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This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Morinda officinalis iridoid glycosides(MOIG) on paw edema and bone loss of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) rats, and analyze its potential mechanism based on ultra-high performance liguid chromatography-guadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) serum metabolomics. RA rats were established by injecting bovin type Ⅱ collagen. The collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) rats were administered drug by gavage for 8 weeks, the arthritic score were used to evaluate the severity of paw edem, serum bone metabolism biochemical parameters were measured by ELISA kits, Masson staining was used to observe the bone microstructure of the femur in CIA rats. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the alteration of serum metabolite of CIA rats, principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were used to screen the potential biomarkers, KEGG database analysis were used to construct related metabolic pathways. The results demonstrated that the arthritic score, serum levels of IL-6 and parameters related with bone metabolism including OCN, CTX-Ⅰ, DPD and TRAP were significantly increased, and the ratio of OPG and RANKL was significantly decreased, the microstructure of bone tissue and cartilage were destructed in CIA rats, while MOIG treatments could significantly reduce arthritis score, mitigate the paw edema, reverse the changes of serum biochemical indicators related with bone metabolism, and improve the microstructure of bone tissue and cartilage of CIA rats. The non-targeted metabolomics results showed that 24 altered metabolites were identified in serum of CIA rats; compared with normal group, 13 significantly altered metabolites related to RA were identified in serum of CIA rats, mainly involving alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; compared with CIA model group, MOIG treatment reversed the alteration of 15 differential metabolites, mainly involving into alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis. Therefore, MOIG significantly alleviated paw edema, improved the destruction of microstructure of bone and cartilage in CIA rats maybe through involving into the regulation of amino acid metabolism.

Excessive and persistent inflammatory responses are a potential pathological condition that can lead to diseases of various systems, including nervous, respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and endocrine systems. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor(CB2R) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family and is widely distributed in immune cells, peripheral tissues, and the central nervous system. It plays a role in inflammatory responses under various pathological conditions. The down-regulation of CB2R activity is an important marker of inflammation and and CB2R modulators have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. This study explored the relationship between CB2R and inflammatory responses, delved into its regulatory mechanisms in inflammatory diseases, and summarized the research progress on CB2R modulators from plants other than cannabis, including plant extracts and monomeric compounds, in exerting anti-inflammatory effects. The aim is to provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.

The present study aimed to provide the protection strategies for wild germplasm resources of original plants of Viticis Fructus and a theoretical basis for the sustainable use of Viticis Fructus. The genetic diversity and genetic structures of the 232 indivi-duals in 19 populations of Vitex rotundifolia and V. trifolia were analyzed by eight SSR markers with tools such as Popgene32, GenAlex 6.502, and STRUCTURE. Bottleneck effect was detected for the population with more than 10 individuals. The results indicated that 42 and 26 alleles were detected from the populations of V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia, respectively, with average expected heterozygo-sities of 0.448 6 and 0.583 9, which are indicative of low genetic diversity. AMOVA revealed the obvious genetic variation of V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia within population(84.43%, P<0.01; 60.37%, P<0.01). Furthermore, in eight SSR loci, six from V. rotundifolia populations and two from V. trifolia populations failed to meet Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations(P<0.05), which confirmed that the populations experienced bottleneck effect. As assessed by Mantel test, geographical distance posed slight impacts on the genetic variation between the populations of V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia. Principal component analysis(PCA) and STRUCTURE analysis demonstrated evident introgression of genes among various populations. The original plants of Viticis Fructus were confirmed low in genetic diversity and genetic differentiation level. Therefore, the protection of wild resources of original plants of Viticis Fructus should be strengthened to ensure its sustainable use.

