones in a quartz tube, respectively. It was found that the GaCl3 source contributes to the growth of long and straight NWs. The effect of GaCl3 source on NWs growth was discussed. Structure and morphology of the NWs were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nanosheet-assembled microspheres of tungsten oxide doped with antimony were synthesized via hydrothermal method. Sb doping changed the valency of W, promoted a partial crystal phase transition from orthorhombic to hexagonal, and modified the surface morphology. Further, WO 3 is an n-type semiconductor and is sensitive to gases above 100 °C. The Sb-WO 3 sensors in this work were p-type semiconductors from 25 °C to 65 °C, and exhibited excellent sensitivity, fast response and good recovery properties to NH 3. At 35 °C, the detection limit of 1 at% Sb-WO 3 for ammonia was 200 ppb, and the sensor shows a good stability and selectivity toward several possible interferent. The substantially improved sensing performance of the Sb-WO 3 sensors at near room temperature could be mainly attributed to the change of the W valency promoted via Sb doping. [Display omitted] • Microspheres composed of Sb doped WO 3 nanosheets were prepared by hydrothermal method. • The Sb-WO 3 sensor in this work was a p-type semiconductor at near RT, and exhibits excellent sensitivity to NH 3. • The improved sensing performance of the Sb-WO 3 at near RT could be attributed to the change of the W valency by Sb doping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper ZnO films are grown on GaAs/Al2O3 substrates at different temperature by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The GaAs/Al2O3 substrates are formed by depositing GaAs layer (∼35nm) on the Al2O3 substrate. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrate that most of the Ga and As atoms form Ga–As bond and the GaAs layer does not present any orientation. The characters of the ZnO films grown on GaAs/Al2O3 substrates are investigated by XRD, photoluminescence (PL), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman scattering. Compared with ZnO film grown on Al2O3 substrate, ZnO film prepared by our fabrication scheme has good crystal and optical quality. Meanwhile its grain size becomes bigger according to the AFM image. Raman analysis indicates that the intrinsic defects and the in-plane tensile stress are obviously reduced in ZnO/GaAs/Al2O3 samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

High-quality MgxZn1-xO thin films were successfully grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The c-axis oriented MgxZn1-xO films were deposited on sapphire at the temperature of 600–630°C. The structural and optical properties of MgxZn1-xO films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the transmittance spectrum. MgO phase separation was not observed with Mg content up to x=0.39. The optical band gaps of MgxZn1-xO alloys (0⩽x⩽0.39) range from 3.3 to 3.95 eV. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Blue and green light emitting CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 perovskite quantum dots glasses (QDGs) have been fabricated in multi-component borate glass matrices by melt quenching method and following heat treatment. Absorption spectra show regular blue shift of first exciton absorption peak from CsPbBr 3 to CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs. Photoluminescence spectra show that CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs have adjustable emission in the wavelengths from 528 to 442 nm. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is 15–17 nm and 21–31 nm for CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs respectively. Emission map and photoluminescence excitation spectra show broad band excitation characteristics of the exciton emission. Photoluminescence decay shows bi-exponential function for both CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs. As the ratio of Cl/Br increases from CsPbBr 3 to CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs, the short and long lifetime components roughly decrease from 9.7 to 4.0 ns and from 87.8 to 55.2 ns respectively, and the average lifetime decreases from 72.2 to 36.5 ns. Photoluminescence quantum yield changes from 82.8% to 5.7%. Temperature dependence of PL spectra in the range of 28–120 °C shows that integrated intensity obviously decreases with increasing temperature, but the emission peak wavelength and FWHM almost do not change. • Absorption spectra show blue-shift for CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs with different Cl/Br ratios. • Photoluminescence spectra show blue shift from 528 to 442 nm for CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs. • Narrow FWHM is 15–17 nm and 21–31 nm for CsPbBr 3 and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDGs respectively. • With increasing Cl/Br ratio, short lifetime component and PLQY decrease with the same rule. • With increasing temperature, integrated intensity decreases, but emission peak and FWHM do not change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hardness and toughness of W-N coating deposited by conventional magnetron sputtering (CMS) usually cannot be improved simultaneously. In this paper, a nitrogen (N) doped approach using high ionized plasma assisted coating (HIPAC) technology was used to challenge the inversion relationship. Reference pure W coatings were also deposited using the same process parameters without nitrogen. The effect of N dopants on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of N-doped W(N) coatings was systematically investigated by electron microscopic methods, indenter tests and ball-on-disc sliding tests. The results indicate that the W(N) coatings have higher hardness, better toughness, more compact surface and finer columnar crystallites compared to pure W coatings. The preferred orientation changes from (110) to (222) with introducing N dopants. No brittle W-N compounds are detected in W(N) coatings. TEM observations reveal that part of the N dopants in W(N) coatings exist as solute atoms in the α-W solid solution, and the others are aggregated as N-clusters. Hence W(N) coatings can get the ceramic hardness (~30 GPa) and retain the metallic toughness. Benefiting from the high hardness, good toughness and reduced friction coefficient (~0.42), the wear rate coefficient of W(N) coatings is one order of magnitude lower than W coatings. Compared to the reported C and B atoms doped W(C/B) coatings produced by CMS, the W(N) coatings deposited by HIPAC in this paper can give a competitive strategy to achieve better mechanical properties. • N doped W(N) coatings were deposited using HIPAC in Ar/N 2 mixed atmosphere. • The preferred orientation changes from (110) to (222) with introducing ~5 at% N. • N doped W(N) coatings exhibit ~30 GPa hardness ~1.8× higher than pure W. • The wear rate of the W(N) coating is one order of magnitude lower than pure W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 3D Hierarchical structured PdO/PdO 2 -SnO 2 :Sb materials were uniformly deposited on microhotplate (MHP) gas sensor array incorporated with Al electrodes via advanced electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing method. • The sensitivity of the SnO 2 :Sb material is regulated by doping different concentrations of PdO/PdO 2 , and identification of benzene, ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde, and ethanol-acetone mixed gas (volume ratio 1:1) is achieved by two-step principal component analysis (PCA). • Simulation calculations on the I–V characteristic of the MHP gas sensors indicate the gas sensing properties are determined not only by gas sensing materials but also by the electrodes. A possible mechanism based on the Poole-Frenkel effect for electrode sensing behavior is proposed. High-performance, low-power microhotplate (MHP) gas sensors loaded with 3D hierarchical structured PdO/PdO 2 -SnO 2 :Sb materials on a pair of Al gas sensing electrodes were fabricated through advanced high-accuracy electrohydrodynamic printing method. The PdO/PdO 2 -SnO 2 :Sb materials with various PdO/PdO 2 concentrations were initially synthesized via a mild and simple hydrothermal reaction. Their micromorphology and chemical composition were characterized by SEM, XRD, TEM, and XPS, which proved the successful synthesis. The gas sensing performance of the sensors to benzene, ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde, and ethanol-acetone mixed gas (volume ratio 1:1) was tested. The sensing property of the materials is regulated with different content of PdO/PdO 2. The identification of the VOCs is realized by two-step principal component analysis (PCA). Simulation calculations on the I–V characteristic of the MHP gas sensors reveal that carriers have to get through Al 2 O 3 barriers by Poole-Frenkel emission, which significantly affects the carrier conduction as well as the gas sensing properties. The gas sensing mechanism is analyzed from the aspects of gas sensing material and electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure SnO 2 and 1 at.% PdO-SnO 2 materials were prepared using a simple hydrothermal method. The micromorphology and element valence state of the material were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS methods. The SEM results showed that the prepared material had a two-dimensional nanosheet morphology, and the formation of PdO and SnO 2 heterostructures was validated through TEM. Due to the influence of the heterojunction, in the XPS test, the energy spectrum peaks of Sn and O in PdO-SnO 2 were shifted by 0.2 eV compared with SnO 2 . The PdO-SnO 2 sensor showed improved ethanol sensing performance compared to the pure SnO 2 sensor, since it benefited from the large specific surface area of the nanosheet structure, the modulation effect of the PdO-SnO 2 heterojunction on resistance, and the catalyst effect of PdO on the adsorption of oxygen. A DFT calculation study of the ethanol adsorption characteristics of the PdO-SnO 2 surface was conducted to provide a detailed explanation of the gas-sensing mechanism. PdO was found to improve the reducibility of ethanol, enhance the adsorption of ethanol's methyl group, and increase the number of adsorption sites. A synergistic effect based on the continuous adsorption sites was also deduced.

