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The quantitative prediction of hydrological components through hydrological models could serve as a basis for developing better land and water management policies. This study provides a comprehensive step by step modelling approach for a small agricultural watershed using the SWAT model. The watershed is situated in Petzenkirchen in the western part of Lower Austria and has total area of 66 hectares. At present, 87% of the catchment area is arable land, 5% is used as pasture, 6% is forested and 2% is paved. The calibration approach involves a sequential calibration of the model starting from surface runoff, and groundwater flow, followed by crop yields and then soil moisture, and finally total streamflow and sediment yields. Calibration and validation are carried out using the r-package SWATplusR. The impact of each calibration step on sediment yields and total streamflow is evaluated. The results of this approach are compared with those of the conventional model calibration approach, where all the parameters governing various hydrological processes are calibrated simultaneously. Results showed that the model was capable of successfully predicting surface runoff, groundwater flow, soil profile water content, total streamflow and sediment yields with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of greater than 0.75. Crop yields were also well simulated with a percent bias (PBIAS) ranging from −17% to 14%. Surface runoff calibration had the highest impact on streamflow output, improving NSE from 0.39 to 0.77. The step-wise calibration approach performed better for streamflow prediction than the simultaneous calibration approach. The results of this study show that the step-wise calibration approach is more accurate, and provides a better representation of different hydrological components and processes than the simultaneous calibration approach.

To gain a better understanding of the global application of soil erosion prediction models, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature on soil-erosion modelling published between 1994 and 2017. We aimed to identify (i) the processes and models most frequently addressed in the literature, (ii) the regions within which models are primarily applied, (iii) the regions which remain unaddressed and why, and (iv) how frequently studies are conducted to validate/evaluate model outcomes relative to measured data. To perform this task, we combined the collective knowledge of 67 soil-erosion scientists from 25 countries. The resulting database, named ‘Global Applications of Soil Erosion Modelling Tracker (GASEMT)’, includes 3030 individual modelling records from 126 countries, encompassing all continents (except Antarctica). Out of the 8471 articles identified as potentially relevant, we reviewed 1697 appropriate articles and systematically evaluated and transferred 42 relevant attributes into the database. This GASEMT database provides comprehensive insights into the state-of-the-art of soil- erosion models and model applications worldwide. This database intends to support the upcoming country-based United Nations global soil-erosion assessment in addition to helping to inform soil erosion research priorities by building a foundation for future targeted, in-depth analyses. GASEMT is an open-source database available to the entire user-community to develop research, rectify errors, and make future expansions.

Soil erosion can present a major threat to agriculture due to loss of soil, nutrients, and organic carbon. Therefore, soil erosion modelling is one of the steps used to plan suitable soil protection measures and detect erosion hotspots. A bibliometric analysis of this topic can reveal research patterns and soil erosion modelling characteristics that can help identify steps needed to enhance the research conducted in this field. Therefore, a detailed bibliometric analysis, including investigation of collaboration networks and citation patterns, should be conducted. The updated version of the Global Applications of Soil Erosion Modelling Tracker (GASEMT) database contains information about citation characteristics and publication type. Here, we investigated the impact of the number of authors, the publication type and the selected journal on the number of citations. Generalized boosted regression tree (BRT) modelling was used to evaluate the most relevant variables related to soil erosion modelling. Additionally, bibliometric networks were analysed and visualized. This study revealed that the selection of the soil erosion model has the largest impact on the number of publication citations, followed by the modelling scale and the publication's CiteScore. Some of the other GASEMT database attributes such as model calibration and validation have negligible influence on the number of citations according to the BRT model. Although it is true that studies that conduct calibration, on average, received around 30% more citations, than studies where calibration was not performed. Moreover, the bibliographic coupling and citation networks show a clear continental pattern, although the co-authorship network does not show the same characteristics. Therefore, soil erosion modellers should conduct even more comprehensive review of past studies and focus not just on the research conducted in the same country or continent. Moreover, when evaluating soil erosion models, an additional

Gully erosion is a soil degradation process widely present across the world. Permanent gullyerosion has usually soil erosion rates one order of magnitude higher than hillslope water erosionin conventional agriculture, e.g. 2.1 vs 0.6 mm year-1 (Castillo and Gómez, 2016). It remains a majorprocess of soil degradation worldwide. This work attempts to investigate recent trends of published research on gully erosion in relationto gully erosion control since 2000. A review in Web of Science (core collection, 2000-19 by title)reported 401 documents, produced mainly in the European Union (52.1%), China (22.7%), USA(16.0%) and Australia (8.7%). Approximately 17% of all these articles covered restoration or controlof gully erosion as their main topic. When screened most of these 68 articles deal with specificsituations and techniques with a limited number devoted to a comparative review of effectivenessof different techniques, one of the few exceptions was Liu et al. (2019a). To provide perspective,there were a similar proportion of articles devoted to the study of gully erosion processes, a and amuch larger number of articles devoted to the description of gully development and erosion ratesin specific situations. It is apparent that the subject of gully erosion control is not a dominant onein the scientific indexed literature. This review was complemented with an analysis in WOCAT(WOCAT, 2019), a comprehensive international databases of soil conservation technologies. Itshowed with 27 entries of gully erosion restoration techniques over a total of 1098 descriptions(2.5% approximately). This might be explained, partially, because most of the information on gullyerosion control appears in documents outside scientific, or technical, international databases,many times in local languages. Overall, two of the major barriers frequently noted bystakeholders, particularly farmers, for effective gully erosion control, their high costs and thecomplexity of controlling expansion of ver

Xinxin Chen,1 Huan Tong,2 Yu Chen,3 Chaosheng Chen,1 Jingjing Ye,2 Qingfei Mo,2 Guangju Zhao,2 Guangliang Hong,2 Chenfei Zheng,1 Zhongqiu Lu2 1Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; 2Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; 3Department of Nephrology, Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated with Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China Background: The role of Klotho (KL) in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and the potential relationship between KL and autophagy in septic AKI were investigated. Materials and methods: A murine model of sepsis-induced AKI was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice undergoing CLP and immortalized proximal tubular epithelial human HK-2 cells that were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were treated with recombinant KL, autophagy stimulator rapamycin (Rap), and autophagy suppressor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Results: Autophagy activation and KL reduction reached maximum levels in mice 24 hours after CLP. Recombinant KL and/or Rap significantly attenuated CLP-induced renal dysfunction (P<0.05) and partially restored endogenous renal KL expression (P<0.05). Recombinant KL had no impact on CLP-induced autophagy and apoptosis, whereas Rap significantly stimulated autophagy and reduced apoptosis in mice. 3-MA significantly exacerbated renal dysfunction, increased apoptosis, and inhibited autophagy in mice with CLP-induced AKI (all P<0.05). In LPS-treated HK-2 cells, Rap significantly enhanced autophagy and reduced apoptosis (all P<0.05), whereas recombinant KL had no impact, and 3-MA inhibited autophagy and significantly increased apoptosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Recombinant KL alleviates renal dysfunction and restores renal KL expression in mice with sepsis-induced AKI, but the underlying mechanism may not be