Cannabinoid receptor type 2( CB2 R),a member of the G protein-coupled receptor( GPCR) superfamily,has a variety of biological activities,such as regulating pain response,resisting inflammation and fibrosis,and mediating bone metabolism. Some CB2 R regulators exhibit a good regulatory effect on bone metabolism. Cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa can cause psychoactive effects despite various pharmacological actions they exerted by targeting CB2 R. Therefore,it is of great significance to discover CB2 R regulators in non-Cannabis plants for finding new lead compounds without psychoactive effects and elucidating the action mechanism of plant drugs. The present study clarifies the discovery,structure,and physiological functions of CB2 R,especially its regulatory effects on bone metabolism,summarized CB2 R regulators extracted from non-Cannabis plants,and systematically analyzes the regulatory effects of CB2 R regulators on bone metabolism in animals,osteoblasts,and osteoclasts,to provide a scientific basis for the discovery of new CB2 R regulators and the development of anti-osteoporotic drugs.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between average interval time of chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with acute leukemia (AL) during intensive treatment., Methods: Data of 92 newly treated adult AL patients who received chemotherapy in The First Hospital of Lanzhou University from January 2010 to June 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into groups according to the average interval time of chemotherapy during intensive treatment, and its influence on prognosis was analyzed., Results: The median interval of chemotherapy during intensive therapy was 38 (20-64) days. According to the average interval of chemotherapy, patients were divided into 4 groups, including < 30 days group, 30-39 days group, 40-49 days group and ≥ 50 days group. The 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of the four groups was (84.9±8.0)%, (73.5±8.7)%, (56.5±11.1)% and (41.8±13.6)%, respectively (P=0.008). The 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate of the four groups was (63.6±11.1)%, (52.8±10.2)%, (38.2±10.8)% and (14.0±9.0)%, respectively (P=0.001). After comparison between the 4 groups, it was found that OS and PFS in ≥ 50 days group were significantly shorter than those in < 30 days group (P<0.008). Multivariate analysis showed that risk stratification and average chemotherapy interval ≥ 50 days were the common adverse factors affecting OS and PFS., Conclusion: The average chemotherapy interval ≥ 50 days during intensive therapy is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis and survival of patients with AL. When the bone marrow is completely relieved and the peripheral hemogram recovers to an acceptable level, the consolidation therapy should be started as soon as possible. The interval < 30 days can significantly improve the prognosis compared with the interval ≥ 50 days.

Methotrexate(MTX) is a commonly used antimetabolite, which can be used in the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, hepatotoxicity in the use of MTX severely limits its clinical use. Therefore, how to prevent and treat hepatotoxicity of MTX has become an urgent clinical problem. This paper summarizes and analyzes relevant literatures on the prevention and treatment of hepa-totoxicity caused by MTX with traditional Chinese medicines and natural medicines in recent years. MTX-induced hepatotoxicity mechanisms include folate pathway, oxidative stress damage and adenosine pathway, of which oxidative stress theory is the main research direction. A total of 14 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine extracts including white peony root, and 21 kinds of natural monomer compounds, including berberine, play an anti-MTX-induced hepatotoxic effect by resisting oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation and regulating signal pathways. According to current studies on the prevention and treatment of hepatotoxicity induced by MTX with traditional Chinese medicines and natural medicines, there are insufficiencies, such as partial and superficial mechanism studies, inadequate combination of experimental research and clinical practice, non-standard experimental design and lack of application of advanced technologies and methods. This paper systematically reviewed the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicines and natural medicines against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX and defined current studies and deficiencies, in the expectation of proposing new study strategies and directions and providing scientific basis for rational clinical use of MTX and development of new drugs against MTX hepatotoxicity.

Hops, the female inflorescences of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus), are widely used in the brewing industry to add bitterness and aroma to beer. Combining with the relevant literature, the chemical composition(resinae, volatile oil, polyphenol and polysaccharide) in hops and their pharmacological effects are reviewed in this paper so as to present some sights for further application research and development., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated analog of cantharidin, possesses antimetastatic effects on HCC cells. The aim of this study was to identify target proteins of NCTD. In this study, we confirmed the antimetastatic effects of NCTD on SMMC-7721 and MHCC-97H cells. Through RNA sequencing, we found a non-canonical poly (A) polymerase, Family-with-sequence-similarity-46C (FAM46C) was up-regulated in response to NCTD exposure. Gene set enrichment analysis on The Cancer Genome Atlas liver HCC (LIHC) dataset revealed that metastasis down pathway was strongly associated with FAM46C expression. Overexpression of FAM46C in HCC cells suppressed cell migration and invasion via suppressing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Additionally, the antimetastatic effects of NCTD on HCC cells were partially rescued by FAM46C knockdown. Collectively, our results suggested that FAM46C, up-regulated by NCTD treatment, played a critical role in promoting the migration and invasion of HCC cells via TGF-β/Smad signaling. We identified a new therapeutic target of NCTD.

Phytoestrogens, which can bind with estrogen receptor and produce estrogen-like effects, are a kind of nonsteroidal compound in plant. Phytoestrogens chemically include isoflavones, coumarins, lignans and other compounds. Phytoestrogens are selective estrogen receptor modulator, and have therapeutical effects on breast cancer, prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease, menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis and other disease, however, do not produce stimulatory hyperplasia effects on uterus, mammary glands and other tissues and organs with positive estrogen receptor. Long-term exposure or excessive use of phytoestrogens maybe affects male reproductive system and hematopoietic function of fetus. Some questions need to be further studied, such as evaluation criteria on biological activity, adverse effects, and action mechanism of phytoestrogen. This review covers plant sources, chemical structure, pharmacological activity and safety of phytoestrogens. It will provide a useful reference for intensive research and rational utilization the phytoestrogens.

