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A scheme has been developed permitting the spatial and temporal characterisation of ultrafast dynamics induced by laser driven proton bursts in transparent dielectrics. Advantage is taken of the high degree of synchronicity between the proton bursts generated during laser-foil target interactions and the probing laser to provide the basis for streaking of the dynamics. Relaxation times of electrons (

The dispersive behavior of materials with atomic charge numbers varing from $Z = 4$ (beryllium, Be) to $Z = 82$ (lead, Pb) was investigated experimentally and theoretically at $��$-ray energies up to 2 MeV. The experiment was performed at the double-crystal gamma spectrometer GAMS6 of the ILL in Grenoble. The experimental results were compared with theoretical calculations which account for all major elastic processes involved. Overall, we found a good agreement between theory and experiment. We find that for the development of refractive optics at $��$-ray energies beyond those currently in use high-Z materials become increasingly attractive compared to the beryllium lens-stacks used at X-ray energies., submitted to Phys. Rev. A

The spatial distribution of protons accelerated from submicron-thick plastic foil targets using multi-terawatt, frequency-doubled laser pulses with ultra-high temporal contrast has been investigated experimentally. A very stable, ring-like beam profile of the accelerated protons, oriented around the target's normal direction has been observed. The ring's opening angle has been found to decrease with increasing foil thicknesses. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reproduce our results indicating that the ring is formed during the expansion of the proton density distribution into the vacuum as described by the mechanism of target-normal sheath acceleration. Here - in addition to the longitudinal electric fields responsible for the forward acceleration of the protons - a lateral charge separation leads to transverse field components accelerating the protons in the lateral direction.

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) through nonlinear interaction of intense laser beams with different systems is a promising source of bright, ultra-short bursts of extreme-ultraviolet radiation. High harmonics arise since the radiation is emitted as a train of attosecond pulses. A key objective is to achieve a single isolated pulse to allow time resolved measurements characterized by these pulses on an attosecond scale. We carried out experiments into JETI200 facility in Jena, Germany in order to characterize the properties of the harmonic radiation generated from a solid surface interaction, with the ultimate goal of employing temporal gating schemes to reduce the attosecond pulse train to a single pulse. The reason this laser is well suited for such experiment is a combination of its high power and the fact it is “quasi”-few-cycle (6.39 cycles) ideal for trying out gating scheme.

The refractive index of silicon at $��$-ray energies from 181 - 1959 keV was investigated using the GAMS6 double crystal spectrometer and found to follow the predictions of the classical scattering model. This is in contrast to earlier measurements on the GAMS5 spectrometer, which suggested a sign-change in the refractive index for photon energies above 500 keV. We present a re-evaluation of the original data from 2011 as well as data from a 2013 campaign in which we show that systematic errors due to diffraction effects of the prism can explain the earlier data., submitted to Physical Review C

Scintillation screens are generally used as the electron beam diagnostics in Laser Wakefield Accelerators. We present an absolute charge calibration of the electron detector i.e. a scintillating screen with a layer of powdered rare earth phosphor (Gd2O2S:Tb). The calibration was designed to investigate the absolute light/charge–ratio and saturation effects of various screens used in current laser–electron accelerators. The scintillation screens show a linear photon response to the applied charge up to an upper boundary caused by saturation effects. We also report about degeneration studies of some of these screens which were excited with a similar condition compared to Wakefield experiments.

We present measurements of the spatial and temporal coherence lengths of the 4th harmonic of a 1053 nm, 2.5 ps laser generated during high intensity (up to 10(19) wcm(-2)) interactions with a solid target. Coherence lengths were measured by use of a Young's double slit interferometer. The effective source size, as defined by the Van Cittert-Zernicke theorem, was found to be 10 similar to 12 mu m, and the coherence time was observed to be in the range 0.02 similar to 0.4 ps.

Measurements of ultrahigh magnetic fields produced during intense laser interaction with solids were presented. Polarization measurements of high-order laser harmonics suggest the existence of magnetic field strengths of 0.7±0.1 GG. It was found that denser regions of the plasma can be probed using higher order harmonics. The technique was found to be useful for the measurements of multi-GG level magnetic fields.

The transport of relativistic electrons generated in the interaction of petawatt class lasers with solid targets has been studied through measurements of the second harmonic optical emission from their rear surface. The high degree of polarization of the emission indicates that it is predominantly optical transition radiation (TR). A halo that surrounds the main region of emission is also polarized and is attributed to the effect of electron recirculation. The variation of the polarization state and intensity of radiation with the angle of observation indicates that the emission of TR is highly directional and provides evidence for the presence of μm-size filaments. A brief discussion on the possible causes of such a fine electron beam structure is given. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.