Methoxy propanol has been widely used in modern industry and consumer products. Inhalation or skin exposure to methoxy propanol for a long period would bring about safety challenges on human habitat and health. Ag decorated SnO 2 mesoporous material has been synthesized and shown to exhibit high sensitivity and good selectivity to methoxy propanol among other interferential VOC gases. Density Functional Theory study were conducted to yield insight into the surface-adsorbate interactions and therefore the gas sensing improvement mechanism by presenting accurate energetic and electronic properties for the Ag/SnO 2 system. Firstly, an electron transfer model on Ag and SnO 2 grain interface was put forward to illustrate the methoxy propanol gas sensing mechanism. Then, a three-layer adsorption model (TLAM) was proposed to investigate methoxy propanol gas sensing properties on a SnO 2 (110) surface. In the TLAM method, taking SnO 2 (110) surface for the basis, layer 1 illustrates the decoration of metal Ag on SnO 2 (110) surface. Layer 2 represents the adsorption of molecular oxygen on metal Ag decorated SnO 2 (110) surface. Layer 3 indicates the adsorption of methoxy propanol, and for comparison, three other VOC gases (namely, ethanol, isopropanol and p -xylene) on Ag decorated SnO 2 (110) surface with oxygen species pre-adsorbed consecutively. All the adsorption processes were calculated by means of Density Functional Theory method; the adsorption energy, net charge transfer, DOS, PDOS and also experimental data were utilized to investigate the methoxy propanol gas sensing mechanism on Ag decorated SnO 2 (110) surface with oxygen species pre-adsorbed., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Background: This study was designed to explore the characteristics of inflammatory infiltration and tissue remodeling in the adjacent unaffected sinus mucosa of the polyp tissue (ANP)., Methods: Nasal polyps (NP) and ANP were obtained from 24 CRSwNP patients who received endoscopic sinus surgery. The frequency and distribution of Eosinophils, T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells), B lymphocytes, native macrophages, regulatory T cells and the total of inflammatory cells were detected by immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin-eosin stain. The thickness of the basal membrane was evaluated., Results: Multivariate analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and F-tests were conducted for each independent variable between two groups. With test criterion alpha = 0.05, significant differences were observed between NP and ANP groups in terms of CD3 (F-Value = 10.47, P -value = 0.0120), CD4 (F-Value = 9.03, P -value = 0.0169), CD8 (F-Value = 17.03, P -value = 0.0033) and regulatory T cells (F-Value = 60.42, P -value <0.0001). Wilks' Lambda test (F-Value = 25.74, P -value = 0.1513) was conducted and no significant difference was observed between the NP group and the ANP group. The percentage of regulatory T cells in ANP was significantly higher than that in NP (3.7110±0.2395 vs 14.6300±1.8360)., Conclusion: ANP and NP may be one disease entity. Treg cells have impacts on the morphology of the tissues and might be a key factor in the further development of ANP., Competing Interests: None., (IJCEP Copyright © 2018.)

CuCo co-doped ZnO nanorods have been synthesized via a soft chemistry route without using any surfactant, seed and catalyst. Structural analyses reveal that the samples of nominal compositions Cu0.01Co0.02Zn0.97O and Cu0.02Co0.01Zn0.97O have single hexagonal wurtzite structure without forming any extra secondary phase. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements show that the Cu co-doping in Co doped ZnO nanorods strongly influences the optical band structure and gives significant red shifts in the PL spectra. Furthermore, magnetic measurements of CuCo co-doped ZnO nanorods exhibit obvious room temperature ferromagnetism at low concentrations of Cu (< 1%) co-doping, while at higher concentrations of Cu co-doping, magnetization drops off sharply. An experimental relationship has been found to explain the redshift of E(g) edge in PL and the origin of observed ferromagnetism as function of Cu co-dopant concentration due to the spin exchange interactions between the sp band and localized spins of d electrons of dopants, which is useful for future semiconductor based spintronic devices.