Objective: To evaluate the antiosteoporotic effects of benzyl benzoate glucosides from Curculigo orchioides (COBG) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats., Methods: A total of 70 female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham-operated and OVX model groups. The OVX rats were further divided into six subgroups treated by gavage with vehicle, 1 mg/kg of nylestriol, 6, 18 and 54 mg/kg of COBG and 3.0 g/kg of ethanol extract of Curculigo orchioides respectively for 12 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The sections of tibia were prepared for histomorphometric analysis. The biomarkers in serum and urine were determined using reagent kits., Results: Ovariectomy induced the bone loss and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with the activities of increased serum alkaline phosphatase and loss of calcium through the excretion in urine, and decreased levels of antioxidant in serum (P<0.05, P<0.01). Administration of 6, 18 and 54 mg/kg of COBG significantly increased the BMD, improved the microarchitecture of bone tissue, prevented the depletion of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, inhibited the increase of malondialdehyde in serum and reduced the excretion of urine calcium in OVX rats (P<0.05, P<0.01)., Conclusion: COBG could prevent the bone loss through improving the antioxidant status, which offers a potential new therapeutic drug for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (Cang-Er-Zi) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is used in curing nasal diseases and headache according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, clinical utilization of Xanthium strumarium is relatively limited because of its toxicity. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the toxic effects on acute liver injury in mice of the two kaurene glycosides (atractyloside and carbxyatractyloside), which are main toxic constituents isolated from Fructus Xanthii on acute liver injury in mice. Histopathological examinations revealed that there were not obviously visible injury in lungs, heart, spleen, and the central nervous system in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of atractyloside (ATR, at the doses 50,125 and 200 mg/kg) and carbxyatractyloside (CATR, at the doses 50,100 and 150 mg/kg) for 5 days. However, it revealed extensive liver injuries compared with the normal group. In the determination of enzyme levels in serum, intraperitoneal injection of ATR and CATR resulted in significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities compared to controls. In the hepatic oxidative stress level, antioxidant-related enzyme activity assays showed that ATR and CATR administration significantly increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as well as decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) concentration, and this was in good agreement with the results of serum aminotransferase activity and histopathological examinations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that kaurene glycosides induce hepatotoxicity in mice by way of its induction of oxidative stress as lipid peroxidation in liver, which merited further studies. Therefore, these toxic constituents explain, at least in part, the hepatotoxicity of X. strumarium L. in traditional medicine.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of anesthesia between Isoflurane-based intravenous and inhalant combined approach and low-dose-ketamine-based total intravenous approach for valvuloplasty in minipigs., Methods: Twenty four minipigs were given 3-5 mg/kg ketamine intramuscularly and 15-20 mg/kg pentobarbital intravenously for anesthetic induction and intubation. They were then randomly divided into two groups, each with 12 minipigs. In group I (isoflurane), the minipigs received isoflurane 1.0-2.0 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), fentanyl 20-25 microg/(kg x h), midazolam 0.1-0.2 mg/(kg x h) and pipecuronium 0.10-0.15 mg/(kg x h) for maintenance. In group K (ketamine), the minipigs were given ketamine 3-5 mg/(kg x h), pentobarbital 8-10 mg/(kg x h) and pipecuronium 0. 10-0.15 mg/(kg x h) intravenously. The general peri-operation characteristics were recorded. Hemodynamics, blood gas and respirations were monitored. Anesthetic complications were observed., Results: Two minipigs died from causes other than anesthesia. The minipigs in group I had lower mean aortic pressure (MAP) than those in group K during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but without a statistical significance. The minipigs in group I had significantly lower levels of lactic acid than those in group K after CPB cessation (P < 0.05). The times on analepsia were (21.6 +/- 4.1) min and (67.8 +/- 8.5) min for group I and group K, respectively. The times on ventilator were (281.3 +/- 34.7) min and (330.4 +/- 27.0) min for group I and group K, respectively. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). One minipig in group K was intubated for espiratory depression after surgery., Conclusion: The isoflurane-based intravenous and inhalant combined anesthesia was preferable for valvular reparation in minipigs. However, low-dose-ketamine-based total intravenous anesthesia is also a good choice in the circumstance of limited resources.