We present a comprehensive model for predicting the full performance of a second harmonic generation-optical parametric amplification system that aims at enhancing the temporal contrast of laser pulses. The model simultaneously takes into account all the main parameters at play in the system such as the group velocity mismatch, the beam divergence, the spectral content, the pump depletion, and the length of the nonlinear crystals. We monitor the influence of the initial parameters of the input pulse and the interdependence of the two related non-linear processes on the performance of the system and show its optimum configuration. The influence of the initial beam divergence on the spectral and the temporal characteristics of the generated pulse is discussed. In addition, we show that using a crystal slightly longer than the optimum length and introducing small delay between the seed and the pump ensures maximum efficiency and compensates for the spectral shift in the optical parametric amplification stage in case of chirped input pulse. As an example, calculations for bandwidth transform limited and chirped pulses of sub-picosecond duration in beta barium borate crystal are presented.

Tracking primary radiation-induced processes in matter requires ultrafast sources and high precision timing. While compact laser-driven ion accelerators are seeding the development of novel high instantaneous flux applications, combining the ultrashort ion and laser pulse durations with their inherent synchronicity to trace the real-time evolution of initial damage events has yet to be realized. Here we report on the absolute measurement of proton bursts as short as 3.5±0.7 ps from laser solid target interactions for this purpose. Our results verify that laser-driven ion acceleration can deliver interaction times over a factor of hundred shorter than those of state-of-the-art accelerators optimized for high instantaneous flux. Furthermore, these observations draw ion interaction physics into the field of ultrafast science, opening the opportunity for quantitative comparison with both numerical modelling and the adjacent fields of ultrafast electron and photon interactions in matter.

Spectrally-peaked proton beams of high charge (Ep ≈ 8 MeV, ΔE ≈ 4 MeV, N ≈ 50 nC ) have been observed from the interaction of an intense laser (>1019Wcm-2) with ultrathinCHfoils, as measured by spectrally-resolved full beam profiles. These beams are reproducibly generated for foil thicknesses 5-100 nm, and exhibit narrowing divergence with decreasing target thickness down to ≈8° for 5 nm. Simulations demonstrate that the narrow energy spread feature is a result of buffered acceleration of protons. The radiation pressure at the front of the target results in asymmetric sheath fields which permeate throughout the target, causing preferential forward acceleration. Due to their higher chargeto-mass ratio, the protons outrun a carbon plasma driven in the relativistic transparency regime.

The jets of compact accreting objects are composed of electrons and a mixture of positrons and ions. These outflows impinge on the interstellar or intergalactic medium and both plasmas interact via collisionless processes. Filamentation (beam-Weibel) instabilities give rise to the growth of strong electromagnetic fields. These fields thermalize the interpenetrating plasmas. Hitherto, the effects imposed by a spatial non-uniformity on filamentation instabilities have remained unexplored. We examine the interaction between spatially uniform background electrons and a minuscule cloud of electrons and positrons. A square micro-cloud of equally dense electrons and positrons impinges in our particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation on a spatially uniform plasma at rest. The mean speed of the micro-cloud corresponds to a relativistic factor of 15, which is relevant for laboratory experiments and for relativistic astrophysical outflows. The spatial distributions of the leptons and of the electromagnetic fields are examined at several times. A filamentation instability develops between the magnetic field carried by the micro-cloud and the background electrons. The electromagnetic fields, which grow from noise levels, redistribute the electrons and positrons within the cloud, which boosts the peak magnetic field amplitude. The current density and the moduli of the electromagnetic fields grow aperiodically in time and steadily along the direction that is anti-parallel to the cloud's velocity vector. The micro-cloud remains conjoined during the simulation. The instability induces an electrostatic wakefield in the background plasma., 10 pages, 13 figures, Astronomy and Astrophysics (in press)

Recent experiments using Terawatt lasers to accelerate protons deposited on thin wire targets are modeled with a new type of gridless plasma simulation code. In contrast to conventional mesh-based methods, this technique offers a unique capability in emulating the complex geometry and open-ended boundary conditions characteristic of contemporary experimental conditions. Comparisons of ion acceleration are made between the tree code and standard particle-in-cell simulations for a typical collisionless "hole boring" scenario in slab geometry. The utility of the gridless approach is emphasized by a series of simulations in "wire" geometry, in which electrons are permitted to circulate around the target at arbitrary distances from the focal region. The simulations reveal a number of features in common with recent experimental observations, including a disclike emission pattern of the MeV protons accelerated away from the wire. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

We have studied the propagation of fast electrons through laser irradiated Ti foils by monitoring the emission of hard X-rays and K-�� radiation from bare foils and foils backed by a thick epoxy layer. Key observations include strong refluxing of electrons and divergence of the electron beam in the foil with evidence of magnetic field collimation. Our diagnostics have allowed us to estimate the fast electron temperature and fraction of laser energy converted to fast electrons. We have observed clear differences between the fast electron temperatures observed with bare and epoxy backed targets which may be due to the effects of refluxing.