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A model was developed to predict spatial glass transitiontemperature(Tg) distributions in glassy maltodextrinparticles during transient moisture sorption. The simulation employeda numerical mass transfer model with a concentration dependent apparentdiffusion coefficient (Dapp) measuredusing Dynamic Vapor Sorption. The mass average moisture content increaseand the associated decrease in Tgweresuccessfully modeled over time. Large spatial Tgvariations were predicted in the particle, resulting in atemporary broadening of the Tgregion.Temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry confirmedthat the variation in Tgin nonequilibratedsamples was larger than in equilibrated samples. This experimentalbroadening was characterized by an almost doubling of the Tgbreadth compared to the start of the experiment.Upon reaching equilibrium, both the experimental and predicted Tgbreadth contracted back to their initial value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] It can be included that e-beam evaporation can preserve compositional congruency. [•] It is observed that Te concentration decreases with increasing of Ge concentration. [•] High-pressure polymorphism occurs due to the ferroelectric phase structure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of acute and chronic intake of different doses of vitamin D3 on seizure responses and cognitive impairment induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in immature male rats., Materials and Methods: Sixty-six immature male NMRI rats were divided into control (10), epileptic (10), and treatment groups (46). The stage 5 latency (S5L) and stage 5 duration (S5D) were assessed along with the shuttle box test. Levels of antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory factors along with genes involved in inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and mTORc1 were measured in the hippocampus tissue of the brain of controlled and treated rats. Serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus were also assessed., Results: The results showed that the ability to learn, memory consolidation, and memory retention in epileptic rats were reduced. In addition, S5D increased and S5L decreased in epileptic rats, while being effectively ameliorated by chronic and acute vitamin D intake. The results showed that vitamin D in different doses acutely and chronically decreased the levels of oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers in hippocampus tissue and inhibited the expression of genes involved in inflammation, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and mTORc1 in the hippocampus tissue of epileptic rats., Conclusion: The results showed that vitamin D in different doses acutely and chronically could improve cognitive impairments and convulsive responses in epileptic rats by improving neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative damage., Competing Interests: The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.

We previously reported a series of potent and selective pyrimidinyl pyrroloquinolone PDE5 inhibitors such as 2a for potential use in male erectile dysfunction (MED) (Sui, Z.; Guan, J.; Macielag, M. J.; Jiang, W.; Zhang, S.; Qiu, Y.; Kraft, P., Bhattacharjee, S.; John, T. M.; Craig, E.; Haynes-Johnson, D.; Clancy, J. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 4094-4096). Unfortunately, the low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability rendered them undesirable development candidates. To address this issue, we designed a series of analogues using two approaches: increasing the overall basicity and reducing molecular weight of the lead. Through earlier SAR studies, we discovered that the PDE5 potency of the pyrroloquinolones is insensitive to substitution on the pyrrole nitrogen. Basic functional groups such as pyridines and benzimidazoles were appended via the aromatic ring connected to the pyrrole nitrogen. Several truncated analogues were also designed and synthesized to improve oral absorption. These modifications allowed us to identify analogues with good oral bioavailability in rats, dogs, and monkeys while the high potency against PDE5 and desirable selectivity versus other PDE isozymes were maintained. Compounds R-11e and R-11l were selected as development candidates for MED and other indications.

Objective: To explore the cause of difficult decannulation in tracheotomic children and increase the rate of successful decannulation., Method: Clinical data of 69 cases of difficult decannulation in tracheotomic children were analyzed retrospectively., Result: 42(60.9%) cases were not cured for their primary diseases were not cured in a short time, 14 (20.3%) cases were in improper procedure. The location of tracheotomy was too high in 4 (5.8%) cases and tracheal stricture in 4(5.8%). In 5(7.2%) cases discharge blocked in airway. After treatment decannulation was finished in 49 cases, among them, 15 cases remain tracheo-skin fistula. The other 18 cases failed to decannulation, and 2 cases died of tubal accident., Conclusion: The main reason of difficult decannulation in tracheotomic children is the primary disease which were not fully recovered. The second reason is improper procedure of decannulation. Difficulty in decannulation has nothing to do with the age of children.