Objective: To observe the effects of berberine on osteoclastic differentiation and bone resorption action in vitro, and to investigate the cellular mechanism of its inhibitory effects on bone resorption., Methods: The multinucleated osteoclasts (MNCs) were derived by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dexamethasone from bone marrow cells in the coculture system with primary osteoblastic cells. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and image analysis of bone resorption pit on dental slices were used to identify osteoclast. The activity of TRAP was measured by p-nitrophenyl sodium phosphate assay. The bone resorption pit area on the bone slices formed by osteoclasts was measured by computer image processing., Results: At the concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 micromol/L, berberine dose-dependently suppressed the formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells, the TRAP activity and the osteoclastic bone resorption. The strongest inhibitory effect was exhibited at the concentration of 10 micromol/L, with the inhibiting rate of 60.45%, 42.12% and 72.69% respectively., Conclusion: Berberine can decrease bone loss through inhibition of osteoclast formation, differentiation and bone resorption.

The n-butanol fraction of the MeOH extract from Paederia scandens was evaluated for antinociceptive activity in mice using chemical and thermal models of nociception. The n-butanol fraction, given orally at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg produced significant inhibition of chemical nociception induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid and subplantar formalin or capsaicin injections, and of thermal nociception in the tail-flick test and in the hot plate test. More significant inhibition of nociception was observed at a dose of 600 mg/kg. In the pentobarbital sodium-induced sleeping time test and the open-field test, the n-butanol fraction neither significantly enhanced pentobarbital sodium-induced sleeping time nor impaired motor performance, indicating that the observed anti-nociception was unlikely to be due to sedation or motor abnormality. Moreover, the n-butanol fraction-induced anti-nociception in both the capsaicin and formalin tests was insensitive to naloxone or glibenclamide but was significantly antagonized by nimodipine. These results suggest that the n-butanol fraction produced anti-nociception possibly related to nimodipine-sensitive L-type Ca2+ channels, which merits further studies regarding the precise site and mechanism of action. Furthermore, four iridoid glycosides isolated from the n-butanol fraction might be related to its antinociceptive action fraction. Therefore, the effect on analgesic activity of each chemical compound in large quantity might well be considered in a further study.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Liriope platyphylla total saponin (LPTS) on learning, memory, neuromediators and metabolites in aging mice induced by D-galactose., Methods: Ninety Kunming mice were randomly divided into nine groups: normal saline (NS)-treated group, untreated group, high- (100 mg/kg), medium- (50 mg/kg) and low-dose (10 mg/kg) LPTS-treated groups, Shuxuening-treated group, jiaogulanosidi-treated group, flunarizine-treated group and vitamin E-treated group. The Kunming mice in the NS-treated group were administered with NS by intraperitoneal injection, while the aging mice in the other eight groups were administered with D-galactose by intraperitoneal injection. At the same time, the aging mice in different groups were fed with corresponding drugs for 42 days, and the aging items of the mice in different groups were measured, respectively., Results: LPTS could improve the memory of aging mice induced by D-galactose, promote its body weight, and increase the thymus and spleen indexes of the aging mice. LPTS could decrease the levels of MDA and lipofuscin, inhibit MAO activity and increase SOD activity and GSH-Px level., Conclusion: LPTS may improve the ability of learning and memory and delay aging.

Seven chemical constituents were isolated from the CHCl3 fraction and n-BuOH fraction from EtOH ext. of Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang. Their structures were elucidated as lupenone (I), lupeol (II), ursolic acid (III), beta-sitosterol (IV), diosgenin (V), LP-A (VI) and LP-B (VII) respectively. Compound I, II and V were isolated from this genus of Liriope for the first time. Compound III and IV were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Background & Objectives: The fruits of Vitex rotundifolia L. are used as a traditional medicine in China. Dried fruits of V. rotundifolia (rich in essential oils) have been known to show strong estrogenic activity. Therefore, we investigated volatile components in the essential oil isolated from the fruits of V. rotundifolia and its estrogen-like biological activity in human breast adenocarcinoma cells., Methods: Essential oil was extracted by SFE (supercritical fluid extraction) and its chemical composition was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The estrogenic activity of essential oil was evaluated in the MCF-7 cells by proliferation assay., Results: The chemical composition of 40 compounds was determined and this represented 84.1 per cent of the total oil which was characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (54.84% of total oil). The oil contained mainly linoleic acid (47.46%), palmitic acid (5.18%), untriacontane (2.28%), bicetyl (2.61%) and stearic acid (2.2%). The essential oil strongly stimulated the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, and this effect was significantly inhibited by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780., Interpretation & Conclusion: Our results showed estrogen-like biological activity of the essential oil of the fruits from V. rotundifolia, and in future has a potential medical application.

Objective: To investigate the prevention effect of aqueous extract of Epimedii sagittatum (ESE) on ovariectomy-induced (OVX) bone loss in rats., Methods: Rats were divided into sham-operated and OVX groups. The OVX rats were divided into four groups treated with distilled water, 17beta-estradiol (1 mg/kg, ig) and ESE (0.5 and 1 g/kg, ig) for 11 weeks. Serum calcium, phosphorus, estradiol, bone gla protein concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase activity were measured. Bone density was assayed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The undecalcified longitudinal proximal tibial metaphysical sections were cut and stained for the bone histomorphometric analysis., Results: In OVX rats, alkaline phosphatase activity in serum was markedly increased by ESE treatment, which had no obvious influence on the body weight. Meanwhile, atrophy of uterus and descent of bone mineral density were suppressed by ESE treatment. In addition, ESE completely corrected the decreased concentrations of calcium and E2 in serum observed in OVX rats. Histological results also showed ESE prevented the increases in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in OVX rats whereas it did not alter trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N) in OVX rats. Moreover, ESE had remarkable effect on bone formation rate with bone volume as referent (BFR/BV) and bone formation rate with bone surface as referent (BFR/BS)., Conclusion: The findings assessed on the basis of biochemical test, bone mineral density and histomorphometric parameters show that aqueous extract of Epimedii sagittatum has a definite antiosteoporotic effect and can prevent the OVX-induced bone loss in rats.

Objective: To investigate the antioxidative effects of Fructus Broussonetia Haematochrome., Methods: NADH-PMS-NBT system was used to produce supetoxide free radical (O2-*), Fe(2+) -H2O2 system to generate hydroxyl free radical (*OH), H2O2 to stimulate oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes of mice. MDA production in liver homogenate induced by auto-oxidation was measured by MDA kits method., Results: FBH not only scavenged O2-* and *OH produced by the experimental systems directly, but also inhibited H2O2 stimulated oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes of mice, depressed MDA production in mice liver homogenate by auto-oxidation and hepatic mitochondria expanded induced by Vit C-Fe2+ system., Conclusion: FBH possess an antioxidative activity.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Fructus Xanthii and to determine the contents of total phenolic acids (TPA) in fruits of Xanthium from different populations for evaluating the quality of them., Methods: Components in Fructus Xanthii were isolated and purified by various column chromatographies and the contents of TPA were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry with chlorogenic acid (CHA) as reference substance., Results: Six caffeoylquinic acids along with caffeic acid and ferulic acid were isolated from Fructus Xanthii. The contents of TPA of the samples collected from 29 populations in China varied from 0.31% to 1.44%. Among the samples originated from two species and 1 variety of Xanthium, the contents of TPA in X. sibiricum var. subinerme samples with an average of 0.36% were relatively lower than those in other 2 species. While the content of TPA in Sample 3 collected from Shanghai was 1.44% and the highest among all the samples, and that in Sample 12 from Xinjian of Jiangxi Province was 0.38% and the lowest among the X. sibiricum samples., Conclusion: 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid were isolated from Xanthium plant for the first time. The difference of contents of TPA in samples from different species and different populations in China was relatively significant. Fructus Xanthii in Shanghai and Sanming of Fujian Province were considered high quality if contents of TPA were used as reference for quality evaluating.

Aim: To determine the effects of TCFC (total comarins from the fruits of Cnidium monnieri) on the activity of osteoclasts in vitro., Methods: Osteoclasts isolated from rat marrow cells were co-cultured with osteoblasts under the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamine D3. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain was used to identify osteoclast morphology. The activity of TRAP was measured by p-nitrophenyl sodium phosphate assay. The resorption pit area on the bone slices formed by osteoclasts was measured by computer image processing. Calcium concentration in the medium of co-culture of bone slices and osteoclasts was determined by atomic absorption spectra., Results: TCFC 2.5-25 mg/L inhibited osteoclast formation and differentiation. TCFC 0.25-25 mg/L inhibited TRAP activity of osteoclasts and TCFC 25 mg/L decreased the TRAP activity by 26.3 % and 24.1 % after 48 h and 72 h, respectively. TCFC 25 mg/L decreased the osteoclastic bone resorption pit area by 25.05 % and Ca2+ release from bone slices by 41.73 %., Conclusion: TCFC reduced the bone lose by decreasing the osteoclast formation, its TRAP activity, and osteoclastic bone resorption.